An Exhaustive Inventory of

NEW TESTAMENT IMAGERY

by

DAVID F. MAAS, Ed.D

1993

INTRODUCTION

You hold in your hands a unique volume, as exhaustive as a concordance and as thorough as a dictionary, yet different because of its systematic arrangement and its userfriendly method of exposition. It is in no way a replication of Bullinger's volume Figure of Speech in the Bible, but a totally different system of classification and explication. The basic organizational scheme is one I was originally exposed to 23 years ago when I was recovering from injuries sustained in an automobile accident. I read with great interest J. S. Bois' The Art of Awareness and Kenneth Boulding's The Image. I was particularly fascinated by how Bois had systematically categorized Boulding's images into seven progressive system-models which he termed standardized analogies. These seven mental models, which are placed on a continuum from simple to complex, reflect a progressive sophistication in the development of root metaphors. The seven Boulding-Bois systemmodels provide an excellent logical framework upon which to construct a taxonomy of imagery. The Bois models could also absorb or subsume many of the partially effective metaphor classifications systems based upon types of transfer and image content area. Using the Boulding-Bois system-models, the types of transfer such as inanimate-animate, staticdynamic, human-animal, and material-immaterial would be placed in a logical progressive order on a more encompassing continuum. The diverse content areas ~ such as mineral world, plant world, animal world, and man and his activities ~ would be arranged according to a logical progressive scheme from simple to complex. System-model one in the Boulding-Bois hierarchy is the framework or static structure. At this level the image used for comparison has no moving parts. Metaphors on the framework level of the hierarchy reflect only the form of a phenomenon, and do not describe its functioning. The image evoked by a framework model would be that of a solid, permanent object such as a mountain, a town, or a continent. Biblical metaphors at level one compare God as a rock (Psalm 62:2), Christ as a rock (I Corinthians 10:4) or the people in the Corinthian congregation as God's field or God's building (I Corinthians 3:9).

Bible Imagery

Level two of the Boulding-Bois hierarchy of system models is that of the mechanism reified as a clock. With this image, the interdependent moving parts are added to the framework model. The parts that make up the whole are not studied separately, but must be shown to work interdependently. In the static structure, the building blocks metaphorically are spatially related, but the functioning of the unit is not yet illustrated. Each cog, axle, or gear must contribute to the workings of the whole unit. The abstract notion of action and reaction, cause and effect, or checks and balances, can be described as well as reinforced by the mechanism (or clockwork) metaphor. Clockwork images have interdependent moving parts which function on a cyclical, repeatable schedule. Biblical images at level two would be the circularity of the rivers and wind described in Ecclesiastes 1:6-7 and the circuit of the sun in Psalm 19:6. Level three on the Boulding-Bois hierarchy of system models is the self-regulating, equilibrium-maintaining, homeostatic-maintaining image reified in a thermostat. The thermostat has both an effector to send out signals with a control mechanism to keep the unit running at a steady predetermined level. The homeostatic mechanism reacts to positive and negative feedback and makes adjustments accordingly. Biblical images on level three depict losing and regaining balance (Psalm 73:18), going astray but receiving a course correction (Psalm 119:67), and maintaining stability in prayer (James 1:6-8). Level four on the Boulding-Bois hierarchy is the cell. The cell analogue is the first and most basic of all living images. Every component which the previous models contained, including having form, interdependent parts, and the homeostatic control mechanisms is also apparent in the cell. The unique feature which the cell adds to the previous analogues is the capacity for self-maintenance and self-reproduction. While the mechanistic analogue has to be maintained by something external to itself, the cell contains within itself a plan for survival. Unlike the mechanical models that can be wound up or down, the living cell is never at rest until death overtakes it. The cell is able to ingest, digest, and eliminate foreign substances (which it must selectively discern as nutritive), transforming these raw materials into itself. Boulding describes the cell as a basic open system "which maintains itself in the midst of a stream of through-put." The open system draws foreign substances to its structure. Biblical images

INTRODUCTION of level four would include leaven which leavens the entire lump (I Corinthians 5:7) and sin beginning as a tiny spore or spermatozoa (James 1:14-15). Level five on the Boulding-Bois hierarchy is the self-expanding structure, reified as a plant. Boulding identifies the plant as "a society of cells with a quite elaborate structure and extensive division of labor" (23). One significant feature that places it beyond the cell analogue is that it has the capacity to expand and change its configuration. Even though the plant has originated from a single seed and has as its basic component the cell, the society of cells is growing toward its phenotype. The ability to expand toward a configuration unlike the original cell, is a feature shared by all analogues above the cell level. All levels of organization above the cell have the unique characteristic of diversification or differentiation. Within the mother cell is programmed an elaborate schedule of tasks or functions for future cells. The submicroscopic chromosomes in the mother cell determine the future configuration for the particular species. When the phenotype emerges, dissection will reveal that the cells of the root, stem, and leaves, although generated from the same parent cell, have all organized their through-put differently. The differentiation of responsibilities ensure the long term survival of the plant. Biblical imagery on level five would include the vine and branch analogy in John 15:5 and the wild branches grafted into the stock in Romans 11:17. Level six on the Boulding-Bois hierarchy of system models incorporates all the features of the preceding models, with the additional feature that it is not confined to one place, but may move around to a more hospitable environment. Though plant turn their leaves toward the sun, they cannot pull up their roots and move elsewhere. Animals, on the other hand, may habitually move toward a warmer climate according to their internal clocks or homeostatic mechanisms. Alfred Korzybski, the father of General Semantics, has referred to this feature as reflective of the "space-binding class of life" (Read 341). Biblical images using the animal model would be Jesus compared to a lamb (John 1:29) or Pharisees compared to vipers (Matthew 23:23). Level seven on the Boulding-Bois hierarchy of system models is the human or selfreflexive metaphor. The single observable feature, according to Korzybski, that distinguishes human behavior from animal behavior is that of time-binding (Read 341). Through his

111

Bible Imagery
ability to use symbols, man is no longer dependent upon his own experience to help him solve his day-to-day problems, but can draw liberally from past recorded experiences from years, decades or centuries of previous human experience. In a human analogue, an increased self-awareness, or, as Korzybski would term it selfreflexiveness, would be incorporated into the structure. Self-reflexiveness may be described as the human being's capability to thing about his thinking. A human being not only has the ability to know, but also to know that he knows. He may doubt, but have doubts about his doubting. The capacity for introspection, self-examination, self-analysis and self-criticism places man on a higher plane than the pigeon or rat. Biblical images on the human level would be Jesus representing the Father to Philip (John 14:9), Jesus as shepherd (John 10:14), and Jesus as bridegroom (Mark 2:19). In this Exhaustive Inventory of New Testament Imagery, the numbers immediately to the right of the verses are to be understood as (1) framework or static structure, (2) clockwork or mechanical structure, (3) thermostat or selfregulating structure, (4) cell or self-maintaining/self-reproducing structure, (5) plant or selfexpanding structure, (6) animal or self-moving structure, and (7) human or self-reflexive structure. The letter A, B and C to the right of the system model numbers refer to the level of metaphorical penetration. A refers to a direct or explicit metaphor or simile: John 15:15 "I am the vine, you are the branches." Matthew 13:31 "The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed." B refers to an implied or suggested comparison through the imagery. Psalm 17:8 "Hide me under the shadow of your wings." C refers to a comparison implied by the context.

INTRODUCTION Ecclesiastes 1:6-7 "The wind goes toward the south, and turns around to the north; the wind whirls about continually, and comes again on its circuit. All the rivers run into these, yet the sea is not full; to the place from which the rivers come, there they return again." The cluster of images imply an interdependent mechanical or clockwork system. The last three columns are based upon I. A. Richards analysis of metaphorical or analogical works. Every metaphor or analogy consists of a tenor -- the underlying message and the vehicle the image used to describe visibly the unseen underlying message. The relationship between tenor and vehicle can also be seen in these relationships: Tenor: Vehicle Intangible: Tangible Spiritual: Physical Abstract: Concrete Invisible: Visible. "He only is my rock and my salvation" (Psalm 62:2). Tenor = permanence, strength; Vehicle = Rock The arrangement of these last three columns are in I. A. Richards Analytical Scheme: vehicle, tenor, and grounds of comparison. The grounds of comparison develop a component or cluster of components appearing on the Boulding-Bois system models. The following fragment illustrates how to use this inventory. Note the tenor identified in column 5 amounts to a de-metaphorized paraphrase. This will often allow for an elucidation and disentangling (to use some metaphors) of the meaning from the image. This can be especially helpful in understanding a culture-specific idiom; theses are then clarified in column 6, the grounds of comparison. At other times, however, the tenor can often become less clear as it ascends the ladder of abstraction, making it difficult to explain the metaphor in terms of anything else but another metaphor. It is then we appreciate the metaphorical nature of language itself and Derrida's distaste for what he termed logocentrism.

Bible Imagery

Eph 2:2

1
7

B Walked B according to the course of this world... prince of the power of the air...childrenof disobedience

Behaved like any Godless person... Satan ...rebellious people

"World" is a reference to Gentiles who do not know nor are influenced by the true God. The "course," a static image, is actualized by the walking metaphor, an idiom for how one lives their life. Satan is pictured as ruler whose realm is the air, a pun which subtly suggest both how insubstantial his power is (cp. 1 Cor 9:26 and 14:9) as well as how is influence is spiritual [alluding to the Jewish tradition that since God did not specifically bless the atmosphere (Gen 1:7-8), he left it to be the habitat of demons] "Sons of is Semitic idiom for "people of a sort," the qualifying noun to be understood as an adjective.
C*l.<
Anahvi* and explanation of the image and rational* for the paraphrase. IdentfOa bow tbe abstract can take the particular grammatical and idiomatic form it doe*.

Crf. 1

CM. 2

C*l.3
"Lewi" A. Direct B. Figure* C, Implied in itructure of thought

C*L4 the relevant portion that contain* the the image or "vehicle"

CAS
panphme that identifies the referent of the image, the "tenor" of the vehicle

Scripture Reference

"Root" metaphor 2. clockwork 4 cell 5. plant 6. animal 7. human

Citation of only De-roeupbodzed

1. framework limite 3. therroottat of ipeecb

I wish thank my faculty aide Jonathan Martinez, my wife Julie, as well as Fiona McKay, and Paul DeBuono for assisting with editing, typing and proofreading. The following students from my General Semantics 412 class from 1988-1993 have contributed input to this project: Mary Andrews, Lois Botha, Chandra Bowen, Jill Brandon, Jeremy Bushlack, Chris Cameron, Craig Forsythe, Matthew Fricke, Andrew Gerber, Bill Grinnell, Shawn Harr, Joanne Heykoop, Paula Johnson, Heidi Johnston, Nancy Jones, Lisa Kissel, Joy McDavid, Fiona McKay, Rebecca A. Meredith, Jacqueline Meeker, Amy Morris, Ruth (Muench) Terry, Jim Owens, Carla Pearson, Tim Pebworth, Joseph Peters, Gavin Power, Thomas E. Robinson, Debbie Roemer, Amber Rugless, Ignacio Sanchez, Michael Scheid, Lisa Marie Soik, T. David Stapleton, Jennifer Van Dyke, Oscar Velez, Ron Ware, Charles Wilson. Readers interested in a fuller explanation of the theoretical basis of the present work are directed to the following reading list: Bois, J. Samuel. The Art of Awareness. Dubuque: Brown, 1978. Boulding, Kenneth E. The Image: Knowledge in Life and Society. Ann Arbor: U Michigan P, 1961
VI

INTRODUCTION Maas, David F. The Images of Order. New York: Peter Lang, 1988. Read, Charlotte. "Alfred Korzybski: His Contributions and their Historical Development." Communications: General Semantics Perspective. Ed. Leo Thayer. New York: Spartan, 1970. Richards, Ivor A. The Philosophy of Rhetoric. New York: Oxford UP, 1965.

Vll

Bible Metaphors
Matt 1:17 2 C So all the generations ... are fourteen generations [Fourteen equal segments suggest symmetrical cycles Luminous herald of Christ. [Leader/ follower relationship] The status of a city is significant.

MATTHEW
The cyclical image is created by skipping some ancestors to form a repeating pattern of fourteen. This may have been derived from the mnemonic of the name of David, who is the central fulcrum of the genealogy and whose name in Hebrew has the numerical value of fourteen, combined with Ezekiel's prophecy implying that three cycles of David's dynasty would occur before the Messiah's coming (21:27). The star in this context is a stationary symbol of Christ.

Matt 2:2

B ... his star in the east

Matt 2:6

7 6

B Shepherd My B people Israel

The image of a shepherd/sheep relationship connotes gentle leadership rather than driving.

You, Bethlehem ... are not the least among the rulers Matt 2:9 7 B Star went before them until it came and stood over where the young child was "Out of Egypt i have called my son"

Bethlehem is likened to a prima.

[Illuminating guide]

The star is invested with the human quality of volition.

Matt 2:15

Christ will eventually lead people out of sin as He is called out Jewish mothers mourn the massacre Remove difficulties

Egypt, from the time of the historical Exodus, was a type of sin.

Matt 2:18

Rachel weeping for her children

The mourning mothers likened to Rachel-largely because they are her descendants.

Matt 3:3

B Prepare the way of the Lord, make His paths straight A A brood of vipers

"Crooked" suggests difficult while "straight" connotes enabling. There is also the suggestion of a course adjustment.

Matt 3:7

Dangerous and destructive Develop righteous character and practice good works Abraham's lineage doesn't have to continue through you

The viper is feared for its venom.

Matt 3:8

Bear fruit worthy of repentance

Fruit connotes the result or end product of a process; in this case of repentance.

Matt 3:9

B He will raise children to Abraham from these stones

The stone is an inanimate candidate for Abraham's descendantsare hypothetical contrasts to the Pharisees and Sadducees.

C.I. 2: l-Framework 2-Clocfcwort 3-Thermostat 4-Cell 5-Plant 6-Animal 7-Human Cl. i A-Direct Simile B-Figure of Speech C-lmplied in Structure of Thought Cl. * Vehicle (Kripture, image) C*l. 5; Tenor (referent) Cl. (e Analysis of ground* of companion

2
Matt 3:10 5 B And now the axe is laid to the root of the trees, therefore every tree which does not bear good fruit is cut down and thrown into the fire Those who do not bring forth works of righteousness and godly character will be destroyed

MATTHEW

Bible Metaphors

Righteous character is compared to a tree bearing fruit.

Matt 3:11

B Baptize you with the Holy Spirit B Gather His wheat, burn up the chaff

Fill you with the Holy Spirit Separate the righteous from the wicked Having mobility Without struggle Spiritual food

The immersion image requires a liquid-like medium.

Matt 3:12

The harvesting/threshing metaphor illustrates the judgement, in which the righteous will be saved and the wicked destroyed.

Matt 3:16

Descending like a dove Led by the Spirit But by every word Sat in darkness

A dove is mobile and graceful--an apt symbol of God's spirit. The dove is also a motif of peace. The image suggests a willing subject, like an animal being guided.

Matt 4:1

Matt 4:4

God's word is seen as food and throughput.

Matt 4:16

Were ignorant

The image suggests a regime of darkness.

3 Matt 4:17 Matt 4:19 Matt 5:3 1 6 1

C A great light B At hand B Fisher of men

Christ Close Evangelist Humble and unassuming Longing for justice will be satisfied

The light served as a beacon through the darkness. Spatial proximity is a metaphor for (temporal) imminence. The image of catching fish transfers to gaining converts. The humility of the poor prompts the idea of poverty as synonymous with humility. Drive-reduction models are involved in satisfaction. It is a characteristic of living organisms to satisfy hunger and thirst.

B Poor in spirit

Matt 5:6

3 6

C Hunger and B thirst for righteousness ... they shall be filled C Merciful shall obtain mercy B The pure in heart A Sons of God

The reward will reflect the

ad inn

The principle implies an action/reaction process.

Matt 5:8

1 7

Those without guile Spiritual family members Preserving agent

The image suggests a material substance whose impurity has been refined. The parent/child image derives from the human family relationship.

Matt 5:9

Matt 5:13

1 3

A Salt of the C earth

The characteristics of flavoring, preserving and making palatable are suggested in this metaphor. Salt carries out a stabilizing function in chemical solutions.

C.I. 2; 1-Framewort 2-Clockwoft 3-ThermosIat 4-Cell 5-Planl 6-Animal 7-Human Cl. J A-Direct Simile B-Fipire of Speech C-Implied in Structure of Thought
C*I. * Vebicte (scripture, image) Cat. 5; Tenor (referent) Cd. k Analysis of grounds of companion

Bible Metaphors
Matt 5:14 1 3 1 A Light of the C world A A city on a hill B Put it under a basket Spiritual example Those with high visibility Conceal righteous behavior Open and forthright Be a good example Not to nullify but to practice

MATTHEW

Jesus suggested that righteous behavior would have high visibility tike a city which can be seen for miles. Hiding light suggests being ashamed of godly behavior.

Matt 5:15

B On a lampstand C Let your light shine C I did not come to destroy but to fulfill Not one jot or one tittle

A lampstand displays the light for everyone's benefit.

Matt 5:16

Irreproachable behavior provides an example for those to follow, illustrated by the lamp that lights one's way (Ps. 119:105). Fulfilling of the law suggests the establishing of a spiritual equilibrium.

Matt 5:17

Matt 5:18

No detail

The smallest letter and punctuation mark are a synecdoche for the whole law. Breaking implies a solid object. The homeostatic concept that an effect can be regulated is also suggested.

Matt 5:19

1 3

B Whoever C breaks one of the least shall be called least ... whoever does and teaches them shall be called great B Exceeds the righteousness B Whoever is angry with his brother is in danger of judgement Whoever says "Raca!" shall be in danger of hell fire

Status in the kingdom is dependent upon keeping the law

Matt 5:20

Is greater than that Unjustified anger is equivalent to murder

The image of measurement is a linear image representing the intangible. An attitude is compared to and made equivalent to a behavior.

Matt 5:22

Cursing is equivalent to murder

Words are compared to and made equivalent to a behavior.

Matt 5:24

C Be reconciled to your brother C Looks at woman to lust B Pluck it out. Cut off and cast away

Condition for acceptance of sacrifice Committed adultery Stop the offensive behavior Subservient to Him

The capacity to regulate the outcome of an event suggests a homeostatic concept.

Matt 5:28 Matt 5:29-30

7 5

A thought is compared to and made equivalent to a behavior. The plant image of pruning dramatizes the concept that the real culprit of sinful actions is the mental attitude. A hierarchical position of subservience is implied.

Matt 5:35

A His footstool

Cl. 2: l-Frameworit 2-Qockwork 3-Thennostat 4-Cell 5-Planl 6-Animat 7-Human C*l. 3t A-Direct Simite B-Figure of Speech C-Implied in Structure of Thought Ol. * Vehicle (scripture, image) Cl. S: Tenor (referent) Cl. & Analysis of grounds of comparison

MATTHEW
Matt 5:38

Bible Metaphors

7 1

B Eye for an C eye, tooth for a tooth B Whoever slaps you on your right cheek, turn the other

Proportional compensation

The principle not the literal gouging out of an eye, but the principle of compensation for damage.

Don't become offended--be tolerant

These behaviors were dramatizations of the tolerance principle.

1 Matt 5:40

B Let him have your cloak also B ... Go with him (wo

See above.

See above.

1 Matt 5:41

Exercise patience and tolerance

Boast

Walking the extra mile connotes longsuffering and willingness to put up with another's shortcomings.

1 Matt 6:2 7 Matt 6:3

B Sound a trumpet B Do not let your left hand know what your right is doing

Both the brilliant metallic surface and the piercing sound suggest ostentation. The right hand knowing what the left is doing suggests that each of the members has volition.

Keep your intentions private

3 Matt 6:4,6

C ... may be in secret, and your Father who sees in secret will reward you openly B Our daily bread

The reward will be comparable to the behavior

The paradoxical tension suggests a homeostatic relationship: the behavior regulates the reward.

5 Matt 6:11

Daily necessities for life [One behavior regulates the other]

The synecdoche for food is symbolic of all life's needs.

3 Matt 6:12

C Forgive us our debts as we forgive our debtors C ... Sees you in secret will reward you openly B Lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven

A thermostatic model is suggested by the reciprocal behavior.

3 Matt 6:18

[One behavior regulates the other]

See Matt 6:4,6.

1 Matt 6:20

Prepare for eternal life

Spiritual rewards are likened to physical wealth.

1 Matt 6:22 1

B The lamp of the body is the eye B Your ... body will be full of light Your...full of darkness

Source of light You will have spiritual knowledge Spiritually ignorant

The luminous glow of a lamp is compared to the eye's capability to receive light.

Light is an archetype of knowledge or understanding ("enlightenment").

Matt 6:23

See above.

: 1-Framewort 2-Oockwork J-Thermostat 4-Cell S-Plant 6-Aniraal 7-Huraan CL i A-Direct Simile B-Figure of Speech C-Implied in Structure oTThought Cl. * Vehicle (scripture, image) Cl. S: Tenor (referent) Cl. * Analysis of grounds of comparison

Bible Metaphors
Matt 6:24 7 B Serve mammon Are materialistic Less beautiful

MATTHEW
Materialism is invested with self-sustaining love and is anthropomorphized as the (implied) master of those who serve it. The flora are depicted as wearing clothes like humans.

Matt 6:29

1 7

B Not arrayed B like one of these B So clothes the B grass of the field B Tomorrow will worry about its own things

Matt 6:30

1 7

Gives color and beauty to flora Do not worry about what is beyond your present control [Reciprocal judgement]

See above.

Matt 6:34

Tomorrow is personified as a worrier, exemplifying self -reflexive behavior.

Matt 7:2

1 3

B With the same C measure it will be measured back to you B Speck in your brother's eye, plank in your own eye B Do not give A what is holy to the dogs ... cast your pearls before swine B Seek and you will find; knock and it will be opened

The image implies a quantity of goods measured on a scale. One factor regulates another.

Matt 7:3-5

Comparing faults

"Speck" and "plank" imply the relative significance of faults.

Matt 7:6

1 6

Don't give God's truth to someone who is determined to despise it

Dogs and swine are unsanctified and of low esteem; they are a metaphor for those people who are incapable of properly respecting what is holy.

Matt 7:7

Continue to search for spiritual truths or answers to prayers A physical father will not return evil for good God's generosity and love is greater [Reciprocal kind for kind principle]

Spiritual insights or answers to prayer are gained by the same effort with which one diligently seeks physical things.

Matt 7:9

1 6 7

B If a son asks B for bread will B he give him a stone How much more will your Father ... give good things?

Jesus is using the physical father as a type of the Heavenly Father, suggesting that God has at least as much (actually much more) love and concern for His children.

Matt 7:11

Continuing the analogy of the physical father to God, the human father/child relationship typifies God's love and concern.

Matt 7:12

C Whatever you want men to do, do also for them B Narrow gate ... broad way

The concept implies a homeostatic image in which one Cactor regulates another.

Matt 7:13-14

Difficult way ... easy way

"Broad" and "narrow" are framework spatial images comparing the relative difficulty of overcoming and resisting sin or doing what comes naturally. Clothing can be put on or taken off, in this metaphor it stands for what is falsely assumed in order to deceive. This image may also allude to the "flock," a metaphor for the Church-a wolf disguised as a sheep being a false member of the Church.

Matt 7:15

1 6

B ... in sheep's B clothing

Pretending to be meek

Cl. 2; 1-Framewort 2-Clockwork 3-Thermo(at 4-C*ll S-Plant 6-Anima] 7-Huroan Cri. 1 A-Direcl Simile B-Figure of Speech C-lmplied in Structure of Thought Cl. * Vehicle (scripture, image) Ol. ft Tenor (referent) Cl. (e Analysis of grounds of comparison

6
Matt 7:15 6 B Inwardly they are ravenous wolves They are treacherous, dangerous and deceptive Outer behavior is determined by inward motivation. Inward mental set determines behavior. See above.

MATTHEW

Bible Metaphors

The wolf is a cunning, dangerous predator. As wolves were a threat to flocks of sheep, the traitor disguised as a member is a threat to the congregation.

Matt 7:16

You will know them by their fruits. Do men gather grapes from thornbushes or figs from thistles? Every good tree bears good fruit, but a bad tree bears bad fruit

Fruit is a metaphor for accomplishment in this context of habitual behavior (deeds and actions).

Matt 7:17

Fruit is to the tree as behavior is to the motivator.

