3

Vectors
CHAPTER OUTLINE
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Coordinate Systems Vector and Scalar Quantities Some Properties of Vectors Components of a Vector and Unit Vectors

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
Q3.1 Only force and velocity are vectors. None of the other quantities requires a direction to be described. The answers are (a) yes (b) no (c) no (d) no (e) no (f ) yes (g) no. The books displacement is zero, as it ends up at the point from which it started. The distance traveled is 6.0 meters. The vector 2D1 will be twice as long as D1 and in the opposite direction, namely northeast. Adding D 2 , which is about equally long and southwest, we get a sum that is still longer and due east, choice (a). The magnitudes of the vectors being added are constant, and we are considering the magnitude onlynot the directionof the resultant. So we need look only at the angle between the vectors being added in each case. The smaller this angle, the larger the resultant magnitude. Thus the ranking is c = e > a > d > b.

Q3.2

*Q3.3

*Q3.4

*Q3.5

(a) leftward: negative. (b) upward: positive (c) rightward: positive (d) downward: negative (e) Depending on the signs and angles of A and B, the sum could be in any quadrant. (f) Now A will be in the fourth quadrant, so A + B will be in the fourth quadrant. (i) The magnitude is 10 2 + 10 2 m s, answer (f ). (ii) Having no y component means answer (a). The vertical component is opposite the 30 angle, so sin 30 = (vertical component)/50 m and the answer is (h). Take the difference of the coordinates of the ends of the vector. Final rst means head end rst. (i) 4 2 = 6 cm, answer ( j) (ii) 1 (2) = 3 cm, answer (c) (i) If the direction-angle of A is between 180 degrees and 270 degrees, its components are both negative: answer (c). If a vector is in the second quadrant or the fourth quadrant, its components have opposite signs: answer (b) or (d). Vectors A and B are perpendicular to each other. No, the magnitude of a vector is always positive. A minus sign in a vector only indicates direction, not magnitude. Addition of a vector to a scalar is not dened. Think of numbers of apples and of clouds.

*Q3.6 *Q3.7

*Q3.8

Q3.9

Q3.10 Q3.11

Q3.12

45

13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 45

11/28/06 4:40:06 PM

46

Chapter 3

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
Section 3.1 P3.1 Coordinate Systems

x = r cos = ( 5.50 m ) cos 240 = ( 5.50 m ) ( 0.5) = 2.75 m y = r sin = ( 5.50 m ) sin 240 = ( 5.50 m ) ( 0.866 ) = 4.76 m

P3.2

(a)

x = r cos and y = r sin , therefore x1 = ( 2.50 m ) cos 30.0, y1 = ( 2.50 m ) sin 30.0, and

( x1 , y1 ) = ( 2.17, 1.25) m
x2 = ( 3.80 m ) cos 120, y2 = ( 3.80 m ) sin 120, and

( x2 , y2 ) = ( 1.90,
(b) P3.3

3.29 ) m

d = ( x )2 + ( y )2 = 4.07 2 + 2.04 2 m = 4.55 m

The x distance out to the y is 2.00 m and the y distance up to the y is 1.00 m. (a) We can use the Pythagorean theorem to nd the distance from the origin to the y. distance = x 2 + y 2 = ( 2.00 m ) + (1.00 m ) = 5.00 m 2 = 2.24 m
2 2

(b) P3.4

1 = tan 1 = 26.6; r = 2.24 m, 26.6 2 2.00 = 2.31 cos 30.0

We have 2.00 = r cos 30.0 r=

and y = r sin 30.0 = 2.31 sin 30.0 = 1.15 . P3.5 y We have r = x 2 + y 2 and = tan 1 . x (a) The radius for this new point is

( x )2 + y 2
and its angle is

= x 2 + y2 = r

y tan 1 = 180 . x (b) (2 x )2 + (2 y )2 = 2 r This point is in the third quadrant if ( x, y ) is in the rst quadrant

or in the fourth quadrant if ( x, y ) is in the second quadrant. It is at an angle of 180 + . (c) or in the third quadrant if ( x, y ) is in the second quadrant. It is at an angle of .

( 3x )2 + (3y )2 = 3r This point is in the fourth quadrant if ( x, y ) is in the rst quadrant

13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 46

11/28/06 4:40:07 PM

Vectors

47

Section 3.2 Section 3.3 P3.6

Vector and Scalar Quantities Some Properties of Vectors

R = 310 km at 57 S of W (Scale: 1 unit = 20 km)

FIG. P3.6

P3.7

tan 35.0 =

x 100 m

x = (100 m ) tan 35.0 = 70.0 m

FIG. P3.7

P3.8

Find the resultant F1 + F2 graphically by placing the tail of F2 at the head of F1. The resultant force vector F1 + F2 is of magnitude 9.5 N and at an angle of 57 above the x axis .

