IFPEN Activity Report 2011 - VA - Part1 5 Priorities For The Future

5 PRIORITIES FOR THE FUTURE
To successfully engineer a smooth energy transition taking up the triple challenge posed by climate, energy and water: that is IFP Energies nouvelles ambition.
The objectives and performance contract signed with the State for the period2011-2015 redefined the broad lines of its action and extended thescope of its activities. Five new complementary and inextricably-linked strategic priorities now guide its research. Renewable energies Producing fuels, chemical intermediates and energy from renewable sources Eco-friendly production Producing energy while mitigating the environmental footprint Innovative transport Developing fuel-efficient, environmentally-friendly transport Eco-efficient processes Producing environmentally-friendly fuels and chemical intermediates from fossil resources Sustainable resources Providing environmentally-friendly technologies and pushing back the current boundaries of oil and gas reserves
p.18RENEWABLE ENERGIES / p.24ECO-FRIENDLY PRODUCTION / p.30INNOVATIVE TRANSPORT / p.36ECO-EFFICIENT PROCESSES / p.42SUSTAINABLE RESOURCES
2011 activity report
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Renewable energies
The use of renewable energies addresses a dual objective: to tackle climate change resulting from CO2 emissions and to reduce energy reliance on oil, particularly in the transport sector. However, many scientific and technological obstacles need to be overcome to develop production technologies. The research conducted by IFP Energies nouvelles (IFPEN) concerns the production of fuels and chemical intermediates from biomass, as well as the use of marine energies.
PRODUCING FUELS FROM BIOMASS
lant biomass is a major energy source. A distinction is made between lignocellulosic biomass (wood, straw, green waste, etc.), biomass with a high sugar and starch content (beetroot, sugar cane, wheat, maize, etc.) and oleaginous biomass (rapeseed, soya, sunflower, etc.). Different treatments are used to convert these various types of biomass into biofuels.
The biofuels of today A 1 st-generation of biofuels is currently available in gas stations, mixed with gasoline and diesel in variable proportions. These comprise two main families: biodiesel, intended for diesel engines and produced using oil-containing plants (rapeseed, sunflower, soya, palm), and ethanol, alcohol produced by fermentation of the sugar or starch contained in plant biomass, used for gasoline engines.
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IFP Energies nouvelles
In order to find a substitute for fossil raw materials, IFPEN is also studying the conversion of biomass into biobased chemical products.
Amandine Cabiac, Catalysis and Separation Division
R E N EWA B L E E N E RG I E S
Biomass torrefaction pilot unit at IFPEN-Lyon.
IFPEN has been a pioneer in the development of these 1st-generation biofuels. For example, it developed the Esterfip-H TM process with Axens, which is marketing it. It is used to produce biodiesel. IFPEN is also working on the hydrogenation of vegetable oils (Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil or HVO). The fuels produced using this technology offer excellent qualities for diesel engines: high cetane number, absence of sulfur and aromatic hydrocarbons, adjustable cold properties. This process was brought to market by Axens in 2011 under the VeganTM brand. It can also be used to produce a base for kerosene that can be incorporated at a proportion of up to 50%. 2nd-generation biofuels produced from lignocellulosic biomass 2nd-generation biofuels are produced by processing the whole plant, particularly its lignocellulose, the main component of plant cell walls. The resource is available in large quantities in a variety of forms: wood, straw, hay, forestry waste, etc. One of the main strengths is that it does not compete with food uses. 2 nd-generation processes aim to produce fuels that can be used with gasoline, diesel and kerosene. Two main processes are being studied: biochemical conversion and thermochemical conversion. Biochemical conversion is used to convert biomass into ethanol. IFPEN is working on the development of new processes for each of the stages involved in the technology: pretreatment
to release the complex sugars, enzymatic hydrolysis to convert the complex sugars into simple, readily fermentable sugars, fermentation using microorganisms (yeasts) to convert the simple sugars into ethanol and, last of all, separation via an initial distillation step and a final dehydration step, to achieve the purity specifications required of ethanol for use as a fuel. IFPENs expertise is applied to the Futurol demonstrator project. The objective of the Futurol project, launched in 2008, is to develop a complete chain for the production of 2nd-generation
the maximum level for the incorporation of biofuels into diesel currently set by European standards.
7%
Fungi cultivated in bioreactors to produce enzymes that will transform cellulose into glucose.
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WHAT THE EXPERTS HAVE TO SAY
Biocatalysts
BIOTECHNOLOGIES Biocatalysts are the ideal tools for performing
chemical reactions in conditions compatible with the protection of the environment. IFPENs expertise in biotechnologies and microbial genetics make it a key player in this field.
Frdric Monot, Head of the Biotechnology Department at IFPEN
questions to...
What are biocatalysts used for?

Frdric Monot: Catalysts are compounds that accelerate a chemical reaction. Biological reactions are catalyzed by enzymes. If we want to produce a series of several different biological reactions, whole cells can be used and, in particular, microorganisms. So the term biocatalyst covers both enzymes and microorganisms. The interest of bioconversion compared to conventional organic synthesis lies in the use of processes that are often more selective and less polluting (gentle conditions, limited use of organic solvents). For example, in the production of 2nd-generation ethanol fuel from lignocellulosic biomass, biocatalysts are used in the form of enzymes (cellulases) to convert cellulose into glucose, and in the form of yeasts to convert this sugar into ethanol.
Biocatalysed-production of fuel ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass.

ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS Enzymes
FERMENTATION Yeasts
ETHANOL
BIOFUEL
LIGNIN CELLULOSE HEMICELLULOSE
DISTILLATION
GLUCOSE
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PRETREATMENT
LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY/ GENETIC MICROBIOLOGY
ENZYME PRODUCTION Fungi
How is IFPEN positioned in this field?

F. M.: Our earliest research aimed at developing an enzymatic production process and selecting microorganisms dates back to the 1980s, when IFPEN began to focus its attention on 2nd-generation biofuels. So our expertise is not recent. At the time, we had selected a Trichoderma reesei strain, a filamentous fungus that produces large quantities of cellulases. Today, we have fully mastered genetic improvement methods and are rapidly improving our understanding of the physiology of this fungus, thanks to a global systemic biology approach. But over and above this knowledge, the specific characteristic of our R&D resides in an approach that incorporates process-related criteria right from the very first selection/ improvement steps. Another aspect that sets us apart is our multidisciplinary approach,
combining, in the present case, IFPENs expertise in process engineering, applied mathematics and modeling.
What skills are required?

F. M.: One of the major challenges in 2nd-generation ethanol production processes is the need to improve the performance of biocatalysts, both in terms of the cellulases themselves and the microorganisms producing them. To do this, in addition to our microbiology expertise, we also draw on our expertise in the fields of molecular biology and genetics to improve the performance of our biocatalysts in terms of activity and stability. Fermentation methods also play a role in the optimization of microorganism cultivation in industrial conditions, along with chemical engineering expertise for scaling-up.
What are the main projects in which these skills are being put to use?
F. M.: As part of the European Nile project, coordinated by IFPEN and completed in 2010, we explored original processes to improve cellulases and yeasts. In the Futurol project, which aims to bring to market an industrial process for the production of cellulosic ethanol by 2016, we are working on the stage for the conversion of cellulose into glucose and, more specifically, on increasing the production of enzymes by microorganisms and optimization of their use. We are also developing biocatalysts for the conversion of biomass into chemical intermediates.
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bioethanol from whole plants by 2016. The ultimate goal is to bring to market a process, technologies and products that have been optimized in terms of their energy efficiency, for the production of bioethanol in line with sustainable development principles. A major step forward was taken in 2011, with the commissioning of a pilot plant. The various technological hurdles still to be overcome mainly concern biomass pretreatment, enzyme production and by-product recovery. IFPEN is a major contributor to Futurol, to which it brings its expertise in the fields of process development, biotechnologies and technical/ economic and lifecycle analysis. The second biomass conversion process being studied by IFPEN is the thermochemical one, or BtL . The process involves the packaging and gasification of biomass and the purification of the synthetic gas produced, followed by FischerTropsch synthesis to convert the gas into very high quality diesel and biokerosene. The BioTfueL demonstration project, launched in 2010, incorporates all these steps. Funded by Ademe (French Environment and Energy Management Agency) via the research demonstrator fund as well as the Picardy region, the BioTfueL project should make it possible to test, validate and optimize the technologies for the development of a biodiesel and biokerosene production chain by 2017. It brings together a consortium of six partners who have decided to launch the construction of two pilot units before moving on to industrial-scale production in 2020.
Each day there are over 80,000 flights in the world.
Study on biofuel aging for the aviation industry.
The case of biokerosene is a very specific one. Its composition must comply with very strict international standards and requirements, met by kerosene produced using BtL technology and the HVO process. These specific guarantees concern the availability of biokerosene in large quantities, as well as its capacity to withstand marked changes in temperature (from 60 oC at altitude to +50 oC on the tarmac) and pressure without any deterioration. The ASTM has already approved the possibility of using this biokerosene blended with fossil kerosene, hence the importance of the concept of alternative drop-in fuel that can be incorporated in any proportions in a standard aircraft engine without disrupting the properties of the fuel. The European Community, along with industrial players, set the target of producing 2 Mt of biokerosene by 2020. For the time being, a few flights have already been made using kerosene blends and alternative fuels. Finally, in addition to biochemical and thermochemical processes, other more exploratory 2 nd-generation biofuel production options are also being studied. These include the synthesis of superior alcohols from biomass using a biological process. The process involves the same steps as the production of cellulosic ethanol. Towards a 3 rd-generation produced from algae The term 3rd-generation is used for biofuels that can be produced using autotrophic (operating
via photosynthesis) algal biomass, as opposed to a heterotrophic process (operating via the supply of an external carbon, such as sugar). Some microalgae can accumulate the CO 2 produced by photosynthesis as lipids, present in concentrations of up to 30% of the dry substance. A number of obstacles limit the economic and environmental viability of biofuel production from microalgae (production cost, energy consumption, yield, harvesting procedures, CO2 content, etc.).
50%
the maximum biofuel proportion that can beincorporated into fossilkerosene.
Biomass to Liquids. Axens, CEA (French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), IFPEN, Sofiprotol, ThyssenKrupp Uhde and Total. American Society for Testing and Materials.
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W H AT O U R PA RT N E R S H AV E TO SAY. . .
CLOSE COLLABORATION FOR THE BENEFIT OF BIOFUEL PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES

ThyssenKrupp Uhde is working very closely with IFPEN as part of the BioTfueL project. Our experts take part in most working group meetings. Working together has also proved effective in R&D, as can be seen in our work in the field of biomass torrefaction, a pre-processing phase which takes place before the Prenflo PDQ gasification process may begin. Teams from IFPENs torrefaction pilot facility in Lyon and our gasification laboratory in Ennigerloh joined forces to define the most appropriate parameters. This successful partnership could lead to more collaborative projects in the future.
Norbert Ullrich, Deputy Head of Product Development Department / Gas Technologies Division / ThyssenKrupp Uhde GmbH
However, the production of high added-value products (omega 3, carotenoids, etc.) would appear to be more economically appropriate for this option. In this context, the coproduction of oils for fuel uses may be an option, but the maximum volume produced will be necessarily marginal relative to the demand for biofuels. Assessing the performance of processes To assess their environmental performance upon which their viability depends the various biofuel production processes need to be examined globally; i.e. by incorporating all the steps composing them (from well to wheel). This is the purpose of the lifecycle assessments that IFPEN specializes in. These methods have become a reference and are used, in particular, in the definition of European and American policies relative to the sustainability of renewable energy sectors. Previously often limited to the assessment of greenhouse gas performances, these assessments are now being developed to expand their scope to include other environmental impacts (related to water resources, emissions of other pollutants, etc.).
The analyses performed in the context of partnerships have demonstrated that the energy and environmental performances are major issues, since, in order to ensure the economic viability of the process, it will be necessary to significantly
reduce the amount of energy consumed throughout the chain. It is apparent that a number of advances will be required in order to develop a large-scale production process and reduce costs (currently estimated to be over $300 per barrel).
2011 highlights
INAUGURATION OF THE FUTUROL PROJECT PILOT UNIT In October 2011, the first pilot unit for the production of 2nd-generation bioethanol was inaugurated in Pomacle-Bazancourt, in the Marne region of France. It is expected to achieve a production capacity of 180,000 l/year. The purpose of this unit is to validate the results obtained in the laboratory on a preindustrial scale. IFPEN has drawn on its experience in the construction and use of pilot units to play a major role in the design of this unit. The next three years should make it possible to determine the technological choices to be made and move on to the industrial stage. FINALIZING OF THE DESIGN OF THE TWO PILOT UNITS FOR THE BIOTFUEL PROJECT In 2011, IFPEN finalized the basic engineering , design and construction of the torrefaction and gasification units of the two pilots for the BioTfueL project. The biomass pretreatment part, with a torrefaction pilot unit, will be built in 2013 at the Sofiprotol site in Venette (Oise region of France). The downstream pilot (gasification, purification and synthesis) will be constructed at the Flanders site belonging to the Total Group near Dunkerque (Northern France). GREEN KEROSENE PRODUCTION DEMONSTRATION PROJECT In 2011, within the context of an Ademe call for interest, IFPEN helped put together and submit a project to demonstrate a complete chain of processes for the production of biokerosene.
The objective of this project is to develop a chain for the production of green kerosene by hydrotreating multiple lipid resources, based on the Vegan TM process. It also schedules the demonstration of the complete chain, from oil and fat resources to the use of the biokerosene produced on regular flights.
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TOWARDS PLANT-BASED CHEMISTRY
FPEN is also studying the conversion of biomass into biosourced chemical products. This involves substituting fossil raw materials with biomass. Two main targets are emerging: the substitution of petrochemical intermediates (ethylene, propylene, butenes, etc.) and the generation of new intermediates (lactic, succinic, levulinic acids,
etc.). Chemical, catalytic and biological processes are all being considered to achieve this. This will require, in particular, the development of processes, catalysts and biocatalysts adapted to biomass treatment. In 2011, the development of an ethylene production process via dehydration of ethanol continued, the objective being to bring this process to market in 2012.
Scientists now know how to convert cellulose into monomers for renewable plastics.
DEVELOPING MARINE ENERGIES
arine energies are another source of renewable energies. The French Grenelle marine environment round table highlighted the need to implement a proactive industrial policy in this area, the aim being to meet the targets set for France: 23% renewable energies in total energy consumption by 2020, with a target contribution for marine energies, incorporating offshore wind energy, of 3%. IFPEN is committed to this objective, focusing its research on floating wind turbines. It is relying on its expertise in areas such as offshore drilling and production, automation, mechanical engineering , structural mechanics, fluid mechanics, physical chemistry of materials and command control: all skills that contributed to research programs launched in 2011. A software for the simulation of the dynamic behavior of floating wind turbines has been developed using the Deeplines code resulting from the partnership with Principia in the field of fluid/ structure interactions. This tool allows IFPEN to design, select and optimize new technological concepts for floating wind turbines. IFPENs research is conducted within the context of an excellence network including industrial and academic partners. In particular, this network includes the partners of Ancre and the France Energies marines IEED.
rench National Alliance for Energy Research F Coordination.
In Europe, existing offshore wind power is mainly located in the United Kingdom, Denmark and the Netherlands.
of offshore wind power installed is the target that France has set for itself by 2020.
6,000MW
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Eco-friendly production
Global energy demand is increasing continuously, driven by demographic growth and a steady rise in living standards, particularly in emerging countries. This energy is still predominantly produced using fossil resources oil, natural gas and coal which generate CO2 emissions and contribute to global warming. Reconciling economic development with protection of the environment through the control of these emissions has thus become a matter of urgency. CO2 capture and storage represent a very promising approach to achieving massive reductions. In addition, industry uses water in numerous ways, particularly for energy production or CO2 capture and storage. The eco-efficient management of water resources is essential in order to reduce the water footprint of industry.
CO2 CAPTURE, TRANSPORT AND STORAGE: AN INDUSTRY FOR THE FUTURE
FP Energies nouvelles (IFPEN) is present throughout the CO 2 capture, transport and geological storage chain. Two fields of interest guide IFPENs work in the field of capture: reduction of emissions at source and capture on concentrated sources.
Limiting emissions at source 40% of the worlds natural gas reserves contain acid gases, which include CO2 (along with hydrogen sulfide H2S and other sulfur-containing compounds). Capturing CO2 at natural gas production sites is therefore a way of limiting emissions into the atmosphere at an upstream stage.
Led by IFPEN, the European Cocate program is studying the recovery of flue gases from small emitters with a view to pooling CO2 capture.
Sandrine Decarre, Applied Mechanics Division
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ECO - F R I E N D LY P RO D U C T I O N
Demixing solvents reduce the cost of postcombustion capture processes.
In this area, IFPEN is working on the optimization of processes and the development of technologies for acid gas treatment, it being necessary to separate acid gases from the natural gas in order to export the latter. Amines can be used for this purpose, as is the case in the AdvAmineTM process, marketed by Prosernat. Thanks to the SprexCO2 process developed by Total in collaboration with IFPEN, CO2 can be separated from very sour gas as a liquid, thus facilitating its reinjection. Storage in a saline aquifer is then possible: this is the case for the Sleipner site in the North Sea. CO2 can also be exported for enhanced oil and gas recovery activities by injection into mature reservoirs. Capturing CO 2 at concentrated industrial sources IFPEN is exploring two technologies: Postcombustion capture processes: CO 2 is captured from flue gases generated by the combustion of fossil feedstocks. IFPENs work is focusing on chemical solvents, which wash the flue gases and are regenerated by distillation. A first generation of solvents led to the HiCapt+ process, which uses an MEA (Monoethanolamine) solvent at high concentrations, helping to enhance the performance and reduce the water footprint of this type of process. This process is currently being optimized and validated. A variety of additives are being tested to this end.
One of the advantages of this technology is that it can be applied in existing units, such as thermal power plants, provided their initial efficiency without capture is high enough (around 45%). However, the economic and energy penalty of such processes is still high. IFPEN is working on a second generation of demixing solvents, which require less regeneration energy and are therefore more environmentally-friendly. Tests conducted in 2010 on a minipilot have confirmed their potential: the energy penalty could be reduced to 2.1 gigajoules per ton of CO2 captured, in comparison to 3 gigajoules for the standard process, representing a saving of almost 30%. In addition, to increase the efficiency of postcombustion capture processes, IFPEN is developing new packings to be used in the absorption columns. In particular, it is assessing the potential of new metal structures for the construction of gas/liquid contactors.
Large industrial units produce an important percentage of CO2 emissions.
this is the expected energy penalty reduction that should be achieved by using 2nd-generation solvents IFPEN is working on in the field of postcombustion capture.
30
Almost %
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Fluidized beds
Florent Guillou, Process Engineer at IFPEN
CAPTURE Initially used for conversion of oil products, the fluidized bed
principle has been applied by IFPEN for a number of years in order to develop new thermal power plants designed for enabling the implemention of CO2 capture using Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC) technology. The real challenge is to optimize the energy efficiency of the process.
questions to...
What does the fluidized bed principle consist in?

Florent Guillou: When you want to trigger a reaction between a fluid and a solid by placing them in contact with one another, there are several ways of proceeding. Either the fluid is circulated on the solid (for example, a bead catalyst that remains fixed): in this case, the term fixed bed is used. Or the solid is converted into a fluid by suspending it in a gas, hence the term fluidized bed. This makes it possible to constantly renew the inventory, and perform rapid reactions in which the solid changes while still controlling heat transfers. IFPEN has been using fluidized beds for over 20 years for catalytic cracking refining processes (FCC).

