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JOURNAL OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES, VOLUME 3, ISSUE 8, AUGUST 2013

Survey and Analysis of RF Radiations from Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) Using FUNAAB, Nigeria as a case study
I.A. Adejumobi, J.F.Orimolade, and B.A.Omotayo
AbstractThis work is the measurement and analysis of the Radio Frequency (RF) power densities from the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) at some selected points in the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (FUNAAB), Nigeria, considering 900 MHz and 1800 MHz masts. Measurements were conducted at selected places using Frequency-selective spectrum analyzer (Nokia 6800 Network Drive Tester) to determine the RF Power Densities S, Electric Field Intensities E and the Specific Absorption Rates (SAR). The maximum RF exposure was obtained at COLENG upstairs, with the power densities 3.7 x 10-4 % of the maximum allowable value at 900 MHz and 1.68 x 10-6 % of the maximum exposure level at 1800 MHz. The recorded highest electric field intensities were 75.7 x 10 -3V/m and 7.57 x 10-3V/m; 0.18% and 0.013 % of ICNIRP maximum public exposure levels for 900 MHz and 1800 MHz respectively. The highest obtained SAR values were 4.2635 x 10-3 W/kg and 0.06415 x10-3 W/kg; 5.329% and 0.08% of the maximum recommended exposure level for the head region and brain tissue at 900 MHz and 1800 MHz. The results from these studies are useful sources of environmental information and database to the FUNAAB community Index TermsElectric field strength, Non-ionizing radiation. Radio frequency (RF)power densities, Specific absorption rates.

1INTRODUCTION The Global System for Mobile Telecommunications (GSM) is one of the fastest growing and most demandingtelecommunication applications and telephone subscriptions in the world today including Nigeria. Nigeria is one of the largest numbers of users ofGSM equipment (mobile units) in Africa; over 50% of thetotal population in Nigeria depends on the GSM as theeasiest means of communication [1].However, since the introduction of mobile telephones in Nigeria, the healthimplication of Radio Frequency (RF) radiation from the base stations hasbeen a subject of continuous debate and concern among theNigerian citizens. Recent reviews of the effects of electromagnetic radiation on human beings,being conducted by the World Health Organisation (WHO)and the Royal Society of Canada showed that exposure to weak electromagnetic fields can disturb the production of

I.A. Adejumobi is with the Electrical Electronic Engineering Dept., Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta J.F. Orimolade is with the Electrical Electronic Engineering Dept., Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta B.A.Omotayo is with the Electrical Electronic Engineering Dept., Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta

the hormone melatonin by the pineal gland in the brain, leading to an increased risk of breast cancer, Parkinsons disease and Alzheimers syndromes*2]. This research work is a survey and analysis of Radio Frequency (RF) Radiation from the available four GSM operators base stations located at Federal University of Abeokuta{FUNAAB),Nigeria.They are Mobile Telecommunications Network (MTN), Airtel Nigeria Limited, Globacom Nigeria Limited, and Etisalat Nigeria Limited. The field study here is a physical measurement, evaluationof RadioFrequency (RF)exposure assessment for GSM cellular base station tower radiation within the University. Using Federal Communications Commission (FCC) guidelines, RF power density, electric field strength and specific absorption rates at various colleges and buildings were determined through measurements. Measurements were conducted at differentdistances and directions, within and outside Colleges, Lecture halls, Hostels, and the Senate Building of the University using frequency selective spectrum analyzer. 2 RADIO FREQUENCY (RF) RADIATION An RF electromagnetic wave has both an electric and a magnetic component; electric field strength in V/m and magnetic field strength in A/mwith both orthogonal to each other. It is often convenient to express the intensity of the RF energy at a given location in terms of units spe-