F1 + F2

F2

F1 0 1 2 3 N
FIG. P3.8

13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 47

11/28/06 4:40:08 PM

48

Chapter 3

P3.9

(a)

d = 10.0 i = 10.0 m since the displacement is in a straight line from point A to point B.

C 5.00 m B d
FIG. P3.9

(b)

The actual distance skated is not equal to the straight-line displacement. The distance follows the curved path of the semi-circle (ACB). s= 1 ( 2 r ) = 5 = 15.7 m 2

(c) P3.10 (a)

If the circle is complete, d begins and ends at point A. Hence, d = 0 . The large majority of people are standing or sitting at this hour. Their instantaneous footto-head vectors have upward vertical components on the order of 1 m and randomly oriented horizontal components. The citywide sum will be ~ 10 5 m upward . Most people are lying in bed early Saturday morning. We suppose their beds are oriented north, south, east, and west quite at random. Then the horizontal component of their total vector height is very nearly zero. If their compressed pillows give their height vectors vertical components averaging 3 cm, and if one-tenth of one percent of the population are on-duty nurses or police ofcers, we estimate the total vector height as ~10 5 ( 0.03 m ) + 10 2 (1 m ) ~ 10 3 m upward .

(b)

P3.11

To nd these vector expressions graphically, we draw each set of vectors. Measurements of the results are taken using a ruler and protractor. (Scale: 1 unit = 0.5 m ) (a) (b) (c) (d) A + B = 5.2 m at 60 A B = 3.0 m at 330 B A = 3.0 m at 150 A 2B = 5.2 m at 300

FIG. P3.11

13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 48

11/28/06 4:40:09 PM

Vectors

49

P3.12

The three diagrams shown below represent the graphical solutions for the three vector sums: R1 = A + B + C, R 2 = B + C + A , and R 3 = C + B + A. We observe that R1 = R 2 = R 3, illustrating that the sum of a set of vectors is not affected by the order in which the vectors are added .

100 m
C
A B B A

R1 C
B

R2

R3

FIG. P3.12

P3.13

The scale drawing for the graphical solution should be similar to the gure to the right. The magnitude and direction of the nal displacement from the starting point are obtained by measuring d and on the drawing and applying the scale factor used in making the drawing. The results should be d = 420 ft and = 3 .
FIG. P3.13

Section 3.4 *P3.14

Components of a Vector and Unit Vectors

We assume the oor is level. Take the x axis in the direction of the rst displacement. If both of the 90 turns are to the right or both to the left , the displacements add like 40.0 m i + 15.0 m j 20.0 m i = 20.0 i + 15.0 j m to give (a) displacement magnitude (20 + 15 )
2 2 1 2

m = 25.0 m

at (b) tan (1520) = 36.9 .

1

If one turn is right and the other is left , the displacements add like 40.0 m i + 15.0 m j + 20.0 m i = 60.0 i + 15.0 j m to give (a) displacement magnitude (602 + 152)12 m = 61.8 m at (b) tan1(1560) = 14.0. Just two answers are possible.

13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 49

11/28/06 4:40:10 PM

50

Chapter 3

P3.15

Ax = 25.0 Ay = 40.0
2 2 A = Ax + Ay =

( 25.0 )2 + ( 40.0 )2
Ay Ax

= 47.2 units

We observe that tan = So .

Ay FIG. P3.15 40.0 1 = tan 1 = tan 25.0 = tan (1.60 ) = 58.0 . A x The diagram shows that the angle from the +x axis can be found by subtracting from 180:

= 180 58 = 122 .
P3.16 The person would have to walk 3.10 sin ( 25.0 ) = 1.31 km north , and 3.10 cos ( 25.0 ) = 2.81 km east . *P3.17 Let v represent the speed of the camper. The northward component of its velocity is v cos 8.5. To avoid crowding the minivan we require v cos 8.5 28 m s. We can satisfy this requirement simply by taking v (28 m s)cos 8.5 = 28.3 m s. P3.18 (a) Her net x (east-west) displacement is 3.00 + 0 + 6.00 = +3.00 blocks, while her net y (north-south) displacement is 0 + 4.00 + 0 = +4.00 blocks. The magnitude of the resultant displacement is R=

( xnet )2 + ( ynet )2

( 3.00 )2 + ( 4.00 )2

= 5.00 blocks

and the angle the resultant makes with the x axis (eastward direction) is 4.00 = tan 1 (1.33) = 53.1 . = tan 1 3.00 The resultant displacement is then 5.00 blocks at 53.1 N of E . (b) P3.19 The total distance traveled is 3.00 + 4.00 + 6.00 = 13.0 blocks .