F. G.: Other research centers are also working on CO 2 capture by CLC, but their research mainly applies to adaptation of conventional power plants systems to CLC unit systems. The added value offered by IFPEN is that we are seeking to offer an innovative combustion process specifically adapted to CLC and transposable to the thermal power plants of the future and other industrial units. We hope to be able to improve the performance in terms of energy efficiency in order to reduce the cost. To achieve this, we are using digital simulation tools, which we compare with experimental results. We proceed by stages, differentiating between hydraulic circulation phenomena and reactive phenomena. First of all, we study the circulation of fluids and solids in a cold mock-up. We then move on to the pilot unit stage, in order to validate reaction models and engineering design rules. It is this extrapolation capacity that is our strength.
a 3 MWth pilot unit to validate the concepts feasibility. The next step will take place towards 2020 and involves the construction of a demonstrator with a capacity of more than 50 MWth linked to a CO 2 storage or conversion site.
* Thermal kilowatts.
HIGH TEMPERATURE HEAT RECOVERY (electricity, heat, etc.)
NITROGEN + OXYGEN
Carbon dioxide separation by condensation of water in flue gas streams
Carbon dioxide compression = only energy penalty
How is this expertise applied to Chemical Looping Combustion?

F. G.: Chemical Looping Combustion is a new CO 2 capture process. It consists in burning a fossil feedstock in the presence of pure oxygen. The latter is supplied by a metal oxide, which captures the oxygen from the air and then releases it again when put in contact with the feedstock. The principle adopted by IFPEN is the circulating fluidized bed one. In the combustion reactor, the feedstock is gasified by steam in a bubbling bed. Combustion produces flue gases containing primarily CO 2 and water, which is condensed to capture the CO 2. As for the metal oxide, after having reacted with the feedstock, it circulates to another fluidized bed reactor where it is reoxidized on contact with air.
HEAT EXCHANGERS
WATER
METAL OXIDE
CARBON DIOXIDE SUPERCRITICAL TRANSPORT STORAGE SITE (geological, EOR, etc.)

OR
METAL
In which projects is IFPEN putting this expertise to use?

F. G.: We have been working with Total for four years in order to demonstrate the feasibility of CLC at the industrial scale. Our 10 kWth * pilot unit, located at our Lyon site, has been operating with a coal feedstock since 2011. We have also constructed a 1 MWth cold mock-up. We are designing
AIR REACTOR
CONVERSION UNIT (agriculture, chemistry, etc. )

FUEL REACTOR
AIR
FUEL + STEAM (coal, natural gas, fluid fuel, etc.)
Chemical Looping Combustion for carbon-free energy production.
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Oxycombustion capture processes: the fossil feedstock is burned in the presence of pure oxygen instead of air, which leads to the production of water and CO2 primarily. Condensation of the water then leads to flue gases with a very high CO2 concentration being obtained. Though applicable for retrofitting existing installations, this technology is mainly being considered for new facilities. Instead of producing oxygen by separating it from air, which is an expensive process, another solution is to avoid the oxygen separation phase. To achieve this, IFPEN is studying the Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC) process, in which the oxygen is supplied using a metal oxide. This technology is being tested in a 10 kWth pilot unit, in collaboration with Total, at the IFPEN site in Lyon. After successfull validation in 2010 of that process operated with gas as a feedstock, research teams mastered the process with a coal feedstock in 2011. Initial results are very promising, particularly in terms of the combustible fuel conversion rate. Transport Transport networks already exist since CO 2 is used for enhanced oil recovery by injection into reservoirs, particularly in the United States. CO2 is usually transported in supercritical state, i.e. at high temperature and pressure to maximize its density. But compression requires expensive facilities. It is for this reason that IFPEN is developing an alternative patented solution for the
compression of CO2 , which contains related gases (O2 , N2), using a multiphase pump to transport it to storage sites. Geological storage IFPEN is working on two storage solutions to ensure the long-term sequestration of CO 2: mature or depleted oil and gas fields on one hand and deep saline aquifers on the other hand. Its research is focusing on the selection and characterization of storage sites, risk analysis, optimization of CO 2 injection and long-term monitoring. To this end, IFPEN is developing modeling and simulation software, monitoring techniques based on seismic acquisition and signal processing methods. It is also examining the interactions between porous media and sour fluids. Demonstration projects are also under way: in the South of France, in Lacq, as part of a Total initiative, or within Ademe funded France Nord project. Industrial challenges The work carried out at IFPEN is contributing to the emergence of an industrial sector dedicated to CO2 capture, transport and storage. Hence, Geogreen, a joint subsidiary with the BRGM and Gostock, proposes its expertise in project development and engineering in the field of CO2 transport and geological storage to industry. In the longer term, it will propose services for the operation, control and
MATERIALS ADAPTED TO CLC Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC) consists in supplying oxygen via a metal oxide alternately oxidized in air and reduced by the combustible fuel, which is converted into water and CO 2 , easily recoverable in the absence of nitrogen. IFPEN has been conducting research for several years aimed at identifying and developing new metal oxides suitable for the CLC process. It draws on the methodology developed in the ANR funded CLCMat project, within which over 80 different materials were tested. The research focuses on the development of a material with a comparable performance to nickel oxides, but which is non-toxic, much less expensive and with abundant and well distributed resources.
The CLC pilot unit at the IFPEN site in Lyon.
maintenance of injection sites and the post-closure monitoring of storage sites. In the field of CO2 capture, the 1st-generation HiCapt+ process (postcombustion) developed by IFPEN is currently in the process of being validated, in collaboration with the electricity company Enel. The results obtained at the Brindisi pilot unit in 2011 have led to the optimization of the process. At the same time, the legal framework essential for industrial development is being gradually implemented. European Directive 2009/31/EC of 23 April 2009 on the geological storage of carbon dioxide has been transposed into French law. IFPEN was involved in the process of drafting the national application decrees, particularly with respect to storage safety. The sectors growth is nonetheless limited by the cost of the process (around 70 per ton of CO2 avoided, almost 75% of which is for capture alone) and the absence of genuine incentives. Finally, social acceptance is also a key factor in the success of these technologies. Working together The extent of the technological and economic challenges that CO2 capture is facing makes it necessary to mutualize the efforts. As such, research institutions and industrial players are working together within the context of joint projects on all scales. In France, IFPEN is involved in a number of projects funded by the ANR , the FUI and Ademe . These include the Acacia project
French National Research Agency. French Interministerial Fund. French Environment and Energy Management Agency. Improvement of Industrial and Anthropic CO2 Capture.
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A LONG-TERM PARTNERSHIP
Petrobras and IFPEN have already been working together in the field of exploration-production for many years. Since June 2011, our partnership has been extended to include fluid-rock interactions applied to the reinjection of CO2 in reservoirs. As part of a new joint project, our teams are studying the methodology for coupling flows with geochemical effects, along with CO2 behavior in the underground environment. In particular, the mineralogical modifications induced by its injection are analyzed using CooresTM, modeling software developed by IFPEN.
Priscilla Moczydlower, Fluid-Rock Interaction Manager / Research and Development Center / Petrobras
CO2 Enhanced Separation And Recovery, 2008-2011 Carbon Lean Energy Operations, 2008-2010
(ANR/FUI), labeled by the Axelera competitiveness cluster, which is studying innovative CO 2 capture processes; the Gascogne project, dedicated to the development of contactors; the Sushi project, on molecular simulation applied to
capture and the Dalmatien project on amine degradation, coordinated by IFPEN, those last three projects being funded by the ANR. It also contributes to the following projects: Puits CO 2 (study of degradation mechanisms of sealing materials
for wells); CO 2 Vadose and Sentinelle relative to monitoring; Costa Brava and Manaus on risk analysis; Tram on modeling by random operation; SHPCO2 , Petalh, VFSitCom and Hamm on digital aspects and calculation information. And, finally, it participates in the France Nord project (Ademe), launched in 2010, aimed at selecting a site to set up a pilot CO2 storage infrastructure in a deep saline aquifer. At the European level, IFPEN is involved in the following capture projects: Cesar and Cleo (to reduce the cost of postcombustion capture), and Icap (CO2 capture using a hydrate process). In 2011, IFPEN contributed to three new projects launched as part of FP7: UltimateCO2 on the long-term fate of CO2 , Octavius on CO2 capture, led by IFPEN, and the European CCS Demonstration Project Network secretariat within the context of the
2011 highlights
CHEMICAL LOOPING TURNS TO COAL The 10 kWth* Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC) pilot developed by IFPEN was originally designed to burn natural gas and then modified in 2011 to run with coal. The test campaigns will be continued in 2012 in order to validate the efficiency of conversion and the performance of the oxygen carrier. ANTICIPATING THE RISK OF LEAKS In the context of the European CO2ReMoVe project, studies conducted by IFPEN teams, particularly at the Sleipner (North Sea) and In Salah (Algeria) industrial pilot sites, yielded some significant results in 2011. Research concerned the development of methods to monitor CO2 geological storage sites based on seismic imaging as well as numerical modeling coupling hydrodynamic and geomechanical effects. These approaches have led to a better understanding of CO2 migration and the results obtained pave the way for major developments in terms of site safety, a prerequisite for the social acceptance of CO2 geological storage. NEW EUROPEAN PROJECT IFPEN is one of the 13 partners in the European UltimateCO2 research project launched in 2011. The project is aimed at achieving a better longterm understanding of the various mechanisms linked to the injection of CO2 into the underground environment: physical and geochemical trapping methods, interactions between the storage horizon, the cap rock, the injection wells and the faults, assessment of leakage pathways. The studies will focus on two demonstration sites. IFPEN is in charge of integrating these different phenomena into regional-scale models, from storage complex to basin level. A FIRST CONTRACT FOR THE GOWSP PLATFORM The water cycle includes production, separation, treatment and reinjection processes. The GOwSP** platform designed for studying fluid separation processes, jointly developed by IFPEN and Total and located at the IFPEN Lyon site, is a key component in understanding the mechanisms at play. Since 2011, it has been made
available to industry for testing separation equipment when operating under representative conditions. A first contract was signed with a service company in 2011.
Thermal kilowatts. / * ** Gas-Oil-water Separation Platform.
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lobal CCS Institute. G European Energy Programme for Recovery. European Energy Research Alliance. Large CCS Transport Infrastructure in Europe, 2010-2012. Characterization of European CO 2 Storage, 2010-2012. CO2 Research, Monitoring, Verification, 2006-2011. European Value Chain for CO2 , 2008-2011. CO2 Site Closure Assessment Research, 2011-2013. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center.
TRANSPORT
BUFFER STORAGE FACILITY