Matt 7:18

B Good tree cannot bear bad fruit, bad tree cannot bear good fruit B He who does not bear good fruit is destroyed ... by their fruits you shall know them

From a person's inner thoughts comes the motivation for his behavior Destruction is the penalty for wickedness ... they will be judged according to their behavior Eternal life

Fruit is to the tree as behavior is to the motivator.

Matt 7:19

Behavior is consistent with inner motivation. As the tree bears fruit according to its genotype, so will a person behave according to the intent of his inner motivator.

Matt 7:21

B Enter the kingdom of heaven B Built the house on the rock B Rain descended, floods came, winds blew B A foolish man who built his house on sand B Rain descended, floods came, winds blew B Make me clean B Cleansed

The reward God offers is likened to a human kingdoma spatial construct used to define that which transcends both space and time.

Matt 7:24

Solid foundation

The principles in Christ's words are likened to a physical foundation. The meaning contained in the metaphor is that those who base their lives on these principles will have stability even in times of trial. Conflicts and difficulties are likened to the natural elements.

Matt 7:25

Trials and tribulations occurred

Matt 7:26

Those who do not heed Christ's words Trials and conflicts occurred

Not to base one's life on principle is to base it on the whim of the present, or fragmentary sand. Natural storms typify human trials and concerns.

Matt 7:27

Matt 8:2

Heal my diseases Healed

Disease is likened to defilement.

Matt 8:3

Removing of the symptoms is a type of cleansing.

Cl. 2t l-Frarawort 2-Ck>ckworlc 3-Thermosiai 4-Cell S-Plant 6-Animal 7-Human Cl. 1 A-Direct Simile B-Figure of Speech C-Implied in Structure of Thought Cl. * Vehicle (jcriplure, image) C*L 5: Tenor (referent) Cl. & Analysis of ground* of comparison

Bible Metaphors
Matt 8:9 7 B I am also a man under authority, having soldiers under me Will come from east and west, and will sit down with Abraham, Isaac & Jacob in the kingdom of heaven Cast into outer darkness Took our infirmities, bore our sicknesses Foxes have holes, birds of the air have nests, but the Son of man has nowhere to lay his head The dead Jesus had authority over physical laws

MATTHEW
Authority over spiritual and physical laws of regeneration is paralleled with human hierarchy authority.

Matt 8:11

Many Gentiles will receive eternal life

The future kingdom of God is typified by images of an existing kingdom. People's coming from distant regions is a synecdoche for their nonIsraelite origins.

Matt 8:12

Apart from God

This inner/outer construct depicts regions of desirability and undesirability.

Matt 8:17

Healed us

Infirmities and sicknesses are likened to heavy physical objects.

Matt 8:20

1 6

B B

Christ's physical life had little permanence

Holes and nests are relatively permanent dwellings compared to the continuous change and uncertainty in Jesus' future.

Matt 8:21

Those without knowledge of God's truth Controlled the elements

Those without the spiritually life-giving knowledge of God's truth are seen as lacking life. Involvement in worldly matters, Christ says, is ...

Matt 8:26-27

3 6

C Rebuked the B winds and the sea ... wind and sea obey Him C Your sins are forgiven you think evil in your hearts Those who are well have no need of a physician, but those who are sick Friends of the bridegroom mourn ... fast

The winds and seas are personified as having volition. Christ's calming the storm brought a return of equilibrium.

Matt 9:2

You are healed Have evil thoughts The spiritually damaged need Christ

Sickness is looked upon as a holistic process. Healing is a return to wholeness and equilibrium. The heart is depicted as a receptacle for evil.

Matt 9:4

Matt 9:12

Sickness and disease serve as a metaphor for sin. Christ is the physician or healer of spiritual sickness.

Matt 9:15

While Christ is present there is no need to mourn

The bridegroom typifies Christ's office as Husband (leader) of the Church.

Cl. 1 1 -Framework 2-Clockwork 3-Tbermostal 4-Cell 5-Plant 6-Anlmal 7-Human Cl. 3c A-Direct Simile B-Figure of Speech C-Implied in Structure of TTiougJn C*l. * Vehicle (scripture, image) Cl. i: Tenor (referent) CL tt Analysis of grounds of companion

Bible Metaphors
Matt 10:16 6 B Wise as serpents, harmless as doves B Spirit of your Father speaks in you Watchful but not prone to hurt God's spirit influences an individual to speak A disciple is not exempt from the fate of his master

MATTHEW
A serpent's eyes never close. The dove connotes peace and agreeability.

Matt 10:20

God's spirit is personified as a spokesman because it enables one to speak according to God's will.

Matt 10:24

B A disciple is not above his teacher, nor a servant above his master B Beelzebub

The above/below construct suggests a spatial hierarchy.

Matt 10:25 Matt 10:26

1 1 3

Influenced by Satan The truth will be vindicated

The framework house connotes a dwelling or, metonymously, a family. Covering Ihe truth is envisioned as placing it beneath an opaque cover. The revealing represents a restoration of equilibrium.

B Nothing C covered that will not be revealed, and hidden that will not be known B In the dark ... in the light On the housetop Are not two sparrows sold for a copper coin?

Matt 10:27

Secretly ... openly Openly

The light/dark dichotomy here suggests secrecy versus openness, implying the archetype of knowledge as vision. The housetop is an area of high visibility.

1
Matt 10:29 6

God is concerned about the seemingly insignificant See above.

The sparrow is one of the small numerous songbirds God is mindful of. By using this image, Christ illustrates God's capacity to care not only for the immeasurably large but also for the immeasurably small and numerous. God is concerned with large and small creatures alike. The value of a human being is of significantly greater value than a sparrow.

Matt 10:30

B The very hairs of your head are numbered B A sword B Foes shall be those of own household

Matt 10:34 Matt 10:36

1 7

Conflict Friction will come from the family Responsibilities or sacrifice [Paradoxical tension]

The sword is metonymous for war or conflict. It is paradoxical and tragic that the word "foe" (or enemy) should be used to describe a family member. Where fundamental disagreement exists, those in the closest relationship may cause the greatest hurt. The cross is a framework image of a burden or sacrifice.

Matt 10:38

B Cross

Matt 10:39

C He who finds his life will lose it and he who loses his life for My sake will find it B Only a cup of cold water

An increase in one factor brings about a decrease (or increase) in another, suggesting a homeostatic relationship.

Matt 10:42

Representation of brotherly love

The deed is metonymous for charity or brotherly love.

C*l. i 1-Frameworfc 2-CJoctwork 3-Tbermottai 4-Cell 5-Plant 6-Animal 7-Human C*l. 3: A-Direcl Simile B-Figure or Speech C-lmplied in Structure of Thought Cl. 4 Vehicle (jcriplure, image) Cl. 5: Tenor (referent) Cl. ft Analysis of ground* of companion

10
Matt 11:5 B Cleansed Healed of disease Some activity

MATTHEW
Disease imaged as dirt of filth.

Bible Metaphors

Matt 11:7

B A reed shaken by the wind B Soft garments

Reed shaken by the wind is not a significant event, but it has some motion. The outward apparel of a king or nobleman is the most noticeable but not his most significant attribute. John metaphorically is a trailblazer.

Matt 11:8

Elegant clothing Make people ready to hear Christ refers to spiritual and physical eminence

Matt 11:10

B Prepare your way B Not risen one greater than John the Baptist. He who is least in the Kingdom of Heaven ...

Matt 11:11

The image suggests a hierarchical relationship.

Matt 11:12

1 7

B Kingdom of B heaven suffers violence and the violent take it by force B He is Elijah who is to come

Matt 11:14

He has the spirit and power of Elijah

Immature people

Elijah is symbolic for one who prepares the way.

Matt 11:16

Children sitting in the marketplace We played the flute ... and did not dance

Children connote immature behavior.

Matt 11:17

You aren't cooperating with our image of you

Those who lack the maturity to understand Christ's message reject anything but their own preconceived image.

Matt 11:21

1 7

B Woe to you, B Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida!

B Capernaum, B exalted to heaven, will be brought down to Hades B Hidden these things from the wise and prudent Babes

Woe to the inhabitants of these cities

The cities themselves seem to be personified.

Matt 11:23

1 7

Condition of haughtiness will be humbled

"Exalted" and "brought low" reflect a hierarchical concept through the spatial construct of height. The city is personified and corrected for its haughtiness.

Matt 11:25

Withheld understanding

Understanding is envisioned as something that can be shielded by a barrier.

Matt 11:25

Naive and guileless

The innocence and gullibility of young children stands for the guilelessness of those without preconceived ideas.

Cl. t l-Framework 2-docfcwork 3-ThermoMai 4-Cell S-Plant 6-Animal 7-Human Cl. 3< A-E>irect Simile B-Figure of Speech C-Implled in Structure of Thought C*l. * Vehicle (tcripture, image) C*l. 5: Tenor (referent) C*l. fc Analyst* of grounds of companion

Bible Metaphors
Matt 11:27 7 B No one knows the Son except the Father, nor does anyone know the Father except the Son. Only Christ and God fully know one another

MATTHEW

11

The human parent/child relationship provides an insight into this relationship, as it indicates intimacy, shared identity, and understanding.

Matt 11:28

B Heavy laden

Full of fears and cares Responsibility

The trials of life are depicted as heavy weights.

Matt 11:29

B My yoke

The yoke is a symbol of responsibility; it also connotes the sharing of balancing of a burden and the doing of useful work (as opposed to the struggling with unmanageable weight in the previous verse). Lowliness suggests a spatial metaphor in which height stands for haughtiness. The work of God, being productive rather than burdensome, is seen as rest by contrast. Increase in one factor brings about (regulates) a change in the other. Compared to the enslaving power of sin what Christ requires of us is easy.

Matt 11:29

B Gentle and lowly in heart C You will find rest

Compassionate You will have peace of mind

Matt 11:29

Matt 11:30

B My yoke is easy and My burden is light B Greater than the temple

Christ makes no excessive demands Of far more inestimable value than the physical It is our responsibility to help others when necessary

Matt 12:6

The temple, when used as a standard of measurement, is significantly displaced by the value of Christ.

Matt 12:11

Who has one sheep and if it falls into a pit on the Sabbath will not lay hold of it and lift it out?

The sheep falling into a pit represents any humanitarian responsibility.

Matt 12:25

B Every kingdom divided against itself is brought to desolation, and every city or house divided against itself will not stand B He is divided against himself. How then will his kingdom stand? B Kingdom of God has come upon you

Disunity leads to destruction

The framework kingdom or house depicts a divided psychological or spiritual state, referring to the incompatible coexistence of Godly and demonic spirits.

Matt 12:26

Satan would not work directly contrary to his own purpose

The terms "divided" and "kingdom" bring an image of compartments. The assumption is that Satan's subjects are at one with his purpose.

Matt 12:28

Christ is in your presence

Christ is the emissary of, and therefore a synecdoche for, God's government.

Cl. 1-Framewortc 2-Clockworfc 3-Thermostat 4-CeH 5-Plant 6-Animal 7-Human Cl. 3t A-Direct Simile B-Figure of Speech C-Implied in Structure ofllxxight CfL * Vehicle (scripture, image) Cl. 5: Tenor (referent) Cl. ft Analysis of grounds of comparison

12
Matt 12:29
7 B How can one enter a strong man's house and plunder his goods unless he first binds the strong man? B He who is not B with Me is against Me, and He who does not gather with Me, scatters abroad

MATTHEW
[Subduing spiritual entities]

Bible Metaphors

The context of this comparison is Christ's ability to cast out demons.

Matt 12:30

1 5

If not at one in purpose, one is considered to

The with/against construct implies a line drawn on the ground behind which someone is asked to take a stand. "Gathers" and "scatters" is a harvest metaphor implying gaining and losing something valuable, i.e accomplishment of God's purpose.

be
antagonistic

Matt 12:33

B Either make the tree good and its fruit good, or else make the tree bad and its fruit bad; for a tree is known by its fruit A Brood of vipers!
B Out of the abundance of the heart ...

Behavior follows inner motivation

Fruit signifies outer behavior.

Matt 12:34 Matt 12:34

6
1

Treacherous Outer behavior results from an inner motive Habitual thoughts

Deceitful words are seen as venomous because of their painful and harmful nature. The heart is envisioned as a storage chamber from which come the motives of speech and behavior.

Matt 12:35

B Good treasure ... evil treasure C By your words you will be justified ... condemned C Jonah was three days and three nights in the belly of the fish B Unclean spirit goes out of a man, he goes through dry places seeking rest and finds none B Return to my house

The heart is envisioned as a treasure house.

Matt 12:37

You will be judged according to your own paradigms Christ will be buried for 72 hours

The "words" serve as a regulator for judgement. Although God's principles are the ultimate standard for judgement, the Pharisees' selfrighteousness leads to greater condemnation.

Matt 12:40

The cyclical day/night times is Christ's identifying sign.

The evil influence is likened to a crazed beast. Matt 12:43 6 A demon's spirit is continually restless

Matt 12:44

Possess original host

Demon possession likened to the occupation of a house.

C.I. 2; 1-Framewort 2-Qockworfc 3-Thermottat 4-Cell 5-Planl 6-Animal 7-Human Cl. i A-Direct Simile B-Figure of Speech C-Implied in Structure of Thought C*t. * Vehicle (tcripture, image) CI. S: Tenor (referent) Cd. fc Analysis of grounds of comparison

Bible Metaphors
Matt 12:44 1 B Empty, swept, and put in order B Taken with him seven other spirits more wicked than himself, and then enter and dwell there A My mother and brother Passive and vulnerable

MATTHEW
The image is of readiness for re-occupation, perhaps even welcomehence, a person's vulnerability or even willingness to entertain evil influences once more. The image of the seven other spirits entering in indicates that the idle passive mind is vulnerable to negative influence.

13

Matt 12:45

Spirits likened to a pack of animals taking over

Matt 12:49

Spiritual kin

The human kinship system is transferred to the spiritual dimension.

Matt 12:50

A Whoever does the will of My Father in heaven is My brother and sister and mother A Some seed fell by the wayside

Those who do God's will are spiritual kin

The human family relationship includes the closeness and common purpose Christ is describing here.

Matt 13:4, 19 5

[Those who hear the word and do not understand it] [Identified as the wicked one (Satan)] Identified (by Christ) as immediate acceptance of the word (Matt 13:20) and even the stan of germinationbut it takes no root (effects no permanent change). Cannot endure through trials

Seed which falls above the ground represents that knowledge which is not assimilated. Others are able to distort or discount its importance.

A The birds came and divided them B Some fell on stony places where they did not have much earth

Seed that does not sprout is removed by birds.

Matt 13:5

Seed falling on stony ground, germinating for a short time and withering away because of the elements parallel shallow under partial commitment which loses out to disenchantment following a trial.

B and they sprung up because they had not depth of earth

Matt 13:6

But when the sun was up they were scorched, and because they had no root they withered away And some fell among thorns and the thorns sprang up and choked them

Matt 13:7

Identified by Christ as the cares of this world and the deceitfulness of riches (Matt 13:22)

The thorns compete for nourishment and limit the plant's seed-bearing capability. Too many competing concerns make all of them unproductive.

Cl. I: 1-Fnmwwork 2-Clocltwort 3-Tbermoitai 4-Cell S-Plant 6- Animal 7-Human Cl. 1 A-Direct Simile B-Figure of Speech C-Implied in Structure of Thought Cl. * Vehicle (scripture, image) Cl . ft Tenor (referent) C*t. 6 Analysis of ground* of companion

14
Matt 13:8 5 B Others fell on good ground and yielded a crop, some a hundredfold, some sixty, some thirty Seeing they do not see hearing they do not hear Seeing they do not see hearing (hey do not hear Identified by Christ as those who hear the word, understand it and become productive Matt 13:23 See and hear represent perceiving and understanding See and hear represent perceiving and understanding Incapable of understanding

MATTHEW

Bible Metaphors

Bearing fruit in this context represents making permanent spiritual changes.

Matt 13:13

See and hear are represented metonymously the second time Christ uses the term but only in its limited sense the first time.

Matt 13:14

Isaiah makes the distinction.

Matt 13:15

B Heart of thy people has grown dull B Hard of hearing B See with their eyes - hear with their ears Eyes..they see Ears..they hear

Dull is a tactile term suggesting no cutting edge.

Stubborn

Hart is a tactile term suggesting this opposite of porous.

Comprehend/ understand

See and hear arc used metonymously for comprehending.

Matt 13:16

Comprehend/ understand

See and hear are used metonymously for comprehending.

Matt 13:17

B Have desired to see what you see and did not see it/hear what you hear and did not hear it B Hear the parable B When anyone hears the word ...

Comprehend/ understand

See and hear are used metonymously for comprehending.

Matt 13:18

Comprehend/ understand Comprehend/ understand

See and hear are used metonymously for comprehending.

Matt 13:19

See Matt 13:4.

Matt 13:2021

5 4

B But he who B received the seed on stony places. . . stumbles B Now he who receives seed among the thorns . . . unfruitful

Comprehend/ understand

See explanation in Matt 13:5-6

Matt 13:22

See explanation in Matt 13:7

Matt 13:23

B Receives seed on the good ground . .

See explanation in Matt 13:7

Cl. t l-Framework 2-Cloctwort 3-Thennostat 4-Cell 5-Plant 6-Animal 7-Human Cri. 1 A-Direct Simile B-Figure of Speech C-lmpJied in Structure oETbought C*l. * Vehicle (tcripture, image) C.i . 5: Tenor (referent) C*l. 6 Analysis of grounds of companion

Bible Metaphors
Matt 13:24 4 5 B Who sowed B good ground Identified by Christ or sons of the kingdom (Matt 13:38) Identified by Christ as sons of wicked one (Matt 13:38) Fruits of righteousness and evil coexist in the same environment Intend to create a harmonious environment Identified by Christ as the devil (Matt 10:39) Angels

MATTHEW
Sowing seed metaphorically represents God's influence (through the word) on the minds of men.

15

Matt 13:25

Sowed tares among the wheat

Tares represent Satan's evil influence.

Matt 13:26

Grain had sprouted and produced a crop-then the tares also appeared Did you not sow good seed in your field An enemy has done this

Both mindsets coexist and are intermingled on the earth.

Matt 13:27

God is not the author of confusion and disharmony.

Matt 13:28

Satan sows misinformation and discord like weeds.

Servants

The servants typify God's spiritual messengers (the angels) who evidently? are assigned to assist with the judgement (Matt 13:39). Premature judgement may damage formative righteousness.

Matt 13:29

No lest while you gather the tares you also uproot the wheat with them Let both grow together until the harvest and at the time I will say to the reaper

Premature judgement

Matt 13:30

5 7

B B

Allow good and evil to coexist until end time at which time the angels will attend to the judgement (Matt 13:39) Identified as all things that offend and those that practice lawlessness

Evil behavior and good behavior parallel the growth of grain and weeds.

7 5

B B

First gather the tares and bind them in bundles to burn them

At the harvest the seed bearing grain (righteous behavior) will be distinguished from weeds (lawless behavior).

Gather the wheat in My barn

Refers to the righteous (Matt 13:43) Starts microscopic and grows

Righteous behavior dike pure wheat) will be con

Matt 13:31

5 4 5

A Like a B mustard seed B

The mustard seed was chosen for its dramatic grown pattern.

C.i. 1 l-Framcworfc Z-Clockworfc 3-Thermostat 4-Cdl 5 -Plant 6- Animal 7-Human Crt. 1 A-Direct Simile B-Figure of Speech C-Implied in Structure of Thought

C*l. * Vehicle (tcripture, image) Cl. Si Tenor (referent) Cl. ft Analysis of grounds of companion

16
Matt 13:35 Matt 13:37 1 B Foundation of the world B He who sows the field Beginning of the world Identified as Son of Man Identified as the world Identified as the sons of the kingdom Identified as Satan's offspring. Is identified by Christ as the Devil Identified by Christ as the end of the age Are identified as the angels At the end time the evil will be separated from the good Be glorified

MATTHEW

Bible Metaphors

Foundation is a framework image but a temporal concept. Christ is likened to a fanner sowing grain.

1 5

B Field B Good seeds

The culture of mankind.

Matt 13:38

People who have been shaped by God's spirit are likened to seeds.

Bad seeds

People who have yielded to Satan's influence or are likened to bad seeds

Matt 13:39

A The enemy who sowed them B The harvest B

See Matt 13:28

Matt 13:39

5 7

See explanation in Matt 13:30.

7 5

A Reapers B Tares are gathered and bumed in the fire

See explanation in Matt 13:27 See explanation in Matt 13:30

Matt 13:40

Matt 13:43

B Righteous will shine forth as the sun B Treasure hidden

The brightness of the sun is emblematic for glory.

Matt 13:44

Inestimable value, but not immediately apparent Inestimable value Opportunity offered to everything net comes into contact Separation of good and bad

This simile is another framework metaphor of a treasure house.]

Matt 13:46

B Pearl of great price B Like a dragnet that was cast into the sea and gathered some of every kind B Gathered the good into vessels, but threw the bad away

The pearl - a piece of valuable jewelry is likened to the value of the kingdom. The dragnet is designed to extend over a large area - gathering indiscriminately what comes into contact with it.

Matt 13:47

Matt 13:48

As the tares and wheat are separated, so are the good and bad separated in the dragnet - ultimately representing the separation of the wicked and the just.

Matt 13:52

B Like a householder who brings out of his treasure

Those who have yielded themselves to God from all ages

The old and new treasure seems to parallel the good from successive epochs of time.

C.I. *: l-Framework 2-Cloctwork ^Thermostat 4-Cell 5-Plant *-Animal 7-Human Crf. Jt A-Direct Simile B-Figure of Speech C-Implied In Structure of Thought
C*l. * Vehicle (scripture, image) C.I., S; Tenor (referent) C*l. * Analysis of ground* of companion

Bible Metaphors
Matt 13:57 1 B Prophet is not without honor except in his own country and in his own house Familiarity becomes a prelude to contempt.

MATTHEW
Close by - mundane far away - special seems to be the spatial concept represented.

17

Matt 14:36

B Might only touch the hem of his garment B Heart is far from me What conies out of the mouth defiles

Represents the power of Christ Not committed

A piece of clothing represented to the people who touched it the power of Him who wore it.

Matt 15:8

Heart being far away indicates lack of commitment.

Matt 15:11

Vile language

The microscopic dirt left on food is not as defiling as unwholesome language. Both are types of throughput.

him
Matt 15:13 5 B Every plantFather has not planted will be uprooted B Blind leaders of the blind. And if the blind lead the blind, both will fall into a ditch. Whatever enters the mouth goes into the stomach and is eliminated But those things which proceed out of the mouth defile a man But to eat with unwashed hands does not deflle a man Every tradition not authorized by The plant in this context refers to a tradition God has not authorized.

God
Ignorant and without spiritual insight The blindness Jesus discusses is not physical but based on a physical comparison.

Matt 15:14

Matt 15:17

There are processes that protect us from external influences

The body's natural screening/cleansing process is compared to Ihe lack of screening process in the mind.

Matt 15:18

Foul words trigger foul thoughts

Paradoxically what is manufactured within the imagination is more deadly than contaminated food.

Matt 15:20

Psychological purity should be attended with the same care as personal hygienic practice. The Diaspora

Christ contrasts physiological and psychological hygiene practices to illustrate an inconsistency.

Matt 15:24

A Lost sheep of the house of Israel A Little dogs A Little dogs eat the crumbs

Lost sheep refer to the descendants of Abraham who have been severed from their promises. Christ is taking advantage of a prevailing perception. Blessings have a "trickle down" effect on the Gentiles.

Matt 15:26 Matt 15:27

6 6

Gentiles The blessings of Abraham

C*l. 2i 1-Framework 2-Qockwork 3-Thermotat 4-Cell S-Plant 6-Animal 7-Human Cl. 3c A-Direct Simile B-Pigure of Speech C-Implied in Structure of Thought CL * Vehicle (icripture, image) Cd. S: Tenor (referent) Cl. 6 Ana(yi of grounds of companion

18
Matt 16:2-3 1 2 B When it is C evening you say, "It will be fair weather, for the sky is red'; and in the morning, "It will be foul weather today, for the sky is red and threatening," B Except the sign of Jonah Commonplace prognostication relying on characteristics of storm cycles, is a playful compliance with the previous request.

MATTHEW

Bible Metaphors

Christ suggests if they would reflect on the events they have already been exposed to they would have no need of a sign.

Matt 16:42

Being in the grave three days and nights. Hypocrisy and doctrine of the Pharisees

The death and resurrection of Christ would be reckoned by a clockwork cycle - three revolutions of Ihe earth.

Matt 16:6

Beware of the leaven of the Pharisees and Sadducees

Luke provides the tenor for this vehicle in Luke 12:1, Leavening has the characteristic of puffing up - exaggerating importance while having no real substance.