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cified to each component. Another commonly used unit for characterizing the total electromagnetic field is power density. Power density is most appropriately used when the point of measurement is far enough away from an antenna to be located in the far-field zone of the antenna [3]. Power density is defined as power per unit area. It is commonly expressed in terms of watts per square meter (W/m2), milliwatts per square centimeter (mW/cm2), or microwatts per square centimeter (W/cm2). With respect to frequencies in the microwave range, power density is usually used to express intensity of the exposure [3]. The quantity used to measure the rate at which RF energy is actually absorbed in a body is called the Specific Absorption Rate or SAR. It is usually expressed in units of watts per kilogram (W/kg) or milliwatts per gram (mW/g). In the case of exposure of the whole body, a standing ungrounded human adult absorbs RF energy is at maximum when the frequency of the RF radiation is in the range of about 70MHz. Because of the so-called human body resonance phenomenon and consideration for children and grounded adults, RF safety standards are generally most restrictive in the frequency range between 30 to 300MHz. For exposure of parts of the body to handheld mobile phones, partial-body SAR limits are used when considering the safety standards to control absorption of RF energy [4]. 2.1 Radio Frequency (RF) Energy The most important use of Radio Frequency (RF) energy is to provide telecommunications and high-speed data transmission services. Radio and television broadcasting, cellular telephones, personal communications services (PCS) such as bluetooth devices, pagers, cordless telephones, radio communications for police and fire departments, including speed radar and tracking radar, amateur radio, microwave point-to-point links and satellite communications are just few of the many telecommunications applications of RF. 2.2 Ionising and Non-Ionising Radiation Ionization can be defined simply as a process by which electrons are stripped from atoms and molecules to form ions which may be positively or negatively charged with respect to its neutral resting state [3]. Theionization process requires interaction with high levels of electromagnetic energy. Those types of electromagnetic radiation which produce energy sufficient to ionize biological material include X-rays and Gamma radiation. Non-Ionizing radiation (NIR) refers to radiation energy that, instead of producing chargedions, has sufficient energy only for excitation. Nevertheless it isknown to cause biological effects. The NIR spectrum is divided into two main regions,optical radiation and electromagnetic

fields. The optical region can be further sub-divided intoultraviolet, visible, and infra-red sub-regions [5]. Hence RF radiations are non-ionising. 2.3 Radiation effects of Radio Frequency around GSM Base Stations Many physicists argue that there is no plausible mechanism by which low levels of non-ionising radiation could affect living tissue, as magnetic fields are. Epidemiologists, however, point to the dozens of studies that have found an increased risk of cancer and cell mutations among people who are routinely exposed to pulsed radio frequency (RF) radiation[6]. Shalangwa [7] among others[8],[9],[10] performed RF energy measurements due to the GSM 1800 MHz base stations of MTN, GLO and Zain/Airtel located at Mubi North, Adamawa State,Nigeria. For each of these masts, the measurements were taken at 10 minutes intervals for an hour using a frequency-selective spectrum analyzer at 100 metres and 200 metres away from the antenna towers,at the back and at both sides of the masts. The measurements were taken at ground level and the average amounts of radiation measured in this study were 1.87 Sv/h for GLO, 2.26 Sv/h for MTN, and 1.48 Sv/h for Zain/Airtel[7]. Biological effects can result from exposure to RF energy. Biological effects that result from heating of tissue by RF energy are often referred to as "thermal" effects. It has been known for many years that exposure to very high levels of RF radiation can be harmful due to the ability of radio frequency (RF) energy to heat biological tissue rapidly [11]. 3 THEORETICAL ANALYSES A radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic wave has both an electric and a magnetic component (electric field and magnetic field), and it is often convenient to express the intensity of the RF environment at a given location in terms of units specific to each component. Power density is most appropriately used when the point of measurement is far enough away from an antenna to be located in the "far-field" zone of the antenna [12]. The quantity used to measure the rate at which RF energy is actually absorbed in a body is called the Specific Absorption Rate or SAR [12]. It is usually expressed in units of watts per kilogram (W/kg) or milliwatts per gram (mW/g), microwatt (W/cm2). Theoretically, power density of an electromagnetic plane wave is obtained from the Poynting Theorem, and it is given as [13]:

JOURNAL OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES, VOLUME 3, ISSUE 8, AUGUST 2013

S= S=

2 |rms |2

. Re( x )

W/kg W/kg W/kg (1)

