:B OCTOqH OXPIICTI,IAHCKI{ E PEJIIIKBIIII

A. M. JIIIAOB PeAarrop-cocrarnrem

ts| st nportecc-Tpaarnllrq

EASTERN CHRISTIAN RELICS

Editedby Alexei LIDOV

Prcerss-Tadition

Michele Baccr RELICS OF THE PTIAROS CIAPEL: A }TEW FROM THE I"{TIN WEST
llhoughlhe prccenr p/perwill foluson lhe mostimpoflanl shrine ofchd_ A rsrotogrcal .r memenroesinlheCentml ViddJeAge.. if. theskevophyhlionof minary rem"rk.jusl in order topointouthov s;vetni col|econsot(h stotogicdlrelrcs ctdimingrorcproduce,moreortesscon!inc. ' ingly..lhe dum ot rhe mo.r sacred \hrines in Jerusatem ana rne Hoty etace sprad throughout Europefrom rhelate lOrhthroughthe l3th century;rneaning_ tully.lherrpubtic venera on w.rs Jlwd)s sponsored by lhe leading in;rirution5 of the first instance,this wascausedby the far_ofgeogmphic ^ .ln location of Pilaestjne. s hore-disrame wa\undoubrediy entaryed bi irsbeng iD rhehand\ rntidets. By rheendofrhe t0,r,cenrury the numbef ot pilsrims ,._'-'j:::l.l* rrcm DorhBjlrnrium andrheWest goingto rhe Hoty Landhaddecreased and (relesr rucrrons ot (-hri5tian burjdings promoled b) rheM"d Catiph at_Hdkim " rmpression on Fu.ope\ pub ic oprnionand probabtl srimu_ ll."-1" l.i' .""0

th.."]',rchofrhe rheorokos ofthirr,-o"inco"",!niti".j.,i ll"-gyllil"":, rsnecesdry lo slans ilh a pret

ili."",lilf,.'",.'r..'einrenci,ettonrhe.Newierusatems.rou,ingin
usually rhroLrgh lhe meansofroyat founddlio;s: rnrs wa5 rnecd\e. e.g.. ot A\turdnKrngr'sparronageoiOviedoCarhedralandils precrou\/r'.rJd4lr.whiLh$asprovided.asearlya,lhebeginningsotrhell..cen tury. ola richrelic rrcrsurc. inctuding r rmpu a otrhebio;d i,s;edfromChri,;:s con In uerrulcnd seleral fmgjnents of the TrueCro5s and the Seputchre, Lhe c-ow-r ofrl,os. rh.5hrouo. rhe,udrrium. rheruni..rh..t"rh"., Jel;,. ;;il":y, ol lt,emrrrc ousbread js $ ella. rhr(or L.bl Supper fJpces .omel."n; a d atso Iirls of ground of Bethanyand the Mounr of Olives.ri"* * .r".*rr.i", Jrtstological relcsconstituled thc most\,atuable groupoflhe memenroes preserved rn thc atarretiquary a eredly a retciiselibeco* oiit,.r,rr""ii* v ir,. lwlveaposlles; they_were vene.ated, howevct in conjunclon with equaltypre_ r,ro.-nre(nrocsofr,eVirtsrn 4n { t-,\e ri 1 , :\ . t e r t r . r r r . cr lc .rtreOrafe.rarrrerrr, i n eA t o . L l c . . | do r h c r . J , n . . I e . . r . o . l | e . h r i | e ,w h i c .s . r s a..o e\Decle ro o

,l:. w*1.'n wortd. rhe ajor mona\re.i... .onn..rea *irr tr,i ioioi l'L.):11'..li cous.andlhe Krng\themselte5.

The mainsponsors ofthe sacrcd memenroes of Holy Scripture and

evangelical

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express ils rcyalsuppoeis glory and power.bencfited from the additionofetIftorr)inary nagnaliaDei, "cod's wonders"r. Probablyalrcady Charlemagne hadprovided his,,Palatine Chapet'. in Aachen. u irhjome.acred (ollecUor Cernany. ot .uchkrnd. ue r:e rroeracr atrhough wrr r. ln anycase, ness of itsconlens ihi sbuildingwassoonrcE rdedas^ repositotilm o exceptionally holy objectsand such monasreries as Charroux and Cssino clamed to possess relicshanded down by Carolingian Emperors; in the li'h and l2'r'cenlurics, texlslkethe Iter hiensob)mitanun, tetting a fancifuljourney ofthe Emperor to the Holy hnd and his encounter.with the holy bishoDDaniel of NJblu'. atrribured rohim rheI ran.lation ro Archen of'uchprecio-, critr objecr. a, thecrownofthoms adone ofthe nails(laterhanded down io the royalabbey of SantDenis nearParis), rhe chalice,tle bowtandevenrhe knjfe of the LstSup Der. aswell a. SL Perer', beard andhJirr SLchlilerdryqorks.lresd rheas,ocition of the Roman Emperor,both as a nlan and an insritutionalsubiect.wfth Christ asthe Saviou I of mankindandtulfilledrhatprocess of.rrrmrner6 which hadgot underwayalready underthearlyCarolingian sovereigns. This well-known trend of Westernroyal ideologyhad ils deepefroots, as scholars haveoftenpointedout, in ByzantiLrm anditsconception ofDowersooftn labelled rs -caesdropdpirm . Theba.ileir a.teged.rc-edne,,. retyrng on a nearly explicit comparison wth Chrisl asthe Lord ofthe universe, asit wasbroughiout by both couft ritual and literature,consrituted premiseand model the ncessary fo. everyotherinsttutionaimingar asseiring an equivatent aurhority;and in the I l'rand I 2rh centu ry suchclaimsweremostslronglylaidby a religiousin stitton, the Papacy, whchlongedforboth spiritualandpolitcalprjmacy. The crgoran Church, whilepromoting the Popes' rcleaslgitimate holders ofpowerovrWest e.n Europe,clashed more and more increasingly wjrh both the cerman Empre andByzantium overils lemporalcLaims, whichwereinevitably intermingted wrh rtsgrowing ndependency from the otherPat.archal sees. ll wasno accidenr that. ntheshapng andrefning ofts symbolic apparatus, the Papacyappropratedboth Impcrialhabts andreligious models andreworked rhem,byconveying the deaof Rome asthesoleheir ofboth St. PeterandConstanrine. Theverycenterofsuchasymboliccontaminationisiobe recog zedinthebaslica ofthe Holy Saviouronthe Lateran. which wasthe rowncathedral andatso a 'palatinechurch', because of its direct connectionwitl ihe Ponlifical Palace nay.Officiated byacongreSation ofcanonswhichwasa sortofvanguard army papalceremooftheGregorian Reformation, thechurchhoused the mostsotemn nies andwrs moreand morefrequently descrbcd by authors as "the motherofall "thc churches", most holy shrineof the Divne Roman ChLrrch,,, boasrjng irs "dominaton primacy and overall lhechu.ches on erth,'aDd itstitteof..Apostolic
On thc ,4/.2 ,tdrr, rclcs,sc. esp de GaiJliet B. Le pus rncicn car.logueder retiqucs d ' O r i c d/ o a9 . 2 7V . o . 4 5p . .9l 95;scc a h of m t o , . 1 / A n a l e c t !B o l l a n d i a n1 L.a r c l q u e d e l aV r a i C r o i x .R e c h e r c h s cr s l ed v e l o p p c m c t nc u l c . dn 'u Pa r s ,1 9 6 t , D .2 7 7 2 7 8 , w j r h f ' " / . y . L r r c i q u c .p .. 198-210. Cd.r./\ n ltcr Hi.rosolynriliurrn ou Vovagc dc Chartcmag.c Jrusajcm et i Confarri ople d c sl . n 8 r s ronrNrcs 1.N 9 2 S c r .l V . v o l .6 . p . 4 l ? 4 S l ,e s p . 4 5 2 // Reluc