x = r cos and y = r sin , therefore: (a) (b) (c) x = 12.8 cos 150 , y = 12.8 sin 150, and ( x, y ) = 11.1 i + 6.40 j m

) x = 22.0 cos 215 , y = 22.0 sin 215 , and ( x, y ) = ( 18.0 i 12.6 j) in

(
i + ( 43.3 m ) j ( 25.0 m )

x = 3.30 cos 60.0 , y = 3.30 sin 60.0, and ( x, y ) = 1.65 i + 2.86 j cm

P3.20

x = d cos = ( 50.0 m ) cos (120 ) = 25.0 m y = d sin = ( 50.0 m ) sin (120 ) = 43.3 m d=

13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 50

11/28/06 4:40:10 PM

Vectors

51

P3.21

Let +x be East and +y be North.

x = 250 + 125 cos 30 = 358 m y = 75 + 125 sin 30 150 = 12.5 m

( x ) + ( y ) = (358) ( y ) = 12.5 = 0.0349 an = ta ( x ) 358

d=
2 2

+ ( 12.5) = 358 m
2

= 2.00
d = 358 m at 2.00 S of E P3.22 The east and north components of the displacement from Dallas (D) to Chicago (C) are the sums of the east and north components of the displacements from Dallas to Atlanta (A) and from Atlanta to Chicago. In equation form: dDC east = dDA east + dAC east = 730 cos 5.00 560 sin 21.0 = 527 miles . dDC north = dDA north + dAC north = 730 sin 5.00 + 560 cos 21.0 = 586 miles By the Pythagorean theorem, d = (dDC east )2 + (dDC north )2 = 788 mi . Then tan = dDC north = 1.11 and = 48.0. dDC east

Thus, Chicago is 788 miles at 48.0 northeast of Dallas . P3.23 We have B = R A : Ax = 150 cos120 = 75.0 cm Ay = 150 sin 120 = 130 cm Rx = 140 cos 35.0 = 115 cm m Ry = 140 sin 35.0 = 80.3 cm Therefore,
FIG. P3.23

B = [115 ( 75)] i + [80.3 130 ] j = 190 i 49.7 j cm B = 190 + 49.7 = 196 cm

2 2

49.7 = tan 1 = 14.7 . 190 P3.24 (a) (b) See gure to the right. C = A + B = 2.00 i + 6.00 j + 3.00 i 2.00 j = 5.00 i + 4.00 j 4 C = 25.0 + 16.0 at tan 1 = 6.40 at 38.7 5 i + 8.00 j D = A B = 2.00 i + 6.00 j 3.00 i + 2.00 j = 1.00 D=

( 1.00 )2 + ( 8.00 )2

8.00 at tan 1 1.00

FIG. P3.24

D = 8.06 at (180 82.9 ) = 8.06 at 97.2

13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 51

11/28/06 4:40:11 PM

52

Chapter 3

P3.25

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

( A + B) = ( 3i 2 j) + ( i 4 j) = ( A B) = ( 3i 2 j) ( i 4 j) =
A + B = 2 2 + 6 2 = 6.32 A B = 4 2 + 2 2 = 4.47

i 6 j 2 i + 2 j 4

6 A + B = tan 1 = 71.6 = 288 2 2 A B = tan 1 = 26.6 4

*P3.26

We take the x axis along the slope uphill. Students, get used to this choice! The y axis is perpendicular to the slope, at 35 to the vertical. Then the displacement of the snow makes an angle of 90 35 20 = 35 with the x axis. (a) (b) Its component parallel to the surface is 5 m cos 35 = 4.10 m toward the top of the hill . Its component perpendicular to the surface is 5 m sin 35 = 2.87 m .

P3.27

d1 = 3.50 j m d 2 = 8.20 cos 45.0 i + 8.20 sin 45.0 j = 5.80 i + 5.80 j m d 3 = 15.0 i m R = d1 + d 2 + d 3 = ( 15.0 + 5.80 ) i + ( 5.80 3.50 ) j= (or 9.20 m west and 2.30 m north) The magnitude of the resultant displacement is
2 2 2 2 R = Rx + Ry = ( 9.20 ) + ( 2.30 ) = 9.48 m .

