Model Question Paper Subject Code: BT9402 Credits: 4 Subject Name: Artificial Intelligence Marks: 140 Part A (One

mark questions)
1. An understanding of Artificial Intelligence (AI) requires an understanding of related terms such as intelligence, knowledge,_______________ and a number of computer-related terms. A) reasoning B) thought C) cognition D) All of the above 2. Which of the following is/are among the classes of AI classification? A) Mundane tasks B) Formal tasks and C) Expert tasks D) All of the above 3. AI is often regarded as a branch of___________. A) computer science B) engineering C) applied epistemology D) All of the above

4. The ___________ principle is also used in language processing in which words can have many meanings. A) First B) Third C) Fourth Principle D) None of the above 5. The AI follows the classical _____________ research paradigm. A) hypothesis-and-test B) descriptive C) applied D) None of the above 6. The Navlab, a navigation laboratory used for ______________ and navigation research at Carnegie Mellon. A) obstacle movement B) obstacle appearance C) obstacle detection D) None of the above 7. In _____________, the idea is that a problem can be solved by examining the steps which might be taken to get its solution. Each action takes the solver to a new state. A) State Space Search B) Production System C) Breadth-first search D) None of the above

8. Identify the Terminal state of the Tic-tac-toe as a state space: A) Board empty; X's turn. B) Three X's in a row; Three O's in a row; All cells full. C) Change an empty cell to X or O. D) Player to move next: X or O. 9. An Open State in a ------ is defined as a state _________. A) whose links have all been explored. B) which have been encountered, but have not been fully explored. C) whose links have not explored at all. D) None of the above

10. A state space consists of:

A) A set of operators that can change one state into another state. B) An initial state. C) A set of final states; some of these may be desirable, others undesirable. D) All of the above 11. __________________ is a very simple algorithm that guarantees to find a solution if done systematically and also make sure that there exists a solution. A) Hill climbing B) Best first search C) Generate-and-test search algorithm D) None of the above

12. A ______________is an area of the state space where the evaluation function is nearly flat. Hill-climbing will do a random walk in such an area. A) Ridges B) Local Maxima C) Plateau D) None of the above

13. Thus, Simulated annealing is well suited for problems the number of moves from a given
state is ______________. A) very large B) very small C) average D) None of the above 14. ________________is an area of artificial intelligence whose fundamental goal is to represent knowledge in a manner that facilitates inferencing (i.e. drawing conclusions) from knowledge. A) Knowledge representation B) Knowledge reasoning C) Knowledge requisition D) All of the above 15. A knowledge representation system will include ways to ___________the knowledge. A) store B) query

C) add D) All of the above 16. An interpretation of a propositional logic formula is an assignment of a value (true or false) to each atom. There are ______ possible interpretations of a formula with n atoms. A) 2.2n B) n.2n C) 2n D) 2n-1 17. Languages with precisely defined syntax and semantics are called _________. In this, we can develop inference mechanisms for an agent that uses the language. A) logics B) lexical semantics C) Predicate logic D) None of the above 18. An interpretation for a sentence or group of sentences is an assignment of a__________ to each propositional symbol. A) truth value B) False value C) all value D) None of the above 19. _______________is the process of removing existential quantifiers by elimination. A) Replacing quantifiers B) Skolemization

C) Negations D) None of the above 20. A _______________has the job of extracting the knowledge and building the expert system knowledge base. A) knowledge engineer B) knowledge extractor C) expert system engineer D) None of the above 21. Which of the following specifies that one can learn from examples? A) Discovery B) Problem sharing C) Knowledge acquisition D) Induction

22. Rote Learning is basically __________

A) memorisation B) No repeated computation C) Saving knowledge D) All of the above

23. __________ is a system that uses production rules to represent its knowledge. It also
employs chunking to learn from experience. A) chunks B) STRIPS

C) Macro-operators MACOP D) SOAR 24. A robot is a mechanical or virtual artificial agent. In practice, it is usually an electromechanical system which, by its appearance or movements, conveys a sense that it has ______________ of its own. A) behavior B) intent C) brain D) None of the above 25. The __________ is an arithmetic assignment statement that figures out a value and binds a variable to it. A) = B) is C) != D) == 26. _____________ specifies courses of action or reasoning that are being considered but not finalized yet. A) Current data B) Long-term knowledge C) Conjectures D) None of the above 27. ALV Stands for: A) Autonomous Land vehicle

B) Automated Land vehicle C) Autonomous Light-weight vehicle D) Automated Light-weight vehicle 28. A ________is a collection of attributes or slots and associated values that describe some real world entity. A) class B) instance C) array D) frame 29. In making certain inferences we need to distinguish between the link that defines a new entity and holds its value and the other kind of link that relates_________________. A) two existing entities. B) two new entities. C) one new entity and one existing entity D) None of the above 30. Semantic networks are an alternative to _______________ as a form of knowledge representation. A) predicate logic B) propositional logic C) semantic logic D) None of the above 31. Rule-based systems can be ___________ using backward chaining to test whether some hypothesis is true.