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herdandRomar Lmpire .rlllhe,e pri\iieges hadbeen molr!ared. according to J o h nt h eD e a c o n .t 2 r h . e n l u rd )e . L r i p r i o on flhebdrilicra b, y l h ed o n a t i o ; o l ! oirslarrine. who!ris.rl5o lletounder ofthe church ilsell. the Popes'influence became stronger, their cathedral had to be provided .As wrth moreevidentsignsoftheir power,whose aim wasto stress borh th; Roman See's aposolic rootsand the legacy ofthe Costantinian Empire.Majoremphasis wasgiven to the PonriflasChrist,svicar,whitelocalattematives to ancientlilzan tine legends andritualswereworkedour by the Lateran clergy, asiswitnessed, for example, bythe shift, already in the I tthcentury, from the commemomtion ofthe Birutmiracleon Novembergth to tssubsttution with rhefeastofthe dedicarion of the I:teran basilicaon the sameda1e5. Almost contemporaneouslf Rome claimedto possssthe mostancient portraitofChrist, by attriburingtoSi. Luke,s handthe ancientacheiropoietic panelpreserved in rheS;nctasanct;rum,rhe pat atrnechapelentitledto St. Lawrence6_ Thereaswell as on the main altar ofthe Lateranchurcha greatnumberofrelics connected with the Saviour,s deeds anrl Passion werel stedbythe sources fromthe I l.hth roughthe I 2rh centuryThe basiF rca,whichboasted ofthe mostimportant OldTestament relics(fromtheArkofthe Coven-an1 to Aaron's and Moses'rods),deserved pmisefor preserving suchmdg, rdi?.Dpias rhetowel oftheWashing ofthefeeL. lherunic. rhepLrrpe chJamys, rhe Drooo. rhesudaflum. as\ ell r\.everaJ olhetmemombilia ot"the Aposttes andrhe mafyrs. The PontifPsomlorium, instead,housedsevemlparticlesof the True Cross, the Child's prepuce, the sandals, onebreadand thirreenlentitsofthe Insr Supper,fragmentsof the reed, the spongeand Zacchaeus' sycamorc.Under Christ s,image werea lot of,'sacred stones',, sanctified by conb;t with Jesus, the Blessed V-irgin or the Angls, aswellasmanypeces ofthe Cotumnofrhe Flag;lla tion, the Sepulchre, the Holy Lance, someearthofthe Lithostrotosandothe; holy places of Jerusalem and PalaestineT. Sucha selection ofsacred mementoeswas probably meantto shade every other .. relccollecton in the Westandcompeted with a powerfulFrenchnstituti;n, rhe ancientCarolingianabbeyof Charroux,for the possession of the prepuce,rhe most celebrated item according to John the Deacon.Nonetheless, the imphasis accorded to the Passion relicsreflected moreclearly Rome's wi shofconfronaton with the mostcelebrated shrnehousing sucha kind ofobjects,i.e. the churchof the Theotokos othe Pharos, whichwastocated in theverycentreofthe Greatpat,
JahtpDeo,.D(,npnotdrctunen\r.cL!tesrae,Cod(croposrafic ao cd l |e ladrRoma / | d ratpnrniR. Z.chp i C Roac taal. \ot t. p. t7b_jtJ.See dtsopptu\ Dontaat. E p f u aI / / P L 1 4 4C . oI.253. S@,oai M. The Bardenga Anrcpcndium andthe pajs/oya8ii6 Om.e/ / loum t af !1c W..burg a dC o u r t a u l ld n s i i t u l e st.9 9 SV . o . 6 1p , . I,16. ,a..i,t/. Il pennclodct'Evangetjfa.Srorjadcllc immaeinjsacrcaftribric a san Lucr. Pisa. 1 9 9 8p ,.250-254. O.lhe Lateran collcctionsscc Cr1ur //. Die mische Krpc c Sancla Sancrorum und hr Schrrz.Freibry am Arcisgar.tgs, andLau?rph. Lcp"tai, au r"r.an. n,A"lisroriqu""i a r c l r o l o g i qP uc a.i s , t 9 1 l S e e a h o L r o l / c .L a c r a rfc iia Sion. lcceegovcjoclhatJrraroin medjo1'i,Imaecs ofCrrisr Transfc rrc.llo RomefrotnJerusalcm// Jcwish An. t997 1998. Vol.2l 24,f.419 429c . \p 422 424.

