Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
]
=(0,1,..1.),j e {1,..[(
N1
NP
)]2}where N
1
corresponds
stand for the states of N
1
transmit antennas and each 0 and 1
represents the off and on of the corresponding antenna
respectively for example ,in a system where N
1
=4, N
P
=2,the
possible antenna groups could be denoted
as
1
=(1,1,0,0,),
2
=(1,0,1,0),
3
=(1,0,0,1),
4
=(0,1,1,0),
5
=(0,1
,0,1),
6
=(0,0,1,1).
=
_
p
N
P
EX + (1)
X [0 S
1
..S
NP
0]
1
WhereS
1
..S
NP
e S, o
1
..o
NP
e{1.....N
P
}.
The main contribution of this paper:
1) A novel scheme of multi-antenna transmission for SM,
named MA-SM, is proposed; in which several transmit
antennas carrying different information symbols are active
during each time slot. Similar to traditional SM, information
bits in MA-SM are mapped into both spatial dimension and
traditional complex dimension. As a new approach, we
consider the antenna sets with arbitrary number of active
antennas rather than a single antenna index in spatial
dimension to further explore multiplexing gains.
Fig.1, System model.
2) A general principle for designing the MA-SM code is
given. By carefully designing over the antenna sets and the
rotation angle applied to symbols, more diversity gains are
available.
3) A near-optimal decoder with low complexity is derived.
In order to reduce the computational complexity, it separates
the antenna set detection from the traditional demodulator.
Compared to the ML detection, the proposed detection
algorithm reduces the computational complexity
prominently.
4) Theoretical analysis and computer simulations to
substantiate the efficiency of MA-SM. A closed form
expression for the upper bound on the bit error probability
(BEP) is de-rived for the selection of transmission as well as
the detection algorithm. Simulation results demonstrate the
superior performance of MA-SM when applied to several
communication systems by comparing with several widely
used algorithms.
B.System Design and Optimization
In MA-SM system, the information bits are conveyed by
both the complex symbols and the indices of the active
antennas from which those symbols are transmitted. At the
transmitter side, NP antennas are chosen to carry different
symbols during the transmission, which results in the
increase of multiplexing gain. Theoretically, there is no
limitation on N
P
, which implies that N
1
could be allowed to
be any number no larger than N
P
to benet the available
Multiplexing gain. However, this will lead to the
exponentially increasing complexity at the receiver side and
the ICI and IAI would degrade the performance seriously.
S/P
P/S
Spatial
Modulator
Antenna
set
deytector
Mod-1
Mod-N
1
Demappe
r-N
R
Demappe
r-1
H
International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) - Volume4Issue5- May 2013
ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 2005
The constellation set of MA-SM could be denoted as the
Cartesian product of the complex set including both the real
and imaginary parts of the transmit symbols and the antenna
groups with a discrete topology. Besides, the available
antenna groups composed of the N
1
antennas are always
more than2
[Iog2]
which means that we can carefully select the
active antenna groups to minimize interference.
Transmitter
Receiver
Figure.2. Block Diagram of MA-SM
Since the minimum distance between codewords
dominates the BEP, transmission scheme can be optimized
by maximizing the minimum distance involved. Unlike the
traditional complex space where Euclidean distance could be
applied, the three dimensional space here contains a discrete
dimension that confuses the denition of distance. Referring
to the most widely used distance denition in discrete metric
space as in a similar denition could be derived.
(a,b) =_
0, o =b
1, o b
(2)
to find the hybrid distance d in which the
Frobinenious Norm equals to the Euclidean distance and
0e,Si denotes the rotation angle applied to QAM symbol
SiS emmited from antenna group .o is defined as the
number of different indices between two antenna groups, thus
the minimum distance between two codewords X and x is
maximized, the performance gain is achieved.
d(A,A
)=1r { o
2
+||s
0
],s
- s
0
{
],si
||
2
} (3)
It shows that the optimization could be executed in the
selection of antenna groups and complex symbol respectively
we will first consider the antenna group optimization.
Denoting [log
2
[
N
T
N
P
] =q the number of illegal sets is
written as (
N1
NP
)-2
q
which provides redundancy for antenna
set selection. When no illegal set available which
means(
N1
NP
) =2
q
selection procedure could be skipped.
Otherwise, the distance denition indicates that we should try
to avoid overlapping antenna indices between different
groups since groups sharing the same antenna indices will
lead to the increase of the linear dependence probability of
channel space, which is the main cause of detection error.
As to the complex symbol optimization, it could be ob-
served from (4) that the minimum distance between symbols
could be maximized by properly choosing the rotation angles.