( 9.20 i + 2.30 j) m

2.30 The direction is = arctan = 166 . 9.20 P3.28 Refer to the sketch R = A + B + C = 10.0 i 15.0 j + 50.0 i = 40.0 i 15.0 j
2 2 R = ( 40.0 ) + ( 15.0 ) 1/ 2

A = 10.0 B = 15.0 C = 50.0

FIG. P3.28

= 42.7 yards

P3.29

East x 0m 1.41 0.500 +0.914 R =

2 2

North y 4.00 m 1.41 0.866 4.55

x + y at tan 1 ( y x ) = 4.64 m at 78.6 N of E

13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 52

11/28/06 4:40:12 PM

Vectors

53

P3.30

A = 8.70 i + 15.0 j and B = 13.2 i 6.60 j A B + 3C = 0: 3C = B A = 21.9 i 21.6 j C = 7.30 i 7.20 j C x = 7.30 cm ; C y = 7.20 cm F = F1 + F2 F = 120 cos ( 60.0 ) i + 120 sin ( 60.0 ) j 80.0 cos ( 75.0 ) i + 80.0 sin ( 75.0 ) j F = 60.0 i + 104 j 20.7 i + 77.3 j = 39.3 i + 181 j N F = 39.32 + 1812 = 185 N 181 = tan 1 = 77.8 39.3 (b) F3 = F =

or P3.31 (a)

( 39.3i 181j) N
B = 3.00 m, B = 90.0 Ay = A sin A = 3.00 sin 30.0 = 1.50 m

P3.32

A = 3.00 m, A = 30.0 Ax = A cos A = 3.00 cos 30.0 = 2.60 m A = Ax i + Ay j = 2.60 i + 1.50 j m Bx = 0, By = 3.00 m A + B = 2.60 i + 1.50 j + 3.00 j= so

B = 3.00 jm

( 2.60 i + 4.50 j) m

P3.33

= 4.00 B = Bx i + By j + Bz k i + 6.00 j + 3.00 k B = 4.00 2 + 6.00 2 + 3.00 2 = 7.81 4.00 = cos 1 = 59.2 is the angle with the x axis 7.81 6.00 = cos 1 = 39.8 is the angle with the y axis 7.81 3.00 = cos 1 = 67.4 is the angle with the z axis 7.81 i 2 j (a) D = A + B + C = 2 D = 22 + 22 = 2.83 m at = 315 (b) E = A B + C = 6 i + 12 j E = 62 + 122 = 13.4 m at = 117

P3.34

P3.35

(a)

C=A+B= C=

) m ( 5.00 i 1.00 j 3.00k m = 5.92 m

( 5.00 )2 + (1.00 )2 + ( 3.00 )2

(b)

D = 2A B = D=

) m ( 4.00 i 11.0 j + 15.0k m = 19.0 m

( 4.00 )2 + (11.0 )2 + (15.0 )2

13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 9

12/7/06 6:01:55 PM

54

Chapter 3

P3.36

Let the positive x-direction be eastward, the positive y-direction be vertically upward, and the positive z-direction be southward. The total displacement is then cm = 4.80 cm. d = 4.80 i + 4.80 j cm + 3.70 j 3.70 k i + 8.50 j 3.70 k (a) (b) The magnitude is d =

( 4.80 )2 + ( 8.50 )2 + ( 3.70 )2

cm = 10.4 cm .

Its angle with the y axis follows from cos = A = 8.00 i + 12.0 j 4.00 k B= A = 2.00 i + 3.00 j 1.00 k 4

8.50 , giving = 35.5 . 10.4

P3.37

(a) (b) (c)

C = 3A = 24.0 i 36.0 j + 12.0 k

P3.38

The y coordinate of the airplane is constant and equal to 7.60 10 3 m whereas the x coordinate is given by x = vi t where vi is the constant speed in the horizontal direction. At t = 30.0 s we have x = 8.04 10 3, so vi = 8 0 40 m 30 s = 268 m s. The position vector as a function of time is P = ( 268 m s ) t i + ( 7.60 10 3 m j.
4 3 At t = 45.0 s, P = 1.21 10 i + 7.60 10 j m. The magnitude is

P= and the direction is

(1.21 10 ) + ( 7.60 10 )
4 2

3 2

m = 1.43 10 4 m

7.60 10 3 = 32.2 above the horizontal . = arctan 1.21 10 4 P3.39 The position vector from radar station to ship is S = 17.3 sin 136 i + 17.3 cos 136 j km = 12.0 i 12.4 j km. From station to plane, the position vector is km , P = 19.6 sin 153 i + 19.6 cos 153 j + 2.20 k or km. P = 8.90 i 17.5 j + 2.20 k (a) To y to the ship, the plane must undergo displacement D=SP= (b) ) km ( 3.12 i + 5.02 j 2.20k .

The distance the plane must travel is D= D =

( 3.12 )2 + ( 5.02 )2 + ( 2.20 )2

km = 6.31 km .