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already ace nside thecolnplex ofBoukoleon, andconstituted, ofConstantinople. frequently involvedin in the late 1otrcentury ihe privatechapelofthe Basileis, with a r time.It wascontiguous cour1 rituaiandfeligious liturgy, cspeciall!,on Easte privateapafmentsand othertwo peaningto the Emperors' series ofstructures s ( BasilI small adjoin ngbuildings hadbee n constructed by Macedonian soveregn probably we are andLeo VI) in honourofSt. Demetrius and the ProphetElijah: with the major that theyweteparekkletia direcflycommunicating rightio expect there'wasoften praised by Latin pilgrimsand otherau The treasure boused ils thors, alihough allowed to everybody; in anycase, il is not cleariffree enrywas as"a waswidespread andcontributed to shape the ideaofConstantinople renown palace"forthe mostprecious very Christendom, asthe histosafc relicsoEastern oflhe TerrcBonensis 55, writinq rianRobe( the Monk pur irto.Fo( rheAnantnous because ofthe byheendott he I I rhcentury he town was10be praised" especially (rdxcrrdnz)o our Lord Jesus to be sacred mementoes Christ that are believed oneshouidremember there morethanin anyotherpadoftheworld"ll. Moreover, that in the highly controveBrsial Lettet of Alexius Connenusto Robertof Flandels played against Passion relics a key-rolein stimulalingthe \ryeslerners' intrvention theTurksDandtwo l2 centuryhistoriansofthe Crusades, Hughof l-echtenberg pronounced attheCoun andHughofFleurywrotethatPop UrbanIl, in hisspecch sto fight cilofclermontin I 092,hadexpressly slated thatit wasadutyfor all Christian forConstaninople'ssafety, since theGrcatTownhoused thecolumnothe Flagella andtheclothsrr rion,rhepurple chlamys, the crcwnofthoms, thewhip,the reed
3 C!t//ardn. L'glsc 1951 . vol. 12,p.232-234i dc la Vicrge du Phire // Byzanlinoslavica. vol. /der. Erudcs dc topognphicdc con sranl inoplcbyzantine. Brlin Amsterdam,1969. l . p . 3 l l 3 l 4 aM n a r d dS . L c s p a l a id se s e m p e r e ub rs y z a n l js n.M x i c o 1 , 965.p.104-107; dc Conrantinope ./ar,n8. La gographic ccclsiastiquc de EmpireByzaniin.l. Lesi8e Vol-111,p.231 236. ct lc parriarcar cumniquc. Pans,1969. e See p.101 305,which lacked importaniin rhematrial colededby Froloa Larelquc... publshcdby Kinj CiSgaar and othe$ fonation providedby the lexts subscqucntly (C,gadr,(. ,V.Une descrpton anonyme de Constanrinoplc du XIle sicle // Rcvucdes tdesbyzantines.l9T3. Vol.31, p.315 354.).Sccnow l'lrrr r. Conrruire unc nouvlle de I'EuropeJrusalem: reliSieuse Confantinopleel lesreliqucs // L'Oncnt dansl'hisloire p.5l-70; LinventiDn deso.igines. Ed. M. A. Amir-MoezziandJ.Scheid. Tumbout.?000, .Ideu, Lcsrcliqucsdcla SaintcChapcuc ct lcurpass impral Consanlinoptc // Le lrsor (Paris.Louvrc,2001)/ Ed. J. Dumnd and de la Sajnte-Chapele. Exhibidoncataloee M.-P Lrfine. Pans.2001. D.20 31. t0Rabe urbe") / the ltlhk.Historia hicrosolymitana, II, 20 ("De Constanlinopoirana (heafter ffc, l/r Occ. Rcceldcs hiroricns dcsCrcisadcs. HisloricnsOccidentaux ). P a r i s1 . 844l895. V o .I l l . D 7 5 1 ) - 7 5 1 . 11 dansle Tarrasoncnsis 55 // Revue dcs Ciggaar L N. Unc dcscriplion dc Consranlitupe 1 2 0 : " 1 . .m . 1a x i m e o bs a n c l u a r D i ao n n dtudcsbyzantin 1c 9s 9.5v.o l . 5 1 .p . l l 7 - 1 4 0 ,e s p . nosriIhc$Christiqueibinraior.cssecrcdunrurquaminomnibusorbispad'bus. 'r Ter( editedby niznl 2 ExuviaesacraeConstantiiopolilanac. GDve,1878.Vol. Il, d? ,/zrd n/. La cttrcd AlcxisI Comnle RobefiIlc o.201- 210:on nsinrcmrdrrionsee F son 1 .9 7 7 . v o 1 . 4 7l.1 pl.- i 2 5 . // B!zrnrion tr Hush p.ssreiiiDTcnrm Sanctam.2 ol Lrtuhef.tlt.ttrc\iadLrm // RHC, Hist. occ. vo. V. p.3EA 181:Hrkh of l-ltutt.llircds H icrosoyDila // lbidcm. p. 363. n i compendim.