The 3-dim constellation could be treated as one constituted
by different constellation planes. Each of them is a standard
QAM constellation and planes are distinguished by the
antenna groups. Since the Euclidean distance between
symbols locating on the same complex plane is maximized
with the QAM modulation, rotation angles for them on the
same plane should be exactly the same.
C.Complexity
In this section, the complexity of both the transmitter and
receiver are taken into consideration. The complexity of the
decoder for MA-SM is compared to the complexity of the
ML decoder and some other optimal decoders for SM and
GSM. The number of operations needed is used to estimate
the receiver complexity.
III. T HEORETICAL A NALYSIS
We now derive the bit error probability (BEP) for
the proposed decoder in system to estimate its performance.
In this mainly focus on system with NT transmit antennas and
NP active .antennas employing bit phase shift keying
(BPSK).The analysis could easily be extended to other cases.
For our convenience, we assume that the power of the
transmit symbols is normalized and the Gaussian noises
added on all the receive antennas are with same variance o
2
thus the system model could be rewritten as
Y=HX+ (4)
An error that can be occurred in the demodulator could be
categories into two scenarios due to the separated steps in
demodulator. First is the error occur in the active antenna
detection (denoted by PAntErr) and the second one is that the
error occurs in traditional demapping when antenna detection
is corrected (denoted by PModErr) thus the overall bit error
probability could be bounded as
Perror=1-(1-PAntErr) (1-PModErr) (5)
The active antennas are detected with a projection operator
that is linear.an explicit formula for the projection for the k-th
antenna could be denoted as
z
K
=I
K
=I
k
HX+V
k
(6)
Symbol
Spatial
Modulation
QAM
mapping
Channel
AWGN
Parrel to
serial
QAM
demap
ping
Spatial
demodu
lation
M
R
C
Serial
to
parrel
Error
rate
International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) - Volume4Issue5- May 2013
ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 2006
IV. N UMERICAL R ESULTS
In this section some simulation results for the MA-
SM system with different numbers of transmit antennas and
make comparisons with other MIMO systems, such as SM,V-
BLAST,Alamoutis scheme and STBC-SM.the bit error
rate(BER) performance of these systems was evaluated by
Monte carlo simulations for various spectral efficiencies as a
function of a the average SNR per receive antenna and in
cases the independence of channels is assumed unless
otherwise specified.
In order to be convincing, comparisons are realized
under the same transmission rate without restraint on the
constellations. The SM system uses the optimal decoder
derived in the GSM employs the detection algorithm in the
V-BLAST system uses linear decorrelator detection and the
STBC-SM uses the optimal detector introduced in Rotation
parameters and antenna groups for different transmission
rates in MA-SM are selected.
A.M-QAM constellation diagram
The transmitted signals must traverse a potentially
difficult environment with scattering reflection and so. In
MIMO transmits the multiple data at the same time so that
the datas are occurs aliasing, to avoid this aliasing the signal
are mapped and the transmitted to the channel its very useful
to find the distance between the datas and avoid
interference.
Fig .3M-QAM constellation diagram
B.Transmit vs. receive diversity
STBC uses the diversity techniques have they
provide the reliable communication in multi antenna system.
In Fig.1 different diversity techniques are used at the transmit
vs receiver (no diversity one transmit antenna, one receive
antenna,.Alamouti two transmit antenna , one receive antenna
Maximal ratio combiner one transmit antenna, two receive
antennas and theoretical second order diversity).in that the X-
axis SNR and Y-axis BER, the SNR is increased and BER
are reduced. The maximal ratio combiner provides the better
SNR performance compare to other techniques.
Fig.4 Transmit vs Receive diversity
C.BER performance qam modulation with masm
Fig.5 BER performance of MASM wit QAM modulation
D.Comparison with Alamoutis STBC, STBC-SM and V-
BLAST schemes
Fig.6.comparison of different MIMO schemes
Comparison with some traditional MIMO schemes
are presented here over different transmission rates.fig.6
International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) - Volume4Issue5- May 2013
ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 2007
gives comparison at 6 bit/s/Hz of MASM
withN
1
=4,N
P
=2with 16-QAM modulation,Alamoutis STBC
uses 1024 QAM modulation,STBC-SM employs 256 QAM
modulation and 8 transmit antennas and V-BLAST uses
N
1
=2 and 32 QAM modulation.it shows that MA-SM
provides better SNR gains over V-BKAST,STBC-SM,and
Alamoutis STBC at BER value of 10
-2
,respectively.it
shows that MA-SM becomes more efficient at high
transmission rate.