13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 10

12/7/06 2:08:46 PM

Vectors

55

P3.40

(a)

E = (17.0 cm ) cos 27.0 i + (17.0 cm ) sin 27.0 j E=

(15.1i + 7.72 j) cm
27.0 27.0 F G E 27.0 x

(b)

F = (17.0 cm ) sin 27.0 i + (17.0 cm ) cos 27.0 j F=

( 7.72 i + 15.1j) cm

Note that we do not need to

explicitly identify the angle with the positive x axis. (c) G = + (17.0 cm ) sin 27.0 i + (17.0 cm ) cos 27.0 j G= P3.41

FIG. P3.40

( +7.72 i + 15.1j) cm

Ax = 3.00 , Ay = 2.00 (a) (b) A = Ax i + Ay j = 3.00 i + 2.00 j

2 2 A = Ax + Ay =

( 3.00 )2 + ( 2.00 )2

= 3.61

tan =

Ay Ax

2.00 = 0.667, tan 1 ( 0.667 ) = 33.7 ( 3.00 )

is in the 2 nd quadrant, so = 180 + ( 33.7 ) = 146 .

(c) Rx = 0, Ry = 4.00 , R = A + B thus B = R A and Bx = Rx Ax = 0 ( 3.00 ) = 3.00 , By = Ry Ay = 4.00 2.00 = 6.00 . Therefore, B = 3.00 i 6.00 j . P3.42 41.0 km The hurricanes rst displacement is ( 3.00 h ) at 60.0 N of W, and its second h 25.0 km i representing east and displacement is j representing (1.50 h ) due North. With h north, its total displacement is: km km 41.0 km cos 60.0 ( 3.00 h ) j + 25.0 j i + 41.0 sin 60.0 ( 3.00 h ) (1.50 h ) h h h = 61.5 km i + 144 km j with magnitude P3.43 (a)

( )

( )

( 61.5 km )2 + (144 km )2

= 157 km .
A B

Rx = 40.0 cos 45.0 + 30.0 cos 45.0 = 49.5 Ry = 40.0 sin 45.0 30.0 sin 45.0 + 20.0 = 27.1 R = 49.5 i + 27.1 j
O
2

45 45 C
FIG. P3.43

(b)

R = ( 49.5) + ( 27.1) = 56.4

2

27.1 = 28.7 = tan 1 49.5

55

13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 11

12/7/06 2:08:47 PM

56

Chapter 3

*P3.44

(a)

i and Taking components along j, we get two equations: 6.00 a 8.00b + 26.0 = 0

and 8.00 a + 3.00b + 19.0 = 0. We solve simultaneously by substituting a = 1.33 b 4.33 to nd 8(1.33 b 4.33) + 3 b + 19 = 0 or Thus a = 5.00, b = 7.00 . Therefore, 5.00 A + 7.00 B + C = 0 . (b) In order for vectors to be equal, all of their components must be equal. A vector equation contains more information than a scalar equation. 7.67b = 53.67 so b = 7.00 and a = 1.33(7) 4.33.

*P3.45

The displacement from the start to the nish is 16 i + 12 i +3 i +9 j) = (11 j) meters. j (5 The displacement from the starting point to A is f (11 i + 9 j ) meters. (a) (b) j ) = (5 + 11f ) j meters . The position vector of point A is 5 i +3 i + (3 + 9f ) j + f (11 i +9 For f = 0 we have the position vector (5 + 0) i + (3 + 0) j meters.

j meters. This is reasonable because it is the location of the starting point, 5 i +3 (c) j meters . j meters = 16 For f = 1 = 100%, we have position vector (5 + 11) i + (3 + 9) i + 12

This is reasonable because we have completed the trip and this is the position vector of the endpoint. *P3.46 We note that i = west and j = south. The given mathematical representation of the trip can be written as 6.3 b west + 4 b at 40 south of west + 3 b at 50 south of east + 5 b south . (a)
i N
R

(b)

The total odometer distance is the sum of the magnitudes of the four displacements: 6.3 b + 4 b + 3 b + 5 b = 18.3 b .

S = 1 block f

(c)

R = ( 6.3 3.06 + 1.93) b i + ( 2.57 2.30 5) b j = 7.44 b i 9.87 b j = ( 7.44 b ) + ( 9.87 b ) at tan 1
2 2

9.87 south of west 7.44

= 12.4 b at 53.0 south of west = 12.4 b at 233 counterclockwise from east

13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 56

11/28/06 4:40:16 PM

Vectors

57

Additional Problems P3.47

Let represent the angle between the directions of A and B. Since A and B have the same magnitudes, A A , B , and R = A + B form an isosceles triangle A in which the angles are 180 , , and . 2 2 D -B The magnitude of R is then R = 2 A cos . 2 This can be seen from applying the law of cosines FIG. P3.47 to the isosceles triangle and using the fact that B = A. Again, A, B, and D = A B form an isosceles triangle with apex angle . Applying the law of cosines and the identity