CO2 CO2 CO2
Tri4CCS Alliance in collaboration with the GCCSI . It is also a partner in the postcombustion capture demonstration project led by the power company Enel at the Porto Tolle coal-fired power plant, as part of the European EEPR program. In addition, at the end of 2010, IFPEN was chosen to coordinate the EERA European CO2 capture and storage research program. This program brings together 32 members from 12 different countries. In the transport field, it is leading the Cocate project (transport of CO2 to storage sites). Finally, in the storage sector, IFPEN is leading the SiteChar project (characterization of storage research sites in Europe), launched in early 2011. It is also involved in CO2ReMoVe (verification and monitoring of CO2 geological storage sites), Ecco (technical and economic assessment of the CO2 capture and storage industry) and CO2Care (management of the closure and abandonment of storage sites). On an international level, IFPEN, Geogreen and the BRGM are working for the Kapsarc research center to study the feasibility of CO2 capture and storage solutions in Saudi Arabia.
TRANSPORT
CO2
LINE
CO2
CAPTURE
PIPE
CO2 METHANE CO2 CO2 CO2 OIL OR GAS
STORAGE
STORAGE
UNMINEABLE COAL SEAM
DEEP AQUIFER DEPLETED OIL OR GAS FIELD
Capture and storage are proving to be a promising way of reducing CO2 emissions.
REDUCING THE WATER FOOTPRINT OF INDUSTRY
ndustry uses water in numerous ways. Water is a crucial component which is involved both in the production of energy and in the reduction of emissions into the air of the resulting products. The production of hydrocarbons, for example, is heavily reliant on the injection of water in liquid or vapor state. An eco-efficient approach to this resource is essential in order to limit the amount of water resources used and to reduce the water footprint of industry. IFPEN entered this field of research in 2010
focusing on the management of produced water when producing hydrocarbon reservoirs and conducted a strategic analysis resulting in a roadmap for the year to come. Partnerships with oil operators and water service companies are to be launched soon. Furthermore, IFPEN has a fluid separation testing platform at its Lyon site. Finally, the management of wastewater from refineries is also being taken into account. This research is being conducted within the context of the Eco-efficient processes strategic priority ( see p. 36 ).
the average number of barrels of water required to produce one barrel of oil. This proportion increases as oil fields mature.
Almost
3
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Innovative transport
The transport sector consumes significant amounts of energy. It is predominantly reliant on oil, a resource that is limited. Reducing fuel consumption and diversifying energy sources are major challenges. To address them, IFP Energies nouvelles (IFPEN) is working on vehicle electrification and is assessing the potential of alternative fuels in this sector. Vehicles equipped with standard IC engines generate both CO2 emissions, as a result of fuel consumption, and local pollutants. Research conducted at IFPEN aims to meet this dual challenge by improving overall engine performance. The scope of its research also extends to the air transport sector, for which it is also assessing the potential of innovative engines and fuels.
INVENTING THE VEHICLES OF TOMORROW
ehicle electrification appears to be a highly promising option in terms of reducing fuel consumption, mitigating the environmental footprint and diversifying energy sources. But it is still hampered by a number of technical hurdles.
Delphine Bresch-Pietri, Technology, Computer Science and Applied Mathematics Division
Electrification and hybridization Electric vehicles still have a long way to go before they reach maturity. At present, all-electric vehicles can only be used for short distances due to their low range and the high cost of batteries. Hybrid vehicles, however, have a greater range, thanks to the combination of an IC engine and a
In gasoline powertrains, the solutions currently being examined, such as burned gasrecirculation, require the development of advanced combustion control strategies.
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I N N OVAT I V E T R A N S P O RT
FlexHybrid, IFPENs plug-in hybrid laboratory vehicle.
37.7 million
level of performance sought. Among these various options, IFPEN has chosen to concentrate its efforts on rechargeable hybrid vehicles, which offer an excellent compromise between purchase and running costs and fuel consumption. Technical and economic challenges IFPEN draws on solid skills in the fields of modeling and simulation. Modeling plays a particularly important role in the development and optimization of combustion systems. The physical models developed are validated using experimental databases, and are regularly enhanced through the implementation of new investigation methods. It also leverages the potential offered by Large Eddy Simulation (or LES) to study flows, injection and combustion in gasoline engines. This LES approach offers unrivalled precision and also reproduces transient behaviors more accurately. In the field of vehicle electrification, the technical difficulties to be overcome are also complex, such as energy storage, for example. The major research avenues at IFPEN concern the architecture of hybrid powertrains and their vehicle integration, the simulation systems, the electronic control of said systems and the onboard energy supervision. Simulation also plays a crucial role in the reduction of development cycles. IFPEN has set up an experimental platform that makes it possible to reproduce and very quickly evaluate different complex architectures for hybrid vehicles. This approach is known as HIL (Hardware in the Loop). In this environment, the high dynamic test bench
the number of passenger vehicles and commercial vehicles in France in 2011.
battery. This means that the optimum operating mode (IC, electric or combined) can be chosen on the basis of the journey to be made. In urban environments, the vehicle can run in all-electric mode, for example, whereas for long distances, IC engines remain the most efficient solution. Drawing on the experience gained in conventional powertrains, IFPEN is creating the technological building blocks that will enable manufacturers to develop the hybrid vehicle or rather vehicles of the future. Various degrees of hybridization are possible (stop&start, braking energy recovery, optimization of onboard energy management, plug-in hybrid, etc.) depending on the vehicle range, the conditions of use and the
The Large Eddy Simulation approach offers unrivalled precision and better reproduction of transient behaviors.
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System simulation
Fabrice Le Berr, Engine and vehicle system simulation Project Manager at IFPEN
POWERTRAINS Numerical simulation plays a crucial role in the
development of new powertrains by reducing design and development times and costs. IFPEN is particularly focusing on the development of system simulation tools, giving it an overall understanding of the phenomena involved and enabling it to propose innovative technological solutions to its partners and industrial customers.
questions to...
What is system simulation used for?

Fabrice Le Berr: The technologies used in powertrains are increasingly complex. Lets take the example of a hybrid powertrain. This combines an IC engine with its exhaust gas after-treatment system, one or more electric motors, an energy storage system, a transmission, etc. All these components interact with one another and require a global modeling approach. This is where system simulation comes into play, something that we have been working on for the last ten years or so.
previously, particularly in the field of 3D combustion modeling. We have simplified these models, but retained the physics of the phenomena in order to be able to exploit them for system simulation. These models are used in complete powertrain simulators, as well as on our HIL * benches. The latter are used to assess the behavior of an engine or a battery within an entirely virtual complex powertrain. In turn, these experimental tests enable us to validate and set our models and to provide them with real data.
What tools does it use?

F. Le B.: We have drawn on some very advanced models we had developed

F. Le B.: We have developed model libraries, which are integrated and
marketed in the LMS Imagine.Lab AMESim simulation platform. Our use of system simulation is also recognized on the market. Having initially developed it for the field of engine control, we now apply it throughout the new powertrain design process. Manufacturers are very appreciative of this global expertise, as reflected by the studies we have been conducting with Renault for the last few years on their diesel engine range. More recently, a new entity was created within our D2T subsidiary, aimed at continuing to develop this system simulation expertise with industry.
In which projects is IFPEN applying its system simulation expertise?

