International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)

Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com Volume 2, Issue 6, June 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847

Design and Implementation of Under Water Optical Communication System

Ziad T. Al Dahan 1 , Samar Y. Al Dabagh 2 and Asmahan Assad3
2,3 1 Department of medical engineering ,Nahrain university , Baghdad Department of physics, college of science for women, Baghdad University, Baghdad

Abstract:
The design and implementation of underwater optical communication system is presented. The system consists of transmitter, water channel, and receiver. The laser diode used as a transmitter at 532 nm wavelength in CW mode with 50 mw power. The channel is about glass pool its dimensions (1m, 0.5m, 0.5m) with different samples of water (distilled, Tigris, Euphrates, and Shat Al Arab). The receiver consists of photodiode detector and amplification circuit. This system transmits data from PC to another PC through water channel at different samples. The result shows the difference in the received signal at different tested water samples.

Key words : underwater communication , laser , Max232 IC

1. Introduction:
Communication is transmission, reception, and processing of information using electronic circuits. Information is defined as knowledge can be in an analog form (continuous) such as human voice, video picture information, or in digital form (discrete steps) such as binary coded numbers, alpha numeric codes, graphics symbols, micro processor op-codes, or data base in information. All the information must be converted to electromagnetic energy before it can be propagated through an electronic communication system. Fig (1) is a simplified block diagram of an electronic communication system showing the relationship among the original source information, the transmitter, transmission medium, the receiver, and the received information at the destination [1]-[2].

Figure (1) block diagram of an electronic communication system [2] Optical communication is one of the most promising ways to achieve highest receiver sensitivity , excellent spectral efficiency and longest transmission distance for next generation of optical communication system [3]. Communication underwater is very challenging. Unlike terrestrial communication links, radio frequencies and microwaves do not propagate through water. Acoustics communication links have been of keen interest for underwater applications in the past few decades, but provide limited bandwidth [4]. Laser based communication using blue-green lasers is a potential technique for high bandwidth underwater wireless communication because of its high data transfer rate, reasonably large range, small size, low power consumption, immunity to interference and jamming and covertness of transmission. Underwater communication system using blue green laser may be used for transmitting any type of file (Video, Audio, PPT, DOC, PDF and EXE) from one platform to the other [4].

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International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)

Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com Volume 2, Issue 6, June 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847

Figure (2) Absorption Coefficient of pure seawater [4] Laser propagation in sea water can be shown by the graph between absorption coefficient and wavelength in (Fig. 2). Sea water has transmission window between blue-green region and it varies with geographical location, distance from the sea coast and depth below sea surface. The attenuation coefficient acquires a constant value below 200m of the sea surface. Blue laser is suitable for deep sea water and green is suitable for coastal sea water. [6] Most of laser cannot penetrate through the sea due to be absorbed by the sea, but the blue-green laser (the wavelength is about 470 ~ 570nm) has the minimum energy fading in the sea, whose fading rate is about 0.155~0.5dB/m. Hence, the blue-green laser can propagate from several hundreds of meters to kilometers in the sea, and this feature of blue-green laser in the sea is said the window effect. Based on the window effect of blue-green laser [7]. Since the laser medium is line-of-sight and the beam being only several millimeters in diameter it is very difficult for the data stream to be tapped. This offers secure communications since any attempts to intercept the laser beam would be detected at the receiver as a loss in data. [8] One attractive option for wireless communication in the underwater environment is underwater free-space optical (FSO)communication, which refers to an underwater optical link, typically operating near the blue-green region of the visible spectrum, that uses water as the propagation medium (i.e., no fiber). This emerging technology shows the potential to augment existing underwater communication methods by providing high-data-rate wireless communication over short-range links. [9] In coastal waters with high turbidity and high content of organic matter, the green light attenuation is less than that for blue laser light, making blue preferable for operations in clear water masses of the open ocean. [10] Experimental work: The completed system consists of two parts, first part capable of simultaneously transmitting information (transmitter). Second part is able to receive transmitted signals (receiver).The electronic circuits of the system is express in figs. (3) and (4). The first part (transmitter) is an electronic circuit made by using laser diode, Max232 IC, capacitors, resistors, and transistor. The circuit is connected to power supply (5volt) and PC by the RS 232 cable as shown in fig. (3).

