ChE 243 Fluid Dynamics: Problem Set #6 Solutions

1. (20 points) Calculate the viscosity of oxygen at 550K. Compare your result with the value given in Appendix I on page 681. Solution Begin with the equation (7-10) for viscosity of a pure gas, = 2.6693 106 2 Appendix K, Table K.2 has for oxygen: = 113 = 3.433 550 = = = 4.687 113 Go to Table K.1 on page 694 of the text and extrapolate the data obtain a value for . =0.93872 The molecular weight of oxygen is 16 x 2 = 32. Plug in the data, = 2.6693 106 2 = 2.6693 106 32 550 = 3.2105 3.433 2 0.93872

The value of oxygen viscosity in Appendix I on page 681 is 3.1966 105 , so there is good agreement.

2. (20 points) Recording tape is to be coated on both sides with an incompressible Newtonian fluid lubricant by transporting it through a narrow gap. The tape is 0.015 inches thick and 1.00 inches wide (this is the side where the lubricant will be coated). It is centered in the gap with a clearance of 0.012 inches on each side. A fluid lubricant with a temperature of 80oF, density of 78.7 lbm/ft3, heat capacity of 0.580 BTU/lbmoF, viscosity of 0.6 lbm/ft-s, and kinematic viscosity of 7.62x10-3 ft2/s completely fills the space between the tape and gap for a length of 0.75 inches along the tape. The tape can withstand a maximum force of 7.5 lbf before breaking. Please determine the velocity with which the tape can be pulled through the gap using the maximum force (so that the tape does not break). Solution Area = (1 inch)(0.75 inches) = 0.75 in2 = 0.0052 ft2 Force = 7.5 lbf viscosity = 0.6 lbm/ft-s

= = Since the tape has two sides we must multiply the area by 2, and integrating,

=
0

0.012 inches = 0.001 ft on each side, = 7.5 0.001 32.174 / 2 0.001 = = 38.7 / 2 2 0.6 / 0.0052 2

3. (20 points) A Newtonian fluid at 60 is flowing with a velocity of 6 ft/s through a tube with a diameter of 0.25 inches. Assuming that the velocity distribution is parabolic, where the equation to characterize the velocity is = 1 the wall of the tube. Solution We begin by obtaining an expression for the change in velocity with distance down a tube for a Newtonian fluid, = 2 1 Let r=R, so that 4 = Plug into Newton's Law, = 4 =
2 2

, determine the magnitude of the shear stress at

= 2

4 2 = 2 2

Appendix I, the viscosity of water at 60 = 0.760 103 / , 0.760 103 / 4 6 / = = 0.0544 / 2 1 32.174 / 2 0.25 2 12

4. (25 points) Beginning with the following equation: = please derive an equation for the velocity profile of a Newtonian fluid flowing between two stationary parallel plates separated by a distance 2h. Solution This analysis is similar to what is done in the text in section 8.1 except in rectangular coordinates. = Substitute Newton's Law of viscosity, 2 = 2 Rearrange, 2 1 = 2 Integrate, 1 = + 1 integrate again, = 1 2 + 1 + 2

Boundary conditions for this problem, 1. = + = 0 ( ) 2. = = 0 ( ) We find by substituting in both boundary conditions and solving for 1 in that 1 = 0. Next we find that 2 = 2 2 . Thus, = 1 2 1 2 1 2 = 2 2 2 2
1

5. (25 points) When a person ice-skates, the ice surface actually melts beneath the blades of the skate, so that the skater skates on a thin film of water between the blade and the ice. The normal freezing temperature of ice is 0oC or 32oF at atmospheric temperature. The melting temperature of ice decreases as the pressure is increased. Therefore ice can be caused to melt at a temperature below the normal melting temperature when the ice is subjected to increased pressure. A female freestyle ice skater weighing 100 lbf, glides on one skate at a speed of 20 ft/s. Her weight is supported by a thin film of liquid water melted from the ice by the pressure of the skate blade. The blade has a length of 11.5 inches and a width of 0.125 inches, and the water film beneath the blade is 5.75 x 10-5 inches thick. Estimate the deceleration of the skater that results from viscous shear in the water film, assuming that end effects are neglected and that the velocity profile is linear..

Solution From Appendix I, water at 32 oF has a viscosity of 1.2x10-3 lbm/ft-s. Since water is a Newtonian fluid, 1.2 103 20 / 12 = = = 155.67 / 2 32.174 / 2 5.75 105 Since, = And, = Then, = = 155.67 / 2 = = = = 0.497 / 2 11.5 0.125 32 / 2 100

2 144 2

6. (20 points) It is very difficult to accurately measure the diameter of long capillary tubes, but it can be calculated. The capillary in question is 20 cm long, which is long enough for fully developed flow in a capillary. Through the capillary is flowing a Newtonian fluid in steady, continuous, laminar flow at a temperature of 273oK, a viscosity of 0.04 Pa-s, a density of 1.35 kg/m3, and a velocity of 0.05 cm/s. The pressure drop across the capillary is known to be 50 Pa. You can assume that the density of the fluid is unchanging for this analysis and that the no-slip boundary condition applies. Please calculate the diameter of the capillary.

Solution The assumptions of the problem allow us to use the Hagen-Poiseuille Equation. 8 32 = = 2 2 32 = 2 = 32 = 32 0.04 0.05 / 20 = 0.16 50

7. (25 points) The rate of shear work per unit volume is given by the product of shear stress and velocity. Determine the distance from the wall where the shear stress is a maximum for parabolic flow in a circular tube for a Newtonian fluid. See the figure below for a visualization of this problem. Let R be the radial distance to the inside surface and is the distance from the wall.

The equation for a parabolic velocity profile is = 1 Solution 2 = = = 1 2 2 = We need to find where
2 2

2 2 4 2 = 1 2 + 4 2

4 4 3 3 2 2 + 4 = 2 2 2 + 4 2

=0 = 2 1 3 2 + 2 4
2

3 2 = 2 2 + 4 Now set equal to zero and solve for . 0 = 2 2 which is true when So,

1 3 2 2+ 4

1 3 2 + =0 2 4

1 3 2 2+ 4 =0 1 3 2 = 2 4 2 3 =1 2 = 1 = 0.577 3