F. Le B.: One example is the Citybrid project, aimed at setting up an experimental platform that makes it possible to very quickly evaluate different complex architectures for hybrid vehicles. We are also involved in various projects supported by Ademe, such as Melodys for electric and hybrid heavy-duty vehicles or VelRoue for dual-mode IC/ electric duty vehicles. Our system simulation expertise is cross-cutting and can also be applied to air transport. We have projects focusing on the development of diesel engines adapted to aircraft application and the assessment of aviation system hybridization, for example.
System simulation makes it possible to adopt a global and exhaustive approach to study complex powertrain architecture.
3D COMBUSTION MODEL (3D CFD)
0D COMBUSTION
S1
POWERTRAIN AND VEHICLE 0D SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINE SIMULATOR
DRIVING CYCLE
ELECTRONIC CONTROL UNIT
BATTERY
ELECTRIC MOTOR
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE 0D MULTICYLINDER ENGINE SIMULATOR
GENERATOR
TRANSMISSION
* Hardware in the Loop.
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is simply equipped with an IC engine, with all the other components (electric motor, transmission, battery, etc.) being simulated to a very high degree of accuracy. In this way, it is possible to quantify the performance of a hybrid powertrain prior to any experimentation on a vehicle. This HIL approach is also applied to our battery test benches: the physical element is composed of the pack battery (or a module or even a battery cell) and the rest of the vehicle is entirely simulated. Engine control is another central research theme at IFPEN. This uses calculation algorithms to optimize the operation of each component of a powertrain: IC engine, exhaust gas after-treatment system, electric motor, battery, etc. It also ensures supervision of all these components in order to guarantee the best level of performance in terms of energy management, operating safety and reliability. Hybrid powertrains, reducing the fuel consumption and emissions of diesel and gasoline engines, and alternative fuels all create challenges for researchers working in this field. Moreover, the cost of hybrid vehicles and, to an even greater extent, that of electric vehicles remains an obstacle to their widespread use on the market. It is against this background that IFPEN is taking part in the ANR e-Meca project, launched in 2011 and coordinated by Valeo, aimed at developing innovative solutions for ultracompact electric powertrains with a high specific power. This type of machine offers significant potential for mass production at affordable prices. Multiple partnerships In order to address these challenges, IFPEN is working closely with other research institutes,
particularly within the context of the Carnot Institutes. The label of the IFPEN Transports Energy Carnot Institute was renewed in 2011. IFPEN also participates in several competitiveness clusters, in particular LUTB in the heavy-duty truck sector and Moveo in the automotive sector. Via the latter and in partnership with Cetim, Ifsttar and UVSQ, it is involved in the creation of an innovation platform for the development of hybrid vehicles, dubbed Moveo-Dege. At the Satory site, this platform will offer the integrated experimentation and computing facilities required to speed up the development and validation of hybrid and electric systems for vehicles. IFPEN also enjoys very close ties with industry. For example, it is participating in numerous projects supported by Ademe, such as Melodys (design of a full-electric heavy-duty vehicle, a project led by Renault Trucks), Hybrelec (development of a French network to optimize electric propulsion systems, a project coordinated by Valeo) or Cappnor (identification of specific non-regulated pollutants in partnership with IRCE Lyon). In addition, it forges strategic long-term partnerships, such as those with PSA Peugeot Citron and Renault within the GSM economic interest group (upstream research on internal combustion engines) or with LMS (engine software). It is also supported by its subsidiary D2T in its quest to identify industrial outlets for its R&D work in the field of powertrain engineering and testing equipment. In addition, IFPEN works with transport sector players on a European scale via several FP7 projects. These projects include WIDE-MOB, coordinated by Centro Ricerche Fiat , which brings
together seven partners and aims to develop the technological building blocks that will lead to the development of multi-use urban electric vehicles, or the SuperLIB project, led by AVL, aimed at demonstrating the combined efficiency of two different types of Li-ion cells integrated within a single battery pack.
Control and supervision of a ten-cell lithium-ion battery pack.
IMPROVING CONVENTIONAL POWERTRAINS
ntil hybridization and electrification technologies reach maturity, IC engines will remain essential. However, the regulations with respect to CO 2 and pollutant emissions are becoming increasingly stringent. The European Commission has proposed an average CO 2 emission objective of 130g/km for vehicles sold in 2012 and 95g/km in 2020. The new Euro 6 pollution abatement standard will begin to apply in 2014. For
automobile manufacturers, improvement of the environmental performance of IC engines and the use of low-carbon alternative fuels are a necessity. IFPEN is therefore working on the development of technologies capable of making conventional engines cleaner and more economical. For gasoline engines, the priority is to reduce fuel consumption in order to limit CO 2 emissions. The solutions being examined include optimization of combustion through burned
gas recycling , for example downsizing and turbocharging , variable distribution and direct fuel injection. IFPEN is also working on the calibration process, for which it is developing new experimental methodologies designed to reduce the number and duration of tests. For diesel engines, research is mainly focused on pollution emissions particularly NOx and soot but another goal is to significantly cut fuel consumption in order to reduce CO 2 emissions. The technologies developed by
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A SOLID PARTNERSHIP FOR AN AMBITIOUS PROJECT

The development of an accurate onboard particulate sensor is a major project for Electricfil, a recognized equipment supplier in the powertrain sector. Vehicles must control their exhaust after-treatment systems and the particulate filter needs to have a reliable diagnostic tool, which is the purpose of this new particulate sensor. This ambitious project has been made possible by our solid partnership with IFPEN, which, thanks to its expertise, has been able to provide us with solutions and efficient validation facilities.
Laurence Achille, Innovation Division Engineer / Electricfil Automotive
IFPEN mainly concern the air loop architecture, improvement of combustion, optimization of engine control and after-treatment systems. In particular, an innovative double turbocharging air loop concept capable of meeting Euro 6 standards and reducing the cost of the pollution
abatement system is being studied. In the area of fuel consumption, the downspeeding approach is a promising option. Finally, a new multi-partner project was launched in 2011 on the theme of cold start operation of diesel engine (Code-I study).
Furthermore, IFPEN is conducting R&D work to assess the potential of dual fuel approaches. This consists in making a spark ignition IC engine operate by compression with two different fuels: gasoline/diesel or gas/diesel, for example. The research aims primarily to optimize the operation of engines using this mode of combustion and to limit pollution abatement requirements. Finally, IFPEN is actively involved in the development of alternative fuels to fossil energies. Their production falls within the scope of the Renewable energies strategic priority ( see p. 18 ). As part of the Innovative Transport strategic priority, research is being conducted on the formulation and validation of these fuels for use in transport and on their compatibility with the materials of the various components.
2011 highlights
ELECTRIC ENERGY FOR TRUCKS An electric truck hit the road in Lyon on October 2011. Since the start of 2012, it has been delivering fresh food products to eight stores throughout the area of Lyon, covering a distance of 75 km every day. This 16-ton Renault Midlum is the result of a partnership between IFPEN, PVI and Renault Trucks as part of the Melodys project. The IFPEN HIL (Hardware in the Loop) testing platform was used to select the most effective storage system, while a simulation of the truck and its environment guided the choice of its components. IFPEN also developed a software that informs the driver about the vehicle range remaining and the CO 2 emissions saved in measure the quantity of soot emitted downstream of a defective filter. This research is being carried out in partnership with the equipment supplier Electricfil, which is leading the Ciclamen 2 project. In 2011, it led to the development of an algorithm capable of diagnosing the health status of a particulate filter on the basis of measurements supplied by the soot sensor. This technology is likely to be applied by 2016-2017, when new maximum limits are introduced for onboard diagnosis. MAKING BETTER USE OF CYLINDER PRESSURE SENSORS While burned gas recycling reduces the NOx emissions of diesel engines, it also makes combustion more sensitive to dispersions. It can then prove to be unstable. Closed-loop combustion control, using a cylinder pressure sensor supplying direct information on the quality of combustion in the engine, can correct this problem. Working in partnership with the equipment supplier Continental, IFPEN developed new control strategies in 2011 in order to make better use of the data supplied by these sensors to control combustion and optimize NOx emissions. These developments, validated on demonstrator vehicles, are part of an approach designed to meet future Euro 6 requirements for NOx emissions.
comparison with a reference diesel vehicle. It also provides speed advice for eco-driving. A SOOT SENSOR FOR DIESEL VEHICLES For a number of years, in anticipation of increasingly stringent standards relative to particulate emissions for diesel engines, IFPEN has been working on the design of a sensor to
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TOWARDS A GREENER SKY
ir transport, which is increasing constantly, currently accounts for 2 to 3% of global CO 2 emissions. With traffic predicted to almost double between now and 2020, Acare (Advisory Council for Aeronautics Research in Europe) has set some ambitious targets for the same period: 50% CO2 emissions per passenger kilometer and 80% NOx in comparison with 2000. IFPEN is helping to meet this challenge through its work on alternative powertrains (piston engines, hybridization, etc.), combustion and low-carbon fuels. In the field of alternative fuels ( see p. 18, Renewable energies strategic priority), research is focusing in the short and medium terms on paraffin kerosene fuels produced by hydrotreatment of plant oils, as well as kerosenes obtained by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. IFPEN conducts its research in this field in partnership with the main aviation sector players (Airbus, Dassault, EADS, Onera, Snecma, etc.) as part of joint projects, such as: Alfa-Bird , a European project within which IFPEN is evaluating the formulation of new fuels and their impact on the operation of aircraft engines, Swafea , a European project that, in 2011, led to the proposal of a roadmap for the mediumterm deployment of alternative fuels. For the time being, a number of flights have already been made using alternative fuels. An A380 made a flight in February 2008, for example, using a mixture composed of 50% kerosene and 50% synthetic fuel derived from natural gas (GtL technology). In 2009, a Continental Airlines Boeing 737-800 tested a fuel containing 50% jatropha and algae oils. In 2011, Air France made the first green commercial flight between Toulouse and Paris on an Airbus A321 using a blend containing 50% biofuel derived from used oil. IFPEN is also active in the field of aeronautical propulsion system engineering and onboard aircraft energy management. Research carried out in 2011 in partnership with Onera, as part of the Bioptic project supported by the Tuck Foundation, has led to the development of optical diagnostic methods to characterize the vaporization conditions specific to alternative fuels in the combustion chamber.
Air traffic is forecast to double by 2020.
Within the European Timecop and Kiai projects, IFPEN has developed and validated an LES (Large Eddy Simulation) ignition model for aeronautical combustion chambers. This is used to simulate in-flight ignition or re-ignition in diphasic medium (presence of drops of fuel on the spark plug). It is coupled with a combustion model enabling integration of complex kinetic effects. In addition, in the context of the European Cleansky program, IFPEN is working on the development of a diesel engine for helicopters. Electrification is also a topical theme in the aviation field. In 2011, IFPEN contributed to a project assessing the hybridization potential of an aeronautical propulsion system in partnership with a manufacturer from the sector. This research demonstrated the cross-functionality of tools and methodologies from the automotive sector and their adaptability to the aviation context.
the production of biokerosene set by the European Community with industrial players from the aviation sector.
2 Mt
lternative Fuels and Biofuels for Aircraft A Development. Sustainable Way for Alternative Fuels and Energy for Aviation.
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Eco-efficient processes
To address the growing demand for oil products against a background of resource depletion, refineries need to make maximum use of every barrel produced, while at the same time meeting ever more stringent specifications. To meet this dual challenge, IFP Energies nouvelles (IFPEN) is developing increasingly efficient processes. The other option being explored by IFPEN is the production of synfuels from natural gas and coal, since these resources are available in greater quantities than oil. Finally, the demand for hydrogen, which is used both in refining and for the production of synfuels, is set to rise. IFPEN is developing technologies capable of meeting this demand.
MORE ENVIRONMENTALLY-FRIENDLY FUELS
or conversion, IFPEN seeks to address three major challenges: conversion of increasingly heavy crudes, compliance with ever more stringent standards and reduction of CO2 emissions related to conversion processes. Conversion: increasingly efficient Demand for heavy fuels is falling whereas their proportion in world oil supplies is increasing. It is therefore necessary to develop increasingly
36
efficient conversion technologies. Petroleum with a high technological content (extra-heavy crudes, deep offshore, tar sands, oil shale, etc.), which will play a growing role in extending oil and gas reserves (see p. 42, Sustainable resources strategic priority), will also require specific technologies. For the conversion of residues and heavy crudes into fuels and combustibles, IFPEN is continuing to develop hydroconversion processes and catalysts. A strategic analysis was finalized in 2011 to assess market opportunities associated with
IFPEN has drawn on its experience in the construction and use of pilot units to play a major role in thedesign of the Futurol plant for the production of 2nd-generation bioethanol.
milie Kobel, Process Experiments Division
ECO - E F F I C I E N T P RO C E S S E S
Refineries aim at turning fossil resources into more environmentally-friendly fuels and chemical intermediates.
the scheduled evolution in the sulfur content of marine fuels. Analysis of these market opportunities led to the launch of a new project aimed at developing an innovative process for the combined production of distillates and low-sulfur fuels. In addition, since the refining industry generates significant amounts of CO2 (especially heavy conversion processes), IFPEN is examining the possibility of integrating CO2 capture and storage processes in refineries. The other significant market trend is the growth in diesel demand, while gasoline demand is dropping. This phenomenon for the time being primarily in Europe is now tending to spread internationally. As a result of this, there is a need to further adapt refining facilities. To
this end, IFPEN is working on the development of several technological solutions. The development of an FCC process oriented towards maxi distillates was finalized in 2011. Innovative options for hydrocracking catalysts offering very significant savings in terms of middle distillate sensitivity have been validated. In addition and once again with a view to meeting this increasing demand for middle distillates, IFPEN is also developing a process for the oligomerization of FCC light cuts towards kerosene and diesel pools. Stricter specifications The tightening-up of standards and regulations related to fuels is continuing and being extended
HIGH-THROUGHPUT EXPERIMENTATION AND MOLECULAR MODELING: A WINNING DUO To be able to evaluate new catalysts more rapidly, IFPEN has parallel testing equipment making it possible to accelerate selection through the simultaneous testing of a high number of molecules. Thanks to this new equipment, IFPEN can quadruple its testing capacity and cut the average development time from five to three years. This represents a significant saving in terms of reducing the time to market. In addition, molecular modeling , used to study complex structures, is employed to test for the most suitable reagents. The bringing into production of these highly parallel tools on real feedstocks in 2010 and 2011 has made it possible to assess innovative concepts in the field of hydrotreatment catalysis, opening up some very promising avenues for exploration in the coming years and enabling accelerated validation of the latest generations of catalysts.
The nickel-molybdenum catalyst is intended for the deep hydrogenation of gas oils.
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Product characterization tools

