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The purpose of this study was to find a correlation between the number of aerial prop roots and
the circumference of the Rhizophora mangle on Wee Wee Caye, Belize. We did this by measuring the
circumference and counting the number of prop roots of 130 trees. We collected data over 13 sites
around the caye in order to investigate environmental differences. We found that there were more
roots on trees closer to water and where there was more wind. We also made observations that the
nutrients from the outhouses may produce stronger roots. A large frequency of trees with seven to nine
Introduction:
Wee Wee Caye is an island off the coast of Dangriga, Belize. It is one of the dozens of mangrove
cayes in the lagoon of the largest continuous barrier reef in the Western Hemisphere (Farnsworth,
1996). The substrate that formed the caye is ground up dead coral. Above the coral rubble, the
mangrove swamps have laid down debris and peat, about one meter deep (Shave, 2009). The focus of
this study is Red Mangrove, Rhizophora mangle, which tends to lean out over the water, is a pioneer
species that will, over time, increase the size of the caye. The mangrove sends out aerial prop roots in
order to support itself when growing horizontally to reach more sunlight. The prop roots extend only to
the hydrogen sulfide layer and allow the tree to exchange gases for aerobic respiration (Rutzler, 1996).
Since the tidal amplitude is approximately 30 cm(Farnsworth, 1996), the mangrove roots create
a unique habitat for many organisms. The mangroves also prevent erosion and buffer storm systems.
Red mangroves are viviparous (Rutzler,1996), meaning that the seeds germinate and mature while on
the branch of the parent. These seeds are one of the most successful drift seeds, contributing to the Red
Mangroves’ abundance on the coasts of Belizean cayes (Shave, 2009) . For this study, the goal will be to
determine a relationship between circumference of the trunk and the number of prop roots for the Red
Mangrove. Our initial hypothesis is that we will find a positive correlation where the number of roots
factors such as wind and water coverage to see how it affects the number of prop roots.
For the study, a Garmin GPS and two Kestrel wind meters were brought from the North Carolina
School of Science and Mathematics. Three measuring tapes were borrowed from Wee Wee Caye Marine
Biological Station. In order to best represent the mangroves around the island, thirteen sites were
chosen, eleven around the island and two inland. Ten trees were sampled from each site which should
be a sufficient number to show a correlation while taking into account the limited time available for data
collection. While it is sometimes difficult to distinguish an individual tree from a clone, we decided to
count the roots of clones if it clearly had an individual trunk with its own prop roots. We observed that
prop roots often grew off of other prop roots; however we only are including prop roots in our count
which were directly connected to the trunk of the tree. Circumference was measured right above the
Figure 3: All site data comparing the circumference to the number of roots
Circumference (cm)
Circumference (cm)
Circumference
Linear(Circumference)
Figure 4 represents the trees that are located on the coast and are in areas that
experience a greater amount of wind. Figure 5 represents the sites that are located on the inner
Figure 6 represents a Gaussian distribution curve and shows the whole population of trees. The
Discussion:
All sites on the east side of the island have strong winds. Sites 2, 3, and 13 were further inland
and therefore had relatively low winds. We noticed that in sites 5 and 6, the trunks of the trees are
particularly parallel to the ground while the inland sites are more vertical. The trees in site 1 are younger
since hurricane Keith destroyed many of the trees in fall of 2000 (Shave, 2009). At site 12, we observed
trees leaning into the island, which is the opposite of what we observed at all the other sites. When
talking with Paul Shave, the caretaker of the island, we learned that site 12, given the name Wee Wee
Wee Caye, started as a single red mangrove the sprouted a few meters off the coast. After several years,
it grew larger and more trees sprouted, eventually connecting it to the Wee Wee Caye’s coast. This
explains what we observed since the trees on Wee Wee Wee Caye would have originally leaned out in
In observing Figure 3, there is positive relationship, proving our hypothesis that the number of
roots increases as the circumference increases. We decided to separate the groups based on
environmental factors. We observed mangroves where the water reached further inland tended to have
more roots. When we looked at inland sites versus costal sites, there were noticeable differences caused
by wind and water. Sites 4, 5, and 10, are examples of where the trees were surrounded by water and
tended to have more roots. This was proven as the slope in Figure 4 was greater than the slope in Figure
5, showing that the trees in the water grew a greater number of roots as circumference increased.
In locations near the outhouses, we observed sturdier roots which are probably due to a higher
level of nutrients. Using all of the tree data, we created a distribution curve based off a Gaussian
Regression in Excel 07. The resulting graph is shown above in Figure 6. This demonstrates that out of the
130 trees that we measured, the highest frequency occurred for seven to nine roots. We found this
interesting because it shows 45.38% of the trees are within that range.
Literature Cited:
Clark, M. and M. Lee. 2008. Distribution of Mangrove Seedlings in Wee Wee Caye, Belize.
Unpublished.
Farnsworth, E.J. and A.M. Ellision. 1996. Scale-Dependent Spatial and Temporal Variability in
45-66.
Rutzler, K. and I.C. Feller. 1996. Caribbean Mangrove Swamps. Scientific American: 94-99.
Sweetser, M.R., R.V. Zucker, M.A. Ahearn, and G.A. Boggs. 2005. Distribution of Rhiozphora