Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasticity_(physics)
Plasticity (physics)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In physics and materials science, plasticity describes the deformation of a material undergoing non-reversible changes of shape in response to applied forces.[1][2] For example, a solid piece of metal being bent or pounded into a new shape displays plasticity as permanent changes occur within the material itself. In engineering, the transition from elastic behavior to plastic behavior is called yield. Plastic deformation is observed in most materials including metals, soils, rocks, concrete, foams, bone and skin.[3][4][5] [6][7][8] However, the physical mechanisms that cause plastic deformation can vary widely. At the crystal scale, plasticity in metals is usually a consequence of dislocations. In most crystalline materials such defects are relatively rare. But there are also materials where defects are numerous and are part of the very crystal structure, in such cases plastic crystallinity can result. In brittle materials such as rock, concrete, and bone, plasticity is caused predominantly by slip at microcracks.
Stress-strain curve showing typical yield behavior for nonferrous alloys. Stress ( ) is shown as a function of strain ( ) 1: True elastic limit 2: Proportionality limit 3: Elastic limit 4: Offset yield strength
For many ductile metals, tensile loading applied to a sample will cause it to behave in an elastic manner. Each increment of load is accompanied by a proportional increment in extension, and when the load is removed, the piece returns exactly to its original size. However, once the load exceeds some threshold (the yield strength), the extension increases more rapidly than in the elastic region, and when the load is removed, some amount of the extension remains. However, elastic deformation is an approximation and its quality depends on the considered time frame and loading speed. If the deformation behavior includes elastic deformation as indicated in the adjacent graph it is also often referred to as elastic-plastic or elasto-plastic deformation. Perfect plasticity is a property of materials to undergo irreversible deformation without any increase in stresses or loads. Plastic materials with hardening necessitate increasingly higher stresses to result in further plastic deformation. Generally plastic deformation is also dependent on the deformation speed, i.e. usually higher stresses have to be applied to increase the rate of deformation and such materials are said to deform viscoplastically.
Contents
1 Contributing properties 2 Physical mechanisms 2.1 Plasticity in metals 2.1.1 Slip systems 2.1.2 Reversible plasticity 2.1.3 Shear Banding
1 of 6
8/3/2013 9:35 AM
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasticity_(physics)
2.2 Plasticity in amorphous materials 2.2.1 Crazing 2.3 Plasticity in martensitic materials 2.4 Plasticity in cellular materials 2.5 Plasticity in soils and sand 2.6 Plasticity in rocks and concrete 3 Mathematical descriptions of plasticity 3.1 Deformation theory 3.2 Flow plasticity theory 4 Yield criteria 4.1 Tresca criterion 4.2 Huber-von Mises criterion 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading
A stressstrain curve typical of structural steel 1. Ultimate Strength 2. Yield Strength 3. Rupture 4. Strain hardening region 5. Necking region. A: Apparent stress (F/A0) B: Actual stress (F/A)
Contributing properties
The plasticity of a material is directly proportional to the ductility and malleability of the material.
Physical mechanisms
Plasticity in metals
Plasticity in a crystal of pure metal is primarily caused by two modes of deformation in the crystal lattice, slip and twinning. Slip is a shear deformation which moves the atoms through many interatomic distances relative to their initial positions. Twinning is the plastic deformation which takes place along two planes due to set of forces applied on a given metal piece. Most metals show more plasticity when hot than when cold. Lead shows sufficient plasticity at room temperature. But cast iron does not possess sufficient plasticity for any forging operation even when hot. This property is of importance in forming, shaping and extruding operations on metals. But most metals are rendered plastic by heating and hence shaped hot. Slip systems Main article: Slip (materials science)#Slip systems
Plasticity under a spherical Nanoindenter in (111) Copper. All particles in ideal lattice positions are omitted and the color code refers to the von Mises stress field.
Crystalline materials contain uniform planes of atoms organized with long-range order. Planes may slip past each other along their close-packed directions, as is shown on the slip systems wiki page. The result is a permanent change of shape within the crystal and plastic
2 of 6
8/3/2013 9:35 AM
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasticity_(physics)
deformation. The presence of dislocations increases the likelihood of planes slipping. Reversible plasticity On the nano scale the primary plastic deformation in simple fcc metals is reversible, as long as there is no material transport in form of cross-glide.[9] Shear Banding The presence of other defects within a crystal may entangle dislocations or otherwise prevent them from gliding. When this happens, plasticity is localized to particular regions in the material. For crystals, these regions of localized plasticity are called shear bands.