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eft.outthe column,eachretic waspreseed in the pharoschapel. As we know, suchtreasures renlptedso muchtheWestemers, greed, thattheywere in greatpart clepredated andlaterboughtby King Louis IX ofFrancefor hisown palaiinecha_ pel'q, which retained the sameappellation of ,sainre Chapele' attributedby the Crusader hi.tofldnRobefl de Clari.in hjs de.criprion ofthe to$n conquesr rn I204 \. to the Pharos church In its doublededicarion!o rhe Saviourand the .VLginMary, Sr. Louis, ,ople/ kff e probablyreflecred a rmdirion of coud architctu goingack to the modeisof Aachen,Oviedoandothersl6; po6siby, he alsolook into a;count the strict intecton of Marjan and chdstologicalsymbols expressed by court ritualsinvolving tl pharos church.As-Fvelyne Pallagedn dnd Citbef Ddgronha\e poinledourr?. Lhepolrrical mea nrngol the Palafi nechdpewas emphdsiedby itsdmcr assocraLion with the mor pelsonal,pnvatemoments ofthe Emperor'sli, asrevealed, e.g.,by its nvolvement in sucnoccasrons asthe engagement and maniagerits;moreovet it wascreditedto ex_ prssthe soveregnspecial venemtionfor both the Saviour.the EmDerorof Heavenand His Molher thr specidl parron otlhe Blzanrine Empire.I shouldtikero srre\s lunnersuctt a poinl.but f\t it is necessary to lakea\lep bacl-\l?rd. cenrurythecreat patace;although ir did not lackreF . By the middleofrhe tOth Ics,wasnot yet conceived asa sacred shrinehousing the mostprecious memora_ bilid of the tvangelic rimes.ahhoughaccordingto the Bookof Cercnonies rhe (rossandtneLancewereaheadljnirsrred sd us rm e ra si.n j y a f e r t h e v i c l o n o u s w Orientalcampaigns ofthe second half of the centurythat, stepby step,the most renowned objects wereintroduced insidethe Boukoteon vals. As th; .Nea,,the church foundedby BasilI, wasenrichedwith qolra of the Old Testament and Constantinian memoirs, the pharcschapel started housing relicsspecificallycon, neLled wrlhChast.so rhar. ,repby step. ir wa" mfanrro beperceived asa .New trorvI and - a me(aphor which wa5dtcoslressedbyrheJerosolrmir,n IiruGyem ploydlherere.The Edessan Mandytionarrivedin 944, followedby iB c;;y on bfick, rhe Keranidion,in 96710; i 97SJohn Tzimiskisaddedrhe s;ndah, ;hile Christ's letterto King Abgarwasobrained in t0J2 and the crownofrhor;s. ac'e fi1o4 Relques... p.427-430. I Rab.n de Cla-l a tguerc de Con,lanrrnopte. 82_J// Hrsro enser chroriqueurs du M o J e n A g c . f d . P a L p n r t e rA .. P o r r o r t p d r i . .t a 5 2 , p . 7 2. 7 4 . Lo See.sp. tterbeekA. De a.chickronjsche pfalzkapell Nachfose derachener // Kad der G_rosse. Lebenwkund Nachlebcn Ed. w. Braunics. Dssctdo41967.-Vol. / ii p. I l3_ t7 Pattagean . L'emrcaae h SainteFaced.desse a Consranljnopre en 944 // La religion civquc poqu mdivalc cr moderne(Ch.rienr et r.rom)7 ra. e Va"1"2.t-" 1 9 9 5o ..2i-:15 t Thiihht.lH. Kte[Z. Rctiquien und Bidcrim Zercmonienbuch porphy.o_ desKosranlins B y a n l n r d r e F o r s c h u n g eln C c t o s / / . 9 9 2 . V o . t 8 , p . l l 9 1 2 6 e , s p . 1 2 3 _ 1 24_ , '' As we camf.om the Typikon ofrhe pantokmror monasrery i! Conranrinople,wrere the Jctosoln1r^r, okoluthiaiarc.tesc.ibed asa fcarure ofthe chu.ches insidcrhe c;ear palace: i - s . 8 9 <I t , c . 7 8 7 q . ^\n p s c , t I O t . , a . l r c r r r y p r r , . c \ r / \ o J k o n r . cK " cw n n o q / r r \ i " B . D r d .. c , i r cd . C o nJ I n . r n Sritb . ,B ur r u r ' c \ 4 . , n d y t r o 1 p r . a . . . r n r e\ rt lc C 7 9 6 m ) / /R c v e d c s r u d cb s y z a n t i D c1 s9 . 9 7 . V o . 5 5 . D . 57 l9