Matt 16:11 Matt 16:17

4 7

A Leaven B Flesh and blood B On this rock

Doctrine Man

Same as above. They represent extremes of doctrinal positions Metonymous for man

Matt 16:18

Solid foundation of a spiritual house made up of living stones Death

Christ is the Rock (I Cor. 10:4) making a play on Peter's name Cephas which is translated a stone in John 1:42. Peter explained the relationship in I Peter 2:4-5.

Matt 16:18

B Gates of Hades shall not prevail against it B Give you the keys of the kingdom B Whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven and whatever you loose will be loosed in heaven B Take up his cross

The grave is depicted as having an open door.

Matt 16:19

Doctrinal truths and authority Interpreting doctrine with the best knowledge available

The insight into the process of Eternal Life is imaged as a key.

Matt 16:19

Christ is giving Peter some latitude to make decisions.

Matt 16:24

Spiritual responsibility or burden Paradoxical tension involving inverse relationships

Cross is a framework construct representing burden, responsibility or trial.

Matt 16:25

C Whoever desires to save his life will lose it, and whoever loses his life for My sake

An increase in one factor will bring a reciprocal change in another reflecting a thermoslalic adjustment.

C.I. i l-Framewort 2-docfcwork 3-Thermostat 4-Cell S-Plant 6- Animal 7-Human Crf. 3s A-Direct Simile B-Figure of Speech C-Implied in Structure of Thought
Cl. * Vehicle (ttripture, image) Cl., & Tenor (referent) C*l. ft Analyaii of ground* of companion

8
Matt 9:17 1 B New wine into old wineskins. New wine into new wineskins New insight strained into old culture of tradition

MATTHEW

Bible Metaphors

When new paradigms or world views emerge there is a conflict.

Matt 9:19

B Piece of unshrunk garment on an old garment B Touched the hem of his garment B But sleeping

New paradigms superimposed upon old Received his healing power

Mixing new ways of doing things with old tradition sometimes results in a conflict or tear.

Matt 9:21

The garment was seen by the woman as an extension of Jesus, to the point that His power would emanate from the very cloth.

Matt 9:24

Only temporarily unconscious Restoring the wholeness

Sleep typifies death, because for one with the power over life and death, this state is temporary. The concept of healing is a restoration of wholeness or equilibrium.

Matt 9:35

C Healing every sickness and every disease A Like sheep having no shepherd A Laborers

An unguided flock of sheep illustrates indirection and helplessness. Matt 9:36 6 Walking aimlessly

Matt 9:37 Matt 9:38

7 7

Ministers God the Father Ministers

Ministers are compared to fruit pickers. God determines when people are most receptive.

A Lord of the harvest A Laborers into His harvest B Unclean spirits B Into the way of the Gentiles

Ministers are compared to fruit pickers.

Matt 10:1

Evil spiritual influence To the Gentiles

Evil or sin is depicted as soil or pollution.

Matt 10:5

The "way" is synecdoche for the Gentiles' territory or nation.

Matt 10:6

A Lost sheep of the house of Israel B At hand B Cleanse the lepers B Peace came upon it. Let your peace return to you. B Shake off the dust from your feet A Sheep in the midst of wolves

Dispersed offspring of Abraham Accessible Heal the lepers Have friendly relationship

The physical descendants of Abraham are depicted as sheep because of their helplessness.

Matt 10:7 Matt 10:8 Matt 10:13

1 1 1

The image of closeness refers to availability of the opportunity. A disease is imaged as filth.

Peace is envisioned as a protective covering.

Matt 10:14

Have nothing to do with them Innocents in the midst of treachery

The dust metonymously serves as an insignificant part of the whole.

Matt 10:16

Sheep connote innocence and helplessness, while Ihe wolf is known for its predatory instinct.

Cl. 2: l-Framevrort 2-Cloctwort 3-Thennosial 4-Cell S-Planl <>- Animal 7-Human C*l. 3t A-Direcl Simile B-Flgure of Speech C-Implied in Structure of Thought Cl, * Vehicle (icrlpture, image) Cl.. & Tenor (referent) Cl. 6 Analysil of grounds of comparison

Bible Metaphors
Matt 16:28 7 B Not taste death Face shone like the sun Clothes became as white as light Moses and Elijah Experience death Dazzling luminous Dazzling luminous

MATTHEW
Taste death seems to be a variety of synesthesia.

19

Matt 17:2

B B

The sun is a visible comparison for brightness.

Matt 17:2

The sun is a visible comparison for brightness.

Matt 17:2 Matt 17:5

[A vision of the kingdom] Presence of God the Father God revealing His will

The promise made by Christ in Matt 16:28 is partially fulfilled by their foretaste of the coming kingdom. God the Father is heard, but His presence is represented by a luminous cloud.

B A bright cloud overshadowed them B A voice came out of the cloud

Matt 17:5

God's communicative ability is compared to the human voice.

Matt 17:5

A This is My beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased A Elijah must first come

God's intimate relationship with Christ A messenger preparing the way A messenger preparing the way

Christ's special relationship with God the Father is depicted as a human parent/child.

Matt 17:11

Elijah was a type of an advance messenger who would prepare the way for someone greater.

Matt 17:11

A Elijah truly is coming first and will restore all things A Elijah has come already B Faith as a mustard seed

Elijah was a type of an advance messenger who would prepare the way for someone greater.

Matt 17:13

John the Baptist (vs.13) If you had a negligible amount of faith Indicates Christ's humanity Sons of the king Become guileless and teachable Jesus praises the child for his humility

John the Baptist had a unique mission to prepare the way for Christ's first coming. Mustard seed is tiny and insignificant.

Matt 17:20

Matt 17:22

Son of Man

The image is ultimately of God because of the Genesis 1:27 reference.

Matt 17:26

Sons are free

The earthly king typifies the heavenly King. The children of the heavenly King could be inferred to be Christ's followers. Little children have not yet learned to be deceptive and double-minded

Matt 18:3

A Unless you ...become as little children B As the little C child is the greatest in the kingdom of heaven B Received one tittle child...in My name

Matt 18:4-5

7 3

The unassuming humility demonstrated in a little child is the behavior which leads to exaltation.

Matt 18:5

I endorse humble behavior

Jesus identifies with the behavior of this child.

Cl. t l-Fraraework 2-Clockwork 3-Thermostal 4-Ccll 5-Plant 6-Animal 7-Human Cl. 1 A-Direct Simile B-Flgure of Speech C-lmplied In Structure of Thought Cl. * Vehicle (*cripture, image) C*l. ft Tenor (referent) CU fc Analyiii of grounds of comparison

20
Matt 18:6 1 B It would be better if a millstone were hung around his neck If your hand or foot causes you to sin, cut it off Pluck it out and cast it from you Burden of guilt and responsibility

MATTHEW
Responsibility for causing one to sin is weighty.

Bible Metaphors

Matt 18:8

Remove the source of sin

The hand is not really the cause - but an agent of the mind.

Matt 18:9

Remove the source of sin stop the offensive behavior Jesus demonstrates that every life is important

The plant image of pruning or plucking dramatizes that the real culprit is the mental attitude.

Matt 18:12* 13

If a man has a hundred sheep and one of them goes astray. .. Not the will of your Father who is in heaven that one of these little ones should perish If your brother sins.. . your brother

The flock with the straying sheep parallels a congregation with a member not in accord with the ideals of the group.

Matt 18:14

Weak in the faith

Straying sheep and children represent someone new or weak in the faith.

Matt 18:15

Fellow believer

The spiritual sibling relationship derives from a physical family.

Matt 18:17

B Heathen or tax collector B Whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven and whatever you loose. .. C Seventy times seven B Kingdom of heaven is like a certain king ...I will pay you all. Master was moved with compassion B B Servants who owed...pay me what you owe! And he would not...debt

Anathema

Heathen suggests an unbeliever while tax collector implies unscrupulous and dishonest behavior. Christ is giving his disciples some latitude to make decisions.

Matt 18:18

Interpreting doctrine with the best knowledge available

Matt 18:22

Continually

The mathematical formula sets up a cycle.

Matt 18:2326

Dramatizes our indebtedness to God the Father Illustrates God's compassion Showed no mercy

The king in the parable represents God while the servant could represent any human being.

Matt 18:27

7 1

Forgiving monetary debt parallels forgiveness of sin.

Matt 18:2830

The monetary debt parallels sin and its forgiveness.

C.L 1 l-Fromeworlt 2-Clocfcwort 3-Thennottat 4-Cell 5-Plaot 6-AnimaJ 7-Humao C-4. i A-Direct Simile B-Figure of Speech C-Implted in Structure of Thought CL * Vehicle (scripture, image) C-l. 5t Tenor (refereni) Cl. 6 Analysis of grouodi of comparison

Bible Metaphors
Matt 18:32 3 2 C "You wicked C servant... trespasses" God expects the cycle of forgiveness to continue warning that whatever is meted out will return Interdependent

MATTHEW
The monetary debt parallels sin and its forgiveness.

21

The forgiving behavior regulates to some extent God's forgiving behavior.

Matt 19:4

Made them male and female

The reproductive aspect depicts a clockwork cycle,

Matt 19:5-6

Two shall Functions as a become one new organism. flesh ... not man separate Hardness of your hearts Little children come to Me Insensitivity

Two becoming one suggests a grafting process,

Matt 19:8

Hardness implies lack of porousness.

Matt 19:14

Those with humble attitudes Receive eternal life Eternal reward

Christ exalts the trait of humility.

Matt 19:17

Enter into life

Eternal life is pictured as a region of the other side of an entrance.

Matt 19:21

Treasure in heaven

Material treasure depicts eternal reward.

C*l. 2i l-Framework 2-dockwork 3-Tbermostai 4-Cell 5-Rant 6-Animal 7-Human Cl. 1 A-Direci Simile B-Figure of Speech C-Implied in Structure oflhought Cl. * Vehicle (scripture, image) Cl. 5: Tenor (referent) Cl. ft Analytii of ground* of comparison

22
Matt 19:21 1 B Enter the kingdom of heaven Camel to go through the eye of a needle Will also sit on twelve thrones judging the twelve tribes of Israel Eternal life

MATTHEW

Bible Metaphors

The dimension of eternity is pictured as a geographical region.

Matt 19:24

Perform the impossible

Whether the eye of a needle is literal or refers lo a very narrow passage, the framework analogue remains at the heart of the metaphor. The eye of the needle appears to be an impossible barrier.

Matt 19:28

Christ's revelation of

This image depicts a pyramid structure of hierarchy and divisions.

the
organizational structure of God's government Will be compensated for the loss Will be compensated for the loss The principal of gaining through losing reflects the paradoxical tension of a homeostatic image.

Matt 19:29

Shall receive a hundredfold

Matt 19:30

Many who are first will be last, and the last first.

The principal of gaining through losing reflects the paradoxical tension of a homeostatic image.

Matt 20:1

B For the kingdom of heaven is like a landowner who went out early in the morning to hire laborers for his vineyard.
B Agreed with C the laborers for a denarius a day, he sent them into his vineyard. C Third hour

Parallels God calling people to do this work

God is pictured as a landowner giving out a wage.

Matt 20:2

1 2

Reward would be eternal life

The reward for following God and overcoming on a daily basis would be eternal life.

Matt 20:3

Later opportunities to be called Later opportunities to be called Later opportunities to be called Not having been called 10 God's word.

Opportunities to hear and respond to God's truth comes at successive times.

Matt 20:5

Sixth and ninth hour

Opportunities to hear and respond to God's truth comes at successive times.

Matt 20:6

And about the eleventh hour

Opportunities to hear and respond to God's truth comes at successive times.

Matt 20:6

Found others standing idle and said to them, 'Why have you been standing here idle all day?'

Indicates that there will be different opportunities given successively throughout history. Not everyone will be reached at the same time.

C.I. fc l-Fraroewort 2-Clockwork 3-Uenooitat 4-Cell S-Plant 6-Animal 7-Human Cl. 1 A-Direct Simile B-Figure of Speech C-Implied in Structure of Thought Ct\. * Vehicle (scripture, image) Cl. fc Tenor (referent) Cl. * Analysit of groundt of companion

Bible Metaphors
Matt 20:8 2 C So when evening had come, the owner of the vineyard said to his steward, 'Call the laborers and give them their wages, beginning with the last to the first.'

MATTHEW
At the conclusion of the age when God dispenses eternal life, the ones who had spent the least time qualifying will receive the same reward (Eternal) life as the first.
The same reward (eternal life) People will have had a variety of trials and life experiences. The durations of their services will have been variable, but the ultimate reward of entering God's Kingdom will be the same.

23

Matt 20:9

B Eleventh hour, they each received a denarius B Likewise received a denarius C Worked only one hour, and you made them equal to us who have borne the burden and the heat of the day Agree with me for a denarius?

A monetary symbol represents a spiritual reward.

Matt 20:10

The same reward (eternal life) The duration of hardship has been unequal

A monetary symbol represents a spiritual reward.

Matt 20:12

People called into God's service at various epochs in history have not had to endure the same kinds of persecution and hardship.

Matt 20:13

Gift of eternal life.

Monetary symbol symbolic of a spiritual reward.

Matt 20:16

2 3

C C

Last will be first, and the first last

Reflects the time order of

Those who are alive at the establishment of the kingdom will have to endure only an instantaneous change.

the
resurrection and a paradoxical tension.

Matt 20:16

Many are called, but few chosen One on Your right hand and the other on the left The cup that I am about to drink The baptism that I am baptized with

Not everyone will respond to the calling Positions of eminent authority

The image suggests a return upon seed which is scattered.

Matt 20:21

Power depicted as positions represents.

Matt 20:22

Refers to the trials He will endure The death

Cup is an image of life's container of trials and tribulations.

Matt 20:22

Baptism is emblematic of burial.

C*l. fc l-Framework 2-Cloctwork 3-Thermota( 4-Cell 5-Plant 6-Aniraal 7-Human Crf. 3t A-Direct Simile B-Figure of Speech C-lmpiied in Structure of Thought Cl. * Vehicle (scripture, image) C*l. 5; Tenor (referent) Cl. 6 Analytii of groundi of corapari*on

24
Matt 20:23 1 B You will indeed drink My cup Endure trials

MATTHEW

Bible Metaphors

Cup is an image of life's container of trials and tribulations.

Matt 20:23

B Be baptized with baptism B Sit on my right hand and on My left is not Mine B Lord it over them, and those who are great exercise authority. C Whoever B desires to become great among you, let him be your servant

Upon death

Baptism is emblematic of burial.

Matt 20:23

Positions of power are God the Father's to dispense. Dominant subservient relationship

The positions of power - designated as right and left hand positions.

Matt 20:25

The hierarchical positions of great and menial are represented in a positional framework.

Matt 20:26

3 1

The hierarchical pyramid is turned upside down as the process of greatness involves serving

Not only is the hierarchical scheme reversed in which it is more honorable to serve than to be served, but paradoxical tension in which the more one serves, the more one is exalted suggests a homeostatic concept.

Matt 20:28

Not come to be served but to serve

The
hierarchical pyramid is turned upside down as the process of greatness involves serving Emblematic of humility

Not only is the hierarchical scheme reversed in which it is more honorable to serve than to be served, but paradoxical tension in which the more one serves, the more one is exalted suggests a homeostatic concept.

Matt 21:5

B King is coming to you, Lowly, and sitting on a donkey B Den of thieves B B B Out of the mouth of babes and nursing infants

The theme of service and humility can be more easily depicted using the lowty animals.

Matt 21:13

1 6 7 7

Place greed

Den of thieves seems to bring to mind an animal imagery - den is a habitation of animals.

Matt 21:16

New in the faith

Babes would refer to naivete or innocence.

Matt 21:19

B "Let no fruit grow on you ever again." ...immediately the fig tree withered.

[Demonstrate power]

Jesus demonstrated to the disciples the tremendous power of faith, using this tree as an object lesson.

C.I.I: 1-Framework 2-Oockwork 3-Thermostat 4-Cdl 5 -Plant 6- Animal 7-Human Cl. i A-Direct Simile B-Figure of Speech C-Iroptied in Structure of Thought C.I. * Vehicle (scripture, image) C.I. ft Tenor (referent) C*l. ft Analysis of grounds of comparison

Bible Metaphors
Matt 21:21 1 B If you say to this mountain, 'Be removed and be cast into the sea,' B Go work ...in my vineyard [Demonstrate power]

MATTHEW
Removing a major mountain sized obstacle requires faith.

25

Matt 21:28

Do the work of God Receive eternal life

The vineyard is symbolic for a place of worth including God's work.

Matt 21:31

B Enter the kingdom of God before you B Way of righteousness B There was a B certain landowner who planted a vineyard and set a hedge around it, dug a winepress in it and built a tower A Leased it to B vinedressers and went into a far country A Sent his servants... that they might receive its fruit

The image depicts a point of entry.

Matt 21:32

Godly behavior God the Father wishes to prepare a kingdom

Behavior is depicted as a pathway.

Matt 21:33

1 5

The vineyard is a place of productivity suggesting the coming kingdom of God.

Matt 21:33

7 5

Entrusted the oracles to the Pharisees

The Pharisees were the caretakers of the religious practices.

Matt 21:34

Sent the prophets to the Pharisees to check up on the productivity. Killed the prophets which were sent to them.

Prophets were sent to them, checking on the productivity.

Matt 21:35

Vinedressers took his servants, beat one, killed one, and stoned another.

The prophets were shabbily treated, some of them killed.

Matt 21:36

A Sent other servants

Additional prophets and messengers Jesus Christ Pharisees would kill Jesus What should retribution be for those who have treated messengers shabbily.

God sent additional messengers, but they were rebuffed as well

Matt 21:3739

A Sent his son. Vinedressers saw the son and killed him

The son of the landowner represents Christ. The Pharisees recognized themselves as unproductive vinedressers.

Matt 21:40

A The owner of the vineyard comes, what will he do to those vinedressers?

Jesus pointedly asks the Pharisees what would God do to those who obstruct his will and not heed the messengers.

Cl. fc l-Framework 2-Qogkwork 3-Tbermoa[ 4-Cell 5-P1ant 6-Animal 7-Human C*l. 3c A-Direct Simile B-Figure of Speech C-Implied in Siruciure of Thought Cal. 4 Vehicle (icripture, image) Cl. S: Tenor (referent) C*l. fc Analysis of ground* of comparison

26
Matt 21:41 7 S 2 A Lease his B vineyard lo C other vinedressers who will render to him the fruits in their seasons. A The stone which the builders rejected has become the chief cornerstone B Given to a nation bearing the fruits of it Godwill entrust his work to other servants who will be more spiritually productive Christ is the foundational support

MATTHEW

Bible Metaphors

The Pharisees would be displaced by other servants who would be more yielded.

Matt 21:42

Cornerstone suggests the principal foundational support.

Matt 21:43

Nation willing to be led by God's support and God's laws. Those who resists Christ's authority will be broken

Bearing fruits depicts showing results.

Matt 21:44

B Whoever falls on this stone will be broken; but on whomever it falls, it will grind him to powder B Like a certain king who arranged for a marriage with his son

The stone is depicted as an obstacle to wrongdoing and a millwheel.

Matt 22:2

God the Father arranging for a marriage between Jesus and the Church

The event of a wedding is likened to the calling into God's kingdom.

Matt 22:3

B Sent out his servants to call those. ..to the wedding; and they were not willing to come. B But they made light of it . . . and killed them King heard about it ... burned up their city

Sent out prophets and ministers

Ministers are likened to those who send out the invitations.

Matt 22:5-6

Many who were called rejected the message Retribution

The shabby and cruel treatment parallels the way the prophets and messengers were treated.

Matt 22:7

God will not hold his anger forever.

Matt 22:8-9

B Then he said to his servants . . . invite to the wedding

The Gentiles were the second group to be reached

The group for whom the message was intended rejected the message.

C.I. i l-Framework 2-Clockwork 3-Thermo*iai 4-Cell 5 -Plant 6- Animal 7-Human C*l. 3: A-Direct Simile B-Figure of Speech C-lmplied in Structure of Thought

CL * Vehicle (tcripture, image) Cl. 5: Tenor (referent) C*l. * Analysis of ground* of comparison

Bible Metaphors
Malt 22:10 7 B Servants went out into the highways . . . wedding hall was filled with guests The opportunity to be called is extended to Gentiles

MATTHEW

27

The guests not on the original list parallels Paul's eventual ministry to the Gentiles (Romans 10:13-14).

Malt 22:12

B Without a wedding garment B Outer darkness B Entangle him B B On these two commandments hang all the Law and the Prophets

Holy Spirit

The holy spirit would be the identifying apparel in the wedding celebration.

Matt 22:13

Not qualifying for eternal life Trick him

Outer darkness or oblivion is depicted as a region.

Matt 22:15

1 6 1

Entangle images a net to capture an animal.

Matt 22:40

The Law and the Prophets derive their power from these two commandments Humble your enemies

Like pegs on a wall upon which are hung other hangers or luggage.

Matt 22:44

I make Your enemies Your footstool Sit in Moses' seat

The stool is under complete submission of the user.

Matt 23:2

Responsible for teaching the law Complicated

The seat of Moses is the framework of the job of the Scribes and Pharisees which is preserving the word of God.

Matt 23:4

B For they bind heavy burdens

The Pharisees Talmud of various complicated rites and ceremonies is depicted as a heavy burden.

Matt 23:5

B Make their phylacteries broad B They love the best places... best seats in

Ostentatious show of piety

The phylacteries are a reminder of prayer.

Matt 23:6

Prominent positions

Locations at the synagogue are connected with positions of power.

Malt 23:11

1 3

B He who is C greatest among you shall be your servant C He who exalts himself will be abased, and he who humbles himself will be exalted B You shut up the kingdom

Reverses a positional hierarchy and establishes paradoxical tension Reverses a positional hierarchy and establishes
paradoxical

The dominant dependence role is reversed. Regulating one factor produces a change in the other.

Malt 23:12

The dominant dependence role is reversed. Regulating one factor produces a change in the other.

lension

Matt 23:13

Become an obstacle

Suggests an image of a door which, on hinges, can be opened or shut upon the whim of the darkness.

C*l. 2i l-Framewort 2-Ctockwork ^Thermoatat 4-Cell 5-Plan I 6-AnimaJ 7-Human C*L 3: A-Direct Simile B-Flgure ot Speech C-lmpUed In Structure of Thought Crf. * Vehicle (scripture, image) Cl. S: Tenor (referent) C.I. fc Analysit of ground* of companion

28
Matt 23:13 6 B You neither go in yourselves, nor do you allow those... entering to go Denying passage

MATTHEW

Bible Metaphors

Depicts the space binding aspect of attempting to move into a more hospital environment.

in
Matt 23:14 6 B You devour widows' houses Take advantage of vulnerable people Restless in their zeal Devour suggests an image of a predator.

Matt 23:15

Travel land and sea to win one proselyte Make him twice as much a son of hell

Space binding property of a creature on the prowl.

Matt 23:15

Lost

Son depicts an offspring.

Matt 23:16

3 7 1

C Blind guides B B Swears by the temple . . . swears by the gold of the temple B Fools and blind Which is greater, the gold or the temple that sanctifies the gold? Whoever swears by the altar, it is nothing

Ignorant

Without knowledge or vision is compared to physical blindness.

Matt 23:16

Connecting oath to the sanctity of the temple

The temple and the gold of the temple allegedly represent God's presence.

Matt 23:17

Ignorant

Physical blindness is compared with spiritual blindness.

Matt 23:17

Where is the source of the sanctity?

Jesus reminds the Pharisees that the temple and the gold are meaningless without God's sanctiflcation.

Matt 23:18

Altar has no significance apart from presence of God Represents a promise to perform a promise All objects with no inherent sanctiflcation More serious

The symbol is not what it represents.

Matt 23:18

Swears by the gift

The only value of the gift is the willingness to forgive the vow.

Matt 23:1922

B Gift...altar... templethrone

The framework objects involved to remind people of God's presence.

Matt 23:23

B Weightier matters

Value equated with weight.

C*l. 1 l-Framewock 2-Clockwoct ^Thermostat 4-Cell 5-Plant 6-Animal 7-Human C*l. 1 A-Direct Simile B-Flgure of Speed) C-lcnplied in Structure of Thought CL 4 Vehicle (icripture, image) Cl. & Tenor (referent) Cl. fc Analytii of grounds of comparison

Bible Metaphors
Matt 23:24 Matt 23:24 3 6 C Blind guides B Who strain out a gnat and swallow a camel Incompetent leader Concerned about trivial details and ignore the larger principle Outer form and inner substance The cup and dish symbolize outer appearance and inner thoughts.

