Fiji became independent in 1970 after nearly a century as a British colony.

Democratic rule was interrupted by two military coups in 1987 caused by concern over a government perceived as dominated by the Indian community (descendants of contract laborers brought to the islands by the British in the 19th century). The coups and a 1990 constitution that cemented native Melanesian control of Fiji led to heavy Indian emigration; the population loss resulted in economic difficulties, but ensured that Melanesians became the majority. A new constitution enacted in 1997 was more equitable. Free and peaceful elections in 1999 resulted in a government led by an Indo-Fijian, but a civilian-led coup in May 2000 ushered in a prolonged period of political turmoil. Parliamentary elections held in August 2001 provided Fiji with a democratically elected government led by Prime Minister Laisenia QARASE. Re-elected in May 2006, QARASE was ousted in a December 2006 military coup led by Commodore Voreqe BAINIMARAMA, who initially appointed himself acting president but in January 2007 became interim prime minister. Since taking power BAINIMARAMA has neutralized his opponents, crippled Fiji's democratic institutions, and initially refused to hold elections. In 2012, he promised to hold elections in 2014.

Fiji History
http://workmall.com/wfb2001/fiji/fiji_history.html Source: US State Department

Melanesian and Polynesian peoples settled the Fijian islands some 3,500 years ago. European traders and missionaries arrived in the first half of the 19th century, and the resulting disruption led to increasingly serious wars among the native Fijian confederacies. One Ratu (chief), Cakobau, gained limited control over the western islands by the 1850s, but the continuing unrest led him and a convention of chiefs to cede Fiji unconditionally to

the British in 1874. The pattern of colonialism in Fiji during the following century was similar to that in many other British possessions: the pacification of the countryside, the spread of plantation agriculture, and the introduction of Indian indentured labor. Many traditional institutions, including the system of communal land ownership, were maintained. Fiji soldiers fought alongside the Allies in the Second World War, gaining a fine reputation in the tough Solomon Islands campaign. The United States and other Allied countries maintained military installations in Fiji during the war, but Fiji itself never came under attack. In April 1970, a constitutional conference in London agreed that Fiji should become a fully sovereign and independent nation within the Commonwealth. Fiji became independent on October 10, 1970. Postindependence politics came to be dominated by the Alliance Party of Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara. The Indianled opposition won a majority of House seats in 1977, but failed to form a government out of concern that indigenous Fijians would not accept Indo-Fijian leadership. In April 1987, a coalition led by Dr. Timoci Bavadra, an ethnic Fijian supported by the Indo-Fijian community, won the general election and formed Fiji's first majority Indian government, with Dr. Bavadra serving as Prime Minister. Less than a month later, Dr. Bavadra was forcibly removed from power during a military coup led by Lt. Col. Sitiveni Rabuka on May 14, 1987. After a period of deadlocked negotiations, Rabuka staged a second coup on September 25, 1987. The military government revoked the constitution and declared Fiji a republic on October 10. This action, coupled with protests by the Government of India, led to Fiji's expulsion from the Commonwealth of Nations and official non-recognition of the Rabuka regime from foreign governments, including Australia and New Zealand. On December 6, 1987, Rabuka resigned as head of state and Governor General Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau was appointed the first President of the Fijian Republic. Mara was reappointed Prime Minister, and Rabuka became Minister of Home Affairs. The new government drafted a new Constitution that went into force in July 1990. Under its terms, majorities