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ComDenus Manuej StiLl in I169 1170 in 1063. to FranEois De Mly1r, cordng the Deposition"' was down duriDg body laid where Christ's placedihere theilab the cha probably already by th niddle ofthe I lih cenlurv, bul inthe meanwhile, ifthey cannotascefain relics,althoughw pelhadacquiredalmost alltle Passion or simply in Palaestne wereidenticalwith the originalonesformerlyvenerated them. reDlicated in rhe Pal_ churchor, moregenecally, li stingrelicsin the Pharos Thesources (l conall the witnesses lfwe compare aceareboth Latin and Greekor Russian. we the 1l'r'cenlury), lhrough textsdatingfronl the I Llh agroupofsixteen siderhere the Passion were the ollection in oblainthat he morewidelykrowlcult objects (Johnthe alsosomcremainsofthe apostles relics, althoughthe buildnghoused memenMarian etc and som St Luke, St. Paul, Baplist, St.And.ew,St.Philip, ) (usually veil and robe while the we.e often mentioned, ard belt toes: her sandals are rechurches) and Blachernae in the Chalkoprateia knownto be preserved with the they maybeidcntified li Ano rnou?3, nl\hon9h the Mercd cordedonlyby Appendi\Al. by Anthonyof Novgorod2a banddesc.ibed forehead lsee visitors'atdrewmorefrequentlythe asmallgroup AmongChrist'srelics, Holy Scrpin the explicitly tention:usually,theywerethosebeingmentioned the skSalvation; history o protagonisl in the tore and playing a role of L, after 120 writing short Mesarites, church Nikolaos vophylaxofthe Pharos and praise ofthe building, the richnss to treasu.es in order ten such selcted oq25. First ofall, he mentionedthe crown ofthorns' hem asa eKc)'o, labelled primarvobjcl rlicinthe plgrims'listandthe byfarthemosttuequenilycited of interestalso in St. Louis' sacredcollection in Paris; the bramblewas still gree and blooming, accordingto the rhetoricaltopos,going backto Sl Paul, ;fthe incorruptiblecrown ofVictory, ofChrist's and the Christians' sacrifice' thorns: involvingsacred Suchatoposdid affecl manylaterdevotioalpractices as were descrbed by Charlemagne thosc obtained 1r\ rheIler Hiercsotynilanrrr, in the Later Middle Ages,in aswereihosevenerated, periodically blossoming, ihe cathedralof the Order of St. John in the citadel of Rhodes,which blossomed everyyearon Holy Fridays'6. Moreover.therewerealargepofion ofthe True Crossandthe whip, qpolLov, in a fairly uncommonrelic,isdescribed The latter,admittedly ofthe Flagellation. "open closed in one's hands, when it is held asan ifon lool ekphrasis Mesarites; ilside abox (0iKl)"; ratherthanasawhrp, beingrntouched, whenit ispreser,red,
r1deM t /i Exuviae p- 174-175' Paris.190'1. sac.ac Constantinopolnae. 2: Mar'gc. Norcs on gyzantineMonumenls// DoP 1969 1970 Yo|.23-24.p 272275. 2rTexied.by Cr&rrdl^. lv. Unc.lcscription deconslrntrDoll.ltiduilc parrn plerii anslis t i n l l u ms n n c t a e l 9 7 6 . V o l . 1 4 , p2 l l - 2 6 7 , e s p2 4 5 : v c s //RclucdcsludesLryzanlines. nN . Madac s e n r i c iD s c i .v c l a m ee )a fcxt\ra;sl.by Ehar.l ll. Lc ivrc du Plcrnd ^ntoinc dc NovSorcd // Romania l9l2 V o l .5 8 ,p . 4 4 6 5 ,c s p . 5 7 . -frxl 15 desJohantts ComDlc Palafrevohrlion cd. bt, //.de,?8,'1.Nrkolios Mcsarilcs. p . 2 9 3 1 . w r b u r y , 1 9 0 7 , nenus. 16l:rrlr,r, L. rcrque... p. 530,555.

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it is conccived asa ringor collar,xl,orqnnu1vrcq, i.e."a yokewejghjng on the sholrlders", which now,in a softof retaiarion, bends the haughry devil\ neckilr side its ci.cular orm: oq Kpxov xcpryn6tv rpci1lLov ro roXtvoq tcrrsvd, an expression borrowed from Isaiah(58:5).This is not only a rhetorical dvice aimingatmixingdifferent Biblicalpassages, sincewe find itscountercheck in Western pilg.ms'texts,wherethe term employed is bothfagelfu ^nd col lariumtrheA o ymous ofcd. 1/5, speaks of " an irorcollar,by which his fChrisr'sl neckwasbentwhilebeingwhipped, fastened ro the column"27. Suchdrat is also confirmedby the Latin EmperorBaldwinll's 1247 leer ro Louis lX, concernjng therelicshandeddowntotheKingofFrance;amongthese is.ecorded'.achainor ron bond, madeas a sot ofring, by which it is saidthat our Lord wasbound,' ("calhenametiam,sivevinculumfeeum, qasiin modumannulli factum,quo credituridemDominusnosterfuisse ligatus")23. The sepulchral bands or sindonswere the linen cloths,still scenting ofbalms, employedby John of Arimathaeato bury Christ's bodyj then there .was the ),\trov, or linlheunirLatintexts, i.e.thetowelofrhe Washing ofthe Feet, stil preserving the dampnessofthe wipedapostles. The holy lance,on its side,had the appearance of a double edgedswo.d, in rhe sciemeof a c.oss:this was creditedby the Byzantines and alsoby many Westernersto be the original onc, although a new one had been found by the Crusaders in Artioch as a consequenceofthe verysuspect revelation ofa visionarynamedPeterBartholomew In the sameway,the purplehimation\vhich, aswell asother relics,constituted one ofthe nlain treasures preserved in the Lateran,was also one ofthe most holy objectsveneratedin the Pharoschape. Moreover,differently fiom the reedsgrowing in Greecc,the Kc]"opoq ofJesus'mockeryhad a greatsize,lik ened by Mesaritesto thc "arm of a man wth great hands" (rnXq nooq ppolrv o), whiletheSaviour's civpq 1voqDpLoptrpoS were sandats absolute ly weIl- propoftionaled. Apart ffom the sacred mementoes mentionedin the skevophylax's ,ecdlogre, the Pharos prese treasure rvedolher importantand fascinating reljcs.Thereisno agreement betwen medieval authorsas regards the numberofholy nailsvene ratedin the skevophylakion:some spoke ofonlyone c/ayr, othersofmore./ayi. A reason ofsch a disagreement amongthe Latin writersmay havebeendueto their knowledge oothef nailsvenerared in the West;sincethsecould not be morethanthree,the autllof o theDescriptio sanctuaii Consanfinapolitani . \IiIing, according to Paulde Rint, towardsI190, madeit clearthat the.e\dere two nails,butone ofthem hadbeendeprived of its poinr which wasactLrally prese.ved in the rcyalabbey ofSaint DenisnearParis, whilethethirdoneconstituted the maincultobject in the chapel ofthe Kings ofJerusalem2ei asknownfrcm other
n i a r l , E x v i a c .p . . 2 l : ( c o l a d u rf quoastricrum errtum. f rc o t t u m crus dumthgcl lareluLad columnamljgatus'. b i d e n ,p . 1 3 4 l l 5 l b i d . m ,p . 2 1 7 :" C l a l i . a d m i N sd u o .a b s c i \ a ! r n s c u s p i d cn l u s q . o di n C a t i a a , pud Sanclrm Diorvsilun.cx dono K.rojrcsjs,rcvcrchrssimc habcturircrcius,inquan, cum lcnali! qnibusdcloljsnc NichodcDrs, cin Ioseph,corpusDomini Ihesawhir de jsno, ln.rpclli regis lcrusaln c,u mc o e o r ci p s i u r I o s c p hh . {bcLur',.