S = . |rms |2

tre (-1m-1) md is the mass density of the human brain in kilo grams per square metre (kg/m2) The specific allowable absorption rate SAR value over the body at any 6 minutes period is 0.08W/kg [5]. 3.2 Standard Protective Guidelines for Radio Frequency Radiations Various local and international Guidelines for the evaluation and analysis of RF waves as related to the environments are available [5], 13]. Table 1 is the ICNIRP reference levels for general public exposure to electromagnetic fields in the frequency range 10MHz to 300GHz. Table 1: ICNIRP reference levels for general public exposure to electromagnetic fields inthe frequency range 10MHz to 300GHz [5] Frequency Electric Magnetic Power Range Field Field Density, S Strength, E Strength, [W/m2] [V/m] H [A/m] 10- 400MHz 28 0.073 2 4001.375f1/2 0.0037f1/2 200 2000MHz
2-300GHz 61 0.16 10

WhereE is the electric field intensity H is the magnetic field intensity Zo is the characteristic impedance of free spaceequal to 377 Ohms In the case of large antennas, the boundary between the near field and far field regions is specified by [12]:

Ri =

0.6 2

metres

(2)

Where Riis the distance from the transmitting antenna to the near-field/far-field boundary in metres (m) is the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave in metres (m) D is the largest physical dimension of the antenna inmetres (m) In the far field region of an electromagnetic wave, the power density is given by [12]:

S =

4 2

W/m2

(3)

where Pis the power radiated by the antenna in watts (W) G is the antenna gain with no units, R is the effective distance from the antenna to the receiverin metres (m) 3.1 Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) Specific absorption rate is a measurement of the heat absorbed by tissue. SAR can be defined as the time rate of change of energy transferred to particles in an infinitesimal volume at that point, divided by the mass of the infinitesimal volume [4]. However, local SAR has been estimated at a point on the brain as the absorber and not the whole human body for the purpose of this research work. It is related to the internal electric field by:

Wheref is the frequency of the RF carrier in Megahertz (MHz) Hence, for 900MHz, the maximum E is 41.25V/m and maximum S is 4.5W/m2; for 1800MHz, the maximum E is 58.33V/m and maximum S is 9.02W/m 2. 4 DISCUSSION AND RESULTS The received signal levels (RSL) of the three available GSM operators in the Campus were measured at the two operational frequencies of 900 MHz and 1800 MHz using the frequency-selective spectrum analyzer (Network Drive-test Equipment) for one month and was taken twice a day. The results obtained were converted to dBm which is a logarithmic ratio scale of the received powers. The received power then was converted to the SI unit of power in watt (W), or milliwatt (mW) by taking the antilog of dBm. The power density at the selected points on the FUNAAB campus was then calculated from the measured values of downlink radiation obtained. The Airtel base station location was chosen as the

SAR SAR =

| |2

W/kg W/kg (4)

WhereS is the absorbed power density in watts per squaremetre (W/m2) is the conductivity of brain tissue in per Ohms per me-

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reference point. The three base stations analyzed in this report were all located within ten metres distance of eachother. Therefore, we can safely assume that the three base stations are located at approximately the same point. The choice of Airtel base station as the reference point was made purely for ease of calculation. Table 2 gives the computed distances obtained from the GPS coordinates. Tables 3 and 4 give the raw data obtained during the actual measurement of the received signal level, expressed in dBm. The negative logarithmic values indicate a power level below 1mW. Tables 5 and 6 are the calculated power density, electric field strength and SAR for 900 MHz and 1800 MHz operating frequencies respectively. The highest RF power density recorded which occurred at the COLENG upstairs, was 3.7 10 -4 % of the maximum exposure level for 900 MHz and 1.68 x 10-6 % of the maxi-

mum exposure level for 1800 MHz. The highest electric field intensity E recorded was 75.7 x 10-3V/m which is 0.18% of ICNIRP maximum exposure levels for 900 MHz, and 7.57V/m x 10-3 , 0.013% of ICNIRP maximum exposure levels for 1800 MHz for public exposure. Similarly the highest level of SAR obtained was 4.2635 x 10 -3 W/kg which is 5.329% of the maximum recommended exposure level for the head region and brain tissue at 900 MHz, and 0.06415 x10-3 W/kg , 0.08% of the maximum recommended exposure level at 1800 MHz. The analysis revealed that the highest power density, electric field and SAR at 900 MHz were produced by MTN, and the location was at COLENG. The highest power density, electric field and SAR at 1800 MHz were produced by AIRTEL, and the location was also at the COLENG. In both cases the measured values are within the acceptable safe levels.

