1. AUTOMATION ? What is AUTOMATION ? As the name suggest ?Automation? means to pe rform automatic operations by means of different kinds of machines.

Automation is the use of control systems and information technologies to reduce the need for human work in the production of goods and services. In the scope of industrializ ation, automation is a step beyond mechanization. It is used to reduce human inte rference and an efforts. 2. AUTOMATION ? Tools of Automation Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) Supervisor y Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) Human Machine Interface (HMI) or Touch Scr een (TS) Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) 3. AUTOMATION ? ADVANTAGES : ~ Replacing human operators in tasks that involve ha rd physical or monotonous work. Replacing humans in tasks done in dangerous envir onments. Performing tasks that are beyond human capabilities of size, weight, spe ed, endurance, etc. Economy improvement: Automation may improve in economy of ent erprises, society or most of humanity. 4. AUTOMATION ? DISADVANTAGES : ~ Unemployment rate increases due to machines rep lacing humans and putting those humans out of their jobs. Technical Limitation Sec urity Threats High initial cost. 5. PLC ? What is PLC ? PLC - programmable logic controller A Programmable Logic Co ntroller, or PLC for short, is simply a special computer device used for industr ial control systems. They are used in many industries such as oil refineries, ma nufacturing lines, conveyor systems and so on. PLC implements logic control funct ions by means of a program. 6. PLC ? How does a PLC differ from a computer ? A computer is optimized for calc ulation and display tasks. A computer is programmed by specialists A PLC is design ed for (logic) control and regulation tasks. A PLC is programmed by non-specialis ts A PLC is well adapted to industrial environment. 7. PLC? Components of PLC : ~ 8. PLC ? Components of PLC : ~1. Inputs Circuits2. Outputs Circuits3. CPU (Centr al Processing Unit )4. Memory for program and data storage5. Programming device6 . Communication Device7. Power Supply 9. PLC 1. PLC inputs : ~ ANALOG inputs DIGITAL inputs Pressure Transducer Push bu ttons Flow meter Sensors Thermocouples Selector switches 10. PLC ? PLC outputs : ~ANALOG outputs DIGITAL outputs Mass flow controller LED s P ressure regulator Small motors Position controller Relays 11. PLC ? Memory for program and data storage : ~Memories used: - RAM Random acce ss memory ? Volatile ? Made up of metal oxide semiconductor ? lose its informati on if power is removed. ROM Read only memory ? Non-volatile ? dont need an extern al power source to keep information 12. PLC ? Power Supply : ~ A power supply of 120v ac is typically used to drive t he PLC (some units operate on 240v ac). The power supply converts the 120v ac int o dc voltages of +5v. These low voltages are used to operate equipment that many have much higher voltage and power ratings than the PLC itself. 13. PLC ? Programming In PLC :~Languages used in PLC for the purpose of programm ing are1. Ladder language2. Functional Block Diagram (FBD)3. Instructional List (IL)4. Drive Functional Block (DFB)5. Structural test language 14. PLC ? Ladder language used in PLC programmingThere are two PLC in which ladd er programmingis used : - ZELIO PLC : - It uses Zelio soft 2 software for the pro gramming. DELTA PLC : - It uses WPL soft software for their programming. 15. PLC ? ZELIO PLCThe software s used for different types of Zelio PLC s areas foll ows:- Zelio 1- non expandable- zelio soft 1 Zelio 2- non expandable- zelio soft 2 Z elio 3- expandable- zelio soft 2 16. PLC ? Parameters used in Zelio and delta PLC in ladder programmingParameters ZELIO plc DELTA plcInputs In XnOutputs Qn YnNC of inputNO of inputTimer Tt1, t1 command has to be provided (e.g.- TMR T0 k150) 17. PLC ? Zelio soft 2 ladder programmingThe various parameters used in zelio so ft 2 whileoperating ladder program and their relationshipamongst them are as fol lows:- INPUT CONTACT OUTPUT CONTACT INTERLOCKING MEMORY COIL LATCHING TIMER COUNTER 18. PLC ? INPUT AND OUTPUT CONTACT Inputs in Zelio soft 2 is represented by I1, I 2, I3,I5,I6. Inputs are further classified as: - ? NORMALLY CLOSED ? NORMALLY OPE N

