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sdonev@inrne.bas.bg
Sofia-1000, BULGARIA
INTRODUCTION
There are a lot of experimental results showing the existence of lift force when a transverse flow interacts with rotating bodies. Theory does not explain well experimental results. As in [5], the following mechanical theorems have been used here. The momentum of a mechanical system p is equal to the momentum of the systems masses center
velocity.
p = p c = mv c , where m is the systems mass and v c is the mass centers velocity. The reactive force R is defined by & u , where | m & | is the mass flow and u is the change of its the rate of change of the momentum of the mass flow R = m
ROBINS-MAGNUS EFFECT
Robins-Magnus Effect [4, 6] the lift force is a result of the interaction of a transverse flow and a rotating body with the rotation axis of symmetry (e.g. cylinder, globe and other) Figure 1. The effect depends on the existence of an air flow separation on the cylinders surface - Figure 2a and Figure 2b.
Figure 1 [3, 5] about a real low viscous fluid, if the losses of energy are ignored: v + u v and
u = r = v
angle = 2 arcsin / 2 and the change of the mass center velocity v c is u = r = v - Figure 1. The mass flow interacting with the cylinder surface is proportional to the stream-lined area SC , the mass density of the air
, and the
& |, |m
& ~ v SC = v 2rl . Considering the cylinder planform area S = 2rl , m & ~ v S . As a matter of flow velocity v : m
experiment,
& = v S when l >> r ,e.g. the constant of proportionality is equal to 1. The originating total m aerodynamic force R is a result of the influence of the inflow and outflow momentum, e.g.
& | u = v S r = 2.S R =| m
v2 2
& < 0 . Consequently, the coefficients CR , CL and CD of the & > 0 and mass outflow by m Mass inflow is expressed by m total aerodynamic force, lift and drag are equal to:
CR =
(2)
R = 2 S v2 / 2
C L = 2 cos
, C D = 2 sin
m =
and
m = 2
(Figure 3a).
(3)
2 CR = 2 2
The result at
m = 2
m = 2
m = CL
2 3 2 = (0.53 0.47)2 m . ( )2 m 2 4 3
m =
2
needs a reciprocal increase of the rotation rate between the margins
Figure 2, [1] 2a in case of an ideal fluid without flow separation, 2b in case of a real fluid with flow separation between S1 and S2 The maximum of drag coefficient reduces to
Figure 3 Figure 3a without separation of air flow and Figure 3b with separation of air flow
3) During the air flow separation from the surface of a cylinder there is a possibility for transferring of energy from the rotating cylinder to the deflected air flow and the lift coefficient maximum increases Figure 3b and Figure 4.
m = m = (13.16 14.80) , CL
CL ( )
and
C = d / d = 1 3, d - diameter of the discs at the ends of the cylinder, = sin( / 7.7) , CD ( ) ( CL = . Figure 4 - CL ( ) CD CL = 0.6 sin 2 ( / 7.7) ).
4
4) At the values of the Reynolds numbers less than the critical Re < Re and low rotation rate , the air flow separation occurs at the front part of the cylinder and an upward air flow deflection exists Figure 2b. The back cylinder part does not participate in the air flow deflection and this is the main reason for the presence of reverse Robins-Magnus effect. The Reynolds number is not a reliable reference since experience shows the smoothness of the rotating body has to be taken into account as well.
( ) . Due to (2) for a real fluid without flow separation CL = 2 cos relation CL
as the back area of the cylinder (Figure 2b) taking a part in the downward fluid deflection increases with the increase of . From expression (2)
= sin , Figure 4 fluid with separation of air flow is necessary further combining of the linear and sinus functions - CL
CD = 2 sin
3 2 = 0, 45( )2 sin = (0, 675 0, 60) sin 2 , due to = 2sin . In addition the profile drag of the cylinder must CD 2 4 3 2 2
be accounted by moving the beginning of this graph at
it
could
be
defined
( ) CD
by
means
of
small
corrections:
the
sin
minimum
of
experimental
data
and
functional dependencies:
= 0, 6 CD
= sin( / a) CL
and
sin 2 ( / a ) , with an additional choice of the parameter a = 7.7 , so the maximum of function to match
data (m
experimental
m = 14 ). = 5, C L
Despite
the
good results
should
be
work
even
more
on
the
APPLICATIONS
Magenn Power Air Rotor System (Figures 5 and 6) is a new type wind-generator combining the aerostatic effect and the Robins-Magnus effect.
Figure 5, [7]
Figure 6, [7]
The FanWing (Figure 7) achieves several of times bigger lift coefficient because of the several of times bigger critical angle of attack. There are no theoretical limits in energy transfer to the downward deflected flow and gaining more lift. In this case a vertical take off is possible, even without Robins-Magnus effect.
CONCLUSION
What has been achieved? 1. The maximum of the lift coefficient for a real fluid with and without a separation of the air flow has been defined. 2. The functional relationships of lift and drag are obtained and explained simultaneously through the relative speed of rotation. 3. The reverse Robbins-Magnus effect has been explained. 4. A very good correspondence of the theory with the experiment has been obtained. 5. In the general case of interaction of a non-transverse flow with a rotating body the possibility of precession should be taken into account.
REFERENCES
1. ., . , , 2005, 12, 1 2. ., , , V, . 1-2., 1925 3. Hyperphysics: Kutta-Joukowski Lift Theorem, 2006, http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/fluids/kutta.html#c1 4. Magnus G., Uber die Abweichung der Geschosse. Abh. d. Kgl. Ak. d. Wiss. zu Berlin. 1852: Pogg. Ann. 88, 1, 1853. 5. Marinchev E., D. Geshev, I. Dimitrov, S. Donev, I. Nedyalkov, ON THE PHYSICS OF FLIGHT, http://www.lulu.com/content/569164 6. Robins, B., New Principles of Gunnery Containing the Determination of the Force of Gunpowder and Investigation of the Difference in the Resisting Power of the Air to Swift and Slow Motion, 1742. 7. http://www.magenn.com 8. http://funwing.com