Table 2: GPS Coordinates of Various Colleges and Buildings, obtained from Google Earth
LOCATION ZAIN BASE STATION (Reference Point) COLENG GPS COORDINATES Latitude: 07.23060 Longitude: 03.43560 Elevation : 159 m Latitude: 07.23004 Longitude: 03.43472 Elevation: 145m Latitude 07.23075 Longitude: 03.43680 Elevation : 155m Latitude: 07.23098 Longitude: 03.43779 Elevation: 153m Latitude: 07.22956 Longitude: 03.43970 Elevation: 145m Latitude: 07.23209 Longitude: 03.43701 Elevation: 158m Latitude: 07.23306 Longitude: 03.43738 Elevation: 155m Latitude: 07.22921 Longitude: 03.43677 Elevation: 153m Latitude: 07.22879 Longitude: 03.43531 Elevation: 150m Latitude: 07.22828 Longitude: 03.43361 Elevation: 148m Latitude: 07. 23212 Longitude: 03.43297 Elevation : 140m Latitude: 07.23347 Longitude: 03.43347 Elevation: 142m HORIZONTAL (m) 0 DISTANCE DIRECT WAVE DISTANCE (m) 0

118.10

136.65

NIMBE ADEDIPE LIBRARY

130.10

144.89

SENATE BUILDING (GROUND FLOOR) MANCOT BUS STOP

242.00

258.74

463.60

469.26

COLANIM

225.00

233.12

JULIUS A. OKOJIE MULTIPURPOSE HALL COLNAS

334.80

340.84

199.30

209.85

MPB

204.30

215.44

STUDENT UNION BUILDING

375.20

381.70

FEMALE HOSTEL

338.60

347.17

MALE HOSTEL

398.30

405.31

JOURNAL OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES, VOLUME 3, ISSUE 8, AUGUST 2013

Table 3: Received Power Readings in dBm for GSM900MHz


SN 1 LOCATTION School Gate RECEIVE SIGNAL LEVEL 900MHz (dBm) MTN GLO -51, -71, -97, -89, -98, -56, -78, -89, -94, -91, -100 102, -107 -64, -83, -86, -89, -100, -104, -107 -57, -66, -68, -71, -86, -89 -57, -71, -74, -80, -83 -59, -69, -74, -76, -95 -39, -56, -56, -64, -91 -59, -66, -88, -92, -101 -60, -82, -87, -88, -100 -60, -78, -82, -88, -99 -55, -64, -74, -77, -92 -53, -60, -82, -85, -88 -98, -81, -83, -86, -70, -94, -96, -98, -92, -85, -84, -93, -98, -109, 111, -111 -53, -67, -84, -85, -95, -100 -62, -78, -81, -86, -90, -90 -75, -91, -95, -102, 105, -107 -45, -52, -55, -78, -88, -89 -74, -97, -104, -106, 111, -111 -82, -91, -97, -108, 111, -111 -80, -90, -98, -98, -99, -100 -68, -64, -84, -90, 101, -103 -52, -64, -70, -72, -86, -90 AIRTEL -95, -103, -103, -106, 106, -112, -110, -92, -92, -98, -101, 107, -104, -111, -111 -69, -89, -90, -93, -96, 98, -100, -4100 -82, -92, -98, -101, 107, -104 -96, -102, -105, -106, 107, -109 -55, -65, -78, -88, -88, 89 -95, -101, -101, -105, 107, -109 -94, -94, -98, -101, 107, -104 -75, -88, -90, -91, -98, 100 -92, -99, -101, -103, 104, -108 -63, -71, -78, -81, -86, 98

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

MANCOTBus Stop Senate Building Nimbe Library COLNAS COLENG COLANIM Male Hostel Female Hostel COLVET ANENIH Hall Lecture Adedipe

Table 4: Received Power Readings in dBm for GSM


SN 1 2 3 4 LOCATTION School Gate MANCOT Bus Stop Senate Building Nimbe Library 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 COLNAS COLENG COLANIM Male Hostel Female Hostel COLVET ANENIH Hall Lecture Adedipe