Figure (3) The Transmitter Circuit

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International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)

Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com Volume 2, Issue 6, June 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847
The second part (receiver) is an electronic circuit. It is made of photodiode (as detector), Max232 IC, 1747IC, capacitors, power supply (5volt), and RS232 cable to connect the circuit with PC shown in fig. (4).

Figure (4) The Receiver Circuit The data are sent via the RS-232 standard interface with a bit rate of 110 Kbps from PC1 by line receiver to convert the data from electrical levels (-12/+12 V) into TTL level (0/5 V). The intensity modulation on/off keying was the way to modulate this data using laser diode that have 532nm wavelength. This laser source is used to convert the encoded data from electrical levels into output optical power levels transmitting through water pool. Laser as a communications medium has some unique properties compared to other forms of media. A line-of-sight laser beam is useful where wires cannot be physically connected to a remote location. A laser beam, unlike wires, also does not require special shielding over longer distances. At the receiver side there is an optical receiver circuit which receives data using a photo diode and a MAX 232 IC used to convert the TTL levels (0/5 V) to electrical levels (-12/+12 V). This IC includes a charge pump, which generates 12V from a single 5V supply; also include two receivers and two transmitters in the same package. Digital data from a PC1 can be transferred via RS-232 cable to a drive circuit of the transmitting unit of the underwater communication system. A converter MAX 232 drives current which is responsible for the intensity modulation of the laser beam. The transmitted laser beam passes a distance of one meter in the water pool before it is arrive the photo detector. With the help of a detector, the optical signals are converted back to a digital data stream by using MAX232. The RS-232 standard supports two types of connectors a 25-pin D-type connector (DB-25) and a 9-pin D-type connector (DB-9). The type of serial communications used by PCs requires only nine pins. In RS-232 parlance, the device that connects to the interface is called Data Communications Equipment (DCE) and the device to which it connects is called Data Terminal Equipment (DTE). This standard was mainly designed to connect DTE that is sending and receiving serial data (such as a computer) and DCE that is used to send data over long distances (such as a modem).[8] A Schmitt-trigger inverter 7414IC was used to invert the signal at the receiver side.

(a) Fig. (5) communication system

(b)

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International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)

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a- block diagram b- experimental setup

Results & Discussions: The laser used in the transmitter circuit is a diode laser (p-n) junction semiconductor that emits light when forward biased and optic power generated by LD is linearly proportional to the forward driving current, but LD needs a threshold current and below this level there is a small increase in optic power with drive current [11]. The curve in figure (6) shows the relationship between laser diode current and optical output power. Spontaneous emission occurs prior to the threshold at (0.18 A), after the threshold current is exceeded, coherent emission occurs.
50 45 40
O u tp u t p o w e r (m w )

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 Current (A)

Fig (6) Output power via current for laser diode The attenuation of light by water is caused by two independent mechanisms, scattering and absorption which affect the amplitude, phase, and arrival angle of the light beam [12]. The relation between input and output power through the different samples of water (Distilled, Tigris, Euphrates, and Shat Al Arab) shown in figure (7). In this figure we notice that the distilled water (blue line) have the highest output power because its clarity of salts, dissolved matter, organic matter which causes the absorption and scattering. While in Shat Al Arab (green line), the curve show the lowest values of output power because it have high level of mud and salts. Middle value of absorption noticed in Tigris River (pink line) and Euphrates River (red line) because they have salts and organic dissolved matter but not high as in Shat Al Arab.
35
Di still ed Ti gris Euphrates Shat Al Arab

30

Output power (mw)

25

20

15

10

0 0 10 20 30 40 50

Input power (mw)

Fig (7) Output power via input power for water samples The figures (8, 9, 10, and 11) show the transmitted signal at part (a) and received signal at part (b) through the four water samples. From these figures, we can notice that the amplitude of square wave differed with different samples of water and delay shifting in the received signal. The figures shows that the higher the purity of water, the higher square wave and delay time. This is due to the fact that less attenuation and scattering events are in the most pure water. The increase in the organic matter and dissolved salts in (Tigris, Euphrates, and Shat Al Arab) waters increases the ability of absorbing and scattering the laser light transmit throw the water and increase the delay time especially in Shat Al Arab. This results show a loss in the receiving power of the received singles.

