Chapter 6- The States: Experiments in Republicanism I. The States: Experiments in Republicanism a.

Natural Rights and the State Constitution i. Natural Rights: citizens have right over which government exercised no control whatsoever ii. Eight separate state constitutions 1. Common factors: freedom of religion, speech press, prohibition of unlawful searches and seizures, and trial by jury iii. Delegates to constitutional conventions reduced governors power 1. Not allowed to make any political appointments 2. Monitored activities 3. No veto over legislature iv. Nearly all effective power in legislature b. Power to the People i. Specially elected convention of delegates were to form new constitution for Massachusetts 1. John Adams- wanted government with house and senate, popularly elected governor with veto over legislature, and property qualifications for officeholders and voters Stumbling toward a new government a. Articles of Confederation i. Committee appointed to draw up plan for confederation to create a central government ii. John Dickinson 1. Wanted strong central government 2. Placed western territories under congressional control 3. Equal state representation in Congress (pop. Didnt matter) 4. Taxes be paid to Congress on basis of population including slaves iii. Delegates assumed constitution would authorize loose confederation of states iv. Articles of Confederation differed from Dickinsons plan 1. Guarded sovereignty of states 2. Power was inherently dangerous a. Only way to preserve liberty was to place as many constraints as possible on federal authority v. Articles of Confederation 1. Single legislative body 2. Each state had one vote in Congress 3. No independent executive 4. No veto over legislature 5. Denied Congress power of taxation a. Requisitions

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6. Amendments required assent by all 13 states 7. Western territories not under control of Congress vi. Feared that centralization would lead to corruption b. Western Land: Key to the First Constitution i. states who didnt get any western land refused to ratify the Articles of Confederation ii. 1781- Virginia agreed to cede its holdings on condition that Congress nullify land companies earlier purchases from Indians iii. Other states ceded western territories to establish that the West belonged to United States and not separate states iv. 1781- Departments of War, Foreign Affairs, and Finance created c. Northwest Ordinance: The Confederations Major Achievement i. Jefferson recommended carving ten new states out of western lands 1. Each new state would have republican government 2. Some states could apply to be a real state eventually ii. Land Ordinance of 1785 1. Created grid system, making auctioning of land orderly a. People didnt have enough money to make minimum purchase b. Manessah Cutler offered to purchase more than 6 million acres of land by paying for it with government loan certificates given to soldiers during the Revolution iii. Northwest Ordinance of 1787 1. Authorized creation of 3-5 territories, each ruled by a governor 2. Territories could become states through population growth 3. Guaranteed right to trial by jury, freedom of religion, etc 4. Outlawed slavery Strengthening Federal Authority a. The Nationalist Critique i. Renewal of trade with Great Britain 1. Strained American economy 2. America short of hard currency 3. Consumers on brink of bankruptcy ii. Governments inability to regulate trade iii. During war, Congress printed over 200 million dollars in paper money 1. High inflation, value declined majorly iv. Congress asked states to retire depreciated currency 1. States recirculated it anyways v. Nationalists called for constitutional reforms 1. Impost of 1781-would allow Congress to collect 5 percent tax on important goods sold a. 12 states agreed, 1 didnt b. Failed

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vi. Newsburgh Conspiracy 1. Officers of Continental army lobbied intensively against Congress b. Diplomatic Humiliation i. Britain refused to evacuate troops from posts located in Northwest Territories 1. Congress didnt have enough money to drive them out ii. Spain refused to accept southern boundary of US created in Treaty of Paris 1. Closed lower Mississippi River to US 2. Devastated western farmers iii. John Jay held open talks with Gardoqui 1. If Spain would allow Americans to trade directly with Spain, then US might forgo navigation of Mississippi for 25 years iv. Confederations achievements: 1. Designed administration system 2. Succeeded in organizing western lands v. Confederations problems 1. Congress met irregularly 2. Some states didnt send delegates 3. Pressing issues postponed 4. Lacked permanent capital Have we fought for this? a. The genius of James Madison i. Excess of democracy, failure to preserve property rights of the minority, unrestrained individualism ii. Baron de Montesquieu 1. Republican government could not flourish in large territory, because if people lost control of reps, they would fall prey to tyrants 2. Large distances allow rulers to hid corruption iii. James Madison 1. Various personal interests (selfish interests) neutralize each other, leaving running the central government to the ablest, most virtuous person 2. Government based on will of the people, but detached from their narrowly based demands 3. The Federalist b. Constitutional Reform i. Shays Rebellion 1. Several impoverished farmers complained of high taxes, high interest rates, and a state government insensitive to their problems 2. Threatened to seize federal arms 3. Congress didnt have sufficient funds to raise an army to put down the rebellion 4. Bostonians raised army