A) data driven B) goal driven C) event driven D) None of the above 32. The ____________ is used by developers to create new rules for addition to the knowledge base, to delete outmoded rules, or to modify existing rules in some way A) query B) editor C) log D) None of the above 33. _____________was one of the earliest expert systems and its design has strongly influenced the design of commercial expert systems and expert system shells. A) Mycin B) NETeXPERT C) R1/Xcon D) PyKe 34. __________is a high-level programming language which enables the user to build programs by stating what they want the program to do rather than how it should do it. A) Cobol B) Lisp C) Prolog D) Ruby

35. The purpose of ______________ is to give second chances to a query, by revising earlier decisions. A) recursions B) backtracking C) Both (a) and (b) D) None of the above 36. In LISP language, the [ ] is the list of___________. A) zero items i.e empty B) one item i.e space C) Both of the above D) None of the above 37. Many mobile robots make use of____________, which measure distance to nearby objects. A) EFFECTORS B) PERCEPTION C) Power D) Range finders

38. __________ involves a complicated mapping between what might appear to be two
dissimilar concepts. A) Anatomy B) Analogy C) Inference D) None of the above

39. Which of the following is/are among the inputs of an Explanation Based Learning
(EBL)? A) A training example B) An operational criterion C) A domain theory D) ALL of the above 40. A __________ is a structure that prescribes a set of circumstances which could be

expected to follow on from one another. A) Class B) Event C) Script D) Object 41. Which of the following logic symbol represents the for if only if? A) B) C) D) 42. DE Morgans law states that_________________.

A) (P B) P C) ~(P

Q) (Q

R=P R) = (P

(Q Q) ~Q (Q

R) (P R)

Q) = ~P Q)

D) P Q = (P

P)

43. The ______________ means to perform tasks that currently require human operators without human intervention or monitoring.

A) Autonomy B) Flexibility C) Learning from experience D) Ease of use 44.The ________________ is that knowledge of the task domain that is widely shared, typically found in textbooks or journals, and commonly agreed upon by those knowledgeable in the particular field. A) Heuristic knowledge B) Factual knowledge C) judgmental knowledge D) None of the above 45. An intelligent system must: A) operate in real-time; B) tolerate error-full, unexpected and possibly unknown input; C) communicate using natural language; D) All of the above 46. Which of the following is NOT among the basic methods in which a system can learn from its own experiences? A) Learning by Parameter Adjustment B) Learning by Chunking C) Learning by Macro Operators D) None of the above

47. The algorithm for prologs matching process is based on the ______________algorithm proposed for automated theorem proving. A) unification B) substitution C) euclidean D) None of the above 48. Which of the following is NOT a part of Expert System Shell? A) Explanation system B) Inference engine C) User interface D) Knowledge base 49. ______________refers to a transfer of possession i.e. the abstract transfer of possession from one person to another, as in give or buy. A) ATRANS B) MTRANS C) PTRANS D) PROPEL 50. Which of the following is NOT among components of Script? A) Entry Conditions B) Props C) Scenes D) Events

Part B (Two mark questions)

51. Match the following: a. 1956 b.1950 c.1985 d. 1990 1. The drawing program, Aaron, created by Harold Cohen, was demonstrated at AI conference. 2. John McCarthy coins the term, "Artificial Intelligence" at a Dartmouth computer conference and also the first running demonstration of AI program at Carnegie Mellon University happened in this year. 3. Alan Turing published, the "Computing Machinery and Intelligence." 4. There were significant demonstrations in machine learning, intelligent tutoring, case-based reasoning, multi-agent planning, scheduling, uncertain reasoning, data mining, natural landscape understanding and translation, vision, virtual reality and games.