MATTHEW

29

A guide maintains the group on a correct course. The Pharisees would be a broken thermostat. Both the gnat and camel were designated as unclean, but the greater error would be to ingest a whole camel.

Matt 23:25

B Cleanse the outside of the cup... B First cleanse the inside of the cup and dish, that the outside of them may be clean also.

The cleansing from sin (dirt) is only a ceremonial washing - but should involve a thorough changing of the heart.

Matt 23:26

If the inner portion is washed the outer will be washed as well. If the thoughts are pure, the behavior will follow.

Matt 23:27

A You are like whitewashed tombs . . . uncleanness

Outer appearance is not consistent with inner motivation The motivation does not match the behavior Assent to righteousness but do not practice Have the same mindset Share the guilt of the ancestry

If the inner portion is washed the outer will be washed as well. If the thoughts are pure, the behavior will follow.

Matt 23:28

B Inside you are full of hypocrisy

The Pharisee is depicted as a container having a pleasant appearance but an inner content of guile.

Matt 23:29

B Build the tombs . . . adorn the monuments B Sons of those who murdered

Giving honor to someone who was righteous does not equate with righteousness.

Matt 23:31

Parent-child in this context means having the same potential.

Matt 23:32

B Fill up, then, the measure of your fathers' guilt A Serpents, brood of vipers

Guilt is depicted as a quantity which can be measured.

Matt 23:33

Treacherous

The Pharisees teachings were depicted as the poisonous fangs of vipers.

Matt 23:37 Matt 23:37

A Jerusalem

Residents of Jerusalem Develop a close bond and attachment

Jerusalem is personified as a woman. Jesus uses the hen simile to depict a protective attitude.

A Gather your children together, as a hen gathers... under her wings B Your house is left to you desolate

Matt 23:38

Jerusalem will be subject to retribution

Jerusalem is addressed as a person

Ol. & l-Framework 2-Qockwork 3-Thermoatat 4-CeH 5-Plant 6-Animal 7-Human Cd. 1 A-Direct Simile B-Figure of Speech C-Implied in Structure of Thought Cl. * Vehicle (tcripture, image) Cl. S: Tenor (referent) Cl. it Analyfii of grounds of cotnparijoo

30
Matt 24:12 Matt 24:22 3 2 B Love of many will grow cold B And unless those days were shortened
B As the lightening comes from the east and flashes to the west

MATTHEW
Disenchantment Full consequences not allowed to take place Sudden and brilliant

Bible Metaphors

Lawlessness is the governor which destroys the fervor of love. Days shortening depicts an altering of the time cycle.

Matt 24:27

A natural phenomenon is used to describe a supernatural event.

Matt 24:28

B For wherever the carcass is, there the eagles will be gathered together B From the four winds, from one end of heaven to the other B When its branch has already become tender... know ...summer is near B Near, at the very doors B Heaven and earth wilt pass away

Natural consequences. Death followed by the scavenger From the extremities of direction

Jesus was suggesting that the disciples be able to discern cause/effect relationship.

Matt 24:31

Heaven is depicted as having outer limits.

Matt 24:32

Discern the events

The seasonal events can be discerned by observing foliage.

Matt 24:33 Matt 24:35

1 7

Imminent Cease to exist

Very doors suggest it is imminent and tangible. The door would refer to the entrance to our habitation. Pass away is a euphemism for dying.

Matt 24:36

C Day and hour no one knows

Don't speculate about the close of the age. Carrying on day to day lives

Day and hour depicts a continuous time cycle,

Matt 24:38

2 3

C Eating, C drinking, marrying and giving in marriage C Master had known what hour the thief would come... Food in due season

Reflects both the cyclical nature of life and illustrates some drivereduction activities.

Matt 24:43

Be vigilant continually

Vigilance is a twenty-four hour a day job.

Matt 24:44

Continually prepared

Vigilance is a twenty-four hour a day job.

Ol. & 1-Framewort 2-dockwork 3-Tbermoitat 4-Crfl 5-Plant 6-Animal 7-Human Cl. 1 A-Direct Simile B-Figure of Speech C-lmpUed in Structure of Thought Cl. * Vehicle (scripture, image) Cl,, 5t Tenor (referent) Ol. fc Analysis of ground* of comparison

Bible Metaphors
Matt 24:45 Matt 25:1 2 5 7 3 1 C Likened to B ten virgins who took B (heir lamps C and went out B to meet the bridegroom Christ is the bridegroom, the foolish virgins are potential members and Ihe lamps are the teaching of Christianity Holy Spirit

MATTHEW
Refers to ministers and seasonal messages.

31

The lamp is a guiding light to allow its user to say on the right path.

Matt 25:3-4

B Foolish took no o i l . . . wise took oil B Give us some of your oil

The oil is a symbol of God's Holy Spirit

Matt 25:8

Give us some of your spiritual strength Spiritual growth is an individual responsibility Opportunity is extended for a short lime God the Father is likened to this man

The energy to sustain spiritual growth is Holy Spirit, symbolized by oil.

Matt 25:9

B Go to those who sell, and buy for yourselves B And the door was shut

Holy Spirit is depicted as a commodity to be bought and sold.

Matt 25:10

The door is an opportunity extended to all people,

Matt 25:14

Kingdom of heaven is like a man traveling to a far country, who called his own servants

The parable of the talents refers to the distribution of abilities.

Matt 25:1517

B Gave five talents . . . two talents.. . one talent Traded with them, and made another five

Opportunities for growth

Talent is a monetary denomination

Exercised their abilities and matured

Spiritual abilities is compared to money and trading with many.

Matt 25:18

B Dug in the ground, and hid his lord's money C I have gained five more talents

Didn't mature or grow spiritually

Digging and hiding in the ground is equivalent to burying money.

Matt 25:20

Have used the gifts you have given me profitably The test of responsibility is what one can do with something very insignificant Regulation of one factor brings about a change in another factor.

Matt 25:2123

C Well done good and faithful servant, you have been faithful over a few things

Cl. 1-Frameworfc 2-Oockwork 3-Thermotat 4-Cell 5-Planl 6-Animal 7- Human Cl. * A-Direct Simile B-Figure of Speech C-Im plied in Structure of Thought Cl. 4 Vehicle (tcripture, image) Cl. S; Tenor (referent) Cl. t Analyst! of ground* of companion

32
Matt 25:24 Matt 25:2426 1 B Hard man Unflinching, unmerciful Expecting something from nothing

MATTHEW
Hard in this context suggests merciless.

Bible Metaphors

B Reaping where you have not scattered seed B Separate them one from another, as a shepherd dividends his sheep from the goats

Charge was rather a ridiculous and selfish charge that God was expecting too much from him, reaping where he had not sown is accusing God is not giving him any help.

Matt 25:32

Separate righteous from unrighteous

Sheep because of their submissiveness are depicted as righteous while the self-willed goat is depicted as evil.

Matt 25:33

1 6

B Sheep on His B right hand, but the goats on the left B Prepared for you from the foundation of the world

Division of righteous and unrighteous

The right hand and left hand depict favored and unfavored positions for the righteous (sheep) and unrighteous (goats) respectively.

Matt 25:34

Beginning of the plan of God

Foundation is a framework analogue for a temporal concept.

Matt 25:36

B I was naked . . Refers to . sick . . . in people in prison need B When did we see you hungry . . . a stranger . . . naked . . . in prison Inasmuch as you did it to one of the least of these Refers to people in need

Christ is identifying with sick and needy of the world.

Matt 25:3739

Christ is identifying with sick and needy of the world.

Matt 25:40

Paradoxical tension

Regulation of one factor produces a change in another factor.

Matt 25:45

C Least of these ...not to Me

Paradoxical tension The bread is symbolic of My sacrifice The wine now is symbolic of his shed blood, reflecting back to Old Testament sacrifice of lamb Wine

Matt 26:26

5 6

B This is My B body

The symbols of the Passover have been changed from lamb and bitter herbs to bread and wine which is symbolic of flesh and blood, metonymous for life. The symbols of the Passover have been changed from lamb and bitter herbs to bread and wine which is symbolic of flesh and blood, metonymous for life.

Matt 26:28

5 6

B This is my B blood

Matt 26:29

Fruit of the vine

Metonymous for wine symbolic of blood.

Cl. 2i 1-Fraraework 2-docbuott 3-Thennottat 4-Cdl 5-Plant 6- Animal 7-Human Crf. 1 A-Direct Simile B-Figure of Speccfa C-tmplied in Structure of Thought Crt. * Vehicle (scripture, image) Cl, 5; Tenor (referent) Cl. 6 Analytit of ground* of companion

Bible Metaphors
Matt 26:31 6 3 7 6 B Made to C stumble A I will strike A the Shepherd ...the flock will be scattered B Let this cup pass from me If this cup cannot pass away from Me unless I drink it Is at hand Be offended

MATTHEW
Stumbling depicts an animal losing its balance.

33

Matt 26:31

The shepherd is Christ and the sheep are the disciples Allow this trial to pass If I must endure the trial

Christ was prophesying the events which would soon take place when all his followers would leave him.

Matt 26:39

A trial is depicted as a cup with bitter contents.

Matt 26:42

A cup with bitter contents is symbolic of a trial.

Matt 26:46 Matt 26:52

1 1

Is near Live violently will perish violently Needing to take by subterfuge In a prominent position Memorial of betrayal Absolving himself of responsibility Absolving responsibility Our responsibility

Hand is a limb close to the center of the body. Sword is emblematic of conflict.

B Perish by the sword

Matt 26:55

B As against a robber

Used stealth and craft to overtake Jesus.

Matt 26:64

Sitting at the right hand of the Power

The right hand is a position of second in command.

Matt 27:8

B Field of blood

The cemetery was bought with the blood of Christ.

Matt 27:24

Washed his hands

Washing hands depicts getting rid of guilt and responsibility.

I am innocent of the blood His blood be on us...

Matt 27:25

The blood depicts a spot or stain.

Matt 27:2829

Scarlet robe, crown of thorns, reed in His right hand King of the Jews You who destroy the temple and build it in three days I am with you always with you

Parody of symbols of power

The mob creates a parody of what Christ eventually will become.

Matt 27:37

Mock/parody of Christ's office Inadvertent prophecy of his death and resurrection Influencing you by My spirit

The parody would become a reality.

Matt 27:40

The temple was emblematic of his own body.

Matt 28:20

Close spatial relationship.

C*l. 2i l-Framework 2-Cloetwort 3-TbennoBtai 4-Cell J-Plant 6-Animal 7-Human Cl. i A-Direct Simik B-Figure of Speech C-Implied in Structure of Thought CL * Vehicle (scripture, image) C*l. 5; Tenor (referent) Cl. tt Analysis of grounds of comparison

Bible Metaphors
Mark 1:2 7 1 B B Before Your face...prepare Your way Prior to Your appearance... ease Your acceptance A sole prophet ...repent for his sake

MARK

35

The setting of a precedent that creates a suitable and receptive publicpsychologica] environment for the coming of the Messiah and his message is spoken of as the prophet paving a road. "Face" is a synecdoche for the whole person-the character, will, and approval. The prophet is in a spiritually desolate and unsettled land; he calls on all to "straighten" [self-correcting, homeostatic language] their lives in honor, and in order to be worthy of the soon-coming King.

Mark 1:3

1 3

B One crying C in the wilderness... Make his path straight B Baptize you with the Holy Spirit B Spirit like a dove

Mark 1:8

Cause you to embody God's values Gently consecrating

The immersion/saturation metaphor emphasizes how God's character should displace the individual's weaknesses and spiritual vacuity. The "spirit" can mean breath, wind and spiritual essence as well as mind-set. Since he was already conceived of the Spirit, the image is a ceremonial one of public consecration, with the simile connoting humility and gentleness of "spirit" on the part of consecrator and consecrated. Spirit is personified in the behavior of a rancher who drives a herd.

Mark 1:10

Mark 1:12

Spirit drove him into the wilderness

Spirilmotivated to seek solace Imminent Apostles

Mark 1:15 Mark 1:17

1 6 7 1

B At hand B B Fishers of men

"At hand" suggests a spatial proximity. Going forth and representing Jesus and his message is compared to fishing occupation, the world becoming the "catch." Demons are pictured as dirt that makes one filthy.

Mark 1:27

B Unclean Spirits B Cast out many demons Make me clean Spread the matter

Demoninfluenced Restored mental health Heal my leprosy Publicize it

Mark 1:34

The demons are depicted as vermin that one rids from a home.

Mark 1:40-41 1

Disease is depicted as elementalized filth.

Mark 1:45

The image of objects being carried and distributed underlies this model of communication. Jesus compares his role to that of a physician, making people whole. There is a touch of irony that suggests that the only difference between the righteous and the unrighteous is that the latter admit their guilt and see their need.

Mark 2:17

A Those who are well... physician ...sick

Righteous... Messiah's rule; forgiveness...

Mark 2:19-20 7

A Friends of the bridegroom B C No one sews ...unshrunk cloth on an old garment

Disciples of Jesus Christ [Paradigm shift in expectation]

Jesus compares himself to a bridegroom and the disciples to groomsmen, anticipating the future marriage to the Church. A complex system of images that creates a paradoxical tension. The sewing is a clockwork, ritualistic reintegration process that fails. In the context of fasting, he suggests that asking his new disciples to fast is an inappropriate ritual to require of them at this point. Herein is the mature/immature tension: the disciples cannot expect the elders to take their teaching seriously. They are "unwashed" and immature, and too fast a maturation will tear them away from the community, causing a much wider schism than if left alone. There is also the new/old tension: Jesus expresses a concern not only for his own, new teaching and mission, but for a preservation of the old until each achieves a mature perspective. A concern for each is balanced by v. 22. New wine is a type of how the Holy Spirit was working in the disciples: "unfennented" and precocious, they needed time to mature; they could not do so within the confines of the prescribed piety of that day (v. 21).

Mark 2:21

1 2

Mark 2:22

Puts new wine into old bottles

Reconciles the new with old rituals

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36
Mark 3:1,3 Mark 3:5 5 1 B B Withered... Hardness of their hearts Unclean Sons of thunder Crippled hand Their Insensitivity Evil influences Impulsive

MARK

Bible Metaphors

The image "withered" derives from plant characteristics. "Hardness" depicts a brittle, impervious surface that is not only stubborn within, but insensitive to the needs of those without. See 1:27. Thunder is personified as a father in a Semitic idiom which means "people of the sort...." "Stormy Ones" would be a dynamic equivalent. The framework of a kingdom or house depicts a divided psychological and/or spiritual state that creates a self-destructive cognitive/spiritual dissonance. Even evil, thriving on chaos and disarray, understands this management principle.

Mark 3:11 Mark 3:17

1 7

B B

Mark 3:24-25 1

B Divided against itself...nouse divided against itself cannot stand B B Enter a strong man's house... binds the strong man Has an Unclean spirit My mother... My brothers

Disagreement defeats a goal ...Satan and his demons are united

Mark 3:27

1 7

Exercise power in the world... subdues Satan Is Demoninfluenced His Spiritual family Some hear without understanding Satan deceived the hearers Christians who like the glamour but are unready for test of faith Materialism cannot be reconciled

Satan is personified as the homeowner of the world; Jesus is the despoiler of this physical/spiritual domain, once Satan is bound (cf Rev 20:2). Jesus "robs" Satan of his demonic influence in the lives of others.

Mark 3:30

See 1:27.

Mark 3:34-35 7

The system of human kinship is transferred to spiritual relationships in the Church. The seed is identified as plant/cell metaphor for "the word," a figure for the totality of Jesus' new message (v. 14). The various grounds on which it falls represent the differing effects it will have in people's lives. Seed that falls above the ground represents that knowledge that is not assimilated; Satan is thus able to distort or discount its importance.

Mark 4:4,14

5 1

A Some seed fell A by the wayside

Mark 4:4,15

Birds of the air came and devoured it Stony ground ...not much earth... withered away

Mark 4:5,16

1 5

A A

Seed falling on stony ground, germinating for a short time, and withering away because of the elements parallels shallow understanding.and partial commitment which fails due to disenchantment following a trial (cf 1 Tim 3:16). The quick growth represents the initial stage of being enamored with new knowledge, while the sun represents unexpected trials, and the withering, the failure of faith. The thorns compete for nourishment and limit the plants' seed and fruitbearing capacity. This is analogous to when Christians allow too many compelling concerns to cloud their vision of what is the priority, making them unproductive. The incompatibility of "serving" God and mammon is thus reemphasized (cf Matt 6:24). The seed of the word resembles the mustard seed of faith that contains the genotype/phenotype relationship of God's gift and what Christians must in turn give to others; they bear "fruit" not for their own sake but to sustain others. This is emphasized by the parable of the lamp. The sensory reception is a part taken for the whole of the mental processes that yield a behavior-changing understanding of the pertinent issues. Though all have ears, all are not "attuned"; some are oblivious. Jesus compares the absurdity of shame connected with righteousness and self sacrifice to a lamp lit and then hid for no purpose.

Mark 4:7,1819

Some seed fell among thorns, ... and it yielded no crop Seed fell on good ground... produced...

with
Christianity

Mark 4:8,20

Christians use their blessings to help others

Mark 4:9,23

He who has ears to hear let him hear

If it applies to you, take it to heart People ashamed of good deeds

Mark 4:21

B A lamp ...under a basket

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Bible Metaphors
Mark 4:24 3 B Measure you use, it will be measured to Judgement, mercy, and faith are crucial God's plan may seem to be carried out randomly, but He controls all its elements Initial efforts of church or individual Christian look insignificant The impact of God's will on an individual level becomes apparent and attractive to

MARK

37

A dual-level image of a scale that we are responsible to use with "just weights," while God is, in turn, the regulating factor of celestial "scales.

you
Mark 4:29 4 5 B The kingdom B of God is as if a man should scatter seed

The referents in this parable change slightly. God is able to cany out a plan to have mercy on all through frail of human beings; as God controls the mysterious process of multiplication and differentiation unbeknownst to the sower [human apostles and evangelists], so the effect of an individual's preaching or good works cannot be anticipated by the person/organization, but God still uses them. The mustard seed was chosen for its dramatic potential growth pattern. Typology suggest that "seed" can represent "kingdom of God" in terms of God's influence at the individual level, on the Church, or on the world through the organizational efforts of the Church.

Mark 4:31

4 5

C Like a B mustard seed...is smaller than all the seeds B It grows...so B that the birds of the air ...nest under its shade

Mark 4:32

4 5

Jesus alludes to Nebuchadnezzar's dream (Dan 4), where the tree represents his outspreading dominion and the fowl of the air represent the many nations that are drawn to it, similar to the concept that, at some point, "all nations shall flow" to God's kingdom (Isa 2:4). There are, implicitly, stages of God's reign that have a present fulfillment in the individual, in the church, through the work of the church, as well as an eschatalogical one. Jesus speaks of the man as if he were a receptacle of elementalized "influence." See 1:27. Though, idiomatically, unclean spirit could mean "foul tempered" even to the degree of organic brain disorder, Jesus addresses the spirit apart from the man. Influencing or motivating their behavior is again spoken of in structural terms. The hemorrhage is spoken of as the flowing of a fountain or spring and its healing as that spring drying up.

Mark 5:8

B Come out of the man, you unclean spirit

all
Demon, stop influencing

him
Mark 5:12 Mark 5:29 1 1 2 B Enter them B Fountain of C her blood was dried up B Not dead, but sleeping Capable of being resurrected Familiarity Influence their behavior
She was Healed

Mark 5:39

To him who is able to resurrect and can exist beyond the linearity of time, death and sleep are points on a continuum.

Mark 6:4

7 1

B Prophet is not C without honor except in his own country B Shake off the dust under your feet B I will give you up to half of my kingdom B They were as B sheep not having a shepherd B Defiled hands

Spatial proximity can effect our judgement of a thing or individual, even when they are sent from God.

can
promote disrespect The dust metaphorically serves as an insignificant part of the whole in an ancient symbolic gesture that meant "we can have nothing to do with you." An ancient idiom whereby territorial space conveyed a sense of the breadth of the marriage commitment when royalty was involved. The shepherd is the prophet who is to provide spiritual guidance for the people, as it is said: "Where there is no [prophetic] vision the people stumble" (Prov 29:18). Defilement is a state wherein the individual is rendered unworthy of "approaching" God; this was equated with merely being unwashed.

Mark 6:11

Mark 6:23

Renounce them I propose marriage They were Helpless

Mark 6:34

6 7

Mark 7:2

Ceremonially improper

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38
Mark 7:20-30 1 B What comes out of a man ...defiles him Had an unclean spirit Actions can separate us from God

MARK

Bible Metaphors

The words, thoughts, feelings, actions, reactions, interactions, which are all generated internally, are potentially symbolized as the waste products of human elimination.

Mark 7:25

Was
influenced by demons Jesus' ministry was for Israel at this point

See 5:8.

Mark 7:27

Let the children be filled first... little dogs Little dogs eat the crumbs

The priority of reaching Israel at this stage of his ministry was iterated previously (Matt 10:5-6); it would widen later (cf Acts 1:8). Jesus uses a common idiom for non-Israelites.

Mark 7:28

6 5

A B

Gentiles benefit from blessings of Abraham Hearing was restored Doctrinal error

Bread can refer this promise to the blessings of Abraham (Gen 12:3). the woman invokes in humility, sacrificing her pride for the sake of her daughter.

Mark 7:35

Ears were opened...

The healing process refer to sensory and communication functions as structures that may be "opened" and "unbound." Matthew 16:12 identifies the leaven as doctrines that, when used as basis for developing an exegetical theology, will lead to greater and greater error towards the service of tradition rather than God. Hardness suggests lack of penetrability, with the heart, in this case, represent the mental processes that yield life-changing understanding. With the malfunction of the visual organ the models for comparison break down. The trunk of a tree seemed like the "trunk" of a man. "Son of Man" had many meanings, but when used as a title, as here, it was a traditional synonym for the Messiah since its pre-Christian usage in the Book of Enoch. An increase in one behavior will regulate the magnitude of a corresponding effect.

Mark 8:15

A The leaven of the Pharisees

Mark 8:17

Heart still hardened Like trees walking

Dull of mind

Mark 8:24

Shadowy figures Messiah

Mark 8:31

C Son of Man

Mark 8:35-37 3

C Whoever desires to save his life will lose it... B Taste death A White like snow, such as no launderer on earth can whiten them B Cloud... overshadowed them Voice came out of the cloud Elijah does come first

[Paradoxical tension of salvation]

Mark 9:1 Mark 9:3

7 1

Die Dazzlingly bright

Dying is likened to food with a bitter taste. The simile suggests a brilliant glow that radiates from within.

Mark 9:7

Power of God was sensed

An archetypical manifestation of God in a vaporous mass (cf Ex 40:34ff and 1 Kings 8:10)

Mark 9:7

God spoke

Derives from anthropomorphic comparison with human voice; he manifests himself in a manner to which they could relate.

Mark 9:12

Elijah's message must precede the advent John was Elijah's antitype

Elijah stands for the mission and message that he embodied and that must go out prior to the coming of the Messiah; This is image is of one who prepares the way (Dt 18:15ff; Mai 3:1, 4:5).

Mark 9:13

A Elijah has also come

See above and Matthew 17:13.

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Bible Metaphors
Mark 9:25 Mark 9:31 Mark 9:35 1 7 3 B Unclean spirit A Son of Man C If anyone desires to be first, he shall be last of all and servant Demon Messiah Paradoxical tension of power

MARK
See 5:8. See 8:31. Reciprocal balance of supposed opposites necessitates semantic shift. See 8:35.

39

Mark 9:37

B Receives one of these little children

Is faithful in humble things

Children were often not considered full members of society and were sometimes taken for granted. Here they symbolize something that seems insignificant, some small aspect of Jesus' teaching, that we are not to despise (compare underlying thought with different image in (Zech 4:10). The deeds are exemplars of a service-oriented mind-set that manifests itself consistently in actions of charity or brotherly love.

Mark 9:41

B Whoever gives you a cup of water to drink B To stumble

Whoever is Self-sacrificing

Mark 9:42

To sin; to lose faith Whatever you do, don't offend

Tripping over an obstacle, and losing balance becomes a metaphor for sin (disequilibrium). A hyperbole that suggests a horrible physical death is nothing compared to judgement that must be borne by those who harm others in their relationship with God

Mark 9:42

Mark 9:43,45 6

Mark 9:43,45 5

A Millstone were hung around his neck B If your hand offends you ...your foot offends you B Cut it off

If you steal ...if you "run" with the wrong crowd Stop the offensive behavior Stop envying

The body part is metonymic of the action performed by the person. The idiom then becomes hyperbole by literalization of the pun.