a \)iew Chapel: Relics afthe Phdtos fron the Lain Wes

241

pjnbodyandNichodemus ofArimathaea's ihis relic.aswelasJoseph sources, currentlyidentifed in Ramleh(whchwas ccrs.hadbeenfoundshortbeforc1130 bilplace)ro. wilh Joseph's of holy bloodfrom Christ'sside' ampulla alsoprese.Ydan The Pharoschu.ch suchdifferentkindsof in the Chalkechapel: wlrilethe Beirutbloodwashonoured of times,in the treasure in Palaeologan togetheronly holyliquidswereassembled bv Clavjjorr' St.Johnthe Baptistin Pet.a,aswitnessed of (pelvr) ofihe Washing basn werethemarble moreover, Othrmemorablia, the Supper, pofion l-ast lhe bread ofthe a of and laces, the Feet.Christ's belt in ofthe relicspreserved the latte.beingfragments Child'shairandclolhs(maybe the stonewhereChdst's andthe sudarium; the tunic, the sponge, HagiaSophia), cannotbe ideltified with the slabiransfened wasleantaftertheDeposition head sinceit is in 1169- 1170, by ManuelComnems lo Constantinople irom Ephesus well beforethat date. witnessed bywritten sources W know very little about the location ofthe rlicsamongthe fumishingsof the 'de church,which wasfor its pat an absohtely Iuxe' building, full ofgolden andslver Iloor, agoldenand a rict y decorated from the ceiling,anddisplayed hanging omaments anddomewalls, apse mosaics on its well as sumpluous cibodum, as remplonand silver preserved a noble melalbox, gpcrhov inside was that the Mesaritswriles informsusthatthe NikolaosofOtranto and,aftertheconquestofConstantinople, shcdwth embelli in a rich goldenreliquary includd ofthe LastSupperwas bread the auaDnscriptionwhich declared pearls stones and displaying and precious thenticityof its contentr'. The Holy Mandylion, as we learn from the Emperor Baldwin ll's letter to 'rabula',i.e.a panelor, more probably. a metalLouis lX. wasincludedinsidea an object words3rSuch hi s own insetan in tabute work icon: rdncla,nToeltan , "not madeby lhe image completclyconceal probably to screen and intended was that nobodycouldstarebackat hlmanhands".sinceitwas commonlvbelieved 55, re eventhe Emperor it. Accordingto the ,4ro ynous ofthe TataSonensis 'reliquary',ofthe Edessan image, himselfwasallowedto open the vdr, i.e. the had people, terrible earthquake a to whenin the pastit hadbeendisplayed since. the town14. devastated alsothe Mandylion'sP,r/d'?r' container housed an almostidentical Probably of lhe th al, \t flle SainteChapele CIa ri records n: Robe rt de the Holy Keramidio Boukoleon.
r0 .ldlef . '' Die Hofl(apclle Archiv fiir die E'foF der Knig von Jerusale,!// Deutschcs Vol.,14,p.489-509,esp 49'1 495 MnlehlleN. 1988. schungdcs rr Jrrir. Lesglscs... visitadospor Constantnopa p.426;cl aho C,ra..t Tresmonasreriosde 372 l9 4 03//Rcntcdcslu.lesbyzn i i6 nlcV s ol l9,p.358 381,esp E s p a i i o c s c n e l !1 l o Rrdrr,Exu!iae... bv ihe p. 233-234.Accordingro thc samctexl, thc rclic asdcslrovcd brcadh the lituryvicl of unleavcncd it dcmonfratedlhal the Latinusasc Crusade$sincc Keranek\ A.DocmentsporscnjrI'hisoircde la IVc croisde// Rene Papatlat)outos 1 ., p . 5 5 1 5 5 i . d cl O r n rl a r i n .1 8 9 3 . V o l ! Ridrt,E\trvilc. p. ll5. ]a Ed. C,s{rdrd' N. Une dcscriplion anonvmc deConsl.nlroplc du xlc sicle // Rene dcs 1.2 0 l 2 l . s 9 .7 1 . v o | . 3 , p tde bs vz.nine

142
thereweretwo rich goldenreliquares (var$edrr) hanging by two greatsilver chainsin the middieofthe chapet.Inside theformertherwasatile lrrile). in, sidethe lattera cloth l loel)...35 k is quitenotewofhy that srcha locationwasattrib \edto the fwoacheiroDoietoi. 'ince rrpossibl) pa.im aledrhecanonicat displav ot some ofrhemo,rprecious sion relicsin the churches ofJerusalem. Beforethe destruction ofthe Holy Sion buildingby al-Hakim in I 009,rhecrownofthorns hanged overthe iconosrasis. as we lea.nfrom the 9rhcenturypilgrim BemardtheMonk andby a t0ucenturytxt quoted : lhe rase by rheArmfniansfltrr Movse. Daxsuranci for hangirU retiquanes, rn anycase, wasstill alivein Crusadertimes. sincesomel2rhcenturvau. thon recorded s ith someamazement lhar'.a dr ofgolden brighlness and.kill hanged by achainfastenedtothe domeofthe TmplumDomniandpossiblycontainedagoldnum or Christ'sbloodor alsothe holy manna37. The l]aracontainingthe Mandylionand rhe Keramidionhad undoubtedly a prominentpositionin the Pharos chrrch andtheir mutualassociatio n andint; ractionwerestrengthened by theh involvement in the same ceremonial moments. Aswe learnfrom Leo Tuscus38, a pisan authorwriting in Constantinople under the reignofManuel Comnenus, both werecovered with clothsdurins the entire periodofLentlsee Appendi Bl. andsucha cu\tomwasdisrinct rve of d specitrc kind of cult objects in the chapel,i.e. mimcte workingimagesAs I have p;inrcd out elsewherere, another icon was involvedin such Lent rituals. rhat of the Motherofcod which, according againro Leo Tuscus, wasusuallypresefled on the backsde ofth aftarandwasgiventhe title of donha donus,i.e.,Ladyot the House',corespondingto Mesadtes' term OKoKupct. This image,whictrplayed a role ofprotagonst in a sortoffertilitypracticesponsored by the court,wasveneratedasthe eponymous cult objectof the churchandasthe special pattonofthe Lmperors privare Iifeandresidence;as such, consrirured oie ofriredominanr symbols insidethe skevophylakion and stressed the symbolical meaningofsrrictiy associated Marian and christological mementoes in the most holy shrineof Byzantine empire.