A) a-2, b-3, c-1, d-4 B) a-1, b-2, c-3, d-4 C) a-4, b-1, c-2, d-3 D) a-2, b-1, c-3, d-4

52. Which of the following is/are NOT among the architectural principles for expert systems?
1. Knowledge is power 2. Knowledge is often inexact & incomplete 3. Knowledge is often poorly specified 4. Expert systems need to be flexible

A) 1, 2 and 3 B) 1 and 3 only C) 2 only D) None of the above 53. Which of the following is NOT true about syntax rules for Propositional Logic?

A) The logical constants True and False are sentences.

B) A propositional symbol by itself is a sentence.

C) Wrapping a sentence in parentheses yields as sentence.

D) A sentence cannot be formed by combining simpler sentences using the logical connectives.

54. Which of the following is NOT among the characteristics of Expert Reasoning?
1. Use of specialized representations appropriate to the domain and specialized problemsolving methods based on those representations. 2. Translation of observables into specialized terminology and representations (e.g., person has turned blue into patient is cyanotic). 3. Use of empirical rules of thumb (e.g., to blow out a tree stump, use one stick of dynamite per 4 inches of stump diameter.) 4. Use of empirical correlations (e.g., certain bacteria have been observed to be likely to cause infection in burn patients).

A) 1 and 2.

B) 3 only C) 1, 4 and 3 D) None of the above

55. Match the following equivalence rules: 1. Idempotency 2. Associativity 3. Distributivity 4. Bi-conditional elimination a. P (Q R) = (P Q) Q) (Q (P P) R)

b. P Q = (P c. P d. (P P=P Q) R=P

(Q

R)

A) 1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-b B) 1-a, 2-d, 3-c, 4-b C) 1-c, 2-a, 3-b, 4-d D) 1-d, 2-c, 3-b, 4-a

56. Which of the following is NOT true in context of a Production System? 1. It has a set of rules, each consisting of two parts: a sensory precondition (or IF statement) and an action (or THEN). 2. If a production's precondition matches the current state of the world, then the production is said to be triggered. If a production's action is executed, it is said to have fired.

3. One or more knowledge/databases, sometimes called working memory, which maintains data about current state or knowledge. 4. Some part of the database may be permanent, while other parts of it may pertain only to the solution of the current problem. The information in these databases may be structured in any appropriate way.

A) 1-T, 2-T, 3-T, 4-T B) 1-T, 2-T, 3-T, 4-F C) 1-T, 2-F, 3-T, 4-T D) 1-F, 2-T, 3-T,4-T

57. Which of the following is/are NOT true about Mycin?

1. It was developed partly in order to explore how human experts make these rough (but important) guesses based on partial information. 2. It represented its knowledge as a set of IF-THEN rules with certainty factors. 3. It was written in Prolog, and its rules are formally represented as Prolog expressions. 4. It is a (primarily) goal-directed system, using the basic backward chaining reasoning strategy.

A) 1 and 2 B) 2 only C) 3 only D) 1 and 4

58. Which of the following is NOT true about DENDRAL?

A) It performs structure elucidation in organic chemistry based on data from a mass spectrometer (which bombards chemical samples with electrons, breaking atomic bonds). B) META-DENDRAL infers new rules from the structures found by DENDRAL. These rules have been published, thus contributing to the science of mass spectrometry. C) One of the use of DENDRAL is that it helps in determining unknown molecular structures. D) None of the above

59. Match the following: a. STATES (Stative Conceptualizations) b. RELATIONSHIPS (Static Links) c. CAUSAL LINK (Conceptual Dependency (CD) Inferences) d. ACTIONS (Active Conceptualizations) 1. It is performed by an ACTOR on some OBJECT with some DIRECTION. 2. It represents an OBJECT with some VALUE Note OBJECT and VALUE are not English words - they are conceptual cases which sometimes have counterintuitive meanings 3. It is used to define the meaning of sentences 4. It is defined between a SOURCE CD and a TARGET CD and can be used to infer new CDs.
A) a-3, b-2, c-4, d-1 B) a-1, b-2, c-3, d-4 C) a-4, b-3, c-2, d-1 D) a-1, b-2, c-4, d-3

60. Fill in the blanks in context of Knowledge representation system: 1. ____________ may do backward inference when the answer is implied but not explicit in the KB. 2. ____________ may do forward inference to derive additional facts from what it is told
A) Retrieval, Reasoning B) Tell, Ask C) Ask, Tell D) None of the above

61. Fill in the blanks:

1. The______________ principle of AI specifies the physical symbol system hypothesis, i.e., a physical symbol system is necessary and sufficient for intelligent action. 2. The ___________principle of AI is that an expert knows 70,000 chunks of information give or take a binary order of magnitude. A) third, first B) second, third C) first, fourth D) fourth, fifth

62. Which of the following is NOT true about guidelines of determining whether a
problem is suitable for an expert system solution?

