1. Chapter 1 introduction a. Material science; investigate the relationships that exists between structures & properties of matls. b.

Matl engineering; designing or engineering matl to produce a predetermined set of properties. c. Classification of matls; i. Metals; composed of metallic elements ii. Ceramics; compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements frequently oxides, nitrides and carbides. Relatively strong and stiff but extremely brittle. iii. Polymers; based on C and H. chain like large molecular structures. Ex; polyethylene, nylon, polycarbonate, silicon rubber and polysterene. iv. Composites; composed of two or more individual materials. Natural composites; wood and bone. Important matl carbon fiberreinforced polymer ( aerospace, aircraft and high end sport equip. applications) d. Advanced matls; i. Semiconductors; between conductors and insulators. ii. Biomaterials; employed in components implanted in the human body. Must not produce toxins and must be compatible with body tissues. iii. Materials of the future; 1. Smart materials; able to sense change in environment and then respond as predetermined. 2. Nanoengineered matls; (10x-9 m) less than 100 nanometers. 2. Chapter 2 atomic structure a. Fundamental concepts i. Atomic number (Z); # of protons in the nucleus. ii. Atomic mass (M); sum of masses of protons and neutrons. iii. Isotopes; have 2 or more atomic masses iv. Atomic weight; weighted avg. of the atomic masses of all the atoms isotopes. v. Atomic mass unit (amu); 1 amu =1/12 of the atomic mass of most common isotope of carbon, carbon 12. vi. Mole; theres 6.023 x 10^23 atoms in a mole b. Electrons in atoms; i. Atomic models; 1. Bohr atomic model; electrons assumed to revolve around nucleus in discrete orbitals. 2. Wave-mechanical model; both wave and particle like characteristics. Position considered to be the probability of an electron being in dif locations around the nucleus.

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ii. Quantum numbers; every electron characterized by 4 parameters called quantum #s. Size, shape and special orientation of an electrons probability density are specified by 3 of these #s. iii. Electron configuration; 1. Electron states; values of energy that are permitted for electrons. 2. Pauli exclusion principle; determine manner in which states are filled by electrons. This principle states that each electron state can only hold 2 electrons. 3. Ground state; when electron occupies lowest possible energy according with restrictions. 4. Electron config; manner in which this states are occupied. 5. Valence electrons; occupy outermost shell. Periodic table; i. Elements classified according to electron configuration. Situated with increasing atomic # in 7 horizontal rows called periods. Groups have similar valence electrons structures (chemical and phys. Properties). 1. Electropositive; elements that give their valence electrons to become positive. 2. Electronegative; accept electrons to form neg. ions, sometimes they share electrons. Bonding forces and energies; large distance interaction negligible, as atoms approach each exerts force on each other. Two types; attractive and repulsive. Net force-> sum of both attractive and repulsive components. i. Bonding energy; energy required to separate 2 atoms to an infinite separation. ii. Primary and chemical bond; 3 types found in solids. 1. ionic, covalent and metallic. 2. Each type involves valence electrons. Primary interatomic bonds. i. Ionic bonding; composed metallic and nonmetallic elements. Metallic elements give up electrons to nonmetallic to acquire stable or inert gas config. They become ions. Ionic bonding is nondirectional (magnitude is equal in all dir.). bonding energies 600 to 1500 kJ/mol ii. Covalent bonding; the sharing of electrons between adjacent atoms. Each contributes at least one electron. Share electrons considered to belong to both atoms. Ex; H_2, Cl_2, F_2, CH_4. Covalent bonds may be very strong and have high meting pt. iii. Metallic bonds; metallic matls have 1,2,or at most 3 valence electrons these are not bound to any particular atom and free to drift throughout the entire metal. Forms a sea of electrons Secondary bonding and van der waals bonding; i. Secondary van der walls; weak in comparison to primary or chemical ones. Exists between virtually al atoms or molecules.

Forces arise from atomic or molecular dipoles. Dipole separation of pos. and neg. portions of atom or molecule. Bonding result from the coulombic attraction between pos. end of dipole and neg. region of an adjacent dipole. Attractions between induced dipoles, induced dipoles and polar molecules. Hydrogen bonding; have hydrogen as one of the constituents. ii. Fluctuating induced dipole bond; constant vibration that a cause instantaneous and short-distortions of this electrical symmetry for some of the atoms or molecules, and the creations of small electric dipoles. One of this dipoles can in turn produce a displacement of electron distribution of adjacent molecule or atom. iii. Polar molecule-induced dipole bonds; exists by virtue of asymmetrical arrangement of positively and negatively charged ions. Termed polar molecules. iv. Permanent dipole bonds; strongest secondary bond, the hydrogen bond, is a special case of polar molecule bonding. Proton form a bridge between negatively charged atoms. g. Molecules; groups of atoms bound together by strong covalent bond. 3. The structure of Crystalline solids; a. Fundamental concepts; i. Crystalline; atoms situated in repeating or periodic array over large atomic distances. Each atom bonded with nearest neighbor. ii. Crystal structures; the manner in which atoms, ions or molecules are spatially arranged. iii. Atomic hard sphere; spheres representing nearest-neighbor atoms touch each other. iv. Lattice; 3D array of pts coinciding with atom positions or sphere centers. b. Unit cells; i. Unit cell; small group of atoms form a repetitive pattern. Divide the structure into small repeat entities called unit cells. Basic structural unit or building block of the crystal structures. c. Metallic crystal structures; i. The face-centered cubic crystal structure; atoms located at each corner and the centers of all the cubes faces. Ex; copper, al, silver and gold. These spheres or ion cores touch each other across a face diagonal. ii. Coordination # and atomic packing #; for metals each atom has the same # of nearest-neighbor or touching atoms, which is the coordination number. FCC ->atomic packing factor 0.74, which is the maximum packing possible for spheres all having same diameter. iii. Body centered