r) Robefl de Clali.l .onquere po8non, de Consranrinopte, 82-8j / Ed. pauphjter. p. 7j: (... czr jl avoideuxnchesvaisseaus d,or qui pcndoienr en mi la chapele a deuxgroseschaines d'argent. En I'unde cesvaissiaus si avoirunlile et en I'aur.eunetoile.._,. On the imDor_ ldncc o f , u c na I o L a r r oi n r h eB y , , a n r i n rm e o.Uon s,e e l i d o v , aR . c t i L . a . l c o nrs nr h cS r ; r e d Space ofByzantine Church// RelicsnheAltand Cutrure oflhe Eafem ChrisianWo.tdl t d A . l r d o vM . o j c o s . 2 0 0 0p . . 2 8 2 s . l / d o r 4 .T h e M a n d y t , oa nn d K e m m r o i s.n tmage-AIchctwe ofSacred Spacc, in the presenr book. ^_ 'a Rehar.t the Mahk.Irinenrtrm lc. 8701,12 / Ed. ToblerT., Motjnier A. hincm Hiero_ solymfana cl descrjprioncs pars.1879. Terra Sancrbcuissacris anreriora. Vot. L o. jl5: Mo$esDasurun.i. Hstot\ ofrhe Abanans,2,5l/Trans. byWitkinson J.Jcrusaim pit_ Crusadcs. Wannjnsrc., 1977.p.200 201. -_ SrimsBeforehe it Alberus alAachek. HlstoriaHierosolymirana, 6, 24l/RHC, Hisr. Occ.Vl.2, p.4t0. r /@ 7?yzrDe hrcssbuse pmevaricationibusGftecorum//pc 140. Cot.544-550, csp.54S. rv Ba..i,41. in VeryincOkokyru, Signora decrande palazzo. Lelura diun Dasso diLeonc L h r o . . l e c a I r \ c ra v c J c r C r c ( '. A r r 2 ] d e . . a \ . J o t r \ o r n . a t c s u o c r i o pr e \d o_ 9 9 b . SerI . V v o l .I . D .2 6 1 2 7 9 .

Relics afthe PharasChapeLa vfuN fion the Lath wesl Chapcl in the GreatPalace A. The Holy Relics of fbe Pharos Appendix to fhe McdicvalSorces ofConstantinople according Lstofsources

243

: N Unede55 11075 10991/Ed. Ciggadl 1. Anonrmous ofthe Taffaganensk 55 // Rcvuedes tudes dans le Taffagonensis scriplionde Conslantinople Vol.53.p. I I7 140. byzantines. 1995. Greek sourcel/Ed 2. MercatiAnonynous 2thcentury,basedon a previous par un plerin traduite CigSaar K. N. Une descriptionde Constantinople 267. byzantnes. l976.vol34,p.2ll anglai s // Rewe destudes 3. AlexiusConnenus. Lctter to Count Rober!of Flanders!0921 / Ed. rRidrfP Vol. II, p. 203-210 (al Gnve, 1878. Exuviae sacrae Constantinopolitanae. relicsin gneralwords,itmpha thoughthetextspeaks ofconstaniinopolitan Chapel). in thc Pharos relicsknownto be preserved sizes the chrisiological 4. ^rin6rq riq KovqdvflvoDn).eoiqLl136-ll43l /Ed. Cisaat K N. Une vol. 3 I , p. 338 341 duXIIe sicle 1973. anonyme deConstantinople description p.2l Vol. If, L 213. 5. AnoninoLs of 1150 / Ed. Xdnr, 1878. reliquianmC. P [1 1571 6. Nikolaus,abbot of Munkathwruin lcela d. C^ralogus (he n "ancient speaks of rel icshoused 216 Ed. -Ridrl, 1878.VoL.ll,p.2l3 / palaces"). Turnhout, 1. M\riamofT)ru! Chroniconu 1711,20,23 / Ed. R. B. C. Huygens. 63a) ContinualioMediaevalis' i986, p. 944-945('CorpusChrislianorum Graecorum l77 ca.l // PG e! pnevaricatjonibus 8. Leo TuscLts. Dehaeresibus 140,col. 544 550. 335-354 ti opolir llate l2rhcenturyl/Ed.Ct&lddr',1973,p 9. DescnptioConsta 87 8 Vol l l , ca.l Ed. Ridrl, I nopolitani l 190 10.Descriplio sancluarii Constanti / I p.216 217. KHItm nanoMHrrK. ll. Anthony of Novgorod. PilgrimBook02001/ Ed.,7ordpe6,{ HoBropo Bo llaperpaAe ArroHuq ApxuenxcKon CKa3aHtre MecrcBsrBrx Vol. 51, C6opHuK.1899. fla,'IecruHcKxii cKoroB1200roy//npaBocnasHrii p. l l11,esp. 18-19; Frenchtranslationby frlrdrd M Le livre du Plerin Vol. 58,p. 44 65. d'Antoinede Novgorod // Romaia.1912. Revolution JohnComnenus'Palace 12.Nikolaos Mesorites. u200 ca l / Ed elnesComnenus ion des Johan s?,?rrg,4. NikolaosMesa tes.Dic Palaslrevolut p. 29 36. wrzburg,1907. 13.Robe de C/d/i. La conqutede Constantinopleu204 ca.l, 82 83 / Ed. du Moyenge. Pars, Pauphilet A. PLynon E. Hstoriense! chroDiqueurs 1952,p.7271. ca.l / Ed. Rid t, t878, de communionc11207 14.Nikolaos of Ottunto. Tractatus vol.II, p. 233 214. Vol. ll,p 235 c.r.l/ Ed ner"/,1ti78. 15. rgor"drr. Cst PhilippiAugust0208 236. 16.BaldwinIl, Lat Enperot a.fConstatinot|e- Letrerra Louis lX of Francc l .lt . r l l l ] < . . 2 , r - t d R , r a l 1 6 - 8 . Vi o