were reserved for ethnic Fijians in both houses of the legislature. Previously, in 1989, the government had released statistical information showing that for the first time since 1946, ethnic Fijians were a majority of the population. More than 12,000 Indo-Fijians and other minorities had left the country in the 2 years following the 1987 coups. After resigning from the military, Rabuka became prime minister in 1993 after elections under the new constitution. Tensions simmered in 1995-96 over the renewal of land leases and political maneuvering surrounding the mandated 7-year review of the 1990 constitution. The Constitutional Review Commission produced a draft constitution that expanded the size of the legislature, lowered the proportion of seats reserved by ethnic group, and reserved the presidency for ethnic Fijians, but opened the position of prime minister to all races. Prime Minister Rabuka and President Mara supported the proposal, while the nationalist indigenous Fijian parties opposed it. The reformed constitution was approved in July 1997. Fiji was readmitted to the Commonwealth in October. The first legislative elections held under the new constitution took place in May 1999. Rabuka's coalition was defeated by the Fiji Labor Party (FLP), which formed a coalition, led by Mahendra Chaudhry, with two small Fijian parties. Chaudhry became Fiji's first IndoFijian prime minister. One year later, in May 2000, Chaudhry and most other members of parliament were taken hostage in the House of Representatives by gunmen led by ethnic Fijian nationalist George Speight. The standoff dragged on for 8 weeks--during which time Chaudhry was removed from office by the then-president due to his incapacitation. The Republic of Fiji military forces convinced President Mara to resign and brokered a negotiated end to the situation. Speight was later arrested when he violated the settlements terms. Later in February 2002, Speight was convicted of treason and is currently serving a life sentence. In July 200, Former banker Laisenia Qarase was named interim prime minister and head of the interim civilian administration by the military and Great Council of Chiefs. Ratu Josefa Iloilo was named President. The Supreme Court reaffirmed the validity of the Constitution and ordered the Chaudhry government returned to power in March 2001, after which the President dissolved the Parliament elected in 2000 and appointed

Qarase head of a caretaker government until elections could be held in August. Qarase's newly formed Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua (SDL) party won the elections. In May 2006, the SDL was re-elected to a majority in the Parliament, Qarase continued as Prime Minister and formed a multi-party cabinet, which included nine members of the FLP.
NOTE: The information regarding Fiji on this page is re-published from the US State Department. No claims are made regarding the accuracy of Fiji History information contained here. All suggestions for corrections of any errors about Fiji History should be addressed to the State Department.

Oceania, island group in the South Pacific Ocean, about two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand Geographic coordinates: 18 00 S, 175 00 E Map references: Oceania Area: total: 18,274 sq km [see also: Area - total country ranks ] country comparison to the world: 157 land: 18,274 sq km water: 0 sq km Area - comparative: slightly smaller than New Jersey Land boundaries: 0 km [see also: Land boundaries country ranks ] Coastline: 1,129 km [see also: Coastline country ranks ] Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation; rectilinear shelf claim added

Climate: tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation Terrain: mostly mountains of volcanic origin Elevation extremes: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m [see also: Elevation extremes - lowest point country ranks ] highest point: Tomanivi 1,324 m Natural resources: timber, fish, gold, copper, offshore oil potential, hydropower Land use: arable land: 10.95% [see also: Land use - arable land country ranks ] permanent crops: 4.65% other: 84.4% (2005) Irrigated land: 30 sq km (2003) [see also: Irrigated land country ranks ] Total renewable water resources: 28.6 cu km (1987) [see also: Total renewable water resources country ranks ] Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural): total: 0.07 cu km/yr (14%/14%/71%) [see also: Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural) - total country ranks ] per capita: 82 cu m/yr (2000) Natural hazards: cyclonic storms can occur from November to January Environment - current issues: deforestation; soil erosion Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber

94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements Geography - note: includes 332 islands; approximately 110 are inhabited

NOTE: The information regarding Fiji on this page is re-published from the 2013 World Fact Book of the United States Central Intelligence Agency. No claims are made regarding the accuracy of Fiji Geography 2013 information contained here. All suggestions for corrections of any errors about Fiji Geography 2013 should be addressed to the CIA.

- Please bookmark this page (add it to your favorites). - If you wish to link to this page, you can do so by referring to the URL address below this line. http://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/fiji/fiji_geography.html This page was last modified 22-Mar-13 Copyright 1995-2013 ITA all rights reserved.