The plant image of pruning dramatizes the real culprits of attitude & action.

Mark 9:47

7 6

B B

If your eye offends you, pluck it out Fire..salt

The image of "plucking" in the Greek is that of banishing someone. See the above two entries.

Mark 9:49-50 1

B The world awaits final judgement; Christians are the only hope Fire alludes to burnt offerings, an archetypical image for the eschatalogical "consummation of all things." Salt was used to consecrate offerings (Lev 2:13, Ezek 43:24, Josephus Antiquities 3,9,1) and binding covenants (Num 18:19, 2 Chr 13:5), symbolizing lasting qualities. Christians need to maintain those enduring qualities to be the redeeming factor in the world (cp. Gen 18:16-32, Matt 24:22 and Col 4:6). Sexual intimacy is hyperbolically depicted as two beings (metonymically "flesh") becoming one being, which in turn typifies a higher-level unity, emotionally, mentally and spiritually. Little children personify abstract qualities of humility, trustingness and teachability.

Mark 10:8

B And the two shall become one flesh They shall consummate the marriage Submit to Jesus' authority and teaching Grace from God Be ready to live and to give your life for what I teach

Mark 10:15

B Receive the kingdom of God as a little child

Mark 10:21 Treasure in heaven Mark 10:21 Take up the cross, and follow me The condemned were forced to carry the instrument of their own death to impress on the crowds the shame of wrongdoing; Jesus ironically tells his followers to wear it proudly. "Follow me" is typical of the teacher/student relationship. Favor in God's sight and eternal life in that grace are depicted as material objects of wealth.

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40
Mark 10:25

MARK
Far easier for a camel to go through...a needle 7 B Houses and brothers and sisters and mothers and children First will be last, and the last first
Son of Man

Bible Metaphors

Impossible

A hyperbolic comparison that Jesus uses to show that it is simply impossible for either rich or poor to "achieve" eternal life for themselves.

Mark 10:30

Spiritual family

The members of the community of saints and the spiritual bond between them we illustrated by the family and home "structure."

Mark 10:31

Current expectations are false Messiah This resurrection is predetermined Experience the trials Be martyred like Jesus

First and last are hierarchical and taxonomic features that depict human assessments of relative success; these, says Jesus, are not necessarily good analogy for how things will function in God's kingdom.

Mark 10:33 Mark 10:34

See 8:31.
The time in the grave was set according to a predetermined cycle.

C On the third day He will rise again B Drink the cup

Mark 10:3839 Mark 10:3839

Trials are depicted as a cup of bitter contents.

Baptized with the baptism that I am baptized with

Baptism pictures a grave, an "immersion" in life-threatening and, finally, life-ending circumstances.

Mark 10:40

B To sit on my right handon my left

B Rulers over the Gentiles lord it over them...exercise authority over them

To make you co-rulers during God's reign Public servants like to be served... rule

Authority and responsibility are depicted as stationary spatial positions in proximity to an implied throne.

Mark 10:42

Jesus brings out the irony in the tendency of human rulers to abuse their powers for their own interests, i.e., to be self-serving. Similarly, civilservice bureaucracy usually performs at its own convenience rather than the convenience of those they "serve." Over "and" under are spatial concepts representing a dominance and dependence continuum. This cannot be the paradigm for God's ministry or future reign. Jesus turns the tables by suggesting that the servant has more honor.

Mark 10:43

1 7

B Become great B among you must be your servant B B Desires to be first must be slave of all

[Understanding authority is serving others] [Humility is essential to honor]

Mark 10:44- 1 45 7

Mark 10:45

Jesus' double entendre is that those seeking power for its own sake will eventually be debased and that those repentant of such an attitude will be convicted to serve others and thus achieve a truly honorable position in doing so. Jesus says the new paradigm must always equate leadership with responsibility and service, not glory. Implies that the world as a whole is held captive to sin, ignorance and deception, implicitly personified as kidnappers. Jesus's life and death, then, are the elementalized treasure that is demanded as ransom. "Den" or "cave" suggests a habitation of animals, and by extension a hideout for vermin. The irony was the openness and crassness of their commercialization. The mountain as a structure represents a formidable obstacle with no "passes" or ways around.

Gave His life as a ransom

Died so that others would live eternally Profiteering location Overcome impossible difficulties

Mark 11:17

1 6

B Den of thieves C B Say... "Be removed and be cast into the sea"

Mark 11:23

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Bible Metaphors
Mark 11:25- 3 26 C Forgive him that your father...may also forgive you Planted a vineyard, dug a place for the wine vat and built a tower Leased it to vinedressers Be merciful

MARK
The cause/effect clockwork principle and the homeostatic regulation principle apply here in the reciprocal nature of forgiveness that God requires.

41

Mark 12:1

God prepares for a kingdom on earth

The vineyard is a place of productivity suggesting the Kingdom of God. The whole image is parallel to Psalm 8ft7ff; Jesus widens its application from Israel to the whole world.

Mark 12:1

Entrusted the Oracles to the Priests and Scribes He sent the prophets at crucial times

The priests and scribes are characterized as vinedressers in their stewardship of God's instruction for the people and their religious practices.

Mark 12:2

7 5

A At vintage B time He sent a servant to... vinedressers A That he might receive some of the fruit of the vineyard A They took him...sent... another

The servants are special messengers and couriers from God the Father with instruction and correction for the established religious organization. They work independently of the hierarchy and are thus able to afford a system of checks and balances. The plea for God's return (e.g. Ps 80:14 and 90:13ff) implies a former time of theocracy to be restored. The fruit is typical of the substantive change in the lives of the people to whom God returns, when the prophets have made ready "a people prepared for the Lord" (Luke 1:17). When the religious establishment failed to produce a worthy vintage, i.e. "a people prepared," the prophets were sent but were inevitably martyred by those who were interested in serving themselves rather than those for whom they were responsible. The son of the owner represents Jesus who had a relationship with the Father before coming to the earth ["vineyard"], a pre-existence that only becomes manifest when he is sent. The vinedressers were apparently never aware a son existed.

Mark 12:2

In order to restore his reign

Mark 12:3

The prophets have been re jected through -out the ages God was manifested in the flesh

Mark 12:6

A Having one son, his beloved, he also sent him to them A Vinedressers said, This is the heir. Come, let us kill him"

Mark 12:7

The plot to kill the Messiah has started

The vinedressers recognize the son's relationship to the owner of the vineyard and also recognize the threat to their own power. There is a sense of demonic irration in the thought that they could be heirs in place of the son (cf Isa 14:11).

Mark 12:8

7 1

A Took him and B killed him and cast him out B He will come and kill those tenants and give the vineyard to others The stone the builders rejected has become the cornerstone Love the Lord ...with your heart, soul, mind...

Jesus would be crucified "outside" The temple will be destroyed and a new worship instituted Jesus will die as man but be resurrected King of Kings

Jesus knows he will be killed at Jerusalem (Luke 13:33) but "outside the gate," not in Jerusalem proper, i.e. the temple district (Heb 13:12).

Mark 12:9

The religious hierarchy that had failed to produce a worthy vintage will be overthrown and replaced by those who are more yielding.

Mark 12:10

"Cornerstone" suggests the principle structural element for a government.

Mark 12:30

Love completely

Love is analytically separated for greater emphasis

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42
Mark 12:33 6 B To love Him is...more...than all burnt offerings and sacrifices B Son of David Sacredness of thoughtful action has no comparison

MARK

Bible Metaphors

The relative sacred worth of physical vs. spiritual "sacrifice" is put on an implicit scale and the physical is found absurdly wanting.

Mark 12:35

Descendant of David Inherit the Kingdom when I judge the nations Can Messiah be both God and man? Power and prestige lineage

The term "son" refers to anyone in the "line" of legal descendency, not limited to the literal, biological fatherAon relationship. One "next to the throne" still suggests the heir apparent, a role Jesus assumes. The footstool imagery is an idiom for conquering and bringing a people into submission, so that they wait on you "hand and foot."

Mark 12:36

A Sit at my right hand until I put your enemies under your feet A How is He then His son?

Mark 12:37

Jesus poses a conundrum that delights the crowds by ridiculing the scribes and yet contains a paradoxical truth that his life embodies.

Mark 12:39

Best seats in ...the best places at feasts They devour widows' houses Nation will rise against nation. ..and there will be earthquakes in various places, ...famines and troubles Not you who speak but the Holy Spirit

Abstract qualities are quantified and expressed through a spatial matrix.

Mark 12:40

The cheat the disadvanlaged

"Devour" suggests the image of a predator. The referent may be to foreclosing on short-term loans maturing before the Jubilee that the lenders knew could not be repaid in time. Jesus relates the unfolding of prophecy as a predictable, clockwork cycle.

Mark 13:8

History has predictable cycles that God controls

Mark 13:11

God will inspire you

Holy Spirit is personified as a spokesman.

Mark 13:18 Mark 13:27

6 1

B Your flight B From the four winds

Your escape From wherever they are "around" the world The advent will not surprise the saints Imminent

Imagery suggests the migratory behavior of birds. The four winds serve as metaphorical coordinates.

Mark 13:28

You know that summer is near Near, at the very doors Heaven and earth will pass away...My words will by no means pass away

The growth pattern is sequential and predictable; so the events preceding Christ's return should be as apparent and familiar to a Christian as the change of seasons is to a farmer. The return of Christ is personified as an expected guest knocking at the door, suggests a temporal proximity through spatial proximity. The image of "pass away" suggests something that moves in and then out of view; fleetingness is contrasted with the spiritual realm from which Jesus derives authority for what he says.

Mark 13:29

Mark 13:31

The physical will decay into nothingness, but the truth is eternal

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Bible Metaphors
Mark 13:34 7 A Doorkeeper to watch The individual to be vigilant

MARK

43

The doorkeeper represents the state of keeping vigilance; watching is a metaphor for the ongoing process of conversion through self-monitoring and relying on God's help to recognize and change what is wrong (v. 35). The master of the house represents Christ after he has been resurrected and glorified ("taking a Ear journey" v34).

Mark 13:35a

Master of the house is coming In the evening, at midnight...or in the morning Sleeping Watch

Christ will come

Mark 13:35b

4 2

B B

At any time of day or night

These different segments of the day represent a clockwork analogy for "around-the-clock" vigilance, which is the only safe stance.

Mark 13:36 Mark 13:37

6 6

B B

Unprepared Be alert and prepared Be committed to Christianity

"Sleeping" metaphorically suggests inattentiveness. Watching involves keeping alert and staying ready,

Mark 14:2224

5 6

B Take, eat; this B is My body... this is My blood B Fruit of the vine B Made to B stumble A Strike the shepherd and the sheep will be scattered B Take this cup away from Me

The symbols of the passover have been changed from lamb and bitter herbs to bread and wine, which are symbolic of flesh and bloodmetonymous for life; eating is a metaphor for "internalization" and commitment. Metonymous for wine, symbolic of blood.

Mark 14:25

Wine

Mark 14:27

6 3 7

Offended

"Stumbling" depicts an animal losing its balance.

Mark 14:27

Kill Christ ...the disciples will deny Him

Christ was prophesying the events which would soon take place when all his followers would leave him.

Mark 14:36

Give Me an alternative to this destiny There is willingness, but not enough determination Thinking I am a common criminal? The Messiah exercising authority as God Rebel

A person's "lot in life," or destiny, is idiomatically referred to as a cup (Ps 11:6), usually with a negative connotation; the passing of the cup is a denial of that destiny. The person's character is elementalized into separate organisms, each having volition, the flesh representing the "carnal" drives and needs.

Mark 14:38

B The spirit truly is ready ...he flesh is weak A As against a robber?

Mark 14:48

Jesus' simile derives from the style of aggression used to take him; the implication is that the action is inappropriate and derives from false reports. "Right hand" can suggest not only approval of but parity with the one in the metaphorical center; the Messianic figure is thus rightly assumed by the Sanhedrin (v. 64) to be deified in Jesus' image. "Sitting" is the symbolic position of assuming and exercising royal authority. "Power" is an Aramaic euphemism for God. The title was a mocking proclamation of his crime, laying claim to his lineal right to be King of the Jews, a title the Romans had abolished; the irony was the truth in what was parody. The outward landscape resembled a skull.

Mark 14:62

B Son of Man sitting at the right hand of the Power A King of the Jews

Mark 15:2

Mark 15:22

A Place of a Skull

Hilltop

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44
Mark 15:38 1 B Veil...torn in two Reconciliation accomplished

MARK

Bible Metaphors

Christ consecrated the "way" through the veil (his physical existence) and blood (death) (Heb 10). The tearing was symbolic of the access to God made possible through Christ's sacrifice. Compare Nebuchadnezzar's statement in Dan 3:25.

Mark 15:39

A The Son of God B Young man B Hardness of heart New tongues

Divine

Mark 16:5 Mark 16:14

7 1

Angel Cynicism

The spirit being has assumed the form of a human. "Hardness" implies imperviousness and resistance to changeboth physical and metaphorical. Tongue" is a figure that represents the entire speech process by an organ of the body; "new" has temporal qualities that stand for "different." The demons are pictured as objects that can be tossed out of a spatial construct. "Made whole," "recover," and "healing" all suggest the homeostatic drive toward equilibrium. To "lay hands on" symbolize the humility required. The expression can also be understood in an idiomatic sense: dealing with enemies or difficult situations are "handling" serpents. Anthropomorphic action of sitting symbolizes the reassumption of the former glory that Jesus had (John 17:5).

Mark 16:17

Foreign languages Eliminate evil influences Restore health Deal with enemies Was glorified

Mark 16:17

Cast out demons Lay hands on the sick Take up serpents Sat at the right hand of God

Mark 16:18

Mark 16:18

Mark 16:19

C*L 1 1-Framewort 2-Clockwort 3-ThemoMat 4-Cdl S-Plant 6-Anhnal 7-Human C*L 3i A-EHreot Smile B-Figure of ipeecfa C-Implled In Structure of Thought C*l. * Vehicle (cripture, image) C*L Si Tenor (referent) C*L 6 Analytb of grounds of companion

Bible Metaphors
Luke 1:17
2 7 1

LUKE
Restore the family

45

B Turn the B hearts of the B fathers to the children B Overshadow

This symbol of cooperation suggests a positional alignment and a clockwork motion within that framework. The heart is metonymous for the moral and volitional faculties of the individual as well as the individual as a whole. The power of God was depicted as something which envelopes Mary.

Luke 1:35

you
Luke 1:41
1

Impregnate you Inspired by God Child

Filled with the Holy Spirit Fruit of your womb My soul magnifies the Lord

Elizabeth is depicted as a container for God's Holy Spirit.

Luke 1:42

Children are depicted as metaphorical "fruit," or the result of a long process. The womb then becomes the implicit plant. The soul represents the self that structurally "magnifies" a hypostatized Lord; the idiom means "declares the greatness of."

Luke 1:46

I thank God

Luke 1:48 Luke 1:51

1 7

B Lowly state B Shown strength with His arm Scattered the proud

Humble Demonstrated Power

Low = humble; high = exalted. An anthropomorphic image of muscle tone is one reification of the more abstract concept of "power."

Luke 1:51

Frustrated the plans of proud people Restored justice

The proud is an antimereia for people who do not realize their own shortcomings; these are depicted as grains of sand, dust, or chaff scattered by the wind. The "reversal11 of fortunes is an implicit clockwork concept that conveys the sense those in "position" now are exploiting those "under" them.

Luke 1:52

1 2

B Put down the C mighty.. .the lowly B To his seed

Luke 1:55

For his progeny

The parallel cell/plant metaphor is, in the first case metonymous, for the multiple generations of offspring a parent may engender. God is anthropomorphized as having limbs in a common Semitic idiom that conveys the same sense as "guiding hand."

Luke 1:66

Hand of the Lord was with

God
influenced

him
Luke 1:69 6 B Horn of salvation Victorious leader God's representative Create a receptivity The Messiah The horn of an animal often used as an image of governmental power.

Luke 1:76

B Prophet of the highest B Prepare His ways

"Highest" is a positional/hierarchical metonymy for God.

Luke 1:76

God's plan for the Messiah, and the acceptance of His message and mission is pictured as a trail that must first be "blazed" by John. Dawn connotes a new beginning and is typical of the new age the Messiah would usher in. Truth is symbolized by light. Ignorance is symbolized by darkness. The light provides a guiding beacon, alerting to the obstacles and pointing to the destination. Death is depicted as something concrete which casts a shadow

Luke 1:78

C The Dayspring B To give light to those who sit in darkness C The shadow of death B B Guide our feet into the way of peace Glory to God in the highest

Luke 1:79

To teach the truth to the masses Fear of death

Luke 1:79

Luke 1:79

1 6

Enable us to live Godly lives Affirmation of God's power

Habitual behavior or lifestyle is depicted as a pathway

Luke 2:14

High - low suggests a hierarchy with the creator at the top and the mortal creation at the bottom

C.I. 2s 1-Framework 2-Qockworfc 3-Thennoitat 4-Cdl S-Plant 6-Animal 7-Human CL * A-Direct Simile B- Figure of tpeecb C-Implied in Structure of Thought
C*L 4 Vehicle (icrlpture. Image) C*L Si Tenor (referent) C*L * Analytic of groundi of comparton

46
Luke 2:2 7 B Opens the womb Is born

LUKE

Bible Metaphors

The infant is depicted as having the volition to determine the time of his birth Light signifies truth and insight about a new way of life

Luke 2:32

1 3

B A light to C bring revelation to the Gentiles B Fall and rising

Brings a new way of life and a message of hope Many lives will be altered Convicted by your conscience

Luke 2:34

Exaltation and glorifying are depicted by rising while dishonor and abasement are depicted as falling The conviction is depicted as a sharp and piercing sword

Luke 2:35

Sword will pierce through your own soul

Luke 2:40

B Filled with wisdom

Making wise decisions habitually God favored him

Wisdom depicted as tangible content

Grace of God was upon him

God's grace or favor is depicted as an external force exerting downward pressure. The idiom reflect how God was personally managing aspects in his life in order to bring about a result. God is pictured as the proprietor of a family business that the son is learning in order to eventually manage for himself. Compare John 2:16 where Christ calls the temple "My Father's house." John's message was a preparatory massage clearing away obstacles

Luke 2:49

My Father's business

In the temple

Luke 3:4

B Prepare the way of the Lord... B Every valley... C

Ease the Messiah's acceptance Justice shall be universal

Luke 3:5

1 3

The image connotes the achievement of an equilibrium with oppressive governments and human systems pictured as mountains and crooked paths in the larger context of the "salvation of God" (v.6). John is proclaiming that the way of life Jesus will be proclaiming will take the complications (resulting from sin) out of their lives. The image of a child innocently putting their hand in a viper's nest suggest the reversal of the image in Isaiah 11:8 that demonstrates the masses capacity for self-deception regarding their righteousness. Fruits is symbolic of an outward manifestation of an "inward" process.

Luke 3:7

A Brood of vipers!

Wicked people

Luke 3:8

Bear fruits worthy of repentance

Show evidence of repentance

Luke 3:8

B From these stones...

Physical lineage is not the issue Judgement is imminent Each individual person Offer you the choice of eternal life or death

Christ bases his word-play on the similarity of sound in Hebrew between "stones" and "sons."

Luke 3:9

B Axe is laid to the root of the trees B Every tree...

The physical proximity is used to promote the concept of a temporal proximity in relationship to the tree, often used to symbolize a nation (e.g., Ezck 31). Bearing fruit is metaphoric Cor showing persona) results.

Luke 3:9

Luke 3:16

B Baptize you with the Holy Spirit and with fire

The Holy Spirit represents an immersion into life and the fire is an immersion into destruction as made clear by verse 17.

C*L 1-Framewoit 2-Clockwork 3-Therm<*tat 4-Cdl S-Plant *- Animal 7-Humra C*l. i A-Direct Stalk B-Ffgure of ipeech C-Implwd in Structure of Thought C*l. * Vehicle (tcripture, image) C*L Si Tenor (referent) Cal. te Anatytf* of grounds of companion

Bible Metaphors
Luke 3:17 1 B Purge His threshing A Gather the wheat into his barn... the chaff He will burn... C Was baptized Dismiss the unrighteous Justify the righteous and destroy the wicked

LUKE
Purge connotes a separating or purifying process.

47

Luke 3:17

The harvest metaphor depicts the consequences of a lifetime of behavior

Luke 3:21

Provided a model for His followers God's presence revealed Consecration as Messiah was obvious to all [See above]

The action itself was a twice removed symbolism.

Luke 3:21

C The heaven was opened

The minds of those present opened to God's power. The heavens are depicted as a shade or blinds letting in light

Luke 3:22

A Holy Spirit descended in bodily form like dove B A voice came from heaven A You are My beloved Son

The dove connotes the peaceful attributes of the Spirit that were expected of the Messiah (Is 11:2).

Luke 3:22

A disembodied anthropomorphism communicates the same sense of approval. Derived from human parent-child relationship, implying by biogenetic parallel, the divinity of the Messiah.

Luke 3:22

You are the God-ordained

Messiah
Luke 4:1 1 B Being filled with the Holy Spirit B By every word of God Immeasurably inspired by God In accordance with God's proscriptions, prescriptions Take care of your family before being so willing to help others The image of a container and contents typifies the fullness of God's influence in a person's life which in actuality is not quantifiable (John 3:34)

Luke 4:4

Words are depicted as food.

Luke 4:23

C Physician, heal yourself

The proverb uses the physicians body to symbolize the immediate and pressing concerns that one should attend to, whether the family or local community, before attempting to solve others problems in other place; otherwise yo will lose credibility, like a doctor who is consistently sick.

Luke 4:24

1 3

B No prophet is B accepted in his own country B Heaven was shut up B Filled with wrath B Had a spirit of an unclean demon

Prestige is a function of familiarity

Spatial relationship is used to depict the implicitly inverse mental relationship of respect to familiarity.

Luke 4:25 Luke 4:28

1 1

It did not rain Angry

Heaven is depicted as a closed partition and receptacle for water. People depicted as containers for reified emotions.

Luke 4:33

Was being influenced to sin by a demon See above.

Sin is depicted as filth.

Luke 4:36

Unclean spirit

See above.

fM. l-Framework 2-dockwork S-TbermocUt 4-CeU 5-Plant 6-Animal 7-Human C*L 4 A-Direct Simile B-Pigure of *peecb C-Implied in Structure of Thought C*L * Vehicle (icripture, image) C*L Si Tenor (referent) CM. fc Analyiii of grounds of companion

48
Luke 5:10 6 A You will catch men Minister to people Heal me

LUKE

Bible Metaphors

Christ was drawing a parallel from their previous occupation

Luke 5:12

B Make me clean B Be cleansed B Cleansing B Those who are well do not need a physician A Bridegroom is with them B Puts a piece from a new garment on an old one B Puts new wine into old wineskins... new wine must be put into new

Sickness was looked upon as filthiness

Luke 5:13 Luke 5:14 Luke 5:31

1 1 7

Be healed Healing Sinless people do not need to be forgiven

Sickness was looked upon as filthiness Sickness was looked upon as filthiness Christ sarcastically points out that he cannot minister to people who do not see their own need to repent.

Luke 5:34

The Messiah

Christ is the bridegroom of the church. See John 3:29.

Luke 5:36

[Paradigm shift in expectations]

The disciples are compared to a new fabric that cannot be reconciled to the tradition of fasting (the "old clothe) at this point until they have "aged" sufficiently in the teaching, or "food," of Christ

Luke 5:37

wineskins
Luke 5:38 1 B No one having drunk old wine immediately C desires new... B Hunger now, for you will be filled B Reward is great in heaven C Strikes you on C the one cheek

Attempts to reconcile new truths with old rituals... a new insight needs a new cultural milieu People are resistant to new ideas or new insights The longing for justice will be satisfied

When new paradigm or worldview emerges, conflict is inevitable

Ideas and belief systems develop their own "inertia." The old is assumed to be better.

Luke 6:21

3 6

The parallels in Matthew show the hunger can be for a symbolically reified righteousness or justice. Drive-reduction models are involved in satisfaction.

Luke 6:23

Favor with God is great

The spiritual reward is depicted as being stored in heavenly spatial constructs.

Luke 6:29

7 3

Be tolerant and forgiving

The action is an example of any offense that might incur. The response is a dramatization of the tolerance principle, requiring a homeostatic balance The thermostatic principle - one principle regulates another - results in an equilibrium

Luke 6:31

C Just as you want men to do to you, you also do to them likewise C Lend, hoping for nothing in return and your reward will be great C Son of the Highest

Regulate your behavior according to God's standards One behavior regulates another

Luke 6:35

The thermostatic principle - one principle regulates another - results in an equilibrium

Luke 6:35

Christian

"Son" means idiomatically "pattern your life after the archetype." Here, the image would literally mean offspring of a spatial coordinate.