Didier Espinat, Product characterization analysis Expert Director at IFPEN What is the purpose of detailed product characterization?
Didier Espinat: To control and optimize the processes on which it is working and develop new catalysts, IFPEN needs to know as much as possible about the products it wants to convert. It therefore needs to very precisely determine their chemical composition in both qualitative and quantitative terms in order to monitor their conversion, particularly the catalytic one. But the more complex the product, the more difficult this analysis is. This is the case for diesel, for example, which contains a very large number of molecules. We therefore turn to separation sciences. In concrete terms, this involves dividing products into simpler cuts and then applying analytical methods to each of these cuts to separate and quantify the molecules composing them. Multidimensional chromatographic separation methods coupled with high-performance detectors and mass spectrometry especially high-resolution mass spectrometry are used. cetane numbers. Today it is also necessary for the design of new processes related to biomass conversion (pyrolysis, enzymatic conversion, etc.) and coal liquefaction.
ANALYSIS For both the refining of petroleum products and
the conversion of biomass, it is essential to characterize organic compounds as precisely as possible. In this field, IFPEN boasts world-class expertise.
questions to...
What are the concrete applications of these techniques?

D. E.: They are mainly used within IFPEN laboratories: the characterization tools that we are developing using separation sciences enable us to make daily progress in the development of the processes and catalysts necessary for the energy transition. These methods have also led to the development of 2Dchrom software, marketed by Thermo Fisher Scientific since 2009.
Two-dimensional gas chromatography analysis of a direct coal liquefaction middle distillate, highlighting the phenolic compounds.

D. E.: We are one of the world leaders in the field of separation sciences, be it for oil, biomass or coal products. And this is despite very fierce competition! This position has been achieved thanks to our constant quest for improvement. Not only by working on the techniques themselves for example, the use of gas, liquid and supercritical chromatography to obtain more precise product fractions , but by combining these methods as well. We have thus moved from one-dimensional chromatography (in which products pass through a separation column) to two-dimensional chromatography (use of two columns with different separation properties) and multidimensional chromatography (several separation dimensions and addition of selective detectors at the column exit: oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, etc.). With respect to mass spectrometry, the improvements mainly concern resolution: thanks to Fourier transform and ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometers, it is possible to very accurately differentiate between different molecules with very similar masses.
PARAFFINS NAPHTHENES AROMATICS
PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS
In which fields is it used?

D. E.: Traditionally, detailed characterization has been applied to oil product refining processes (desulfurization, conversion of heavy fractions into lighter fractions, etc.). It makes it easier to calculate their use properties, especially their octane and
PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS AROMATICS
NAPHTHENES
PARAFFINS
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on a global level: widespread application of the European specification limiting the sulfur content of gasolines and diesel to 10 ppm, reduction of the olefin and benzene content of gasolines, reduction in the polyaromatic content of diesel, etc. Where gasoline production is concerned, IFPEN is working on the development of catalysts, along with hydrotreatment processes (such as Prime-G+ TM for desulfurization), reforming processes and paraffin isomerization processes (to increase the octane number). In the field of reforming, the development of a new range of catalysts was finalized in 2011. For the production of diesel and kerosenes, IFPEN is working on the improvement of catalysts and hydrodesulfurization processes. The main focus is on increasing the activity and stability of catalysts in order to reduce the running costs of refineries. In 2011, significant improvements in activity were achieved incorporating additives in diesel hydrotreatment catalysts.
IFPEN has developed a new, more performing range of catalysts for the Prime-G+TM process.
THE PRODUCTION OF PETROCHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES
FPENs work in this field is aimed at improving energy efficiency, the yields of petrochemical processes and the purity of the intermediates obtained. It focuses on two types of intermediates: olefins and aromatics. These raw materials are very widely used in a large number of industries (pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, electronics, aeronautics, textiles, etc.).
Olefins, obtained by steam cracking or catalytic cracking, are notably used in the manufacture of plastics. IFPEN is focusing mainly on the selective hydrogenation of olefin cuts and pyrolysis gasolines. In the latter field, 2011 saw the finalization of a range of nickel-based catalysts offering very significant increases in activity, corresponding to a leap of several catalyst generations.
IFPEN is working on pilot units to assess the industrial performance of laboratory developed catalysts.
the increase in the amount of extra-heavy crudes to be converted between 2010 and 2030 to meet the demand for liquid fuels.
the maximum sulfur content set by standards related to marine fuels by 2020-2025.
0.5%
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15 YEARS OF PARTNERSHIP FOR ALTERNATIVE FUELS