A) There must be a realistic assessment of the costs and benefits involved. B) Human expertise is always available in all situations whenever it is needed.

C) The problem may be solved using symbolic reasoning techniques. It shouldn't require manual dexterity or physical skill. D) The problem is well structured and does not require (much) common sense knowledge. 63. Which of the following is NOT true about Frames? A) By relating slots to other kinds of frames, a frame can represent typical structures involving an object; these can be very important for reasoning based on limited information. B) Frames may be a relatively efficient way of implementing AI applications (direct procedure invocation versus search in a logic system). C) Frames allow data that are stored and computed to be treated in a uniform manner. D) It is not necessary to repeat the same information to make it usable from different viewpoints, since methods are associated with slots or particular object types.

64. Match the following: a. Advantage of symbolic representation. b. Advantages of non-symbolic representation: 1. The system builder can read what the system knows. 2. Knowledge is represented by sentences in a formal language. 3. It can deal with combinations of attributes such as an image. 4. It is possible to read the representation and understand the meaning of the knowledge. A) 1-a, 2-a, 3-b, 4-a B) 1-b, 2-a, 3-a, 4-a C) 1-a, 2-a, 3-a, 4-a D) 1-b, 2-b, 3-b, 4-b 65. State whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F): 1. Depth-first searches are performed by diving downward into a tree as quickly as possible.

2. The Depth-First search can also be modified to go from the left to the right. 3. The depth-first search is preferred over the breadth-first search when the search tree is known to have a plentiful number of goals. 4. The depth-first search requires more memory as space complexity is O(bd) compared to O(b) of breadth-first search.

A) 1-T, 2-F, 3-F, 4- T

B) 1-T, 2-F, 3-F, 4- F C) 1-T, 2-F, 3-T, 4- F D) 1-F, 2-F, 3-T, 4- F

66. Match the following: a. The Third Principle b. The Second Principle c. The Fifth Principle

d. The First Principle: e. The Fourth Principle 1. Bounded Rationality Implies Opportunistic Search 2. A Physical Symbol System Is Necessary and Sufficient for Intelligent Action 3. The Magic Number 70,000 + 20,000 4. Search Compensates for Lack of Knowledge 5. Knowledge Compensates for Lack of Search

A) 1-d, 2-b, 3-a, 4-e, 5-c B) 1-a, 2-b, 3-d, 4-e, 5-c C) 1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-e, 5-c D) 1-e, 2-d, 3-b, 4-a, 5-c 67. Match the following in context of Resolution strategy: 1. Level saturation or two-pointer method 2. Set of support 3. Unit preference 4. Linear resolution

a. One clause in each step must be the result of the previous step. This is a depth-first strategy. It may be necessary to back up to a previous clause if no resolution with the current clause is possible. b. Clauses are prioritized, with unit clauses (those with only one literal) preferred, or more generally, shorter clauses preferred. Resolution with a unit clause makes the result smaller. c. One clause in each resolution step must be part of the negated conclusion or a clause derived from it. This can be combined with the two-pointer method by putting the clauses from the negated conclusion at the end of the list. d. The outer pointer starts at the negated conclusion; the inner pointer starts at the first clause. The two clauses denoted by the pointers are resolved if possible, with the result added to the end of the list of clauses. A) 1-a, 2-b, 3-c, 4-d B) 1-d, 2-c, 3-b, 4-a C) 1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-b D) 1-c, 2-d, 3-b, 4-a

68. Match the following 1. Coping with uncertainty 2. User interface 3. Data representation 4. Data driven reasoning or forward chaining a. It is the ability of the system to reason with rules and data which are not precisely known; b. It is an inference technique which uses IF THEN rules to deduce a problem solution from initial data; c. It is the way in which the problem specific data in the system is stored and accessed;

d. It is that portion of the code which creates an easy to use system;

A) 1-b, 2-a, 3-c, 4-d B) 1-c, 2-b, 3-d, 4-a C) 1-a, 2-d, 3-c, 4-b D) 1-b, 2-c, 3-d, 4-a

69. Match the following: a. Inferential efficiency b. Inferential adequacy c. Acquisition efficiency d. Representational adequacy