C*L l-Framewort ^Clockwork 3-Tbennouat 4-CeU 5-Plant 6-Anlmal 7-Huroan C*L 1 A-Direct Simile B-Figure of speech C-Implied in Structure of Thought Cd. * Vehicle (*cripture. Image) C*L ft Tenor (referent) Cat. 6 Analy*te of grounds of compari*on

Bible Metaphors
Luke 6:36 Luke 6:37 7 3 B Your Father God God considers how merciful we are

LUKE
The parent-child relationship connotes intimacy.

49

C Judge not, and you shall not be judged... C Give and it B will be given B Can the blind lead the blind

The thermostatic principle of reciprocal balances leads to an equilibrium.

Luke 6:38

3 1 7

God considers our generosity Should the ignorant have any influence Does not have the same knowledge Other's character flaw ...your own faults "Let me work out your salvation..." Evil motives do not bring about good results

The same analogy of reciprocation under lies the statement.

Luke 6:39

Blind is symbolic of unenlightened

Luke 6:40

B Disciple is not above his teacher B Speck in your brother's eye... plank in your own eye B "Let me remove the speck..." B For a good tree does not bear bad fruit, nor does a ba d tree bear good fruit B For every tree is known by its own fruit.

A social stratification and spatial relationships indicate a concept of authority in both the abstract sense of power as well as in the sense of authority on a subject or "field" of knowledge. "Speck" and "plank" represent relative degrees of fault.

Luke 6:41

Luke 6:42

The importance of tolerance is stressed through a metaphor that also reminds us every person needs to work out their own salvation.

Luke 6:43

A universal plant metaphor where "fruit" is equivalent to result.

Luke 6:44

The habitual thoughts will find their way into the conversation Behavior will manifest latent tendencies His principles are manifest

The outward behavior and words is consistent with inner motives, the genotype determines the

Luke 6:45

B Out of the good treasure of his heart

Overt qualities are referred to as treasure taken out of the treasure chest of the heart, just as we speak of something that is "near and dear" to someone's "heart."

Luke 6:45

B Abundance of the heart his mouth speaks B Building a house...laid th e foundation on the rock B Built a house on the earth C Stream beat vehemently B Say the word... will be healed

See above.

in small talk
Ensuring right behavior has lasting benefits Amorality ensures death Trials of life occurred I recognize your power from God "Building a house" is a metaphor for establishing what is hoped will be a permanent pattern of life. The stone foundation implies a spiritual standard that affords eternal permanency. Christ is the ultimate assurance and model for that pattern. See above. The shifting nature of the earth implies a kind of moral relativism instead of the absolute standards of God. The inevitability of the streams course and times passing imply the inevitability of trials testing ones convictions Jesus' pronouncements were reified into a medicinal cure, typifying his authority over all physiological, physical and spiritual realms.

Luke 6:48

Luke 6:49

Luke 7:7

C*L 1 1-Framework ^Clockwork 3-TbennoHat 4-Cdl 5-Planl 6-Animal 7-Huraan C*L i A-Direct Simile B-Figure of ipeecfa C-Implied in Structure of Thought C*L 4 Vebide (scripture. Image) CL Si Tenor (referent) C*L fc AnalyM* of ground* of comparison

50
Luke 7:8 1 B I am a man under authority B A reed shaken by the wind? I answer to others

LUKE

Bible Metaphors

The abstraction of hierarchical government structure representing authority and "chain" of command is reified into something the centurion

is spatially "under."
A volatile or indecisive man The play on words derive from the hebraic similarity between "reed" and "zealot." The double entendre then develops between whether they wanted John to foment rebellion or bend to their wishes for "smooth things." (Isa 30:10). The alternate extreme is represented by (he soft clothes that symbolize a "soft" and detached lifestyle.

Luke 7:24

Luke 7:25

A man B clothed in soft garments Prepare your B way Not a greater C prophet than John.. .he who is least.. .is greater than

A hetlenized aristocrat

Luke 7:27

Prepare people to hear [Paradigm shift in expectations]

John metaphorically is a "trial blazer."

Luke 7:28

"Greater/lesser" language assumes a hierarchy, whereas the point is to stress how such evaluations are irrelevant on the "God-plane" existence.

he
Luke 7:29 1 Been baptized B with the baptism of John We played the A flute for you, and you did not dance; we mourned to you, and you did not weep Certain A creditor who had two creditors Repented as a result of John's ministry [Expectations disappointed] Baptism represents a framework grave which is itself a symbol for a commitment to a new lifestyle. It became the reference point for John's entire ministry.

Luke 7:32

"Facing the music" here has several layers of significance. The "children" represent the popular sentiment. They either were trying to match John's expectation by a change of behavior but still missing the point and/or were trying to get John to conform to their whims and/or were trying to exclude John by "changing the rules of the game" as they went along. In each case, the immaturity of the paradigm within which they are working is stressed. The parable points to God and the human race and how each is in some state of "debt" (Rom 3:23).

Luke 7:41

God forgives sin - some grievous and some less so The Gospel is preached

Luke 8:5,11

7 5

B Sower went A out lo sow his seed A Trampled down, and the birds of the air devoured A Some fell on A rock...

Sowing seed represents "implanting the word" in peoples' minds

Luke 8:5,12

Some do not consider what they hear

Seed which falls above the ground represents that knowledge which is not assimilated. Others are able to distort or discount its importance. The birds are identified with Satan's influence in the world (Luke 8:17)

Luke 8:6,13

1 5

Some are not able to cope with the demands of Christianity Some are too distracted with "worldly" concerns to act upon what they hear

Seed falling on stony ground germinating for a short time, and withering away because of the elements parallel shallow understanding, partial commitment, which loses out to disenchantment following a trial

Luke 8:7,14

5 4

B Some fell B among thorns

Identified by Christ as immediate acceptance of the word (Luke 8:13) and even the start of germination - but it takes no root (affects no permanent change). The thorns compete for nourishment and limit the plants' seed bearing capability. Too many compelling concerns make all of them unproductive.

C.I. 1-Framework 2-CJoctwort 3-TbermotUt 4-Cell S-Plant 6-Animal 7-Human C.L 1 A-Direct Simile B-Figure of ipeech C-implied in Structure of Thought Cd. * Vehicle (Mripture, image) C.L Si Tenor (referent) (M. 6 AnalyiU of grounds of companion

Bible Metaphors
Luke 8:8,15 5 B Others fell on good ground... Some will understand and choose to change their lives Cognitive perception is not matched by spiritual insight Conceal righteous behavior All will be indicted or vindicated The allegiance of Christians is truer than that of even family Demonstrated his mastery of the elements

LUKE
Identified by Christ as those who hear the word, understand it and become productive (Luke 8:15)

51

Luke 8:10

Seeing that they may not see and hearing

Seeing and hearing are metonymous for the entire learning process.

Luke 8:16

B No one, when he has lit a lamp... B Nothing is secret...

Hiding light suggests being ashamed of godly behavior

Luke 8:17

Covering the truth is envisioned as place beneath an opaque cover. The revealing represents a restoration of stasis.

Luke 8:21

A My mother and.. .brothers are those who hear the word of God... B Rebuked the wind and the raging of the water B Commands even the winds and water, and they obey Him! B Unclean spirit B Was driven by the demon into the wilderness B Many demons had entered

The physical family becomes human analogy for the relationship Christ has with the community of believers, or "spiritual family."

Luke 8:25

The wind and water were given attributes of volition and the ability to respond to the human voice.

Luke 8:25

Can control the weather

The weather is spoken of again in terms of a servant at the master's bidding.

Luke 8:29 Luke 8:29

1 6

Evil influence Fell compelled to withdraw

Evil is depicted as filth "Driven" suggest livestock be directed by a herder.

Luke 8:30

him
Luke 8:44 1 B Touches the border of His garment B She is not dead, but sleeping Shake off the very dust from your feet

Overwhelming demonic influence Receive his healing power I will resurrect here

Human depicted as a container

The garment was seen by the women as a metonymous extension of Jesus

Luke 8:52

Sleep typifies death because for one with the power over life and death, this state is temporary. The potentiality for life was greater than the present situation to Christ. The dust metonymously serves as an insignificant part of the whole

Luke 9:5

Have nothing to do with them

C*i. 2t 1-Fnmeworfc 2-docfcwoct 3-Tbenno*Ut 4-Cell 5-Plant 6-Animal 7-Human Ctt. 3t A-Direct Simile B-FIgure of speech C-Imptied in Structure of Thought C*L * Vehicle (scripture, image) C*L Si Tenor (referent) C*L it AnalyiU of groundi of compamon

52
Luke 9:23 1 B Let him deny himself, and take up his cross daily C Desires to save his life will lose it... C Whoever is ashamed of Me...the Son of Man will be ashamed Not taste death Cloud came... overshadowed them This is My beloved Son. Hear Him! Accept responsibility for all bis actions Salvation is a paradoxical tension

LUKE

Bible Metaphors

The cross is a framework image of a burden or a sacrifice.

Luke 9:24

An increase in one factor brings about a decrease (or increase) in another, suggesting a homeostatic equilibrium

Luke 9:26

Paradoxical tension

See above.

Luke 9:27

Not die

Taste death" is reference of synesthesiatic quality.

Luke 9:34

[Presence of GodJ

God the Father is heard - but His presence is represented by a luminous cloud

Luke 9:35

Jesus is the Messiah

Christ's special relationship with God is depicted in the terminology of a human parent/child relationship.

Luke 9:35

A Spirit seizes him

His behavior became demonic Active evil presence Comprehend what I mean Arrested

Evil influence depicted as a wild animal.

Luke 9:39

B Demon threw him down B Sink...inlo your ears

See above.

Luke 9:42

Words are depicted as contents sinking into a container

Luke 9:44

1 7

C Delivered into B the hands of men A Hidden from them B C Receives this little child in My name receives Me

"Hands" metonymously suggest the more abstract concept of custody.

Luke 9:45

Incomprehensible Understand the lesson I am teaching with this child is my best student People can unwittingly play a part in God's plan Everyone has a role in society

"Hidden" implies a barrier.

Luke 9:48

"Receiving" is the standard idiom for comprehension in a formal learning scenario; the child because a teacher in his own right. The unassuming humility demonstrated in a little child is the behavior which leads to a reciprocal exaltation .

Luke 9:50

B He who is not against us is for us

"Against/for" implies a line drawn on the ground behind which someone is asked to take a stand

Luke 9:58

6 1

B Foxes have B holes, birds of the air have nests B Let the dead bury their dead

Hole and nest depict relatively permanent dwellings compared to the continuous change and uncertainty in Jesus' future

Luke 9:60

The hopeless must attend to mundanities

The ignorant and unenlightened are likened to being dead

Cd. 2i l-Pramework 2-Clockworfc 3-Tberroo.lat 4-Crli 5-Ptant 6-Animal 7-Human C.I. 3i A-Direct Simile 8-Figure of ipeech C-Implied in Structure of Thought C*L * Vehicle (cripture, image) C*l. ft Tenor (referent) C*l. ft AnalytU of ground* of comparison

Bible Metaphors
Luke 9:62 1 B No one, having put his hand to the plow, and looking back, is fit for the kingdom of God Harvest truly is great Those who fail to understand the urgency of the work of God will fail to accomplish it Potential members off God's family God's ministers

LUKE

53

Both example stress the priority of discipleship that Christ required. A farmer has no time to consider his past accomplishment when so much lies a head, yet to be done.

Luke 10:2

The image of mature grain on stalks typifies a readiness of people to hear and respond to the good news of Christ's gospel

Laborers are few

A Lord of the harvest A Laborers into His harvest

God
Minister sent to scattered areas Innocent in the midst of treachery Hospitable person You have heard the Gospel Economically wealthy... condemned Demonstrates belief in Bereft of his divine authority

6 Luke 10:3

A Lambs among wolves

The tractable disposition of lambs serves as the basis of comparison with disciples of Christ.

7 Luke 10:6 7 Luke 10:9,11

Son of peace

"Son" is an ancient Semitic idiom that encompasses the concept of anyone that demonstrates allegiance with "father," even an abstract concept. The message of the kingdom is reified into the kingdom itself, for which they will be held accountable for having listened to it.

The kingdom of God has come near

Luke 10:15

1 3

B Are exalted to C heaven...down to Hades B Hears

Success is pictured as a spatial loftiness while its true counterpart, not poverty but spiritual vacuity, is identified with the grave's depth.

7 Luke 10:16 1 Luke 10:18

The sensory perception is equated with the "internalization" process that manifests itself as changed behavior. The image of falling connotes the failure of an attempt to gain control which is then compared to lightning in the swiftness of the process.

Fall like lightening from heaven

Luke 10:19

C Trample on serpents

Overcome difficult circumstances God cherishes you

Christ's words can be taken symbolically and in parallel with "over all the power of the enemy," making "serpents" and "scorpions" typical symbols for demonic powers. "Name" is an ancient Semitic term meant to embody the concept of the total person's character and essence. When it is reified, as here, into something that can be inscribed "in heaven," it represents the permanence of the memory. Truth is reified into a substance that can be hid from sight.

Luke 10:20

Names are written in heaven

Luke 10:21

B Hidden these things from

Not allowed this truth to be known by Simple people

Luke 10:21

B Babes

The "babes" are contrasted with the "wise." Christ's theology is practical and involves experiential aspects, inculcated by practice, as a child would leam, not merely theoretical abstractions.

C*l. fc l-Framewott 2-dockworic 3-Thermoitat 4-Cdl 5-Plant 6-Animal 7-Human C*L 1 A-Direct Simile B-Pigure of ipeecb C-Jmplied in Scmcture of Thought C*L 4 Vehicle (wripture, image) Cri. St Tenor (referent) CU. * Aiulyiii of ground* of coropariton

54
Luke 10:22 7 B No one knows the Son but the Father... A Blessed are the eye which see the things B The good part C B House divided against itself falls The Messiah's role is divinely ordained You are truly privileged

LUKE

Bible Metaphors

The father/son relationship provides the model for understanding the intimacy of jesus and God; "know" takes on a deeper connotation of involvement, not merely recognizing. "Eye" is synecdoche for the whole person and the intellection process in particular.

Luke 10:23

Luke 10:42

1 4 1

Belter priorities Quarreling family cannot accomplish anything If start begins doing good works

The play on thoughts involves Martha's concern with a physical meal while Mary is concerned with a spiritual "meal," an implicit throughput/sustenance metaphor. The abstract concept of efficiency compromised by competitive rather than cooperative processes is pictured as a lack of structural integrity.

Luke 11:17

Luke 11:18

If Satan is divided against himself

See above.

Luke 11:20

B Finger of God

Slightest manifestation of God's power Satan...Christ ...saves humanity

An anthropomorphic synecdoche, where "finger" represents what God "sets his hand to do."

Luke 11:2122

B Strong man... stronger man... divides his spoils B B Gathers... scatters

The house represents world affairs as Satan's "sphere of influence." The "spoils" represent his traffic in human souls, whom Christ liberates.

Luke 11:23

7 6 1

Christianity require full commitment Demonic influence The last individual influenced

The image is of shepherd trying to bring in the flock for watering. A deeper, more implicit image is a polarity effect: there cannot be a middle ground.
See 4:33.

Luke 11:24

B Unclean spirit

Luke 11:24

A My house

Demon possession is viewed a living in home. The implication is that such problems can go into remission but the individual can relapse into more severe spiritual and psychological if God's Spirit does not "dwell" there to displace other influences. The sign involved periods and cycles of prophetic judgement: three days in the fish typified Christ's death and resurrection; forty days for Nineveh typified forty years until Jerusalem's destruction (cp. Jonah 3:4 with Num 14:34 and Ezek 4:6). The light serves as a guide for those who would stumble in the dark; righteousness must be an open an example for others. The lamp/eye imagery reflects multiple connotations, including aspects of non-verbal communication and dispositions of personality. The eyes are personified a shaving moral volition. This can symbolize generosity versus jealousy.

Luke 11:29

7 2

B Sign of Jonah C

Warning of judgement

Luke 11:33

B Lit a lamp, puts it a secret B Lamp of the body is the eye B Your eye is good...eye is bad...

Does good deed is ashamed of it We see only as well as the eye perceives You see clearlygoing blind

Luke 11:34

Luke 11:34

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Bible Metaphors
Luke 11:39 1 B Make the outside of the cup and the dish dean... full of greed... Are more concerned with your image than with spirituality

LUKE
Typical fastidiousness is used as an example of misplaced priorities.

55

Luke 11:44

A You are like unseen graves

You are the cause of the sins of others

Demand more than the law does and you don't even do that Beginning of time Death Discouraged learning

Defilement can be caused by walking over a grave and Jesus is saying that the Pharisees here are not recognized for what they are.

Luke 11:46

Load men with burdens...

"Burden" was often a figure of speech for spiritual message or teaching. Here, Jesus uses it to convey mistreatment of people through the law, as if they were overloading a beast of burden.

Luke 11:50

Foundation of the world Blood Taken away the key of knowledge... Lying in wait for Him

The physical creation is compared to an edifice, making God the implied architect.

Luke 11:51 Luke 11:52

6 1

B B

See Gen 9:4

Truth is pictured as building and the key access to it. The "lawyers" had made the study of God's way a ratified area for specialists.

Luke 11:54

Hoping for an excuse to accuse him Secret...known

The language suggests an animal of prey stalking a victim.

Luke 12:2

B Covered... revealed C The hairs on your head are numbered

Abstract concepts are pictured a states of exposure

Luke 12:7

God is intimately involved in your life

Godwill inspire what you say

Christ takes an extreme example to typify a larger concept of concern on God's part.

Luke 12:12

The Holy Spirit will teach you what to say Rich toward God

God's influence on an individual's mind is personified as a teacher coaching the response of a student.

Luke 12:21

Developing a relationship with God Carefully detailed creation Dear disciples Spiritual rewards

The ellipsis would be "rich regarding the things of God." The riches themselves might consist of prayer, Bible study, and good deeds which reflect God's character. The image of God as sartorialist to the grass typifies his concern for the physical creation and how much greater his concern must be that part of his creation with spiritual potential. The diminutive often expresses endearment. Monetary gain from worldly pursuits are not to be compared with the gains of living a Godly, outgoing life.

Luke 12:28

So clothed the grass

Luke 12:32 Luke 12:33

6 1

Little flock

B Money that do not grow old B Let your waist be girded and your lamps burning Men who wait for the Master

Luke 12:35

Always be prepared

The images are parallel to those in Eph 6:14 and Matt 25:7 and prefigured by Ex 12:11; they typify spiritual readiness.

Luke 12:36

Eager disciple

The eschatologica! expectancy should be a part of the Christians hope and motivation.

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Luke 12:37 7 B Watching Anticipating

LUKE

Bible Metaphors

The action connotes observance in the sense of obedience as well as hopeful waiting. Christ return is compared to the unannounced entrance of a thief (Rev 3:3, 16:15: 1 Thess 5:2; 2 Pet 3:10).

Luke 12:39

Master of the house had known what hour the thief would come. Faithful and wise steward That servant... servant who knew his master's will... who did not know Fire...kindled

The world would repent if it knew Christ was coming A good Christian All Christians will face the results of their actions and inaction

Luke 12:42

The parable is an example of internalized responsibility and care for other. Christ delineates various degree of culpability based on the factors of knowledge and actions.

Luke 12:4648 7

Luke 12:49

"Purging" crisis Crucifixion to undergo God. ..Israelrepentance

Christ likens the turning point event that brings each person to face his own values and priorities to a fire. Baptism becomes a type of death, in this case, crucifixion.

Luke 12:50

Baptism to be baptized with Man. ..fig tree... fruit

Luke 13:6

7 5

B B

The image of God as orchard is archetypical to the Bible. Compare Hosea 9:10,16.

Luke 13:7

C Three years

[Time cycle of judgement]

As at Luke 11:29, (he impending period of judgement is given a temporal framework. Here the allusion is to Christ's three and a half year ministry. Sickness is pictured as a rope that binds and restricts an individual.

Luke 13:12

Loosed from you infirmity Like a mustard seed

Healed

Luke 13:19

5 4

B B

Does not seem capable of changing the world but will Actions are not obvious but its result are

The image alludes to Dan 4:10-12 in contrastive manner. The small, local work he was accomplishing in Palestine would have a world-wide impact. It would be foolish to judge the spiritual results from the physical, human beginnings.

Luke 13:21

A Like leavenhid

The work of God's spirit in an individual's life is an internal, invisible process whose ultimate end will not bee realized until it manifested in glorified from. The three stages of God's plan can be inferred to be the present age, the Messianic age, and the post-Messianic judgement period, a modification of Jewish eschatology which picture two ages with judgment at the beginning of the Messianic age. "Narrow" connotes arduousness, just as we speak of being "in difficult straits." The play on thought may be related to the similar sound of "Jesus," "way," and "salvation" in Aramaic. The fail to realize Jesus is the way of salvation until it is too late

Luke 13:24

Enter through the narrow gate Master-shuts the door

Live honestly and ethically God affords the last opportunity for repentance Reign with God

Luke 13:25

7 1

B B

Luke 13:29

Sit down in the kingdom of God

The latent image is that of the kingdom as a nuptial feast.

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Bible Metaphors
Luke 13:32 6 A Fox Unscrupulous person

LUKE

57

The image of a "fox in the hen house" is similar to this figure were Herod is looked on as an outsider who rules to the detriment of the people he is responsible for. The recurring cyclical image of threes in Luke add to a sense of archetypal judgement. See Ho&ea 6:2

Luke 13:3233

C Today... tomorrow... the third day B O, Jerusalem

According to God's plan

Luke 13:34

People of Judah

A complex image were the city is personified as a murderous woman and is metonymous for all the inhabitants of the city throughout the ages; this in turn is symbolic of the nation of Judah as a whole, Jerusalem being its capital. The people are pictured as offspring of the personified city; "under the wings" is a figure for a mentor/pupil relationship.

Luke 13:34

A Your children, as a ben gathers her brood under her wings B Lowest place...up higher

The nation and teach it

Luke 14:8-10 1

Without distinction... to a place of honor Eternally blessed

"Higher/lower" assumes a connotation of relative esteem.

Luke 14:14

1 3

B Repaid at the C resurrection of the just B Man...supper... the poor and the maimed... Hate

Spiritual blessings are pictured as a remuneration.

Luke 14:1525 7

God... I he kingdom...the irreligious Love God more than Is not willing to death

The paradoxical tension created involves how receptive to the truth those who were not particularly in comparison to those who already claim to be religious. The image of extreme polarization relates the concept of prioritizing of one's affections. The image of a condemned criminal carrying the instrument of his own death exemplifies how seriously and self-consciously a Christian must take his calling. The process of construction serves as a analogy for "building" a relationship with Christ. Fiscal responsibility serves as the analogy for reflecting on ones priorities and personal resolve and acting in accordance with what finds.

Luke 14:26

Luke 14:27

B Does not bear the cross

Luke 14:28

B Builds a tower

Becomes my disciple Consider the commitment necessary Person considering conversion Christians... commitment Community of believers...

Luke 14:29

B Count the cost

Luke 14:31

B King, going to make war...

As a general must consider the lives of others (his army and the country he commits to war) so an individual must consider the impact his decision will have on those close to him. Christians who gives up on his calling (loses his "flavor") was better off not knowing the truth. The flock is an ancient metaphor for the Israel of God.

Luke 14:34 Luke 15:4,7

1 6

B Salt-flavor A Sheep...loses one

seesa "brother" sin

Luke 15:8-9 1 A Ten coins... loses one coin See above. The ten coins formed a set that signified a married woman's position. The loss of one is felt by the whole community.

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Luke 15:1132 7 B Man...two sons ...divided to them... journeyed lo a far country... prodigal living ...go to my father...again God...Israel and Judah... kingdoms split ...exiled to Assyriaassimilated pagan culture repent... nationally restored "Worldly" people...Godly people Habits are difficult to overcome

LUKE

Bible Metaphors

One of the many levels at which this parable can be understood is a s an allegory for the relation of Judah and the Host Ten Tribes" of Israel. This concern is still reflected in the literature of the period (e.g., Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs'); the constituency of Joseph was still blamed for leading the nation astray and for the current state political impotence. Christ shows the attitudes extant to be inappropriate and that distrust should not be shown to those who come to repentance.