5. Nationalistic view: Shays rebellion symbolized breakdown of law and order 6. Persuaded people to participate in drafting a new constitution at the Philadelphia convention c. Inventing a Federal Republic i. Virginia Plan 1. James Madison 2. Wanted to restrain state assemblies 3. Gave federal government power to veto state laws 4. National legislature- 2 houses, one elected by people, other by the other house from nominations 5. Representation in both houses proportional to states population 6. Executive power elected by Congress ii. William Paterson 1. New Jersey Plan a. Unicameral legislature b. Each state given one vote c. Congress given extensive powers to tax and regulate trade d. Compromise Saves the Convention i. Grand committee of one delegate per state was elected by convention to solve differences between large and small states 1. States should be equally represented in upper house of Congress, representation proportional in lower house 2. Only lower house could initiate money bills 3. Slaves count as 3/5 of a person e. Compromising on Slavery i. Northern reps wanted slave trade ended 1. Hated 3/5 rule a. Gave southerners power for owning slaves ii. Southerners feared that new Congress would pass commercial regulation taxes on export of rice and tobacco 1. Demanded that no trade laws pass w/o 2/3 majority 2. In exchange, Congress would not interfere with slave trade till 1808 3. Fugitive slave law f. The Last Details i. Committee of Detail- group that prepared rough draft of constitution 1. President should be selected by electoral college 2. # of electoral votes equaled senators plus reps in each state 3. 2nd largest number of votes became VP 4. If no majority, then House of Reps decides 5. Executive power given veto power over legislation and right to nominate judges

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6. Absence of Bill of Rights g. We the People i. Called for election of 13 state conventions chosen to review the new federal government ii. Needed assent of 9/13 states for constitution to pass Whose Constitution? Struggle for Ratification a. Federalists and Antifederalists i. Federalist 1. Supported confederation of states versus supreme national authority 2. Envisioned creation of strong, centralized national government ii. Antifederalists 1. Poor, less educated 2. Criticized the constitution iii. Constitution ratified b. Adding the Bill of Rights i. 1789- Madison presented set of amendments to protect individual rights from government 1. Bill of Rights 2.

Chapter 7- Democracy and Dissent I. Principle and Pragmatism: Establishing a New Government i. 1789- Created Departments of War, State, and the Treasury ii. Judiciary Act of 1789- created Supreme court 1. John Jay- chief justice iii. Tariff of 1789- 5 percent tax on imports 1. South claimed that discriminated against them and was in favor of north Conflicting Visions: Jefferson and Hamilton i. Hamilton 1. Strong, central government 2. Refused to be bound by strict wording of constitution 3. Admired British culture 4. Secret monarchist 5. Wealthy should shape policy 6. Greatest threat to society was anarchy, not monarchy ii. Jefferson 1. In favor of France 2. American people should shape policy 3. Greatest threat to republic was corrupt activities iii. Disagreed on how US should fulfill its destiny