1800MHz
AIRTEL -78, -103, -103, -106, 106, -112 -85, -101, -102, -103, 109, -110, -111 -72, -88, -92, -92, -97, -98, -99 -77, -88, -92, -92, -97, -98 -77, -101, -101, -101, 106, -108 -59, -82, -64, -85, -90, -92 -75, -88, -90, -91, -98, -100 -83, -101, -102, -102, 108, -110 -75, -85, -88, -91, -98, -100 -85, -99, -100, -105, 109, -111 -74, -101, -101, -101, 106, -108

RECEIVE SIGNAL LEVEL 1800MHz [dBm] MTN GLO -74, -90, -91, -93, -94, -94, -69, -66, -98, -96 109, -111 -68, -85, -88, -93, - -87, -103, -105, -107, 100, -103 -109, -112 -60, -66, -70, -70, -72, -77 -60, -68, -74, -80, -84, -84 -78, -70, -75, -76, -92, -94 -78, -55, -64, -81, -85, -85 -61, -78, -82, -88, -98, -99 -65, -83, -88, -91, 100, -103 -70, -68, -82, -88, -98, -99 -87, -64, -76, -87, -93, -100 -63, -80, -82, -85, -85, -88 -64, -91, -96, -103, 105, -106, -110 -87, -73, -71, -96, 102, -105 -82, -77, -90, -95, -98, -103 -69, -95, -96, -102, 107, -109 -80, -90, -98, -98, -99, -100 -89, -102, -104, -107, -109, -112 -78, -79, -98, -98, -99, -100 -98, -81, -100, -106, 108, -108 -62, -84, -100, -102, 106, -110

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Table 5: Power Density, Electric Field Strength and SAR Values for GSM 900 MHz of three major GSM Network operators MTN, GLO and AIRTEL
SN LOCATION S (W/m2) 1 School Gate 0.960 MTN E (mV/m) 19.02 SAR (mW/kg) 0.26 915 2 3 4 MANCOT Bus Stop Senate Building Nimbe Library 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 COLNAS COLENG COLANIM Male Hostel Female Hostel COLVET ANENIH Hall Lecture 0.152 15.200 0.152 0.121 0.121 0.382 0.606 7.57 75.70 7.57 6.75 6.750 12.00 15.11 0.169 864 Adedipe 0.048 0.241 0.241 4.26 9.53 9.53 0.013 502 0.067 571 0.067 571 0.042 635 4.263 485 0.042 635 0.033 899 0.033 899 0.107 136 0.012 0.606 0.076 2.14 15.11 5.36 0.021 375 0.003 407 1.071 511 0.003 407 0.003 407 0.003 407 0.013 502 0.214 005 S (W/m2) 0.304 GLO E (mV/m) 10.71 SAR (mW/kg) 0.085 34 0.003 407 0.169 864 0.001 0.015 0.012 0.68 2.39 2.14 0.003 407 0.000 344 0.107 136 0.000 344 0.000 344 0.003 407 0.000 344 0.016 999 S (W/m2) 0.001 AIRTEL E (mV/m) 0.68 SAR (mW/kg) 0.000 344 0.000 344 0.004 25

0.012 3.82 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.048 0.763

2.14 37.95 2.14 2.14 2.14 4.26 16.96

0.001 0.382 0.001 0.001 0.012 0.001 0.061

0.68 12.00 0.68 0.68 2.14 0.68 4.78

Table 6: Power Density, Electric Field Strength andSAR Values for GSM 1800MHz of the three major GSM Network operators MTN, GLO and AIRTEL
SN LOCATION S (W/m2) 1 2 3 4 School Gate MANCOT Bus Stop Senate Building Nimbe Adedipe Library COLNAS COLENG COLANIM Male Hostel Female Hostel COLVET ANENIH Lecture Hall 0.012 0.019 0.121 0.121 MTN E (mV/m) 2.14 2.69 6.75 6.75 SAR (mW/kg) 0.005 127 0.008 101 0.051 007 0.051 007 0.005 127 0.005 127 0.040 571 0.016 081 0.005 127 0.000 518 0.025 579 S (W/m2) 0.015 0.001 0.048 0.001 GLO E (mV/m) 2.39 0.68 4.26 0.68 SAR (mW/kg) 0.006 395 0.000 518 0.020 316 0.000 518 0.000 518 0.006 395 0.000 518 0.000 518 0.005 127 0.000 518 0.032 163 S (W/m2) 0.012 0.001 0.012 0.012 AIRTEL E (mV/m) 2.14 0.68 2.14 2.14 SAR (mW/kg) 0.005 127 0.000 518 0.005 127 0.005 127 0.005 127 0.064 153 0.005 127 0.000 518 0.005 127 0.000 518 0.005 127