Eni and IFPEN have been cooperating since 1996 on the development of a proprietary technology based on the Fischer-Tropsch process for the conversion of gas into middle distillates. The experiments have been carried out through R&D tools of various sizes, including a pilot plant of 20 bbl/d capacity sited at Enis refinery in Sannazzaro de Burgondi (Italy). The cooperation has been very successful making possible the achievement of the objectives and creating a great opportunity for our colleagues to experience a European way of working.
Patrizia Ingallina, Vice-President / Intellectual Property Management, Research and Technological Innovation Department / Eni
IFPEN is working on an Eni pilot unit to carry out Fischer-Tropsch tests.
The second research avenue concerns the production of aromatics (benzene, toluene, xylene, etc.). These substances are also obtained by steam cracking, but they have been subjected to hydrotreatment and extraction processes. In 2011, IFPEN finalized the development of an
improved version of the Eluxyl paraxylene purification process, involving significantly lower investment costs than the current version. This technology will make it possible to fully exploit the performance of the new adsorbents currently being developed.
2011 highlights
A NEW HYDROTREATMENT CATALYST ADDITIVATION PROCESS Hydrotreatment consists in purifying various types of refining feedstocks (gasolines, diesel, vacuum distillates, residues) to remove the impurities they contain (metals, sulfur, nitrogen, etc.) and produce fuels that comply with regulations. In 2011, IFPEN validated an additivation process capable of improving both the performance and life span of catalysts thanks to the incorporation of an organic additive. Having been validated on catalysts used to treat diesel feedstocks, the process will also be ultimately applicable to catalysts intended for the hydrotreatment of other feedstocks. ENHANCEMENT OF THE ELUXYL PROCESS In 2011, IFPEN validated an enhanced version of the Eluxyl paraxylene separation process. While the previous version of the process required 24 beds distributed in two adsorbers, the new process uses just one adsorber composed of 15 beds. Named Eluxyl 1.15, it will substantially reduce the cost of industrial installations and also make it possible to fully exploit the performance of the new generations of adsorbents IFPEN is currently working on, likely to be brought to market from 2012. A NEW MERCURY ADSORBENT Natural gas fields frequently contain traces of mercury, harmful to human health and corrosive for industrial equipment. Gas purification is performed using an alumina-based adsorbent enriched with copper sulfide, which traps the mercury in stable and inert form. In 2011, IFPEN developed a new patented adsorbent material, with a life span that is twice as long as previous generations one. This new process will be marketed by Axens in 2012.
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FUELS PRODUCED FROM COAL AND NATURAL GAS
n parallel, IFPEN is studying alternative solutions to petroleum-based fuels. In particular, these concern natural gas and coal, for which greater reserves exist. In addition, these reserves are more evenly distributed in geopolitical terms than oil reserves. The other option being explored is biomass, as part of the Renewable energies strategic priority ( see p. 18 ). Coal Where coal is concerned, IFPEN has developed direct and indirect conversion processes. In the former case, the objective is to liquefy the coal at high temperatures and high pressures, then to hydrogenate the liquefiates to produce synthetic fuel bases meeting even the most stringent specifications. Hydroliquefaction is conducted using the H-CoalTM process marketed by Axens.
Indirect conversion is based on the FischerTropsch process, which consists in converting a synthetic gas into a liquid fuel. However, this technology, known as CtL (Coal to Liquids), still requires some fine-tuning in economic and environmental terms. IFPEN is therefore working on the reduction of CO2 emissions by minimizing the energy consumption of the process and studying the integration of CO2 capture on conversion units. Natural gas For natural gas, conversion is also conducted using the Fischer-Tropsch process. This is known as GtL (Gas to Liquids) technology. IFPEN is working to find new catalysts and increase the productivity of the process, the aim being to bring down the costs of the technology and reduce its impact on the environment.
HOW TO IMPROVE A CATALYST? IFPEN has developed a range of software capable of generating 3D views of the porous structure of a catalyst. To go even further, researchers are working on coupling this imaging to chemical analysis of the catalyst. The aim is to produce 3D maps indicating the distribution of the various chemical elements. This information is essential in order to improve catalyst performance and optimize the production of fuels and petrochemical intermediates. WHAT IS THE FISCHER-TROPSCH PROCESS? Invented in 1922 by the German chemists Hans Fischer and Franz Tropsch. Makes it possible to convert natural gas (GtL), coal (CtL) and biomass (BtL) into synfuels that can be used in transport via gasification of the raw materials. Initially used in countries with no access to oil for political reasons: Germany during the 2nd World War and South Africa during Apartheid, which used coal to produce road transport fuels. Today used to produce alternative fuels to oil fuels. With Eni and Axens, IFPEN is developing a Fischer-Tropsch process that improves the yield of products of interest, cuts the production costs of the process and reduces its impact on the environment.
HYDROGEN, A FAST-GROWING MARKET
he conversion of heavy oils and coal, along with the desulfurization of fuels, are triggering an increase in the demand for hydrogen. It is estimated that this demand could double by 2030. IFPEN is working on two types of production: centralized and decentralized.
R&D in the field of centralized production is based on the HyGenSysTM concept studied by IFPEN, enabling the production of hydrogen and electricity from natural gas with lower CO 2 emissions and a lower cost compared to existing technologies. A version of the process designed solely for hydrogen production (without the coproduction of electricity) is also being considered. At the same time, work is being conducted on capture using adsorbents of the CO2 resulting from hydrogen production. Finally, IFPEN completed the development of a decentralized production process designed to produce hydrogen from ethanol in smaller units in 2011. The hydrogen produced has the advantage of having a lower greenhouse gas content.
industrial references worldwide for the HR626 and HR648 diesel hydrotreatment catalysts developed by IFPEN.
104
IFPENs HyGenSysTM process enables centralized hydrogen production.
41
01
Sustainable resources
With the increasing power of emerging countries, global energy consumption will continue to grow in the coming decades. It will be driven primarily by the transport and electricity sectors, which are both particularly reliant on oil and gas. However, reserves are limited. In order to meet energy requirements, it is therefore essential to improve the exploration and production of fossil resources. IFP Energies nouvelles (IFPEN) is working on the development of simulation tools contributing to a better understanding of the underground environment and of technologies enabling the discovery and production of new deposits.
HAVING A DETAILED VISION OF THE UNDERGROUND ENVIRONMENT
he sedimentary basins under exploration by the oil industry are increasingly complex in nature. A thorough understanding is essential in order to ensure high exploration success rates. In addition, better reservoir characterization will lead to an improvement in the recovery ratio. IFPEN is developing software designed to support industry in its quest to meet these challenges.
Modeling serving exploration The potential for the discovery of new oil reserves remains significant because, as yet, there has been little exploration in certain regions of the world: the Arctic, deep offshore zones, deeply buried onshore zones and ultra-deep zones. Moreover, in zones already in production, some reservoirs remain unexplored since they are difficult to detect. Finally, the underground environment contains what are termed
42
To identify new reserves, IFPEN is developing software for the characterization of hydrocarbon deposits, and their displacement towards traps.
Jean-Luc Faure, Geology-Geochemistry-Geophysics Division
S U STA I N A B L E R E S O U RC E S
Surface tension laboratory, study of rock wettability.
unconventional gases, such as shale gas, which are still little understood or under-evaluated. To identify these new reserves, IFPEN is developing software for both qualitative and quantitative characterization of hydrocarbon and sedimentary deposits, as well as the displacement of these hydrocarbons from their formation zones towards traps. The research activities focus on modeling in complex geological contexts, such as foothill zones. TemisFlow TM software, for example, a new version of which was released in 2011, makes it possible to understand and model the evolution of petroleum systems in time and space. Using Dionisos TM software, IFPEN is also capable of modeling sedimentary filling on a basin scale. Recently, R&D work has focused on deposits of fine sediments, such as clays and carbonaceous muds. The software is the result of the work of a JIP (Joint Industry Project) bringing together IFPEN and nine industrial partners. This modeling work at the basin scale will also contribute to the understanding and modeling of deep saline aquifers used for CO 2 geological storage. The simulation of sedimentary deposits
provides an insight into the distribution of mineral phases in rocks. This is an essential component to describe the influence of acidity due to CO2 injection ( seep.24, Eco-friendly production strategic priority ). Reservoir characterization and simulation The average oil recovery rate in reservoirs is 35% with current technologies. To increase field recovery, it is essential to improve reservoir characterization. A good knowledge of sedimentary heterogeneities and their spatial distribution, as well as reservoir properties, makes it possible to optimize the layout of producing and injecting
the share that oil and gas are expected to still account for in the world energy mix in 2035.
(source: IEA)
50%
Pore scale modeling.
43
01
Reservoir modeling
GEOLOGY Sound knowledge of the properties of underground
geological formations is essential in order to improve the production of oil fields. IFPEN is developing modeling tools that address the needs of the oil industry and may also ultimately help it better control CO2 geological storage.
Mickale Le Ravalec-Dupin, Modeling and Reservoir Engineering Expert at IFPEN
questions to...
What is the purpose of reservoir modeling?

Mickale Le Ravalec-Dupin: Underground geological formations are highly heterogeneous environments. A geological model is used to represent them. This takes the form of a 3D grid reproducing the heterogeneity of the natural environment in which fluid flows are simulated. This knowledge can be used to place new wells on a field already being operated or to optimize Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) techniques, such as chemical additives, CO2 or steam injection. The challenge is to increase recovery rates, given that only around 35% of the oil present in reservoirs is actually currently extracted.
production data measured in the field. Uncertainties are also analyzed and quantified via the application of statistical approaches. These methods are implemented in the PumaFlowTM reservoir simulator and the CougarFlowTM software marketed by Beicip-Franlab.
In which projects is IFPEN putting this expertise to use?

M. Le R.-D.: We are working in partnership with the oil industry as part of the Cougar IV, MC3 and Fraca-HM JIPs. These projects allow us to validate our methodologies, gain a clearer understanding of the challenges facing industrial players and gain access to data on reservoirs. Furthermore, the methodologies developed in the context of oil products can be transposed to the geological storage of CO 2. And indeed, this is what was done as part of the CO 2ReMoVe

M. Le R.-D.: As far as certain complex environments such as fractured environments, for example are concerned, as well as in the field of EOR, we have very advanced expertise. Our real strength is that we are able to pool
What techniques are required?

M. Le R.-D.: The real difficulty lies in constructing a model that reflects the reality as accurately as possible. To achieve this, we draw on our knowledge of sedimentary environments and all the data collected on the ground: measurements taken from cores extracted from wells, well logs seismic data, pressure and flow rate measurements, etc. We use an initial stochastic representation of the geological formation implemented in the CobraFlowTM software to model oil and gas recovery and predict production profiles. This information is a valuable decision-making aid for oil and gas companies. However, knowledge of the underground environment being imperfect, predictions are subject to uncertainties. Specific methods make models more predictive by forcing them to reproduce
IDENTIFICATION OF KEY PARAMETERS
HISTORY MATCHING
OPTIMIZATION OF FIELD DEVELOPMENT
2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5
1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 Time (days) Predictions Infill well 3 History matching 13.2% Infill well 1 Infill well 2 Produced oil vol. (106 m3)
Prod .
1
0.5 X2 C B A B:C A:C A:B 0 39.9% 22.9% 13.6% 2.9% 1.8% 10 20 30 40 0 -0.5 -1 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 X1
CONTRIBUTIONS Positive Negative Significant influence
PRODUCTION FORECAST
The main stages of reservoir modeling.
skills from all the professions concerned: geology, geophysics, reservoir engineering. We combine these with our knowledge of mathematics and physics in order to adapt our solutions to meet the needs of industry. Thanks to grassroots feedback from Beicip-Franlab, we are able to incorporate the issues facing oil companies into the core of our research.
project for the Sleipner saline aquifer in the North Sea. This approach made it possible, for the very first time, to obtain a model respecting all the data collected in the field and hence more reliable in terms of predicting the migration of CO 2 in the underground environment.
44
wells and the selection of the chemical additives to be used. Research at IFPEN hinges around the development of software enabling better integration of the information available, with a view to having an increasingly reliable representation of reservoirs. Work is notably being carried out on interactive modules for geostatistic filling and upscaling of petrophysical properties, grouped together within CobraFlow TM software. IFPEN has also developed modules for the static and dynamic characterization of fractured reservoirs, within FracaFlow TM software. This software proposes methods for the estimation of petrophysical parameters, along with methods for characterization of fracture networks. Reservoir simulation is another key factor in terms of improving recovery. A version of the PumaFlow TM reservoir simulator dedicated to chemical enhanced recovery is under development. It will make it possible to conduct quantitative chemical EOR studies, such as ASP with advanced physics. In addition, a version dedicated to CO 2 EOR is also currently being examined. The knowledge acquired is then transferred to a software platform named OpenFlow TM . In 2011, the OpenFlowSuite TM software suite was marketed by Beicip-Franlab. This incorporates TemisFlow TM, PumaFlow TM, FracaFlow TM, CobraFlow TM, CondorFlow TM and CougarFlow TM software.
Alkalines-Surfactants-Polymers.
Scale change on CobraFlowTM software.
the improvement in the mean recovery rate of an oil field using chemical EOR technology.
15 to 20%
an HTE methodology aimed at reducing the number of tests while at the same time conducting sensitivity analyses. This would also help improve prediction of the behavior of complex molecules. Research conducted at IFPEN also aims to reduce the water footprint of the oil industry, since enhanced recovery uses both water resources and chemical additives. A good knowledge of the physicochemical mechanisms, the products injected and their evolution in porous media is essential for water cycle management.
PRODUCING MORE, PRODUCING BETTER