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1. Hamilton wanted commercial development of farms and factories embedded within complex financial network, reducing nations reliance on foreign trade 2. Jefferson believed strength of economy lay in its agricultural productivity Hamiltons Plan for Prosperity and Security a. Funding and Assumption i. Hamiltons financial plan 1. Promised to fund foreign and domestic debts at full face value 2. Federal government would pay state debt 3. Would reduce power of the individual in shaping national economic policy 4. Wealthy would profit from his plan b. Interpreting the Constitution: The Bank Controversy i. Hamilton proposed Bank of the United States 1. Funded by federal government 2. Would facilitate complex commercial transactions 3. Would issue currency acceptable in payment of federal taxes 4. Congress would have power to tax, regulate commerce, and make war c. Setback for Hamilton i. Plan to stimulate manufacture 1. Develop industry, textile mills 2. Protective tariffs ii. Jefferson argued government should do nothing to promote development Charges of Treason: The Battle over Foreign Affairs a. The Peril of Neutrality i. 1794- 1000 British soldiers still occupied American land ii. 75 percent of imports from Great Britain 1. Great Britain didnt grant US full reciprocity 2. America barred from shipping in West Indian trade iii. During French Revolution, France declared war on Great Britain iv. French minister to US authorized American vessels to seize British ships 1. Violated US neutrality v. Proclamation of Neutrality b. Jays Treaty Sparks Domestic Unrest i. London government blockaded French ports to neutral shipping, navy captured several hundred American vessels trading in French west Indies 1. Americans demanded retaliation, an embargo, a stoppage of debt payment, and war 2. Washington sent Jay to London to negotiate grievances

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ii. Jays Treaty- wanted removal of British forts on US territory, payment for ships taken, improved commercial relations, and acceptance of American neutral rights 1. Hamilton had informed Britain beforehand that Americans would be willing to compromise 2. Jay encountered resistance a. Royal Navy would continue searching American vessels, no compensation for ships seized until Americans paid British merchants for pre-Revolution debt 3. House of Reps refused to appropriate funds for Jays treaty a. However, became law c. Pushing the Native Americans Aside i. Great Britain had encouraged Indians to attack settlers ii. Battle of Fallen Timbers- Indian-US war iii. Spanish-US negotiations 1. Opening of Mississippi, secured southern boundary a. Pinckneys Treaty Popular Political Culture a. Whiskey Rebellion: Charges of Republican Conspiracy i. Group of farmers protested tax on whiskey ii. Governor refused to suppress them iii. Washington and Federalists saw it as direct political challenge and called for militiamen to march against the farmers iv. Couldnt find the rebels b. Washingtons Farewell i. Warned against political factions, counseled US to avoid making permanent allies with distant nations The Adams Presidency i. Adams won presidency over Jefferson b. The XYZ Affair and Domestic Politics i. US-French relations deteriorating ii. Quasi War 1. French began seizing American ships iii. High Federalists wanted all-out war against French iv. Adams dispatched negotiating team 1. Instructed to obtain compensation for ships 2. In exchange, offered France the same commercial privileges offered to Britain in Jays treaety 3. Instead of dealing with French minister, met intermediaries who demanded bribe a. XYZ Affair c. Crushing Political Dissent

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i. Push for general rearmament- new ships, harbor fortifications, expanded army ii. Provisional army created against France 1. Adams refused to ask for declaration of war and threatened to resign d. Silencing Political Opposition i. Alien and Sedition Acts- authorized use of federal courts and powers of presidency to silence Republicans ii. Alien Enemies Law- vested president with extraordinary wartime powers 1. Could detain or deport citizens of nations with which the United States was at war with iii. Alien Law- empowered president to expel any foreigner iv. Naturalization Law- 14 year probation period before foreigners could apply for US citizenship 1. Recent immigrants tended to vote Republican v. Sedition Law- defined criticism of US government as criminal libel. Citizens found guilty by a jury subject to imprisonment e. Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions i. Defended right of individual state assemblies to interpret constitutionality of federal law f. Adams finest hour i. Adams declared independence from Hamiltonian wing of Federalist party ii. Negotiators sent back to France, but Napoleon was new leader 1. Convention of Mortefontaine- French refused to compensate the American vessels, but removed restrictions of US commerce The Peaceful Revolution: The Election of 1800 i. Jefferson president ii. Adams appointed as many federalists in office as he could before Jefferson was made president