19. PLC? Examples for Normally open contact 20. PLC? Example of Normally closed contact 21. PLC ? INTERLOCKING Interlocking means to interlock something by placing NC of coil or input in front. The concept of interlocking reduces the complexity in P LC programming Interlocking in ladder programming means whenever we want to off s ome output by input or any type coil, then we have to place NC of that input or a coil in front of output which we want to off. 22. PLC? Example of Interlocking 23. PLC? MEMORY COIL Memory coil in ladder programming is used for reversing the contacts whenever coil is get energized. In ladder programming memory coil is rep resented by M1 and its contact is represented by m1. When memory coil M1 gets the signal it gets energized and then it reverses the terminal of its contact m1 wh ich reverses the operation. 24. PLC? Example of Memory coil 25. PLC? When memory coil gets energized 26. PLC ? LATCHING Latching is the process in which once output or a coil is ener gized it remains energized forever. Latching is done by the contact of output or coil which we want to switch ON permanently. 27. PLC? When contact I1 is turned ON 28. PLC? TIMER Timer is basically used add some delay in the programming circuit by adding a particular time to each circuit.Types of timers : - ON delay timer OFF delay timer 29. PLC? Example of Timer 30. PLC ? COUNTER Counter is same as timer. Counter works on the method of count ing the number of pulse. Types of counter : - UP counter- UP counter counts in in crement order. Ex . 1, 2, 4 .n. DOWN counter- DOWN counter counts in decrement orde r. Ex. 5,4,3,2,1 31. PLC ? DELTA PLC It is high-speed, stable and highly reliable PLCs are applied in various automation machines. it is totally similar to zelio plc programming b ut the specifications of DELTA plc are different from zelio plc as shown above. I n DELTA plc memory space has been allotted according to the types of plc. 32. PLC? Timers in Delta PLCTimers in DELTA plc are used to add some delay in th ecircuit, timers can be of two types as follows: - ON delay timer. OFF delay timer . Commands for applying timer are as follows: - TMR<space>t0<space>k100 33. PLC? Example of delta PLC 34. PLC? WIRING OF PLC The operating voltage of plc is 220v (Ac) / 24v (dc)/10v ( dc). The operating voltage of plc is 220v (Ac) / 24v (dc)/10v (dc).Components us ed in wiring of plc are: - SMPS- Switch Mode Power Supply OUTPUT- Y0 ,C0 SOURCE/SIN K (S/S)- S0,S1......... 35. PLC ? COMPONENTS SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLY: - SMPS is used to provide power s upply to plc; SMPS can be of different power supply mode. Ex - 220v (Ac) / 24v ( dc)/10v (dc). OUTPUT: - Output Y0 actually connected to C0 the pair of Y0 C0 is r esponsiblefor working of plc. C0 Y0 C1 Y1 36. PLC? Example of wiring of PLC 37. PLC? Applications of PLC Gate Control : - PLC can sense a vehicle at the entra nce or exit, and open and close the gate automatically. The current vehicle count is easily determined by programming a simple counter. Gate control system can al so be used for domestic purpose. 38. PLC? Applications of PLC Conveyor System: - PLC can be used to start/stop latc hing logic for motor control Counters can be used for monitoring product amounts C onveyor system using plc can be used in car washing system 39. VFD? VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE (VFD) VFD or Variable Frequency Drives are use d to run the motors of single phase or three phase supply. VFD is used to accele rate and deaccelerate the speed of motor with in a particular time. Drives comma nds: - Start/Stop Speed reference Acceleration/ deacceleration 40. VFD? Parameters of VFDP = 2 00 = 0 (digital keypad) = 3 (potentiometer on driv e) P = 2 01 = 0 (digital keypad) = 1 (external terminal) / keypad stop/enable = 2 (external terminal)/keypad stop/disableSTART/STOP command = 0 (on board) = 1 (ex t M0=forward, M1= reverse) = 3(M0=forward, M1= reverse, M2=stop) P = 1 09 = accele ration time P = 1 10 = deacceleration time

41. VFD ? Advantages of VFD Dynamic braking : -Dynamic braking stops the system m ore quickly than coasting Highly efficient Low power consumption Small space consum ption Low cost Easy to use Highly specific 42. SCADA ? SCADA System SCADA is ?Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition? real time industrial process control systems used to centrally monitor and control r emote or local industrial equipment such as motors, valves, pumps, relays, etc A SCADA system gathers information (such as where a leak on a pipeline has occurre d), transfers the information back to a central site, then alerts the home stati on that a leak has occurred, carrying out necessary analysis and control, such a s determining if the leak is critical, and displaying the information in a logic al and organized fashion. 43. SCADA? Why SCADA? Saves Time and Money Less traveling for workers (e.g. helic opter ride) Reduces man-power needs Increases production efficiency of a company Cost effective for power systems Saves energy Reliable Supervisory control over a particular system 44. HMI? HUMAN MACHINE INTERFACE (HMI) A human machine interface (HMI) is an int erface which permits interaction between a human being and a machine. . Human ma chine interfaces vary widely, from control panels for nuclear power plants to th e screen and input buttons on a cell phone. Two components are needed in a human machine interface. The first is an input. A human user needs some way to tell t he machine what to do, to make requests of the machine, or to adjust the machine . Examples of input devices include keyboards, toggles, switches, touch screens,