3 of 6
8/3/2013 9:35 AM
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasticity_(physics)
An idealized uniaxial stress-strain curve showing elastic and plastic deformation regimes for the deformation theory of plasticity
Yield criteria
Main article: Yield (engineering) If the stress exceeds a critical value, as was mentioned above, the material will undergo plastic, or irreversible, deformation. This critical stress can be tensile or compressive. The Tresca and the von Mises criteria are commonly used to determine whether a material has yielded. However, these criteria have proved inadequate for a large range of materials and several other yield criteria are in widespread use.
Tresca criterion
This criterion is based on the notion that when a material fails, it does so in shear, which is a relatively good assumption when considering metals. Given the principal stress state, we can use Mohrs circle to solve for the
4 of 6
8/3/2013 9:35 AM
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasticity_(physics)
maximum shear stresses our material will experience and conclude that the material will fail if:
Where 1 is the maximum normal stress, 3 is the minimum normal stress, and 0 is the stress under which the material fails in uniaxial loading. A yield surface may be constructed, which provides a visual representation of this concept. Inside of the yield surface, deformation is elastic. On the surface, deformation is plastic. It is impossible for a material to have stress states outside its yield surface.
The von Mises yield surfaces in principal stress coordinates circumscribes a cylinder around the hydrostatic axis. Also shown is Tresca's hexagonal yield surface.
Again, a visual representation of the yield surface may be constructed using the above equation, which takes the shape of an ellipse. Inside the surface, materials undergo elastic deformation. Reaching the surface means the material undergoes plastic deformations. It is physically impossible for a material to go beyond its yield surface.
See also
Yield surface
5 of 6
8/3/2013 9:35 AM
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasticity_(physics)
References
1. ^ J. Lubliner, 2008, Plasticity theory, Dover, ISBN 0-486-46290-0, ISBN 978-0-486-46290-5. 2. ^ Bigoni, D. Nonlinear Solid Mechanics: Bifurcation Theory and Material Instability. Cambridge University Press, 2012 . ISBN 9781107025417. 3. ^ M. Jirasek and Z. P. Bazant, 2002, Inelastic analysis of structures, John Wiley and Sons. 4. ^ W-F. Chen, 2008, Limit Analysis and Soil Plasticity, J. Ross Publishing 5. ^ M-H. Yu, G-W. Ma, H-F. Qiang, Y-Q. Zhang, 2006, Generalized Plasticity, Springer. 6. ^ W-F. Chen, 2007, Plasticity in Reinforced Concrete, J. Ross Publishing 7. ^ J. A. Ogden, 2000, Skeletal Injury in the Child, Springer. 8. ^ J-L. Leveque and P. Agache, ed., 1993, Aging skin:Properties and Functional Changes, Marcel Dekker. 9. ^ Gerolf Ziegenhain and Herbert M. Urbassek: Reversible Plasticity in fcc metals. In: Philosophical Magazine Letters. 89(11):717-723, 2009 DOI (http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500830903272900) 10. ^ R. Hill, 1998, The Mathematical Theory of Plasticity, Oxford University Press. 11. ^ von Mises, R. (1913). Mechanik der Festen Korper im plastisch deformablen Zustand. Gttin. Nachr. Math. Phys., vol. 1, pp. 582592.
Further reading
R. Hill, The Mathematical Theory of Plasticity, Oxford University Press (1998). Jacob Lubliner, Plasticity Theory, Macmillan Publishing, New York (1990). L. M. Kachanov, Fundamentals of the Theory of Plasticity, Dover Books. A.S. Khan and S. Huang, Continuum Theory of Plasticity, Wiley (1995). J. C. Simo, T. J. Hughes, Computational Inelasticity, Springer. M. F. Ashby. Plastic Deformation of Cellular Materials. Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology, Elsevier, Oxford, 2001, Pages 7068-7071. Van Vliet, K. J., 3.032 Mechanical Behavior of Materials, MIT (2006) International Journal of Plasticity, Elsevier Science. S. P. Timoshenko, History of strength of materials, New York,Toronto,London, McGraw-Hill Book Company,inc., 1953. Han W and Reddy BD, Plasticity: Mathematical Theory and Numerical Analysis. 2nd edition, Springer, New York (2013). Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plasticity_(physics)&oldid=566796726" Categories: Plasticity Solid mechanics Deformation This page was last modified on 2 August 2013 at 01:41. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
6 of 6
8/3/2013 9:35 AM