Page last updated on February 13, 2013 Nationality: noun: Fijian(s) adjective: Fijian Ethnic groups: Fijian 57.3% (predominantly Melanesian with a Polynesian admixture), Indian 37.6%, Rotuman 1.2%, other 3.9% (European, other Pacific Islanders, Chinese) (2007 census) Languages: English (official), Fijian (official), Hindustani Religions: Protestant 55.4% (Methodist 34.6%, Assembly of God 5.7%, Seventh-Day Adventist 3.9%, Anglican 0.8%, other 10.4%), Hindu 27.9%, Roman Catholic 9.1%, Muslim 6.3%, Sikh 0.3%, other or unspecified 0.3%, none 0.7% (2007 census) Population: 890,057 (July 2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 161 [see also: Population country ranks ] Age structure: 0-14 years: 28.6% (male 130,115/female 124,565) [see also: Age structure 0-14 years country ranks ] 15-24 years: 17.6% (male 80,163/female 76,528) 25-54 years: 41% (male 186,736/female 178,073) 55-64 years: 7.4% (male 32,943/female 32,647) 65 years and over: 5.4% (male 22,182/female 26,105) (2012 est.) Median age: total: 27.2 years [see also: Median age - total country ranks ] male: 27 years female: 27.4 years (2012 est.) Population growth rate: 0.766% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 137 [see also: Population growth rate country ranks ] Birth rate: 20.7 births/1,000 population (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 84 [see also: Birth rate country ranks ] Death rate: 5.93 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 167 [see also: Death rate country ranks ] Net migration rate: -7.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 203 [see also: Net migration rate country ranks ] Urbanization: urban population: 52% of total population (2010) [see also: Urbanization - urban population country ranks ] rate of urbanization: 1.3% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.) Major cities - population: SUVA (capital) 174,000 (2009)

Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female [see also: Sex ratio - at birth country ranks ] under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2011 est.) Maternal mortality rate: 26 deaths/100,000 live births (2010) country comparison to the world: 129 [see also: Maternal mortality rate country ranks ] Infant mortality rate: total: 10.73 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 141 male: 11.82 deaths/1,000 live births female: 9.58 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 71.59 years country comparison to the world: 137 male: 69 years female: 74.32 years (2012 est.) Total fertility rate: 2.58 children born/woman (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 82 [see also: Total fertility rate country ranks ] Health expenditures: 9.7% of GDP (2009) country comparison to the world: 32 [see also: Health expenditures country ranks ] Physicians density: 0.453 physicians/1,000 population (2003) [see also: Physicians density country ranks ] Hospital bed density: 2.08 beds/1,000 population (2008) [see also: Hospital bed density country ranks ] HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.1% (2009 est.)

country comparison to the world: 123 [see also: HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate country ranks ] HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: fewer than 1,000 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 141 [see also: HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS country ranks ] HIV/AIDS - deaths: fewer than 100 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 139 [see also: HIV/AIDS - deaths country ranks ] Obesity - adult prevalence rate: 23.9% (2004) country comparison to the world: 12 [see also: Obesity - adult prevalence rate country ranks ] Education expenditures: 6.2% of GDP (2004) country comparison to the world: 26 [see also: Education expenditures - percent of GDP country ranks ] Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 93.7% male: 95.5% female: 91.9% (2003 est.) School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total: 13 years male: 13 years female: 13 years (2005)

NOTE: The information regarding Fiji on this page is re-published from the 2013 World Fact Book of the United States Central Intelligence Agency. No claims are made regarding the accuracy of Fiji PEOPLE 2013 information contained here. All suggestions for corrections of any errors about Fiji PEOPLE 2013 should be addressed to the CIA.

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http://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/fiji/fiji_people.html This page was last modified 11-Mar-13

GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES

Page last updated on February 13, 2013 Country name: conventional long form: Republic of Fiji conventional short form: Fiji local long form: Republic of Fiji/Matanitu ko Viti local short form: Fiji/Viti Government type: republic Capital: name: Suva (on Viti Levu) geographic coordinates: 18 08 S, 178 25 E time difference: UTC+12 (17 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins fourth Sunday in October; ends first Sunday in March Administrative divisions: 4 divisions and 1 dependency*; Central, Eastern, Northern, Rotuma*, Western Independence: 10 October 1970 (from the UK) National holiday: Independence Day, second Monday of October (1970)

Constitution: enacted 25 July 1997; effective 28 July 1998; note - constitution encourages multiculturalism and m mandatory Legal system: common law system based on the English model International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal [see also: Suffrage country ranks ]

Executive branch: chief of state: President Ratu Epeli NAILATIKAU (since 30 July 2009) head of government: Prime Minister Laisenia QARASE (since 10 September 2000); note - although minister, he has been confined to his home island; former President ILOILOVATU appointed Comm BAINIMARAMA interim prime minister under the military regime cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister from among the members of Parliament and respo leader Commodore Voreqe BAINIMARAMA has appointed an interim cabinet elections: under the constitution, president elected by the Great Council of Chiefs for a five-year ter the Great Council of Chiefs was suspended from its role in electing the president; prime minister ap election results: Ratu Epeli NAILATIKAU was appointed by Chief Justice Anthony GATES

Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (32 seats; 14 members appointed by the president on Chiefs, 9 appointed by the president on the advice of the Prime Minister, 8 on the advice of the opp advice of the council of Rotuma) and the House of Representatives (71 seats; 23 members reserve ethnic Indians, 3 reserved for other ethnic groups, 1 reserved for the council of Rotuma constituenc 25 open seats; members serve five-year terms) elections: House of Representatives - last held on 6-13 May 2006 (long delayed, the next elections election results: House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - SDL 44.6%, FLP 39.2%, UPP 10.5%; seats by party - SDL 36, FLP 31, UPP 2, independents 2

Judicial branch: Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president); Court of Appeal; High Court; Magistrates' C

Political parties and leaders: Dodonu Ni Taukei Party or DNT [Fereti S. DEWA]; Fiji Democratic Party or FDP [Filipe BOLE] (a m Alliance or VLV [Poesci Waqalevu BUNE], Fijian Association Party or FAP, Fijian Political Party or S Fijian), and New Labor Unity Party or NLUP [Ofa SWANN]); Fiji Labor Party or FLP [Mahendra CHA GVP (became part of United General Party); Girmit Heritage Party or GHP; Justice and Freedom P Party or LFR; National Federation Party or NFP [Pramond RAE] (primarily Indian); Nationalist Vanu TELAWA]; Party of National Unity or PANU [Ponipate LESAVUA]; Party of the Truth or POTT; Unite Lewenivanua or SDL [Laisenia QARASE]; United Peoples Party or UPP [Millis Mick BEDDOES] Political pressure groups and leaders: Group Against Racial Discrimination or GARD [Dr. Anirudk SINGH] (for restoration of a democratic Association

International organization participation: ACP, ADB, AOSIS, C (suspended), CP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFR IOC, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OPCW, PCA, PIF, Sparteca (suspended), SPC, U UNMISS, UNMIT, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Winston THOMPSON chancery: 2000 M Street, NW, Suite 710, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 466-8320 FAX: [1] (202) 466-8325 consulate(s): Portland (OR), San Francisco

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Frankie A. REED embassy: 31 Loftus Street, Suva mailing address: P. O. Box 218, Suva telephone: [679] 331-4466 FAX: [679] 330-0081

Flag description: light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Fijian shield centered on t symbolizes the Pacific ocean and the Union Jack reflects the links with Great Britain; the shield - tak yellow lion above a white field quartered by the cross of Saint George; the four quarters depict stalk and a white dove National anthem: name: "God Bless Fiji"

lyrics/music: Michael Francis Alexander PRESCOTT/C. Austin MILES (adapted by Michael Francis note: adopted 1970; the anthem is known in Fijian as "Meda Dau Doka" (Let Us Show Pride); adapt Beulah Land," the anthem's English lyrics are generally sung, although they differ in meaning from t

NOTE: The information regarding Fiji on this page is re-published from the 2013 World Fact Book of the United States Central Intelligence Agency. No claims are m information contained here. All suggestions for corrections of any errors about Fiji Government 2013 should be addressed to the CIA.

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Fiji, endowed with forest, mineral, and fish resources, is one of the most developed of the Pacific island economies though still with a large subsistence sector. Sugar exports, remittances from Fijians working abroad, and a growing tourist industry - with 400,000 to 500,000 tourists annually - are the major sources of foreign exchange. Fiji's sugar has special access to European Union markets but will be harmed by the EU's decision to cut sugar subsidies. Sugar processing makes up one-third of industrial activity but is not efficient. Fiji's tourism industry was damaged by the December 2006 coup and is facing an uncertain recovery time. In 2007 tourist arrivals were down almost 6%, with substantial job losses in the service sector, and GDP dipped. The coup has created a difficult business

climate. The EU has suspended all aid until the interim government takes steps toward new elections. Long-term problems include low investment, uncertain land ownership rights, and the government's inability to manage its budget. Overseas remittances from Fijians working in Kuwait and Iraq have decreased significantly. Fiji's current account deficit peaked at 23% of GDP in 2006, and declined to 12.5% of GDP in 2012. GDP (purchasing power parity): $4.307 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 172 $4.221 billion (2011 est.) $4.135 billion (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars [see also: GDP country ranks ] GDP (official exchange rate): $3.946 billion (2012 est.) [see also: GDP (official exchange rate) country ranks ] GDP - real growth rate: 2% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 141 2.1% (2011 est.) -0.2% (2010 est.) [see also: GDP - real growth rate country ranks ] GDP - per capita: $4,800 (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 158 $4,700 (2011 est.) $4,600 (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars [see also: GDP - per capita country ranks ] GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 11% [see also: GDP - composition by sector - agriculture country ranks ] industry: 19.7% services: 69.3% (2012 est.) Labor force: 335,000 (2007 est.)