D.Decoding complexity comparison
Fig.7.complexity comparison
The complexity of both the transmitter and receiver are taken
into consideration.the complexity of the decoder MA-SM is
compared to the complexity of the ML decoder and some
other optimal decoders for SM and GSM. The number of
transmit antennas are needed for target transmission has
enormous implication on the on the complexity of the
transmitter .because there are multiple antennas being active
simultaneously conveying different symbols, the number of
antennas needed decreases prominently for a given size of
constellation. In fig 5.1 r1 denotes the complexity ratio of
optimal MA-SM receiver to optimal GSM decoder under the
same target rate R=10, r2 denotes the ratio of optimal MA-
SM decoder to the optimal SM decoder, r3 denotes the ratio
of proposed low complexity MA-SM decoder to optimal
GSM decoder and r4 denotes the ratio of proposed MA-SM
decoder to optimal SM decoder. In this at least 8 transmit
antennas are needed in a GSM scheme and 64 antennas are
needed in SM system while only 4 transmit antennas are
essential in an MA-SM system, so that the complexity is less
compared with SM and GSM.
E. MA-SM over correlated channel
1. Spatial correlation
In multipath wireless communication environment, the
wireless channels are not independent from each other but
due to scatterings in the propagation paths, the channels are
related to each other with different degrees. This kind of
correlation is called spatial correlation.
Fig.8.capacity of Rayleigh fading channel using spatial
correlation
2. Mutual coupling
Fig.9.Capacity of Rayleigh fading channel using antenna
mutual coupling
Comparison between spatial correlation and mutual coupling
Spatial correlation Mutual coupling
dt=0.2500 dt=0.2000
dr=0.1500 dr=0.1500
Capacity=12.7605 Capacity=9.200
V. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSIONS
In this a generalized mapping rules for Quadrature
Amplitude Modulation (QAM) constellation .using this
mapping function we propose an STBC for four transmit
antennas and MASM for 4*2 antennas.MA-SM offers
significant improvements of system performance compared
with SM ,STBC and V-BLAST systems and it provides the
better capacity in the spatial correlation compare to antenna
mutual coupling. It concludes that the MA-SM scheme can
be useful for high rate wireless communication systems
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
R(bits/s/Hz)
ra
tio
r1
r2
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
R(bits/s/Hz)
ra
tio
Comparison of complexity among schemes
r3
r4
6 8 10 12 14 16 18
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
C(Bits/Sec/(Hz))
C
D
F
(C
)
capacity of rayleigh fading channel using spatial correlation
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
C(Bits/Sec/(Hz))
C
D
F
(C
)
capacity of rayleigh fading channel using mutual coupling
International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) - Volume4Issue5- May 2013
ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 2008
REFERENCES
[1] S. M. Alamouti, A simple transmit diversity technique
for wireless communications, IEEE J . Sel. Areas Commun.,
vol. 16, pp. 14511458, Oct. 1988.
[2] P. Wolniansky, G. Foschini, G. Golden, and R.
Valenzuela, V-blast: an architecture for realizing very high
data rates over the rich-scattering wireless channel, in Proc.
1998 International Symp. Signals, Syst.,Electron., pp. 295
300.
[3] H. Jafarkhani, Space-Time Coding, Theory and Practive.
Cambridg University Press, 2005.
[4] V. Tarokh, H. Jafarkhani, and A. R. Calderbank, Space-
time block codes from orthogonal designs, IEEE Trans.
Inf. Theory, vol. 45, no. 5,pp. 14561467, J uly 1999.
[5] E.Biglieri, Y. Hong, and E. Viterbo, On fast-decodable
space-time block codes, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 55,
no. 2, pp. 524530, Feb. 2009.
[6] E. Baar and mit Aygl, High-rate full-diveristy
space-time blocks codes for three and four transmit
antennas, IET Commun., vol. 3, no. 8 pp. 13711378, Aug.
2009.
[7] Full-rate full-diversity STBCS for three and four
transmit antennas, Electron. Lett. vol. 44, no. 18, pp. 1076
1077, Aug. 2008.
[8] D. Tse and P. Viswanath, Fundamentals of Wireless
Communication Cambridge University Press, 2005.
[9] J . J eganathan, A. Ghrayeb, L. Szczecinski, and A. Ceron,
Space shift keying modulation for MIMO channels, IEEE
Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 12, pp. 36923703, July 2009.
[10] R. Mesleh, H. Haas, S. Sinaovic, C. W. Ahn, and S. Yun,
Spatial modulation, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 57, no. 4,
pp. 22282241,July 2008.