Chapter 8- The Republican Ascendancy: The Jeffersonian Vision I. Regional Identities in a Republic i. 20 percent population black slaves ii. Personal merit higher than family background b. Westward the Course of Empire i. Families kept eastern customs and brought them to places they moved to c. Native American Resistance i. Tecumseh 1. Tried to revitalize native cultures 2. Briefly persuaded Indians to avoid white contact, resist alcohol, and hold on to their land d. Commercial Life in Cities i. 84 percent of population involved in agriculture in 1810

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ii. When England and France seized American ships, US suffered economically iii. 7 percent of people lived in urban centers iv. Booming trade slowed industrialization v. Samuel Slater- established several cotton spinning mills vi. Robert Fulton- sailed first steamship Jefferson as President i. Goals: reduction of size and cost of federal government 1. Repeal of alien acts maintenance of international peace b. Jeffersonian Reforms i. Wanted to cut national debt ii. Wanted to diminish activities of federal government 1. Repeal of all direct taxes (Whiskey tax) iii. Made profound spending cuts (see notes) iv. Removed midnight appointees (federalists appointed last minute by Adams) v. Federalists declined in influence 1. Refused to adopt Republican campaigning techniques like flattering the public 2. Sensed national expansion worked against their interests a. Creation of new states increased number of Republican representatives c. Louisiana Purchase i. Spain transferred Louisiana to France ii. Napoleon intent on reestablishing empire in North America iii. 1802- New Orleans port closed to American commerce iv. Napoleon lost interest in establishing American empire and sold entire Louisiana to US v. Jefferson worried was unconstitutional- Constitution didnt specifically authorize acquisition of vast new territories and incorporation of foreign citizens vi. New territory contained French and Spanish people unfamiliar to rep. government 1. Jefferson didnt want them to be able to elect own assemblies d. The Lewis and Clark expedition i. Jefferson asked Lewis to discover if Missouri River would offer communication for commerce ii. Sacagawea- aided Lewis and Clark e. Conflict with Barbary States i. Barbary states preyed on commercial shipping ii. Jefferson dispatched fleet to negotiate and end war Jeffersons Critics a. Attack on Judges i. Judiciary Act of 1801 1. Passed by Federalists

2. Created circuit courts and 16 new judgeships a. Midnight appointees- Federalists filled these positions 3. John Marshall- chief justice ii. Jefferson repealed the act iii. William Marbury 1. Complained new administration would not give him his commissioni for office of justice iv. Marbury vs. Madison decision 1. Ruling: Supreme Court didnt possess jurisdiction since Marbury didnt go to a lower court first 2. First time Supreme Court asserted judicial view- right to judge constitutionality v. Samuel Chase 1. Justice of Supreme Court 2. Indicted for attacking Republican policies b. Politics of Desperation i. Tertium Quids- Extreme Republicans 1. Chief Spokesmen- John Radolph and John Taylor 2. Thought Jefferson had betrayed republican purity of founders 3. Despised commercial capitalism 4. Urged Americans to return to simple agrarian way of Life c. Yazoo Controversy i. Georgia assembly sold millions of acres of western land to private companies at bargain prices ii. Members of legislature were bribed iii. Land had already changed hands before lawmakers rescinded agreement iv. Fletcher v. Peck 1. Marshall upheld rights of original purchasers 2. Legislative fraud didnt impair private contracts 3. Georgia assembly didnt have authority to take away lands already sold d. Murder and Conspiracy: The Curious Career of Aaron Burr i. Aaron Burr entered negotiations with Federalists plotting secession of New England and NY from the Union ii. Alexander Hamilton didnt trust Burr- urged Federalists in NY not to vote for him for governor 1. Burr blamed Hamilton for defeat and killed him in a duel iii. Burr hinted was planning private military adventure against Spanish Colony 1. Envisioned separating western states and territories from the Union a. Citizens of New Orleans wanted no part of US 2. Traveled and recruited adventurers including James Wilkinson 3. Wilkinson denounced Burr in letters to Jefferson 4. Federal authorities arrested Burr for treason