/2

(1 cos ) = 2 sin 2

gives the magnitude of D as D = 2 A sin . 2 The problem requires that R = 100 D . Thus, 2 A cos = 200 A sin . This gives tan = 0.010 and = 1.15 . 2 2 2 P3.48 Let represent the angle between the directions of A and B . Since A and B have the same magnitudes, A , B, and R = A + B form an isosceles triangle in which the angles are 180 , , and . 2 2 The magnitude of R is then R = 2 A cos . This can 2 be seen by applying the law of cosines to the isosceles triangle and using the fact that B = A. Again, A, B , and D = A B form an isosceles triangle with apex angle . Applying the law of cosines and the identity (1 cos ) = 2 sin 2 2 gives the magnitude of D as D = 2 A sin . 2

FIG. P3.48

1 The problem requires that R = nD or cos = n sin giving = 2 tan 1 . 2 2 n The larger R is to be compared to D, the smaller the angle between A and B becomes. P3.49 The position vector from the ground under the controller of the rst airplane is r1 = (19.2 km ) ( cos 25 ) i + (19.2 km ) ( sin 25 ) j + ( 0.8 km ) k km. i + 8.11 j + 0.8k = 17.4 The second is at r2 = (17.6 km ) ( cos 20 ) i + (17.6 km ) ( sin 20 ) j + (1.1 km ) k km. = 16.5 i + 6.02 j + 1.1k Now the displacement from the rst plane to the second is km r2 r1 = 0.863 i 2.09 j + 0.3k with magnitude

( 0.863)2 + ( 2.09 )2 + ( 0.3)2

= 2.29 km .

13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 57

11/28/06 4:40:17 PM

58

Chapter 3

P3.50

Take the x axis along the tail section of the snake. The displacement from tail to head is 240 m i + ( 420 240 ) m cos (180 105 ) i 180 m sin 75 j = 287 m i 174 m j. Its magnitude is

( 287 )2 + (174 )2
Inge: t = Olaf: t =

m = 335 m. From v =

distance , the time for each childs run is t

distance 335 m ( h ) (1 km ) ( 3 600 s ) = = 101 s v (12 km ) (1 000 m ) (1 h ) 420 m s = 126 s . 3.33 m

Inge wins by 126 101 = 25.4 s . P3.51 Let A represent the distance from island 2 to island 3. The displacement is A = A at 159. Represent the displacement from 3 to 1 as B = B at 298. We have 4.76 km at 37 + A + B = 0 . For x components ( 4.76 km ) cos 37 + A cos 159 + B cos 298 = 0 3.80 km 0.934 A + 0.469 B = 0 B = 8.10 km + 1.99 A For y components
3 A 28 B C 37 1
FIG. P3.51

69 2 N E

( 4.76 km ) sin 37 + A sin 159 + B sin 298 = 0

2.86 km + 0.358 A 0.883 B = 0 (a) We solve by eliminating B by substitution: 2.86 km + 0.358 A 0.883 ( 8.10 km + 1.99 A ) = 0 2.86 km + 0.358 A + 7.15 km 1.76 A = 0 10.0 km = 1.40 A A = 7.17 km (b) P3.52 (a) (b) (c) B = 8.10 km + 1.99 ( 7.17 km ) = 6.15 km Rx = 2.00 , Ry = 1.00 , Rz = 3.00
2 2 R = Rx + Ry + Rz2 = 4.00 + 1.00 + 9.00 = 14.0 = 3.74

cos x =

Rx R Ry R Rz R

R x = cos 1 x = 57.7 from + x R Ry y = cos 1 = 74.5 from + y R R z = cos 1 z = 36.7 from + z R

cos y =

cos z =

13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 58

11/28/06 4:40:19 PM

Vectors

59

P3.53

v = vx i + vy j = ( 300 + 100 cos 30.0 ) i + (100 sin 30.0 ) j v = 387 i + 50.0 j mi h v = 390 mi h at 7.3 37 N of E

*P3.54

(a)

A = 60 cm j and B = 80 cos i + 80 sin j cm so A + B = 80 cos i + ( 80 sin 60 ) j centimeters

2 1/2

and
1/2

2 2 2 2 2 2 A+B = 80 cos + 80 sin 2(80)(60) cos + 60 cm (80 cos ) + (80 sin 60 ) cm =

Now sin2 + cos2 = 1 for all , so we have

2 2 00 9 600 cos ] cm A+B = 80 + 60 2(80)(60) cos cm = [10 00 1/2 1/2

(b)

For = 270 , cos = 1 and the expression takes on its maximum value, [10 000 + 9 600] 12 cm = 140 cm .

(c)

For = 90 , cos = +1 and the expression takes on its minimum value, [10 000 9 600] 12 cm = 20.0 cm .