5 6 7 8 9 10 11

0.012 0.012 0.096 0.038 0.012 0.001 0.061

2.14 2.14 6.02 3.79 2.14 0.68 4.78

0.001 0.015 0.001 0.001 0.012 0.001 0.076

0.68 2.39 0.68 0.68 2.14 0.68 5.36

0.012 0.152 0.012 0.001 0.012 0.001 0.012

2.14 7.57 2.14 0.68 2.14 0.68 2.14

JOURNAL OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES, VOLUME 3, ISSUE 8, AUGUST 2013

5 CONCLUSION The results from this work showed that the maximum RF exposure levels obtained within UNAAB are far below the maximum exposure levels recommended by the FCC and ICNIRP. All values of receive signal level obtained were negative in dBm, signifying that all values of received power at all points within FUNAAB are less than 1 mW. All values of Power Density, Electric Field Intensity and SAR are much lower than the reference levels set by FCC and ICNIRP and are within the safety limits for public exposure. The results from the analysis will lessen the fears of the community at the sight of the GSM mast. These results have also created database of RF levels and as well as sources of environmental information for the University community. REFERENCES [1] Zain, Information, Tools, Product and Service for Zain Telecommunication NetworkCommunity,available online at http://www.Zain.Com, 2005. [2] H. Lai, Neurological Effects of Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation Relating toWireless Communication Technology, Mobile Phones Conference, Brussels, 1997. [3] V. R. Antti and L Arto, Radio Engineering for Wireless Communication and Sensor Applications.Artech House Inc., London, 1997. [4] A.W. Guyand C.K.Chow, Specific Absorption Rates of Energy In Man ModelsExposed ToCellular UHF Mobile Antenna Fields,IEEE TransMicrowave Theory Tech vol. 3, no. 34,pp. 220 245, 1996. [5] International Comission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, Guidelines forLimitingExposure to Time-Varying Electric, Magnetic and Electromagnetic Fields,Health Physics Vol. 74, pp. 494 522, 1998. [6] C.Kelly,Radio Frequency radiation, Health Physics Society (HPS) pp. 1 10, 2005. [7] D.A.Shalangwa,Measurement of Exposure of Radio Frequency Radiation fromGSM Masts,Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Research,Vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 75 84, 2010. [8] P. Line, A.J. Loweand J. Shaw, Levels Of Radio Frequency Radiation from GSM Mobile Telephone Base Stations, Tech Rep 129, Australian Radiation Protectionand Nuclear Safety Agency, 2000, available online at www.arpansa.gov. [9] T. Haumann, U. Munzenberg, W. Maes and P. Sierck, HF Radiation Levels of GSM Cellular Phone Towers in Residential Areas. Essen, Germany, 2003. [10] H. Thomas, M. Uwe, and S. Peter, Non-Stop

[11]

[12]

[13]

Pulsed Radiation Inside Homes.2ndInternational Workshop On Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields, pp. 775 780, 2007. World Health Organization (WHO),EMFProject available online at http://www.who.int/peh-emf, 2011. A. Ogunsola, The Hazards of Non-Ionizing Radiation,PhD dissertation,Dept.of Electrical and Electronics Eng., University of Lagos, Nigeria, 2006. S.S.John, Introduction to RF Propagation. John Wiley and Sons Inc. Hoboken,New Jersey,2005.

Isaiah A. AdejumobiholdsPh.D degreein Electrical Engineering fromUniversity of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. He is currently Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering in the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, College of Engineering, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria. His research interest has been in the areas of energy distribution systems management and power communication. Joseph F. Orimolade is a graduate of Ahmadu Bello University,Zaria (B.Eng.), Nigeria in Electrical and Electronics Engineering and received his M.Sc. from the same University. He is currently running his Ph.Dprogrammeincommucation engineering. Babafemi A. Omotayois a graduate of Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (B.Eng.), Nigeriain Electrical and Electronics Engineering. His research interest is on communication engineering.

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