5. Marhsll insisted on narrowing constitutional definition of treason during proceedings a. Refused to hear Burrs supposed intentions b. Proved not guilty c. Importance: Marshall protected civil rights of all Americans by not allowing circumstantial evidence e. Slave Trade i. Constitutional Convention of 1787 1. After 1808 Congress might consider banning importation os slaves 2. Slaves counted as 3/5 of a person ii. Didnt know what to do with slaves 1. Selling them would involve government in slavery iii. Bill signed in 1807- prohibited importation of slaves in US for next year 1. Slaves still poured in iv. Great Britain outlawed slave trade in 1807 and captured American slave smugglers Embarrassments Overseas i. Great Britain and France fought for supremacy on land and sea ii. Britain seized American Ships iii. Orders in Council- forbade neutral commerce with the Continent 1. Threatened seizures of any ship that violated these orders iv. Continental System 1. Closed all ports to British trade 2. Cut Britain off large market 3. Neutral vessels carrying British goods liable to seizure v. Britain ordered American ships to stop off to pay duties to secure clearances in England vi. Jefferson ordered Monroe and Pinckney to negotiate commercial treaty with Greta Britain b. Embargo divides the nation i. If Britain and France refused to respect rights of neutral carriers, then US would keep ships at home 1. Would deprive European power ii. Embargo Act 1807 1. Federal government supervised coastal trade 2. Custom collectors have right to seize any vessel based on suspicion iii. northerners ignored regulations of Embargo Act iv. Embargo didnt damage British economy, but rather Americans 1. British took over abandoned markets v. Helped France, because it hurt British more than Americans c. A New Administration Goes to War i. James Madison made president

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ii. Non-intercourse Act 1. Authorized resumption of trade between US and all nations except Brtain and France, unless they promised to observe rights of neutral carriers 2. Britain modified position on commercial issues, and America resumed trade with them a. Britain rejected the agreement right after and seized American ships iii. Macons Bill Number Two 1. Reestablished trade with both England and France 2. As soon as either European state repealed restrictions on neutral shipping, US would halt all commerce with other 3. France agreed, but continued seizing American ships d. Fumbling Toward Conflict i. War Hawks- called for resistance to Great Britain 1. Henry Clay, John Calhoun ii. Congress declared war on Great Britain 1. Goal: to enforce British to respect American maritime rights The Strange War of 1812 i. American militia no match for European soldiers ii. 1814- British blockaded US b. Hartford Convention: The Demise of the Federalists i. Group of New England politicians gathered to discuss rels. Between NE and US ii. Drafted amendments reflecting their frustration 1. Congressional representation based on white population 2. Limit each president to one term in office 3. 2/3 majority to declare war, pass commercial regulations, or admit new states to the Union 4. Amendments dispatched at time when Americans celebrated winning the war c. Treaty of Ghent ends the war i. British insisted on territorial concessions, right to navigate Mississippi, and creation of Indian buffer state ii. Treaty of Ghent 1. Neither side surrendered territory 2. Agreed to end fighting iii. War of 1812 effects 1. Nationalism 2. Discredited secessionist fantasies

Chapter 9- Nation Building and Nationalism I. Expansion and Migration i. The Rush-Bagot Agreement 1. guaranteed that British would never try to invade US from Canada ii. Anglo-American Convention 1. Set border between lands of Louisiana and Canada 2. Provided for joint US and British occupation b. Extending the Boundaries i. Wanted to obtain Florida from Spain ii. 1816- US troops crossed into Florida iii. First Seminole War 1. Andrew Jackson went beyond official orders and occupied East Florida iv. Adams-Onis Treaty 1. Spain relinquished Florida 2. New boundary between American and Spanish territory (1819) c. Native American Societies under Pressure i. Five Civilized Tribes 1. Adopted agricultural economy 2. Republican form of government 3. Slavery ii. Written Cherokee language iii. Indians wanted to become civilized to become citizens d. Settlement to the Mississippi i. Local marketing centers made at river junctions 1. Grew into small cities e. The People and Culture of the Frontier i. Rising land prices and declining fertility of soil motivated migration from seaboard states ii. Migrators moved in family units A Revolution in Transportation a. Roads and Steamboats i. National roads ii. Robert Fulton 1. Steamboat 2. Revolutionized western commerce 3. Reduced cost, increased speed of moving goods, and allowed 2 way commerce b. The Canal boom i. Systems of canals linked seaboard cities to west ii. Erie Canal