(d) They do make sense. The maximum value is attained when A and B are in the same direction, and it is 60 cm + 80 cm. The minimum value is attained when A and B are in opposite directions, and it is 80 cm 60 cm. *P3.55 r =

0.380 s 0

1.2 i m s 9.8t j m s 2 dt = 1.2t i ms

0.38 s 0

t2 9.8 j m s2 2

0.38 s

( 0.38 s ) 0 = 0.456 i m 0.708 jm = 1.2 i m s ( 0.38 s 0 ) 9.8 j m s2 2

P3.56

Choose the + x axis in the direction of the rst force, and the y axis at 90 counterclockwise from the x axis. Then each force will have only one nonzero component. The total force, in newtons, is then 12.0 i + 31.0 j 8.40 i 24.0 j= The magnitude of the total force is

y
31 N x

R
8.4 N

12 N

35.0 horizontal
24 N

( 3.60 i ) + ( 7.00 j) N

( 3.60 )2 + ( 7.00 )2

N = 7.87 N

FIG. P3.56

and the angle it makes with our + x axis is given by tan =

( 7.00 ) , = 62.8 . ( 3.60 )

Thus, its angle counterclockwise from the horizontal is 35.0 + 62.8 = 97.8 .

13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 59

11/28/06 4:40:19 PM

60

Chapter 3

P3.57

d1 = 100 i d 2 = 300 j d 3 = 150 cos ( 30.0 ) i 150 sin ( 30.0 ) j = 130 i 75.0 j d 4 = 200 cos ( 60.0 ) i + 200 sin ( 60.0 ) j = 100 i + 173 j R = d1 + d 2 + d 3 + d 4 =
2 2

( 130 i 202j) m
FIG. P3.57

R = ( 130 ) + ( 202 ) = 240 m 202 = tan 1 = 57.2 130

= 180 + = 237
P3.58 d r d 4 i + 3 j 2tj = 0 + 0 2 j = j = ( 2.00 m s ) dt dt i + 1 j , and so on. The object is The position vector at t = 0 is 4 i + 3 j. At t = 1 s, the position is 4 moving straight downward at 2 m s, so d r represents its velocity vector . dt P3.59 (a) You start at point A: r1 = rA = 30.0 i 20.0 j m. The displacement to B is j. rB rA = 60.0 i + 80.0 j 30.0 i + 20.0 j = 30.0 i + 100 You cover half of this, 15.0 i + 50.0 j to move to j. r2 = 30.0 i 20.0 j + 15.0 i + 50.0 j = 45.0 i + 30.0 Now the displacement from your current position to C is i 40.0 j. rC r2 = 10.0 i 10.0 j 45.0 i 30.0 j = 55.0 You cover one-third, moving to 1 r3 = r2 + r23 = 45.0 i + 30.0 j + 55.0 i 40.0 j = 26.7 i + 16.7 j. 3 The displacement from where you are to D is j. rD r3 = 40.0 i 30.0 j 26.7 i 16.7 j = 13.3 i 46.7 You traverse one-quarter of it, moving to 1 1 j = 30.0 i + 5.00 j. r4 = r3 + ( rD r3 ) = 26.7 i + 16.7 j + 13.3 i 46.7 4 4 The displacement from your new location to E is

j rE r4 = 70.0 i + 60.0 j 30.0 i 5.00 j = 100 i + 55.0 of which you cover one-fth the distance, 20.0 i + 11.0 j , moving to i + 16.0 j. r4 + r45 = 30.0 i + 5.00 j 20.0 i + 11.0 j = 10.0 The treasure is at

(10.0 m, 16.0 m )

continued on next page

13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 60

11/28/06 4:40:20 PM

Vectors

61

(b)

Following the directions brings you to the average position of the trees. The steps we took numerically in part (a) bring you to rA + then to then to rA + rB 1 ( rB rA ) = 2 2

( rA + rB ) + rC ( rA + rB ) 2 = rA + rB + rC
2 3 3

( rA + rB + rC ) + rD ( rA + rB + rC ) 3 = rA + rB + rC + rD
3 4 4

and last to

( rA + rB + rC + rD ) + rE ( rA + rB + rC + rD ) 4 = rA + rB + rC + rD + rE .
4 5 5

This center of mass of the tree distribution is the same location whatever order we take the trees in. P3.60 (a) Let T represent the force exerted by each child. The x component of the resultant force is T cos 0 + T cos 120 + T cos 240 = T (1) + T ( 0.5) + T ( 0.5) = 0 The y component is T sin 0 + T sin 120 + T sin 240 = 0 + 0.866T 0.866T = 0. Thus, F = 0 (b) If the total force is not zero, it must point in some direction. When each child moves one space clockwise, the whole set of forces acting on the tire turns clockwise by that angle so the total force must turn clockwise by that angle, 360 . Because each child exerts N the same force, the new situation is identical to the old and the net force on the tire must still point in the original direction. But the force cannot have two different directions. The contradiction indicates that we were wrong in supposing that the total force is not zero. The total force must be zero.
FIG. P3.60