Developing enhanced recovery Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) also plays a key role in increasing production. It consists in increasing the quantity of oil and gas extracted from a field. The thermal method uses steam to heat the oil, fluidifying it and facilitating its production. Chemical recovery uses viscosifiers and/or surfactants. Finally, CO 2 injection is emerging as an option that could simultaneously increase field recovery and enable carbon dioxide storage as part of the drive to combat climate change. IFPEN has joined forces with Rhodia and its Beicip-Franlab subsidiary to launch a joint offer in the field of chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery. This partnership led to the signature of two contracts in 2010 relating to the study of chemical EOR pilots, in South America and Europe. R&D efforts are mainly focusing on the development of methodologies to select chemical additives for a given oil field. In this context, IFPEN has begun a reflection process to define
ASP chemical injection for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR).
High-throughput Experimentation.
45
01
DEVELOPING NEW SOLUTIONS TOGETHER

Since the launch of our alliance in 2009 (The Chemical EOR AllianceTM), Rhodia, a member of the Solvay group, and IFPEN have got to know one another and learned to work together. We are a perfect fit, both commercially, since we propose a joint service range, and in terms of R&D since we are developing new EOR solutions together. Our success with our customers is down to the complementary nature of our expertise as well as our capacity to speak to them with a single voice and offer tailor-made solutions.
David Sorin, Vice-President EOR / Rhodia, member of the Solvay group
Gas-Oil-water Separation Platform.
IFPEN is working on the modeling of heavy oil recovery by steam injection. For example, the Hangingstone project, conducted in partnership with CGGVeritas and completed in 2010, demonstrated the possibility of monitoring the evolution of the steam chamber in a heavy oil reservoir using seismic data.
Producing unconventional resources Bringing unconventional resources (arctic zones, ultra-deep offshore, shale gas, very sour gases, etc.) into production is one potential solution for extending oil and gas reserves. However, this requires the development of innovative technologies and specific equipment. A number of
technological obstacles still need to be overcome to do this. For example, production in zones located far offshore requires the development of subsea separation units for gas, oil and water. The GOwSP fluid separation platform located at the IFPEN Lyon site, jointly developed with Total, is a key component in understanding the mechanisms at play. It also makes it possible to test separation equipment for third parties in representative conditions or to analyze the behavior of a gas, oil and water mixture inside a separator. Subsea production in zones located far offshore also requires the transportation of effluents over several hundreds of kilometers. Irrespective
2011 highlights
LAUNCH OF THE COMPAS JIP The Compas (Cretaceous Outcrop analog from Argentina for Microbial Pre-salt Atlantic Series) JIP was launched by IFPEN in September 2011 with nine industrial partners. Objective: to characterize the carbonaceous reservoirs of Argentina which present a high level of similarity with those in Brazil, where there have recently been some major offshore oil and gas discoveries. Studying these deposits will lead to improved understanding and modeling of the sedimentary processes having created the Brazilian pre-salt reservoirs. Static reservoir modeling software developed by IFPEN, and especially CobraFlowTM, will be used as part of this project. enjoyed a new commercial success in 2011. Operators in Argentina, Germany and henceforth Russia opted for the solution offered by the three partners to develop their chemical EOR projects. This technology increases the average recovery rate of an oil field by 15 to 20%. A NEW VERSION OF THE OPENFLOWSUITETM SOFTWARE SUITE The latest version of the OpenFlowSuiteTM software suite was brought to market in 2011. In particular, it incorporates a new upgraded version of TemisFlowTM basin modeling software, along with an important PumaFlowTM reservoir simulation software update. The other components of the software suite (FracaFlow TM for fractured reservoirs, CobraFlowTM for reservoir upscaling and static modeling , CougarFlowTM for analysis of uncertainties and CondorFlowTM for assisted production history matching) have also been updated.
FIRST CONTRACTS FOR THE CHEMICAL EOR ALLIANCETM The alliance created in 2009 by IFPEN, Beicip-Franlab and Rhodia to develop chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery solutions
46
Permeability test of new materials for risers.
of the quality of pipeline insulation, it is essential to control the formation and transport of hydrates under these conditions. In this area, IFPEN operates two JIPs: Hysiflo for the transportation of hydrates in oil dominant flows, and AHToL, for their transportation in gas dominant flows. IFPEN is also conducting research into the restarting of paraffin crude flows in oil pipelines as part of the ColdStart JIP. In addition, in
Cap rock gas permeability measurements.
order to simultaneously transport all the liquid and gaseous effluents, IFPEN has contributed to the development of a multiphase pump system (Poseidon). Developments are currently being conducted on the improvement of software capabilities for predicting the performance of these pumps. To bring deep offshore fields into production (in over 2,500m of water), it is essential to reduce the weight of risers. Ongoing research makes it possible to consider a weight reduction of up to a factor of 2. In addition, a decrease in the immobilization time of marine drilling installations would also lead to a significant reduction in costs. To address this dual challenge, IFPEN is studying a new version of the Clip-Riser , a breech-block type connector system designed for drilling risers. IFPEN is also developing new technologies to facilitate the treatment of very sour gases. In addition to CO 2 recovery, IFPEN is developing advanced processes for the treatment of sulfur compounds (carbonyl sulfide and mercaptans). Finally, unconventional gases could also play an important role in replacing reserves. In particular, these include tight gas, coal gas and shale gas.
The latter, produced from argillaceous rocks, are already extracted in the USA. But, on a European level, their potential has yet to be evaluated. In this area, IFPEN is taking part in the European Gash consortium, led by GFZ . It is responsible for the basin modeling work package of the project.
of the worlds natural gas reserves consist of sour gases.
40 %
GeoForschungsZentrum.
47

IFPEN Activity Report 2011 - VA - Part1 5 Priorities For The Future

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5 PRIORITIES FOR THE FUTURE

2011 activity report

5 PRIORITIES FOR THE FUTURE

PRODUCING FUELS FROM BIOMASS

IFP Energies nouvelles

Biomass torrefaction pilot unit at IFPEN-Lyon.

2011 activity report

5 PRIORITIES FOR THE FUTURE

BIOTECHNOLOGIES Biocatalysts are the ideal tools for performing

Frdric Monot, Head of the Biotechnology Department at IFPEN

What are biocatalysts used for?

Biocatalysed-production of fuel ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass.

LIGNIN CELLULOSE HEMICELLULOSE

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PRETREATMENT

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY/ GENETIC MICROBIOLOGY

ENZYME PRODUCTION Fungi

How is IFPEN positioned in this field?

What skills are required?

IFP Energies nouvelles

Study on biofuel aging for the aviation industry.

2011 activity report

5 PRIORITIES FOR THE FUTURE

CLOSE COLLABORATION FOR THE BENEFIT OF BIOFUEL PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES

IFP Energies nouvelles

TOWARDS PLANT-BASED CHEMISTRY

DEVELOPING MARINE ENERGIES

5 PRIORITIES FOR THE FUTURE

CO2 CAPTURE, TRANSPORT AND STORAGE: AN INDUSTRY FOR THE FUTURE

IFP Energies nouvelles

Demixing solvents reduce the cost of postcombustion capture processes.

Large industrial units produce an important percentage of CO2 emissions.

2011 activity report

5 PRIORITIES FOR THE FUTURE

What does the fluidized bed principle consist in?

How is IFPEN positioned in this field?

HIGH TEMPERATURE HEAT RECOVERY (electricity, heat, etc.)

Carbon dioxide separation by condensation of water in flue gas streams

Carbon dioxide compression = only energy penalty

How is this expertise applied to Chemical Looping Combustion?

CARBON DIOXIDE SUPERCRITICAL TRANSPORT STORAGE SITE (geological, EOR, etc.)

In which projects is IFPEN putting this expertise to use?

CONVERSION UNIT (agriculture, chemistry, etc. )

FUEL + STEAM (coal, natural gas, fluid fuel, etc.)

Chemical Looping Combustion for carbon-free energy production.

IFP Energies nouvelles

The CLC pilot unit at the IFPEN site in Lyon.

2011 activity report

5 PRIORITIES FOR THE FUTURE

IFP Energies nouvelles

BUFFER STORAGE FACILITY

CO2 METHANE CO2 CO2 CO2 OIL OR GAS

UNMINEABLE COAL SEAM

DEEP AQUIFER DEPLETED OIL OR GAS FIELD

REDUCING THE WATER FOOTPRINT OF INDUSTRY

2011 activity report

5 PRIORITIES FOR THE FUTURE

INVENTING THE VEHICLES OF TOMORROW

Delphine Bresch-Pietri, Technology, Computer Science and Applied Mathematics Division

IFP Energies nouvelles

FlexHybrid, IFPENs plug-in hybrid laboratory vehicle.

the number of passenger vehicles and commercial vehicles in France in 2011.

2011 activity report