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1. Reduced cost of moving goods and lowered cost of western products in East Emergence of a Market Economy a. The Beginning of Commercial Agriculture i. Increase of agricultural output ii. Rise in productivity 1. Technological advances a. Iron and steel plows 2. Availability of good land 3. Revolution in marketing iii. Focus on staple crops (tobacco, cotton, etc.) iv. South produced cotton 1. Demand from textile manufacturing 2. Cotton gin cut labor costs 3. Availability of good land 4. Slavery b. Commerce and Banking i. Local merchants 1. Intermediaries 2. Shipped farmers crops to larger markets ii. Credit 1. Farmers borrowed from merchants iii. Government didnt print money 1. Failed to meet expanding economys need for circulating currency iv. Bank issued banknotes (paper money that could be redeemed for silver and gold) v. 1816- Congress established Bank of the United States 1. Served as check on state banks 2. Free lending led to financial depression c. Early Industrialism i. Most manufacturing occurred in households ii. Factories were rare iii. Putting out system iv. Textile mills 1. Owners required more work for lower pay v. Lowell female labor association 1. Led protests against long hours and changes in the work routine vi. Putting out system declined with growth of factories vii. People no longer advocated for lower tariffs due to growth of internal industry viii. Facilities for processing farm products made ix. 64 percent people still in agriculture x. Only 8 percent of workers directly involved in factory production

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The Politics of Nation Building After the War of 1812 i. One party dominated 1. Era of good feeling ii. Popular interest in politics fell b. The Republicans in Power i. Republicans now dominating party 1. Embraced some Federalist policies ii. Madison proposed national bank, mildly protective tariff, and program of federally financed internal improvements iii. Henry Clay took lead in advocating that the government take action to promote economic development iv. American System 1. Made by Henry Clay 2. High protective tariff to stimulate industrial growth and make nation economically self-sufficient v. Congress voted to establish 2nd bank of US 1. Right to establish branches throughout the country 2. Provided depository for government funds 3. Outlet for marketing government securities 4. Source of redeemable banknotes c. Monroe as President i. Monroe prized national harmony more than economic prosperity d. The Missouri Compromise i. 1817- Missouri applied for statehood ii. Entered as slave state iii. Missouri Compromise 1. Missouri admitted as a slave state 2. Maine admitted as free state 3. Slavery in rest of Louisiana Purchase banned e. Postwar Nationalism and the Supreme Court i. Marshall 1. Placed protection of individual liberty above attainment of political, social, or economic equality 2. Nationalist a. Strength security, and happiness depended on economic growth and creation of new wealth 3. Role of supreme court: to interpret and enforce the Constitution in a way to encourage economic development against efforts of state legislatures to interfere with constitutionally protected rights of individuals to acquire property ii. Dartmouth College v. Woodward