13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 17

12/7/06 6:33:00 PM

62

Chapter 3

P3.61

Since A + B = 6.00 j, we have i + ( Ay + By ) j = 0 i + 6.00 j ( Ax + Bx ) giving Ax + Bx = 0 or Ax = Bx and Ay + By = 6.00 . Since both vectors have a magnitude of 5.00, we also have
2 2 2 2 Ax + Ay = Bx + By = 5.00 2 .

FIG. P3.61

[1] [2]

From Ax = Bx , it is seen that

2 2 Ax = Bx . 2 2 2 2 + Ay = Bx + By Therefore, Ax gives 2 2 Ay = By .

Then, Ay = By and Equation [2] gives Ay = By = 3.00 . Dening as the angle between either A or B and the y axis, it is seen that cos = Ay A = By B = 3.00 = 0.600 and = 53.1 . 5.00

The angle between A and B is then = 2 = 106 . P3.62 (a) (b) i + b j and R1 = a 2 + b 2 . From the picture, R1 = a ; its magnitude is R 2 = a i + b j + ck R1 + c 2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 .
2

FIG. P3.62

ANSWERS TO EVEN PROBLEMS

P3.2 P3.4 P3.6 P3.8 P3.10 P3.12 (a) ( 2.17 m, 1.25 m ) ; ( 1.90 m, 3.29 m ) y = 1.15; r = 2.31 310 km at 57 S of W 9.5 N at 57 (a) ~105 m vertically upward (b) ~103 m vertically upward (b) 4.55 m

See the solution; the sum of a set of vectors is not affected by the order in which the vectors are added.

13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 62

11/28/06 4:40:21 PM

Vectors

63

P3.14

We assume that the shopping cart stays on the level oor. There are two possibilities. If both of the turns are right or both left, the net displacement is (a) 25.0 m (b) at 36.9. If one turn is right and one is left, we have (a) 61.8 m (b) at 14.0. 1.31 km north; 2.81 km east (a) 5.00 blocks at 53.1 N of E 25.0 m i + 43.3 m j 788 mi at 48.0 north of east (a) see the solution j, 8.06 at 97.2 j , 6.40 at 38.7, 1.00 (b) 5.00 i + 4.00 i + 8.00 (b) 2.87 m (b) 13.0 blocks

P3.16 P3.18 P3.20 P3.22 P3.24 P3.26 P3.28 P3.30 P3.32 P3.34 P3.36 P3.38 P3.40 P3.42 P3.44

(a) 4.10 m toward the top of the hill 42.7 yards C = 7.30 cm i 7.20 cm j j )m i + 4.50 A + B = (2.60 (a) 2.83 m at = 315 (a) 10.4 cm; (b) 35.5

(b) 13.4 m at = 117

1.43 10 4 m at 32.2 above the horizontal (a) 15.1 i + 7.72 j cm 157 km (a) a = 5.00 and b = 7.00 (b) For vectors to be equal, all of their components must be equal. A vector equation contains more information than a scalar equation. (a) see the solution 1 2 tan 1 n 25.4 s (a) 2.00, 1.00, 3.00 (b) 3.74 (c) x = 57.7, y = 74.5, z = 36.7 (b) 18.3 b (c) 12.4 b at 233 counterclockwise from east

(b) 7.72 i + 15.1 j cm

(c) +7.72 i + 15.1 j cm

P3.46 P3.48 P3.50 P3.52 P3.54

(a) (10 000 9 600 cos )12 cm (b) 270 ; 140 cm (c) 90 ; 20.0 cm (d) They do make sense. The maximum value is attained when A and B are in the same direction, and it is 60 cm + 80 cm. The minimum value is attained when A and B are in opposite directions, and it is 80 cm 60 cm. We choose the x axis to the right at 35 above the horizontal and the y axis at 90 counterclockwise from the x axis. Then each vector has only a single nonzero component. The resultant is 7.87 N at 97.8 counterclockwise from a horizontal line to the right. j; its velocity vector ( 2.00 m s ) (a) zero (b) see the solution i + b j ; R1 = a 2 + b 2 (a) R1 = a ; R = a2 + b2 + c2 i + b j + ck (b) R 2 = a 2

P3.56

P3.58 P3.60 P3.62

13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 63

11/28/06 4:40:22 PM

13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 20

12/7/06 2:08:57 PM