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International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)

Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com Volume 2, Issue 6, June 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847

Fig(8) The input and output signal of Distilled water (a) Input signal 5v/Div, 500s/Div. (b) Output signal 5V/Div, 500s/Div

Fig (9) the input and output signal of Tigris River (a) input signal 2v/Div, 25s/Div. (b) Output signal 5V/Div, 25s/Div.

Fig (10) the input and output signal of Euphrates River (a) a- input signal 2v/Div, 25s/Div. (b) Output signal 5V/Div, 25s/Div.

Fig (11) the input and output signal of Shat al Arab (a) Input signal 2v/Div, 25s/Div. (b) Output signal 5V/Div, 25s/Div.

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International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)

Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com Volume 2, Issue 6, June 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847 Conclusion:
1-The presented optical communication system is suitable for underwater communication, uses cheap and easily available components, and can furthermore be used to reliably measure the distance between transmitter and receiver. 2- Communications based on EM wave transmission offer great benefits such as the increase of the data rate of the link to transmit more information. 3- The best underwater communication for long haul link is through Tigris river .

References :
[1.] Wayne Tomasi, Electronic communications system fundamental through advanced, Pentice Hall Career & Technology , 2nd edition, 1994. [2.] Peter W. Milonni & Joseph H. Eberly, laser physics, John Wiley &Sons, Inc,. Hoboken, New Jersey , 2010. [3.] S. Y. Al-Dabagh, H. J. Kbashi, H. A. Hameed, Implementation of optical coherent communication system between two computers, Baghdad Science Journal, Vol.7(1)pp( ) 2010. [4.] Yash Jagdishlal Gawdi, Underwater free space optics, Master thesis, Raleigh, North Carolina, 2006. [5.] Vikrant, Anjesh Kumar& R.S. Jha, Comparison of Underwater Laser Communication System with Underwater Acoustic Sensor Network , International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Vol. 3, Issue 10, October-2012. [6.] LV Pei ,HE Junhua1 , Zhou Renkui1 , Liu Haiying, The application of underwater optics and its development, Information Optics and Photonics Technologies II, Proc. of SPIE ,Vol. 6837, 68370I, (2007) [7.] Yingz Huang Liu, Xiaohu Ge, Underwater Laser sensor network: A New Approach for Broadband Communication in the Underwater, Proceedings of the 5th WSEAS International Conference on Telecommunications and Informatics, Istanbul, Turkey, May 27-29, (pp421-425) , 2006 [8.] Raul Palacios Trujillo, Interference Cancellation and Network Coding for Underwater Communication Systems, Department of Telecommunication Technology, 10th Semester, Spring 2010. [9.] Jared Scott Everett, Forward-Error Correction Coding for Underwater Free-Space Optical Communication, Master thesis, North Carolina 2009. [10.] Thomas Scholz, Using Laser Communication Above Water and Underwater, Compass Publications, Inc., U.S.A., 2013 [11.] M. Ming and K. Liu Principle and application of optical communications, Mc Grow Hill companies, 1996. [12.] B. Woodward &H. Sari Underwater speech communication with a modulated laser, Appl. Phys. B 91, pp.189-194 , 2008. AUTHOR Samar Y.Al-Dabagh received the B.Sc degree in Physics from Mosul University/Iraq in 1976, and received M.Sc in physics from Northeastern University USA in 1986 and PhD in Physics from University of Baghdad , Iraq in 2003 .She is a Assistant Professor at. at the University of Baghdad, collage of science for Women , department of physics. Her current research interests include optical fiber communication and laser nanotechnology.

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