2M
Relics Basinofthe

Christ's bel
Christ's

Chrsfshair
Christ'sLetterto Chrst'ssad Christ'ssandals Clrist's shoelaces Christ's sideblood Eliiah'sclamis ofthe ulchre

HolvBread
Holv Ch

Cross(es
Crown ofThmns Innocents'relics Hol Keramidion l-ance Hol Hol Nail Reed chralBands

sudarium HolvTrnic
Holv Wli lcon of Sl. Demetrius lcon ofthe Motherofcod John the st'sclothes Johnthe st'shair Johnthe S t ' sh e a d JollnlheBaDtist's rishrh d Johnthe Baptist's slick Pillowsrone ofthe Sepu)chre Ielics oise!eral rpo(rles

Relics of the PharosChapel:a riev)fron the Latin lvest Relics Relics of several sainfs Sacred conlaineror rctquary St.Andrews arm St.Andrew's head St.Epimachus'head St.Georse's arm

245

St.Georye's tunic St.James' arm

St.James' head St.Luke'shead St.Matthews head St.Paul'schains St.Paul's head St.PhiliD's Sl. Simeon's head St.S n'shand St.Theodore Tiron'srelics St.Thomas' bald har St.Thomas'finser St.Thomas' head St.Zacharias' head TheChilds lowelofthe

I I

Triu

Cross Unidentified basin

sbelt

s mik in Marv's ;n Marv'ssandals ssiick in Mary\ veil

246
Appndix B.lxo T[scus(1177ca.)onthe pharosChapel in tle crea Palce ofconstantinople Leo Tuscus, a crltivared laymanfrom Pisa, livedat the ImperialCouf ofconstantinople from the ll60s to 1181 ca.,underthe reigno Manuel Comnenus (l143 1180). Whilehisbrother personal HugoEtherianusbecame the Emperor's ad\isorin rhe ieldol I rln rheolog). I eo sorked a. dr oflcidt rrjrr.l-ror: anong his wofks,the trealiseOnhehaeresies andabuses oflre Cr"eekr hasbeenDfeserved in lhe miscellaneou5 colleclion ot lexrs selected bv rheDominlcJn I iirrr ot Constantinoplein 1252,which h,l beenhandeddown to us under the title Co ra .Conr craecos,_ p.emiers C,decor (ed. PG 145,cols487 574).Cf.Dondaine,4_ crits polmiques des Dominicainsd'Oricnt // Archivum Fmtrun pmedica roruml95l.Vol2l.p.J)0 14b. l d p n .H u g u eL sl ' r i e n e L l onToscan//Ar chives d'historedoct.inaleet li$rairedu MoyenAge. 1952. Vol. t9,p.67-134. In orderto point out that GrceksupeNtition wasrootedin thecustoms ofthe I mDerialPalace. prcvides LeoTu.cLrs u\ w,rhd deldted descdDool lher eRmonialusaeer \ hich involved Chapel lhe Phdros duringt-enr, $hen rtri Manaltron.ndKemmraLn were covered with veils and the icon ofthe Mqin Or;t itld wastnsfened into the neay bedmomofthe Empercr For an interpretation ofths passage in the contextof theGreatPalace topogmphy, c.BacciM.I aVergr]tr, Oikokyra,Sjgnodelcmnde palazzo. ktlura di un passo di Leone Tusco sulle cattive usarze deicreci //Annajidella Scuoln Normdesupedore di Picd. lqas ser ry. vol I p 2ot-2,q aeoZrcrr. De haeresibus et praeva ricarionibus c|aecorum.Ed. pc 145. Col.548c. In factthe Greeks charge the Lalins for doingwhat they arein the habitto do very carefully insideConstantine's creat Palace. In a churchof this palace. wherethe holy relicsare preserved, an imageofthe Blessed Mothe. of Cod, named'Ladyofthe House'(domina donui)becar:fofthe dislinctive starus at tributedto it, is placed behindthe altar From ihe beginning ofFastingtime to .wirh Holy Saturdays, it is lockedinsidea bedroom,whose doorsare covered cloths,aswell as,during Len!, rhe places borhofrhe Hoty Mandylion(sdxcli na te is) andthe Holy Kemmidion areshelrered wirh veilsri Holv Saturdavs. Voreover.lhe) competheimigeoflhe Molherotcodtogitebinlrloltreir l;\. pecredl chldren and,by means ofHer mediation, theyger theVirgin Herselfas godmother in thisway:theyapplya shroud !o the image, sothat Shemayrceive thebaptized childrenfrom the celebmnt's hands; whentfieyspeak, rheyexplicitly showwhatkind ofsupersririon iswidespread among!hem_ In fact.whoevef couldclaim,withourinsultingcod, that an imageis ablespeak, or may stand surely Ira child,or is awitness at rhebaptsm? Since thcydon,twantto neglcct anykind ofsuperstition andhatethciralivebroihen,theyacqule oewbroihcN amongthe .clctallt sainls, b),nreans oftheir inrages. The pe.son who doesno! love hisbrothcr, whomhc cansee, howcouldove Cod, whomhecannor see or know?All the morebecause sucha brotherhood s afificial, feiBned and dis nnrled: the!'bribe a prief, whenhesings Mass, andpraycrs whchcannot beful filledarcsaidin favour ofsuchan aboinable brolherhood beinsan animat. not n sprrtual one.hey light at teastlwo candtes, whilc rhe falsebrorherjs ,b.orhci: anointed with oil andenrbmces rhc holy inragc. whichhc dares ranre andthismanproves to bc! mufderer. sircc h. harcs hisrtivc brdhers.