Luke 16:8

Sons of this world...sons of light Faithful in least...unjust also in much

"Sons or is an idiom for "people that identify with" and the noun following is understood as an adjective. "Light" symbolizes God's power to "enlighten people. "Faithful" is the opposite of "unjust" implying responsibility rather than exploitation in the discharge of all duties. The a fortiori reasoning principle used here is a latent genotype/phenotype analogy.

Luke 16:10

Luke 16:13

A No man can serve two masters C Esteemed among men... abomination to God B Pressing into it

[Cognitive dissonance]

The image of divided loyalties personifies mammon as a master. The inability of man to hold two conflicting ideologies eventually results in the abandonment of one instead of finding a balance. God's priorities are often in a balanced-reciprocal relationship with Man's.

Luke 16:15

[Paradoxical tension]

Luke 16:16

Zealous about it

Christ makes an ambiguous statement that has negative and positive connotations. The Kingdom is compared to a mold into which something is pressed. The allusion is again to that nuptial feast that initiates God's kingdom. The saints are reclining around the table, lazarus reclining in Abraham's bosom. Compare John 13:23,25 and Luke 13:28-29. The millstone can be symbolic of a "burden of guilt" but functions mainly as an extreme example of a tortured death, which is not comparable to facing God' wrath. A cyclical time pattern is established as a type of habitual behavior. Christ suggest that it is not the amount of faith but the quality of the faith that matters. They had falsely reified faith in to that which could be amassed. The need to go above and beyond the call of duty and show, as it were, a profit margin, is the basis of Christianity. In a reverse metonymy, the abstract "kingdom" represents its ruler. The double meaning of "within you" and "in your midst" heightens the paradoxical tension; the present reality of the Kingdom (Col l:13)is an internal, invisible process that involves having Christ "within" (Rom 8:10) which "does not come with observation" (Luke 17:20). The ultimate reality of God's kingdom will, on the other hand, be visible to all. See above.

Luke 16:22

B Abraham's bosom

The resurrection

Luke 17:2

B Millstone about his neck

Physical death

Luke 17:4 Luke 17:6

2 5

C Seven times B Faith as a mustard seed

Continually Any faith

Luke 17:10

B Unprofitable servant Kingdom of God is within you

Not a Christian Messiah is here

Luke 17:21

Luke 17:24

B As lighting...

Obvious to everyone When amorality is rampant

Luke 17:26

C As it was in the days of Noah

Christ describes a cyclical theory of history falling into a clockwork pattern that culminates in destruction.

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Bible Metaphors
Luke 17:33 Luke 17:37 3 7 6 7 C Save.Jose B Body.eagles B A Unjust judge ...widow [Paradoxical tension] It will be obvious to you God... Christian

LUKE
Human patterns of self-preservation al a certain point will produce a spiritual "disequilibrium."

59

Public fixation of attention is compared to the circling of Birds of prey.

Luke 18:1-6

The characters are chosen to heighten the dissimilarity. The widow has no relative-redeemer, unlike the Christian who does. The judge is unjust, whereas God is merciful. By a fortiori, the Christian's position is that much better. Christ continues to demand a paradigm shift in expectations by suggesting paradoxical balanced-reciprocal relationships for actions.

Luke 18:14

C Exalts himself ...abased... humbles... exalted C Receive the B kingdom as a little child B Treasure in C Heaven B Easier for a B camel...

[Paradoxical tension)

Luke 18:17

1 7 7 3 6 1

Eagerly wait on and trust God Spiritual blessing Impossible

The willing dependence of children contrasts the self-sufficient selfrighteousness of the Pharisees and the young rich man with whom the children are contrasted. See 12:33. The paradoxical tension is formed in giving away in order to receive. An oriental hyperbole meaning something is impossible. No effort on man's part can make him worthy. Only through God's effort can all things become possible. See 10:33. The "far country" is similar to the image at John 18:36.

Luke 18:22

Luke 18:25

Luke 19:9 Luke 19:12

7 7

B Son of Abraham B Nobleman went into a far country B Do business C until I come

Israelite Jesus, resurrected Be responsible for what you have Been found trustworthy

Luke 19:13

1 2

The is enough ambiguity in the symbolism of the money for it to represent many levels of responsibility.

Luke 19:1719

B Authority over ten-four cities B Reap where you did not sow

Authority is depicted as a spatial relationship within the symbolism of the city itself. The a fortiori principle comes into play again. An agricultural metaphor used to depict a judgement (Lev 26:16, Hosea 6:15) on those who were irresponsible with their commission; the servant was sure he had lived up to the criteria and would escape judgement. The master ironically turns the phrase on its head to show the servants faithlessness. The people recognized Christ as their future King.

Luke 19:22

Punish faithlessness

Luke 19:38

A The King who comes in the name of the Lord B The stones would immediately cry out B Hidden from B your eyes

Christ's future role

Luke 19:40

Christ will inevitably be worshipped Not understood

The stones are anthropomorphized as having voices. This image dramatizes the futility of refusing to worship Christ.

Luke 19:42

1 7

Jerusalem, the personification of the city (which is itself synecdochic for the nation of Judah), is seen as having eyes. "Hidden" suggests a spatial removal of knowledge as an object.

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Luke 19:43

LUKE
7 B Close you in on every side B You and your children B Made it a den of thieves
A A certain man

Bible Metaphors

Attack and besiege the city The city Degraded it morally

God the

The apostrophe is an implicit anthropomorphization of the city.

Luke 19:44 Luke 19:46

Luke 20:9

7 6
7

The anthropomorphic concept of Jerusalem is extended by the metaphor of its inhabitants as children. "Den" depicts a habitation of animals, thus comparing the morally and spiritually insensitive to something less than human. The vineyard is a place of growth and productivity, suggesting spiritual progress in obedience to God.

1 5
Luke 20:9 7

B planted a B vineyard B Leased it to vinedressers A At vintagetime he sent a servant to the vinedressers

...the fruit

Father began to prepare His Kingdom Entrusted the oracles to the

Pharisees Prophets were sent to the

The Pharisees were the caretakers of the religious practices in a similar way to that in which a gardener is responsible for the garden where he is employed. The servant in this analogy is a representative sent by God. Prophets were frequently sent to correct religious leaders when they were failing to fulfill their role.

Luke 20:10

religious leaders to check on their productivity

Additional

Sent another
Luke 20:11- 7 12 A servant... cast See above.

him out I will send my A beloved son This is the A heir. Come, let us kill him, that the inheritance may be ours
Cast him out A of the B vineyard and killed him

prophets reinforce the message God sent

Jesus Christ

Luke 20:13

The son of the landowner represents Christ. The analogy suggests that the Pharisees recognized themselves as unproductive workers and knew that Christ was in fact the Son of God.

Luke 20:14

[The Pharisees would kill Jesus]

Luke 20:15

7 1

See above

In addition to the human analogy of employees and heir, the action of casting out is a spatial image representing attempted exclusion.

Luke 20:15

What will the A owner of the vineyard do to them?

What should God's retribution be to those who refused to recognize His messengers? Godwin entrust the work to others who will be more productive

Jesus pointedly asks the Pharisees what retribution they themselves deserve for attempting to obstruct God's will and refusing to heed the messenger of God.

He will come
Luke 20:16 A and destroy v those

\s \d give the
\d to \s

The Pharisees would be displaced by other servants who would be more obedient and would more effectively fulfill the duty of preserving and teaching the truth.

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Bible Metaphors
Luke 20:17 1 A The stone which the builders rejected has become the chief cornerstone B Whoever falls on that stone will be broken; but on whomever it falls, it will grind him to powder A Sons of God, being sons of the resurrection A Christ is David's son Although rejected by those who should have respected Him, Christ will be supreme Those who resist Christ's authority will be destroyed

LUKE

61

The cornerstone is the chief foundational support, used as a pattern for succeeding stones in the structure. Similarly, Christ provides the basis for the Church and is the chief example to all of its members.

Luke 20:18

Extending the above metaphor, the "cornerstone" becomes alternatively an obstacle or a millstone to those who misuse it.

Luke 20:36

Members of God's family, having been resurrected Christ is a descendant of David Assume authority

The parent/child metaphor connotes an intimate relationship.

Luke 20:41

"Son" is used in the generic sense that includes all descendants.

Luke 20:42

Sit at My right hand

To be at the right hand of a ruler or dignitary signifies honor or power.

Luke 20:43

A Make Your enemies Your footstool C David calls A Him 'Lord'; how is He then his son? B Not one stone shall be left upon another B I will give you a mouth and wisdom

Humble those who persecute you [Reversal of dominant/ subordinate roles] Chaos and disorder ensue

The lowly function of a footstool signifies subjection of Christ's enemies to Him.

Luke 20:44

1 7

The framework of hierarchical power is blended in with the father/son role.

Luke 21:6

The separation of the Temple's building blocks is metonymous for its destruction.

Luke 21:15

I will inspire you as to what you should say Those in and around Jerusalem should flee

The ability to speak and think is reified as something that can be given from without.

Luke 21:21

B Let those who are in the midst of her depart, and let not those who are in the country enter her B Sea and the waves roaring

Jerusalem is a personification of the people as a whole.

Luke 21:25

Noise and confusion

The sea is perceived as having the voice of an animal.

Luke 21:27

A Son of Man

Christ

Christ as a human being belonged to the human genealogical line.

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Luke 21:2930 5 B The fig tree, and all the trees. When they are already budding, you know that summer is now near Hearts weighed down with carousing Evidence exists that the Kingdom of God will soon

LUKE

Bible Metaphors

Jesus used the agricultural metaphor to dramatize the imminence of the coming of the Kingdom.

beset up

Luke 21:34

Oblivious to serious matters Catch everyone

unawares

The mixed metaphor of inebriation (which signifies a lack of perception of serious matters) as a weight dramatizes the spiritual incapacitation resulting from lack of vigilance. The snare is an animal image connoting surprise destruction. The earth itself is also seen as having the animal feature of a "face" (surface).

Luke 21:35

6 1

B Come as a B snare on... face of the whole earth B Fruit of the vine

Luke 22:18

Wine

The "fruit of the vine" is metonymous for wine, which is symbolic of blood. The symbols of the Passover have been changed from lamb and bitter herbs to bread and wine, which are symbolic of flesh and blood, which in turn are metonymous for life. The bread is thus symbolic of the sacrifice of Christ. The image of blood recalls the Old Testament practice of killing the sacrificial lamb.

Luke 22:19

5 6

B My body B

Bread

Luke 22:20

1 6

B This cup is B the new covenant in My blood

Wine also symbolizes Christ's death

Luke 22:26

3 1

C He who is B greatest among you, let him be as the younger, and he who governs as he who serves C Who is B greater, he who sits at the table, or he who serves? ... Yet I am among you as the One who serves
B Bestow upon you a kingdom Sit on thrones

True greatness is evidenced by service to others

The hierarchical pyramid of dominance is turned upside down as the process of attaining greatness involves serving. The paradoxical tension (in which the more one serves, the more one is exalted) also suggests a nomeostatic concept.

Luke 22:27

3 1

Christ's rulership is exercised through service

See above.

Luke 22:29

Give you positions of responsibility Hold positions of responsibility Manipulate you Prevent this trial

"Kingdom" suggests a spatial dimension.

Luke 22:30

A throne is a framework symbol for a position involving rulership.

Luke 22:31

Sift you as wheat Remove this cup from Me

Subjection to the will of Satan is imaged by the sifting of wheat.

Luke 22:42

Trials, especially in the context of punishment or penalty for sins, are pictured as a cup with bitter contents that one is forced to drink.

Crf. Zi

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Bible Metaphors
Luke 22:44 1 B Sweat became like great drops of blood
B Enter into

LUKE
Stress was intense The reference to blood appears to be a foreshadowing of Christ's crucifixion, as the sweat is a result of fear of the same.

63

Luke 22:46

Give in to

temptation Luke 22:52

Luke 22:53

temptation By stealth
Evil

Temptation is depicted as a location into which one enters by submission toil. Christ is being treated as a criminal in this style of apprehension. Darkness is an archetype for evil. The right-hand position in relation to the throne is that of second-incommand.

7
1

B Aa against a robber
B Power of darkness B Sit on the

Luke 22:69

Occupy a

right hand of the power of God

Luke 22:70 7 B Son of God

position of honor and authority

Part of the Godhead Future ruler

The Father/Son relationship connotes intimacy and common purpose. The parody was lo have a dramatic fulfillment, for "King" is one of the titles that Jesus will eventually assume. The robe is one of the identifying features of a king.

Luke 23:3

A King of the

Jews Luke 23:11 1 B Arrayed Him in a gorgeous robe B Daughters of Jerusalem B Say to the mountains, "Fall on us!"... B If they do these things in the green wood, what will be done in the diy? A King of the Jews B The veil of
the temple was torn in two Luke 23:46 7 B Into Your hands I

of the Jews Parodied Christ's future kingship Inhabitants of Jerusalem

Desire to die

Luke 23:28 Luke 23:30

7 7

Jerusalem is implicitly anthropomorphized as a woman. The mountains and hills are invested with volition.

Luke 23:31

Circumstances will worsen

Dry wood connotes increased flammability, as in kindling. The situation will only become more dangerous, according to this analogy.

Luke 23:38 Luke 23:45

7 1

Future King of the Jews The old

covenant was finally superseded I surrender to Your will

The parody of Christ's title was to have a dramatic fulfillment, for "King" is one of (he many titles Jesus will hold. The removal of the veil is a symbol of the revelation of new knowledge but also of the new possibility of direct access to God under the terms of the New Covenant.
God the Father is anthropomorphized as having hands.

commend My spirit The grave is seen as the habitation of the dead.

Luke 24:5 1 B Among the In a grave

dead Speed is a metaphor for the capacity to understand.

Luke 24:25 6 B Slow of heart Uncomprehen

-ding The state of being glorified is depicted as a spatial domain.

Luke 24:26 1 B Enter into His glory Be glorified

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Luke 24:32 1 B Our heart burn within us We feel emotionally aware Taught them

LUKE
The image of a flame suggests intense emotion,

Bible Metaphors

Luke 24:45

Opened their understanding

The implicitly latent ability to understand is depicted as an open vault.

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Bible Metaphors
John 1:1

JOHN
In the beginning When things started Truth displaces ignorance Christianity superior to other systems of knowledge Christian conversion In a uniquely intimate relationship Clarify the duties of God's righteous Jesus Holy Spirit Temporal quality is described in terms of spatial characteristics, "beginning" becoming a structure that one may be "in." The prepositional aspect of "in" suggests the filling of a metaphorical space by the light of a lamp, illuminating the way home for others.

65

John 1:5

1 B Light shines 3 C in darkness 3

B True light

John 1:9

The "true light" Implies a contrast with false "knowledge," e.g., Gnosticism, etc.

John 1:13

6 7 7

B Born...of God B B In the bosom of...

Human gestation and birth are compared/contrasted to a disciple's coming into a relationship with God. Anthropomorphic physical proximity is typical of a higher-plane unity and intimacy.

John 1:18

John 1:23

1 B Make straight 3 C the way

"The way of the Lord" compares a Christian's life with a road being built, that requires constant course adjustment and re-establishment.

John 1:29 John 1:32

6 6

A Lamb of God A Dove

Jesus is compared to a lamb in its temperament and sacrificial role. Holy Spirit assumes form of dove, the offering of the humble for a firstborn (Luke 2:23-24; Lev 12:2,8). See 1:29 Simon is nicknamed "Rocky," a stone, connoting durability and strength, symbolizing his stalwartness. Emotions are described in terms of a predatory animal.

John 1:36 John 1:42

6 1

A Lamb of God A Stone

Jesus Simon bar Jonah Righteous anger motivates me My body

John 2:17

B Zeal.-has eaten Me

John 2:19, 21 1

A This temple

Jesus' body and life's work are compared to the Temple while their cessation is compared to its destruction. See 1:13; the pun on "again/from above" compares/contrasts proselyte conversion with God's relationship with the Christian.

John 3:3

6 7

Is born again (or from above)

Becomes converted (a Christian) Spirit's power is obvious but not visible

John 3:8

6 2

A Wind blows B

A multi-tiered metaphor Wind is personified and represents the way in which Holy Spirit while its sound requires a listener, who stands for a Christian's conversion should be obvious to the world (John 13:35) without any visible sign. Christ states that the 'Vehicle" must be understood before drawing conclusions about the "tenon" he reinforces a homeostatic relationship, implying that the Pharisees are unqualified to teach. Jesus is the antetype of serpent archetype, prefiguring healing power and crucifixion. Light has the action-potential of "coming into" a spatial construct, the "world" typifies the whole of humanity, which seeks the "darkness," the comfort zone to which evil is homeostatically drawn.

John 3:12

C Earthly things ...heavenly things A Serpent...

Mundane... transcendent Messiah will be crucified Righteousness became a real option... preferred evil

John 3:14

John 3:19

1 3

B Light has C come into the world...loved darkness

Cl. It l-Pramewort 2-docfcwork 3-Thermoitat 4-Cdl 5-Plant 6-Aninial 7-Human C*L Je A-Direct Slmik B-Figure of ipeech C-lmplied in Structure at Thought C*L 4 Vehicle (scripture, image) C*L 5t Tenor (referent) C*L fc Anatyiii of ground* of companion

66
John 3:21 3 B He who does the truth comes to the light The righteous honor God

JOHN

Bible Metaphors

The light becomes the object of action done by those who do not hide from truth; the automatic reciprocation of this action is the attention which is drawn to God, the real author of such actions.

John 3 : 2 9

B Bride...groom ...groom's friend C Increase... decrease

Israel... Messiah... prophet [John] serves his function selflessly Heaven

John, in one of the Bible's archetypical metaphors, compares God's kingdom to a marriage, where the prophets have always stood as groomsmen, happy Cor, yet not envious of, the groom. A homeostatic relation of inverse proportion between John and Jesus is established regarding their relative importance and influence; this, in paradoxical tension, is how John achieves "fulfillment" (3:29). Spatial relationship of "above" typifies Jesus' provenance and omnipotence, respectively. The pun on "living" water [contrasting with stagnant or "dead" water] makes water the [eternal] life-giving agent; this thirst is the slack in a drive reduction mechanism. See 4:10; drive reduction of thirst is symbolic of mortality and its physical limitations.

John 3:30

John 3:31
John 4:10

Above

6 3

B Living water C

Holy Spirit

John 4:14

Drinks this water-never thirst In him a fountain of water Food

Becomes a Christianeternal life The Holy Spirit in a Christian Holy Spirit; service A judgement is immanent

John 4:14

The Holy Spirit "flows" in human beings to serve others; as the power in/of spirit beings, salvation "flows" and is shed abroad.

John 4:32, 34 4

Spiritual "sustenance" and doing God's will provide the through-put needed for functioning. The "harvest" figure is an archetypical one in the Bible; its eschatological significance may vary from Israel (Is 27:12), to the nations (Joel 4:3) to the church (Matt 13:39-42) or to the consummation of end-time events (Rev 14:18-20). Jesus is the sower (cf Matt 13:37) who takes Job 31:8 positively and to the benefit of his disciples and future followers. Like David (2 Sam 21:17), John was the best and "brightest" of Israel.

John 4:35

White for harvest

John 4:36-37

He who sows ...who reaps

Jesus...his ministers John the Baptist A Christian's faith Holy Spirit, service Jesus

John 5:35

A Lamp

John 5:38

7 1 4

B His word B abiding in you A Food

Living belief or faith is personified as God's word, which takes up residence within a spatial construct which represents the Christian life.

John 6:27

See 4:32; cf 4:14.

John 6:31-35, 4 41,50 John 6:51-58 6

Bread

Jesus, like manna, is the "bread from heaven" that provides through-put. Compare/contrast 4:32. The synecdoche of "flesh and blood" together represent his whole life (Gen 9:4) and eventual death, which are the perfect atonement. "Eating" represents the individual taking responsibility for that death as well as recognizing Jesus as their personal savior; it also represents identifying with Jesus (cf Deut 8:3) to the point of being willing to lead a selfsacrificing life in return. The through-put metaphor of "eating" and "drinking" the "flesh" and the "blood," then, is becoming a Christian in the fullest sense. Satisfaction of drive reduction mechanism requires the initial realization of a deficit, in this case, a spiritual one.

Flesh...blood

Jesus' complete sacrifice

John 7:37

C Thirsting

Recognizing spiritual need

C*L l-Framewort 2-CJocfcwort 3-Tbertnoiial 4Otl 5-Plant 6-Animal 7-Human C.L 4 A-Direct Simile B-Figure of speech C-Implted In Structure of Thought C*l. 4 Vehicle (tcripture, Image) C*L 5t Tenor (referent) Cl. 6 Analytte of ground* of companion

Bible Metaphors
John 7:38 2 A Rivers of Living A Light of life Service and salvation Truth thai leads to eternal life

JOHN
See 4:14; The flowing river represents the active manifestation of the element of water, referred to as the Holy Spirit in v.39. A complex metaphor where light represents truth, with which Jesus explicitly identifies himself ("I am the light"); this homeostatic beacon that we should "follow" [imitate Jesus] is the "light of life," a Semitic construction for living light," a vivification of life-giving truth.

67

John 8:12

John 8:19

Known Me... known My Father

[Jesus is God]

Homeostatic balance between knowledge of Jesus and the Father implies identity of the two, each being God, Jesus being a physical manifestation in whom "dwells the fullness of the Godhead" (Col 2:9). Spatial dichotomy is representative of the difference between divine and human; Jesus is discussing death and showing that humans are in need of God. Jesus' words (and life's example) are compared to a house that his disciples can lake up residence in, symbolizing the complete embodiment of his words that we are to be. Truth is personified (cf 8:36; 14:6) as someone who frees a slave and gives them citizenship (with its freedoms and responsibilities); the freedom is from ignorance, deception and, ultimately, death at the hand of the slavemaster, sin, as the context bears out. Sin is personified as a slavemaster to whom we subject ourselves and who drives us away from the house of the true Master (v.35). This slavemaster is a metaphor for apostasy and death.

John 8:23

B From beneath...from above B Abide in My word

Mortal...God

John 8:31

Live as Jesus lived

John 8:32

B Truth shall set you free

Discipleship is eternal life

John 8:34

Slave of sin

Addicted to disobedience that keeps us from God Satan-inspired

John 8:44

Of your father the devil Taste death

Just as God can "beget" spiritual children, so there are those who pattern themselves after the mind and character of Satan. Dying is compared to drinking a poisonous mixture, as though death were an ingestible substance. A clockwork "day/night" image is a miniature lifetime, "day" representing the productive portion of life (cf Ecc 12:1-7 for similar imagery); the point is to use opportune moments advantageously. "Work the works" refers the Gospel and its signs. Lamp to illuminate the way and warn of obstacles; see 3:19ff. Paradox mixes literal and metaphorical "blindness": the physically blind was healed and given insight; spiritually "bund" could only see physically. The community of Jesus' disciples is compared to a flock of sheep, which are docile and loyal. The physical occupation of a gentle guide is a type of spiritual office. Jesus compares conversion and salvation to passing through a door. See Ephesians 2:18, cf Acts 4:12. The parable contrasts the thief or "stranger," who will try to lead them away and have his own flock, with the hireling who, although responsible for the flock (Matt 23:2), is only in it for the money, and with, the wolf whose only goal is to eat and scatter the flock. Jesus continues to refer to the Church as a sheepfold; the eschatological significance of a single flock alludes to a reunion between Israel and Judah (cf Matt 10:6,15:24 and Ezek 37).