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1. Whether New Hampshire had right to convert Dartmouth into state university 2. Dartmouths original charter was a valid contract 3. Any charter granted by state to private corporation was fully protected by contract clause 4. Ruling increased power and independence of business corporations by weakening ability of states to regulate or withdraw privileges iii. McCulloch v. Maryland 1. Maryland levied tax on Baltimore branch of Bank of the United States 2. Marshall ruled Marylands tax unconstitutional 3. Issues: whether Congress had right to establish national bank and whether state had power to tax or regulate an agency or institution created by Congress 4. Implied power doctrine made in regards to issue of whether Congress could establish a national bank 5. Right of state to tax or regulate an agency or institution created by Congress: Marshall held that Bank was government agency and giving state power to tax it would also give state power to destroy it a. Assertion of national government supremacy iv. Gibbons v. Ogden 1. Bolstered power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce 2. Steamboat monopoly granted by NY to Ogden was challenged by competing ferry service 3. Congress declared NYs gran unconstitutional because it amounted to state interference with Congress exclusive right to regulate interstate commerce 4. Ruling broadened power of federal government and encouraged growth of national market economy Nationalism in Foreign Policy: The Monroe Doctrine i. Issue: How to respond to successful revolt of Spains Latin American colonies 1. Henry Clay called for immediate recognition of new republics ii. Monroe and Adams feared that recognizing revolutionary governments would ruin Spanish-American relations iii. 1821- House passed resolution of sympathy to Latin American revolutionaries 1. Monroe agreed to recognition and establishment of diplomatic ties with the Latin American Republics iv. Czar Alexander I tried to extend Russian claims into Oregon country 1. Americans needed cooperation with Britain 2. Britain needed cooperation because independent nations offered better markets v. The Monroe Doctrine

1. Declared US opposed to any further colonization in the Americas or any effort by European nations to extend their political systems outside their own hemisphere 2. In return, Us pledged not to involve itself in the internal affairs of Europe or take part in European wars

Chapter 10- The Triumph of White Mens Democracy I. Democracy in Theory and Practice i. 1820s- democracy term became generally accepted to describe how American institutions were supposed to work ii. People of low origins could rise to positions of power and influence iii. Economic equality not important- competing capitalist society iv. Gap between rich and poor Americans was increasing b. Democracy and Society i. Growing percent of population possessed no property ii. Rise of industrialization created permanent class of low paid wage earners iii. In rural ares, division between successful farmers and smallholders c. Democratic Culture i. Change in literature and art 1. Captured the ordinary American 2. Tried to instill deper moral and spiritual values ii. Romantic movement 1. Strong feeling 2. Appealed to feelings and intuitions of ordinary people iii. Rise in literacy and revolution in technology of printing iv. Decrease in publishing costs v. Architecture 1. Greek style with columns symbolized identification of US with democracy of Greece vi. Sculptures depicted heroes of the republic vii. Representation of untamed nature elevated popular taste and conveyed moral truth d. Democratic Political Institutions i. Universal male suffrage ii. Rise in public officials who were elected, not appointed iii. Judges chosen by people iv. True party organizations on the state level 1. Dispensed government jobs to friends and supporters 2. Attacked rivals as enemies to popular aspirations v. 2 party system

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1. Effective check on temptation to abuse power e. Economic issues i. Economic depression led to popular interest in government economic policy ii. Farmers favored return to simple economy 1. No banks, paper money iii. Emerging entrepeneurs wanted 1. Government aid 2. Charters that granted special privileges to banks, transportation enterprises, and corporations iv. Rapid growth of state level political activity and organization f. Labor Radicalism and Equal Rights i. Working Mens Parties 1. Condemned growing gap between rich and poor resulting from industrialization and growth of market economy 2. Expansion of low paying labor put people under dominance of employers, threatening equal rights 3. Society divided between producers and nonproducing parasites (bankers, merchants, etc) 4. Aimed to give producers greater control over employers 5. Demanded extended and improved systems of public education 6. 10 workday, abolition of imprisonment for debt, and currency system based on hard money Jackson and the Politics of Democracy a. The Election of 1824 and John Quincy Adams Administration i. Jackson picked up support from slaveowning states ii. John Quincy Adams 1. Called for expansion of federal activity 2. Opposed iii. Tariff of abominations-? b. Jackson comes to power i. Campaigning techniques 1. Huge public rallies 2. Parades ii. Mudslinging 1. Parties attack each other iii. True representative of the common people iv. Peggy Eaton Affair 1. Married to cabinet member 2. Wives of other cabinet members refused to receive her socially 3. Jackson took her side 4. All but one cabinet member resigined c. Indian Removal