1. It is the ability to represent the required knowledge

2. It is the ability to manipulate the knowledge represented to produce new knowledge corresponding to that inferred from the original 3. It is the ability to direct the inferential mechanisms into the most productive directions by storing appropriate guides 4. It is the ability to acquire new knowledge using automatic methods wherever possible rather than reliance on human intervention. A) a-2, b-3, c-4, d-1 B) a-4, b-1, c-2, d-3 C) a-2, b-1, c-4, d-3 D) a-3, b-2, c-4, d-1

70. Which of the following is/are NOT true about Scripts?

1. If a particular script is to be applied it must be activated and the activating depends on its significance. 2. If a topic is mentioned in passing then a pointer to that script could be held. 3. If the topic is important then the script should remain closed. 4. The danger lies in having too many active scripts as much as one might have too many windows open on the screen or too many recursive calls in a program. 5. Different trails are not allowed for different outcomes of Scripts.

A) 1-T, 2-T, 3-T, 4-T, 5-T B) 1-T, 2-T, 3-F, 4-T, 5-F C) 1-T, 2-T, 3-T, 4-F, 5-F D) 1-F, 2-F, 3-T, 4-T, 5-T

71. Fill in the blanks: 1. A ______________ clause is one in which no variables occur in the expression. 2. A _______________ clause is one with at the most, one positive literal. A) variable, literal

B) horn, ground C) ground, horn D) literal, variable 72. Match the following: a. ATRANS, MTRANS, PTRANS b. MOVE, PROPEL, GRASP c. INGEST, EXPEL d. DO 1. Transfers (of possession, of physical objects, and of ideas) 2. Anything not covered by the primitive 11 actions 3. Eating and anti-eating 4. Movement of body parts, application of force, grasping of objects

A) a-1, b-4, c-3, d-2 B) a-1, b-2, c-3, d-4 C) a-2, b-3, c-4, d-1 D) a-3, b-4, c-1, d-2 73. Which of the following is/are TRUE about Conceptual Dependency (CD)? A) There are no inference rules that are represented in CD structure. B) The holes in the initial structure help to focus on the points still to be established. C) There is no need to decompose the Knowledge into fairly low level primitives. D) One can easily find the correct set of primitives.

74. State True or False for the following:

1. The first requirement of a good control strategy is that it causes motion. 2. The second requirement of a good control strategy is that it be systematic. 3. A control strategy that specifies the order in which the rules will be compared to the database and a way of resolving the conflicts that arise when several rules match at once. 4. There is no need for rule interpreter to provide a mechanism for prioritizing productions when more than one is triggered A) 1-T, 2-T, 3-T, 4-T B) 1-T, 2-T, 3-T, 4-F C) 1-T, 2-F, 3-F, 4-T D) 1-F, 2-T, 3-F, 4-F 75. Match the following in context with Breadth first search: 1. Advantage 2. Disadvantage

A. It makes sure that it always finds the goal. B. It is known to be good search mechanism for shallow trees. C. It makes use of both exponential time and space. D. It can result in an exhaustive search A) A-1, B-1, C-2, D-2 B) A-2, B-1, C-1, D-2 C) A-1, B-2, C-2, D-1 D) A-2, B-2, C-2, D-2

Part C (Ten marks questions) - Descriptive Questions

76. Discuss any two from the following heuristic search techniques. Explain the algorithm with the help of an example. (5 Marks each) a. Steepest Ascent Hill Climbing b. Best First Search: The A Algorithms. c. Generate and Test Strategy. d. Simulated Annealing

For Answers: Refer to Unit 4. Section No: 4.3, 4.6, 4.2, and 4. 77. Discuss any two from the following in detail: I. Learning in problem solving. II. Leaning by Taking Advice III. Explanation based Learning (5 Marks each) For Answers: Refer to Unit 12. Section No: 12.4, 12.5 and 12.6.2.

78. Explain all the steps to transform a sentence into clausal form with one the help of an example. (10 Marks) For Answers: Refer to Unit 7. Section No: 7.3

79. Write a Short Note on the following Expert System: a. MYCIN

b. DENDRAL (5 Marks each) For Answers: Refer to Unit 11. Section No: 11.3 and 11.4.

Answer Keys
Part - A Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Ans. Key D D D C S C A B B D C C A A D C A A B A D D D B B Q. No. 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 Part - B Ans. Key C A D A A B B A C B A D B D C A C A B D D A D A D Q. No. 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 Ans. Key B D D D A A C D A C B B D A C A B C D B C A B B A