country comparison to the world: 162 [see also: Labor force country ranks ] Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 70% [see also: Labor force - by occupation - agriculture country ranks ] industry and services: 30% (2001 est.) Unemployment rate: 7.6% (1999) country comparison to the world: 88 [see also: Unemployment rate country ranks ] Population below poverty line: 31% (2009 est.) [see also: Population below poverty line country ranks ] Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.6% [see also: Household income or consumption by percentage share - lowest 10% country ranks ] highest 10%: 34.9% Budget: revenues: $1.004 billion [see also: Budget revenues country ranks ] expenditures: $1.172 billion (2012 est.) Taxes and other revenues: 25.5% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 122 [see also: Taxes and other revenues country ranks ] Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-): -4.2% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 137 [see also: Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-) country ranks ] Public debt: 47.9% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 68 53.9% of GDP (2011 est.) [see also: Public debt country ranks ]

Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.7% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 135 8.5% (2011 est.) [see also: Inflation rate (consumer prices) country ranks ] Central bank discount rate: 1.75% (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 106 3% (31 December 2009 est.) [see also: Central bank discount rate country ranks ] Commercial bank prime lending rate: 7.1% (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 124 7.47% (31 December 2011 est.) [see also: Commercial bank prime lending rate country ranks ] Stock of narrow money: $794.6 million (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 155 $781.7 million (31 December 2011 est.) [see also: Stock of narrow money country ranks ] Stock of broad money: $2.495 billion (31 December 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 147 $2.24 billion (31 December 2010 est.) [see also: Stock of broad money country ranks ] Stock of domestic credit: $1.786 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 140 $1.758 billion (31 December 2011 est.) [see also: Stock of domestic credit country ranks ] Market value of publicly traded shares: $1.372 billion (31 December 2011) country comparison to the world: 102

$1.404 billion (31 December 2010) $1.607 billion (31 December 2009) [see also: Market value of publicly traded shares country ranks ] Agriculture - products: sugarcane, coconuts, cassava (manioc), rice, sweet potatoes, bananas; cattle, pigs, horses, goats; fish Industries: tourism, sugar, clothing, copra, gold, silver, lumber, small cottage industries Industrial production growth rate: NA% [see also: Industrial production growth rate country ranks ] Current account balance: -$493.4 million (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 97 -$428.8 million (2011 est.) [see also: Current account balance country ranks ] Exports: $991.6 million (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 158 $901.5 million (2011 est.) [see also: Exports country ranks ] Exports - commodities: sugar, garments, gold, timber, fish, molasses, coconut oil Exports - partners: Australia 14.3%, US 11%, Japan 6.4%, UK 5.9%, Samoa 5.8%, Tonga 5.1% (2011) Imports: $1.938 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 162 $1.762 billion (2011 est.) [see also: Imports country ranks ] Imports - commodities: manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment, petroleum products, food, chemicals

Imports - partners: Singapore 34.1%, Australia 16.3%, NZ 14.1%, China 8.9% (2011) Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $1.007 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 136 $833.5 million (31 December 2011 est.) [see also: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold country ranks ] Debt - external: $268 million (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 180 $259.1 million (31 December 2011 est.) [see also: Debt - external country ranks ] Stock of direct foreign investment - at home: $NA [see also: Stock of direct foreign investment - at home country ranks ] Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad: $NA [see also: Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad country ranks ] Exchange rates: Fijian dollars (FJD) per US dollar 1.792 (2012 est.) 1.7932 (2011 est.) 1.9183 (2010 est.) Fiscal year: calendar year

NOTE: The information regarding Fiji on this page is re-published from the 2013 World Fact Book of the United States Central Intelligence Agency. No claims are made regarding the accuracy of Fiji Economy 2013 information contained here. All suggestions for corrections of any errors about Fiji Economy 2013 should be addressed to the CIA.

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