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i. 1833- all states except Cherokee agreed to evacuate their ancestral homes ii. Military pressure forced Cherokees to march to Oklahoma iii. Trail of Tears 1. Almost 4000 died 2. Exposed prejudice and greed of Jackson d. Nullification Crisis i. Southerners didnt want tariffs because they increased the price they paid for manufactured goods and threatened to undermine their foreign market by inciting counter production ii. Tariff of abominations declared unconstitutional iii. Nullification- right of an individual state to set aside federal law 1. Written by Calhoun 2. Jackson opposed nullification as threat to survival of Union iv. Calhoun took lead in abolishing the tariff v. Congress passed new tariff that lowered rates slightly vi. South Carolina legislature voted to nullify the tariffs and forbade collection of customs duties within the state vii. Jackson proclaimed this treasounous viii. Force Bill- Gave president military powers ix. Compromise tariff of 1833 x. South Carolina suspended the nullification but nullified force bill The Bank War and the Second Party System a. Mr. Biddles Bank i. Many blamed bank for economic depression ii. Biddle curbed overextension of credit by state banks and helped avert recurrence of boom and bust system iii. Biddle blamed for anything wrong with the ecnomoy b. Bank Veto and the Election of 1832 i. Jackson suspicious that branches of the Bank of the US had used influence on behalf of opponent in presidential election ii. Kitchen cabinet 1. Jacksons unofficial advisers 2. Thought attack on Bank would provide good party issue for reelection iii. Biddle, panicked by anti Bankness determined to seek recharter by Congress in 1832, 4 years ahead of schedule iv. Bill to recharter passed v. Jackson vetoed the bill 1. Declared bank unconstitutional, now withstanding Supreme Courts ruling 2. Argued it violated fundamental rights of people vi. Congress attempts to override the veto failed vii. Jackson won reelection

c. Killing the Bank i. Jackson removed federal deposits from Biddles vaults 1. Placed funds in state banks ii. Congress refused to approve administration proposals to regulate the credit policies of the state banks iii. Jacksons effort to switch to hard money was nullified iv. Credit extended recklessly and increased amount of paper money in circultation v. Bank of US counterattacked by calling in loans and bringing about economic recession 1. Biddle hoped to win support for recharter by demonstrating that weaking Banks position would be disastrous a. Failed vi. Clay said Jackson had violated Banks charter and exceeded his constitutional authority when he removed the deposits d. The Emergence of the Whigs i. The Whigs 1. Supported by Republicans 2. Henry Clay 3. People who saw Jackson as unconstitutional ii. Loco-Focos 1. Favored hard money 2. Condemned Jacksons transfer of federal deposits to state banks 3. Wanted workers to be paid in hard money versus bank notes 4. Didnt cooperate with the Whigs 5. Equal rights party iii. Jackson signed legislation allocating surplus federal revenues to deposit banks causing inflation iv. Specie-circular- required that only gold and silver would be accepted in payment for public lands e. The rise and fall of Van Buren i. Panic of 1837 1. Price of cotton fell 2. Banks suspended specie payment 3. Businesses went bankrupt 4. Unemployed workers demonstrated 5. Sale of public lands fell 6. Because of free market, Van Buren couldnt do much to relieve distress ii. Van Buren proposed public depository for government funds with no connections to commercial banking 1. Intense opposition from Whigs who wanted national bank 2. Hurt Van Burens chances for reelection iii. Whigs proposed to revide bank of US

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1. Raise tariffs 2. Distribute federal revenues to states for internal improvements Heyday of the Second Party System i. Whigs 1. Positive liberal state- government has right and duty to protect enterprises that could contribute to general prosperity and economic growth 2. Favored industrialists, merchants, farmers, and planters ii. Democrats 1. Negative liberal state- government shouldnt get involved with the economy. By doing nothing, it could avoid favoring special interests and interfering with free competition 2. Appealed to smaller farmers, workers, declining gentry, and emerging entrepreneurs 3. Favored party of immigrants, Catholics, freethingkers, farmers, and those who desired to be free of restrictions on freedom to think and behave as theyd like