John 8:52

Die the eternal death Evangelize when it is opportune

John 9:4

Work-while it is day

John 9:5 John 9:39

I B 6 B

Light of world Made blind

Example to all Put to shame

John 10:1-4

A Sheep

Christians

John 10:2 John 10:7-9

7 1

A Shepherd A Door

Jesus Sole means of salvation False prophet ...Pharisees... Satan

John 10:1-13

7 6

B Thief... B hireling...wolf

John 10:16

Other sheep

Future followers

CO. i l-Framewort 2-dockwork 3-Tnennoitai 4-Cell 5-Plant 6-Animal 7-Hutnan C*L 4 A-Direct Simile B-Figure of tpeech C-lmplied in Structure of Thought C*L 4 Vefaide (Mripture, image) C*L ft Tenor (referent) C*L 6 Analywi of ground* of compaction

68
John 10:2627 John 10:28* 29 6 A Sheep hear my voice B Snatch them from...hand Christian are not deceived Die; be deceived or apostatize

JOHN
See 10:1-4

Bible Metaphors

The image of sheep is transformed into objects that may be held in the hand and metaphorically snatched away. The image is immediately parallel to "they shall never perish," but has multiple layers of connotations. Jesus develops the theme of the unity between Himself and the Father by paralleling "my hand" and "Father's hand" in v.30. Jesus quotes a scripture that explains the physical in terms of the spiritual as opposed to the usual order of abstraction, in which the reverse is done. In its original context, these words referred to the godlike capacity of physical judges to determine innocence and guilt, life or death; it was in this same sense that Adam and Eve became like God" by judging for themselves what was good and evil. God still gives us that responsibility to choose (Deut 30:19). "Walking" is an archetypical Semitic metaphor for how one conducts every aspect of their life. "Stumbling" is the metaphorical breakdown of the homeostatic balance that needs the regulating element of "light." One can only avoid pitfalls on their journey towards the goal by taking advantage of the opportune light of "day" (see analysis of 9:4). Those in a state that anticipates resurrection are referred to as asleep (1 Cor 11:30, Dan 12:2). In this image, the grain falling to earth parallels the descent of the celestial Son of Man, who, like the grain, must die in order to accomplish his mission on earth. This spirit being is compared to a royal heir who will not inherit the throne. "Draw" has the clockwork quality of regular motion within a framework, as in "draw water" or "draw a sword" (John 18:10). This "drawing" power (today a figure for enthrallment) is contrasted with Satan's present thrall. Jesus identify himself with the "light," while the Semitic construction beney + noun yields "enlightened people," but in Ihe spiritual and not merely philosophical sense. The metaphorical ossification of living tissue represents the contrast between the new covenant and Israel's failure to keep the first (Ezek 36:26). Jesus' transferred or metaphorical usage of light always implies a revelation that demands a decision.

John 10:34

A You are

You can choose life or death

John 11:9-10

B Stumble

Fail to accomplish their goal

John 11:11

Awaits a resurrection Grain Son of Man

John 12:2425

John 12:31

Prince of this world I wil draw all people to Myself Children of the light

Satan

John 12:32

People of all ages will worship me Christians

John 12:36

John 12:40

B Hardened their hearts

Rendered them unteachable Revelation of God's will... keep sinning Forgiven

John 12:46

Light into the wortd...abide in darkness Clean

John 13:1011
John 13:11

Soil or dirt is an elementalized image of sin or transgression; cleansing is then the metaphor for forgiveness, justification and reconciliation. See above.

Not all clean

One has guilty conscience Betrays

John 13:18

Lifted up his heel against

The gesture of positioning to killing something contemptible is contrasted with an image of breaking bread, symbolic of taking someone into your confidence. Jesus refers to the spiritual temple [God's Kingdom, Rev 21:21] in his own idiom as "my father's house" (John 2:16) and its "rooms" (Jer 35:2,4), symbolic of positions of authority and service in that government. See 8:19

John 14:2

Father's house ...mansions

Temple"...Responsibilities

John 14:7

Known Me...

[Jesus is God]

C*L 1 1-Prameworfc 2-Oockworfc 3-Tbermoiai 4-Cell 5-Plant 6-AnimaJ 7-Human C.L 3t A-Direct Simile B-Figure of tpeecta C-lmplied in Structure of Thought Cat 4 Vehicle (scripture, image) C*l. Si Tenor (referent) CM. * Analytii of ground* of compariion

Bible Metaphors
John 14:1617 7 A Advocate Holy Spirit

JOHN

69

Jesus personifies the "spirit of truth" [read "true spirit," 14:17] in terms of a defense attorney, in implicit contrast to Satan ["the accuser" (Rev 12:10) or prosecuting attorney]. Compare 5:38 and 8:31.

John 14:17

B Dwells with you

Motivates every aspect of your life Inspire

John 14:26

Teach

The Holy Spirit's personification changes to that of a teacher who constantly drills students in order to increase retention. Heart represents the entire human organismharnessing fears

John 14:27

Heart troubled Prince of the world

Distressed

John 14:30

Satan

See 12:31.

John 15:1,5

A Vine

Jesus

Jesus compares himself to the vine, which is the conduit of life-sustaining nutrients for the leaves and fruit, which are implicitly the Christians. The gardening metaphor is often used to represent a beneficial or productive outcome of a plan; Galatians 6 compares aspects of God's character that a Christian begins to embody as a result of God's spirit working "within" them. Christians going through character-developing scenarios are compared to a plant undergoing a pruning, with the attendant shock, yet ultimately for its own benefit. The logos is a metaphor for the expressed will of God that may manifest itself as Jesus (John 1:14), the Holy Spirit (Eph 5:26), and the Holy Scriptures (John 10:35). "Cleansing," as seen by the parallelism of John 17:17 with Eph 5:26 (and the latter with 1 Tim 4:5), is a metaphor, in this case, of sanctification. A branch that is cut off and withering is the image of a person who denies their own potential by not having "fellowship" with Christ. A multi-tiered metaphor where "abide" makes the Christian a metaphorical resident [intimate relationship] within the "vine," a symbol for Jesus' body, symbolic, in turn, of the Church (Eph 1:22-23), within which a Christian must have fellowship. The image of being "cut off from fellowship (Rom 11:22) brings the gardening metaphor full circle. "Cast out" as garden refuse is symbolic of the process by which one was, as in ancient Israel, "cut off" from the spiritual nation.

John 15:2, 8,16

Bearing fruit

Developing God's character

John 15:2

Prunes

Gives trials and tests

John 15:3

Clean because of the word

Sanctified by God's will

John 15:4

Cannot bear fruit

Spiritually self-destructs Identify with Jesus; remain in the Church

John 15:4

1 5

A Abide in the vine

John 15:6

Cast out... burned

Excommunica te...die the "second death" Be friends of God Holy Spirit Inspire you

John 15:9-10

A Abide in...love

Love becomes a house in which a Christian lives. The context parallels keeping the commandments and being Jesus' friend with "abiding in love." See 14:16-17. The Holy Spirit now becomes a witness in a courtroom metaphor; the Judge is [world/Christian] ambiguous but the testimony is for the benefit of the Christian, who has things brought to memory concerning Jesus (14:26) as a result of this "testimony" and is in turn "convicted" by it. See 14:16-17. Continuing the courtroom image, the Holy Spirit DOW becomes jury and judge.

John 15:26 John 15:2627

7 7

Advocate

A Testify of Me

John 16:7 John 16:8

7 7

A Advocate B Convict the world of sin

Holy Spirit Activate people's conscience

C*I. 1 l-Framework 2-dockworfc 3-Tbermoiut 4-Cell 5-Rant 6-Animal 7-Huoun C*L 1 A-Direct Simile 8-Figure of tpeecfa C-Implied in Structure of Thought C*L * Vehicle (tcripture. Image) CM.ftTenor (referent) C*L * Analytii of groundi of coapariton

70
John 16:11 7 B Ruler of this world is judged Satan is disqualified

JOHN

Bible Metaphors

Satan is "impeached" or forced to abdicate because Jesus has been proven able to truly administer God's government on earth.

John 16:13

B Guide you into all truth... speak

Perfect your understanding ...inspire

This image suggests that we are blind and must be taken by the hand and talked our way "into" the house of Truth and "all" its rooms because we are yet unable to see it for ourselves (cf 1 John 3:2). Anthropomorphic act of speaking suggests inspiration in all its connotations. Jesus suggests that his death will agonize the disciples and yet is necessary before they can appreciate the significance of when he is resurrected and returned to them, when the whole world will rejoice. Physical proximity of another person is analagous to a bulwark that supports another structure; God's transcendant presence is that bulwark. "Over" and "under" are spatial concepts representing dominance and dependance. "Flesh" is a synecdoche for the whole person and, by extension, mankind. "In the world" and "out of the world" refer to theoretical realms of operationparticipation in the culture and systems of mankind. The fact that the followers are spatially within the sphere of the world indicates that this metaphor is not the be taken literally as a spatial construct. The image is that of a construction worker setting a foundation upon which to construct a building. The preposition in denotes a spatial connotation of being inside something elseas in a container or receptacle. The container and contents are imaged as one unit, as in "of one mind." A cup with bitter contents symbolizes both the quantity and duration of a trial, "drinking" the active through-put aspect of the metaphor. Temporally/territorially finite concept of Kingdom is the vehicle for conveying the infinite spiritual realm of Jesus' influence.

John 16:21

A Woman in labor... birth C Not alone

Departure is painful... return, joyful Strengthened

John 16:32

John 17:2

B Authority over all flesh

Responsiblity for mankind

John 17:11

B Am no longer in the world B Of the world

Have become spirit Involved with worldliness

John 17:1416

John 17:24

B Foundation of the world A I in them... them in me

Beginning of time Agreed

John 17:26

John 18:11

B Drink the cup

Endure the trial Realm of influence is supernatural Allowed by God Sins are unforgiven Adapt your teaching and leadership to the varying needs of the church members

John 18:36

B Kingdom not of the world

John 19:11

A Given from above B Sins are retained B Feed My lambs ...tend My sheep...feed My sheep

"Above" is a spatial metaphor for the spirit realm.

John 20:23

The image is of a receptacle holding contents (sin being elementalized) without being lost. Jesus picks up the sheep metaphor from chapter 10 and hints to Peter that the flock (community of believers) will expand in different directions and mature at different rates. Peter would have to deal with the increasingly complex responsibility of "shepherding" those who have been in the church a while (sheep) while simultaneously "feeding" new converts [Iambs]. Implicit is the fact that the church's work would not be finished in a single generation, but continue through a cross-generational community. "Follow" suggests the structure of a road and the motion on that road adding a clockwork element reinforced by the cyclical pattern implied.

John 21:1517

John 21:19

B Follow Me

Imitate Me

Ct 1 l-Frameworfc J-Qockwort 3-TherroaMat 4-Cell S-Plant 6-Aniawl 7-Hunun CM. i A-Direct Simile B-Figure of *peecb C-Implied in Structure of Thought CL 4 Vehicle (icripture, image) C*l. * Tenor (referent) CL ft Analyiii of ground* of companion

Bible Metaphors
Acts 1:5 Acts 1:8 Acts 1:16 1 1 7 B Water B Has come upon you B Spoke Spirit Is given to you Influenced Understand human nature Was strongly present Holy Spirit

ACTS

71

Water is a physical emblem of spirit, suggesting its fluid aad pliable state. The non-physical described as a physical covering. Speaking is an activity first seen on human

Acts 1:24 Acts 2:2

7 1

B Know hearts B Filled the whole house B Tongues, as of fire B Pour out spirit B Sun shall be turned into darkness B Blood B Lawless hands

The part of a human organism represents the entire human organism. Spirit envisioned as material substance having volume or taking up space. A human being uses the tongue as an organ of articulation.

Acts 2:3

Acts 2:17-18 Acts 2:20

1 1

Grant spirit

Pouring out depicts a liquid or solid being poured out of a pitcher or container. The sun, when no longer visible in what should be daylight hours, appears to have been turned off. Blood is chosen as a symbol of the color red, suggesting human as well as environmental destruction. A part represents the whole. Hands have no volition apart from organism as a whole, but are synechdochic for the entire person. The heart is a part of (synechdochic for) the whole organism. The heart is considered the seat of the emotions. The tongue is part of (and represents) the whole organism. The tongue is also the symbol for speech. Thus connoting not only feeling, but also verbal expression. The flesh is a part of the whole organism. Physical (bodily) rest is a metaphor for peace of mind. The human body brings forth offspring in plant-like manner.

Sun will disappear Having red hue Lawless person I was glad I expressed

Acts 2:20 Acts 2:23

1 7

Acts 2:26 Acts 2:26

7 7

B My heart rejoiced B My tongue was glad B My flesh will rest B Fruit of his body A Footstool B Added to the church B Blotted out B Raise up B Your seed B Turning away

joy
I will experience peace Human offspring Lowly and subservient Joined to the Church Spiritually
cleaned

Acts 2:26

Acts 2:30

Acts 2:35 Acts 2:47

1 1

A footstool is a piece of furniture for resting feet or standing upon.

Church can be imaged as a physical structure to which God is adding people. Image is of absorbent material removing stain from a surface. The higher something is, the easier it can be seen. Thus height suggests visibility. The term "seed" refers to the offspring or fruit of a plant. Sin and iniquity are envisioned as a region.

Acts 3:19 Acts 3:22 Acts 3:25 Acts 3:26

1 1 5 1

Make prominent Your offspring Causing to reject sin

C*l. l-Fraraework 2-Clockwoft 3-TbermotUt 4-Cell S-Plant 6-Animal 7-Human CtL * A-Direet Simile B-Figure of ipeech C-Implied in Structure of Thought Ol. 4 Vehicle (tcripture, image) C*L ft Tenor (referent) C*L 6 Analyti* of groundi of companion

72
Acts 4:8 1 B Filled with the Holy Spirit Fully influenced by the Holy Spirit Principal or originator Extends its influence Prayed

ACTS

Bible Metaphors

Peter is imaged as a vessel or receptacle capable of being filled.

Acts 4: 11

A Stone/ cornerstone B Spreads

A stone connotes permanence and durability. As the first among many blocks, the cornerstone connotes permanence and example. Fame and notoriety are viewed as a material substance that can spread its boundaries. An image of the voice being elevated or transported from lower to higher level suggests a vertical physical distance between the speaker and the hearer. People are imaged as vessels God is filling.

Acts 4:17

Acts 4:24

B Raised their voice to God

Acts 4:31

B Filled with the Holy Spirit

Dominated by the Holy Spirit Like-minded

Acts 4:32

B One heart and one soul B Filled your heart B Lie to the Holy Spirit Conceived this thing Test

The image is of a mass or structure all composed of the same material.

Acts 5:3

Prompted you

Heart is envisioned as a receptacle filled with an evil idea.

Acts 5:3

Act deceitfully

The Holy Spirit is personified as one to whom is told a falsehood.

Acts 5:4

Thought of it

The conception image suggests that the beginning of sin is a tiny impulse that takes root in one's mind. The spirit is anthropomorphized wit the capability of being annoyed. The image is that of a pile or mass of material which can be added to.

Acts 5:9 Acts 5:14

7 1

Deceive Became converts Influence them Proclaimed throughout Given exalted status Became more prominent Totally influenced by the Holy Spirit Were unable to deny Stephen's words Made the people active In charge or authority

B Were added to the Lord B Might fall on some of them B Filled Jerusalem B Exalted to His right hand B Rose up

Acts 5:15

Healing energy in contained by Peter's shadow is envisioned as having spatial dimensions. Doctrine is envisioned as something that fills space and volume.

Acts 5:28

Acts 5:31

"Right hand" symbolizes a position of honor and extreme trust.

Acts 5:36

To rise from lower to higher position depicts becoming more important or visible. Human beings are, metaphorically, receptacles or vessels for God's influence.

Acts 6:3,5

B Full of the Holy Spirit

Acts 6:10

B Not able to resist wisdom and the Spirit

The image reflects people grappling or wrestling with an idea and losing.

Acts 6:12

Stirred up the people

Image depicts a dormant, settled mass being stirred into motion. The connotation is of confusion and disorders. A positional hierarchy reflects the dominant dependent continuum.

Acts 7:27

B Over us

CW. 6 l-Fnuneworfc 2-Oockvrort 3-Tbennotal 4-Celt 5-Ptant 6-Animal 7-Hunun C*L 3t A-Direct Siroik B-Plgure of ipeecfa C-lmplied in Structure of Thought
C*L * Vehicle (tcripture, image) C*L St Tenor (referent) C*L * Anatyiii of ground* of comparison

Bible Metaphors
Acts 7:37 1 B Raise up Make more prominent Banished All creation is

ACTS
To rise higher symbolizes becoming more influential.

73

Acts 7:45 Acts 7:49

6 1

B Drove out A Heaven is My throne, and earth is My footstool B Stiff-necked B Being full of the Holy Spirit B Unclean

Depicts driving out wild animals. Pieces of furniture represent hierarchy of relationship. The throne symbolizes ruling or dominance and the footstool symbolizes dependencea positional high-low construct.

mine

Acts 7:51 Acts 7:55

1 1

Stubborn Dominated by the Holy Spirit Undesirable

An immovable posture is used to symbolize a stubborn attitude. The image is of a container.

Acts 8:7

Unclean depicting soiled or muddy has come to signify undesirable psychotic manifestation. The combination of thoughts and attitude are often referred to as a chemical compound. Evil thoughts are thus seen as a toxic substance that causes damage and dysfunction. The image is one of ropes or fetters.

Acts 8:23

B Poisoned

Made spiritually ineffective. Influenced dominated Submissive

Acts 8:23

B Bound

Acts 8:32

A As a sheep to the slaughter A Like a lamb silent before its shearer B Caught Philip away

Sheep show trust toward those who intend to slaughter them.

Acts 8:32

Meek and submissive

Meekness is characteristic of a trusting animal.

Acts 8:39

Removed Philip Impatient for vengeance

To "catch" in a physical sense represents removal from visibility.

Acts 9:1

B Breathing threats and murder A A chosen vessel B Pilled with Holy Spirit

The image suggest that Saul's vengeful purpose was as continuous as his breathing.

Acts 9:15

Specially appointed Motivated/ influenced by God's power Protective scabs of scar tissue Protected

Christ set Saul apart for a special purpose, calling him a very special container. The Holy Spirit was to be the contents of God's chosen vessel.

Acts 9:17

Acts 9:18

B Something like scales

The protective scars probably looked like fish scales.

Acts 9:31

B In the comfort of the Holy Spirit B Full of good works

The image reflects a protective covering.

Acts 9:36

Frequently performed good works Gentile humanity

People are visualized as receptacles of their deeds.

Acts 10:12

B Wild beasts...

Animals forbidden to be eaten in Leviticus 11 became symbolic of Gentiles.

C*L 2t 1-Framework 2-Clockwott 3-ThenHoitat 4-Cdl S-Ptant fr-Animal 7-Human CM. 3. A-Direct Sunik B-Figure of ipcccfa C-Implfed in Stnxture of Thought C*L 4 Vehicle (scripture, image) C*L S-. Tenor (referent) C*l. ft Analysts of ground* of companion

74
Acts 10:14 1 B Unclean Forbidden

ACTS

Bible Metaphors

To have relations with Gentiles would be tantamount to eating forbidden flesh. The image of being soiled or stained became emblematic of something off limits Gentiles were also set apart for a possible holy purpose.

Acts 10:15 Acts 10:28

1 6

B Cleansed B Common or unclean B Poured out B Magnify

Spiritually prepared Unworthy

The designation applied to animals is applied to humans. Gentiles were now to be considered symbolically cleansed. The Holy Spirit is again symbolized by liquid being poured into a vessel. Magnification suggests both emphasis and clarification of detail. The animals in Leviticus 11 become emblematic for Gentiles. The loathing and anathema for unclean food transfer to people.

Acts 10:45 Acts 10:46 Acts 11:6

1 1 6

Activated Make known Gentiles

B Animals of the earth, wild beasts, B Kill and eat

Acts 11:7

Admit Gentiles into congregation Considered equivalent to Jews Activated and influenced them Baptized with Spirit Peter Herod's voice Extended influence

Gentiles were to be regarded the same as Jews. The unclean animals in the vision had become metaphorically cleansed.

Acts 11:9

B Cleansed

The anathema against eating unclean would be lifted if creatures were clean.

Acts 11:15

B Fell upon

The image of descending implies a vertically distant source.

them
Acts 11:16 1 B Baptized with water B It is his angel

The Holy Spirit is envisioned as fluid.

Acts 12:15 Acts 12:22 Acts 12:24

7 7 5

The people assumed that an angel takes the form of a human. Voice as an attribute of a god is anthropomologic from man. "Grew and multiplied" connotes organic (plant) growth.

B Voice of...god B Word of God grew and multiplied B Filled with Holy Spirit

Acts 13:9

Activated and influenced by God's spirit God will punish you

Saul depicted a container or vessel.

Acts 13:11

B Hand of the
Lord is upon

The figure of speech that describes punishment as the weight of a hand anthroporized God as having hands. God's help and intervention are anthromorphosized as a hand.

you
Acts 13:17

B With an
uplifted arm he brought them out

God
intervened

Acts 13:23 Acts 13:33 Acts 13:36

5 7

B Man's seed B I have begotten you

Man's offspring Impregnation and birth Died

Jesse's offspring is likened to a seed. Begettal is the male's role in procreation. The animal/human activity of sleeping is symbolic of death.

B Fell asleep

C.I. fc 1-FrMKwort 2-dockwott J-Tbennortat 4-Cdl 5-Plant 6- Animal 7-Human CM. i A-Direct Simile B-Figure of ipeech C-Iraplled in Structure of Thought
<M, 4 Vehicle (icripture, image) C*L ft Tenor (referent) C*L ft Analytii of ground* of companion

Bible Metaphors
Acts 13:45 1 B Filled with envy Behaving in an envious manner Guiding force Made active Expressed contempt

ACTS
The human being is imaged as a receptacle.

75

Acts 13:47 Acts 13:50 Acts 13:51

3 1 1

B Light B Stirred up

Light stands for guidance because it illuminates obstacles and clear spots. The image is of a cauldron or pot which is being stirred into motion. Shaking the dirt off their feet is an action implying that the persecutors were worthless (like dirt) or contaminating.

B Shook off the dust from their feet B Filled with joy and with the Holy Spirit

Acts 13:52

Overjoyed spiritually enthralled Changed their attitude from positive to negative Paul and Barnabas Encouraging

The disciples are visualized as receptacles to be filled.

Acts 14:2

1 6

B Poisoned their B minds

Poison is a chemical compound capable of destroying one or making one sick. Thus poisoning people's minds means causing them to adopt an altitude harmful both to themselves and others.

8 Acts 14:11 6 Acts 14:22 1 Acts 14:27 1 Acts 15:9 1 Acts 15:16

Gods

The people mistakenly likened the apostles to God.

B Strengthening the souls of B Opened the door of faith

Mind as person considered to be equivalent to person.

Made faith possible Changing their thoughts Enlarge the congregation or family of mankind Disturbing you Give you more things to do Restrained

Faith envisioned as something behind a locked door.

B Purifying their hearts B Rebuild the tabernacle of David

Conversion likened to a chemical process.

Building a tabernacle or temple becomes emblematic of enlarging a congregation.

1 Acts 15:24 1 Acts 15:28

B Unsettling your souls B Lay upon you no greater burden B Forbidden by the Holy Spirit

Destroying stability is a metaphor for destroying peace of mind.

Difficult tasks are metonymized as heavy weights to carry.

7 Acts 16:6

The Holy Spirit is personified as one who gives orders.

1 Acts 17:6 6 Acts 17:16 7 Acts 17:24

B Turned the world upside down B Spirit was provoked B God does not dwell in temples

Disturbed the peace Paul was annoyed Nothing can contain God

Society is envisioned as an object which can be overturned. The loss of equilibrium suggests unsettlement of mind. Part of Paul represented the entire organism.

Paul is showing the ludicrousness of seeing a spirit being as anthropomologic.

7 Acts 17:28

B We are also his offspring

He made us

We image God by looking at the human prototype: spiritual creation is symbolized by physical offspring.

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76
Acts 17:29 1 B We ought not to think that the Divine Nature is like gold or silver or stone Constrained by the Spirit God is immaterial

ACTS

Bible Metaphors

Paul suggests that even the most durable part of physical matter is not as permanent as God is.

Acts 18:5

Convicted inwardly Guilt or responsibility is yours Absolved of responsibility [Used man's voice] Spiritual trajectory God is immaterial

The image is of a physical being holding Paul back by force.

Acts 18:6

B Blood be on your own heads B Clean

Blood-staining has been a traditional symbol of guilt.

Acts 18:6

Guilt symbolized by dirt or some other stain.

Acts 19:15

Evil spirit answered

Speaking is an attribute of the human species.

Acts 19:23

B The Way

The image is a path or roadway that symbolizes a way of life.

Acts 19:26

B They are not gods...made with hands B Diana... Zeus Holy Spirit testifies

Paul has pointed out the ludicrousness of fixating upon material objects. Acts 19:35

Acts 19:35

Pagan gods

Pagan gods were given an anthropomorpholic image.

Acts 20:23

Holy spirit influences, convicts Accomplish my life's goals Life Congregation

Spirit essence is given a proclivity of humans.

Acts 20:24

1 7 1 6

B Finish my B race B Blood B Flock

Paul's lifetime is imaged spatially as a race track, and Paul as a runner.

Acts 20:26 Acts 20:28

The blood, without which one cannot live, is synecdochic for life itself. Sheep are a common image for members of a congregation because of their tendency to trustingly follow their shepherd. The occupation of a sheep tender transfers to that of a spiritual overseer. Buying and selling futures implies a monetary value for life. The framework metaphor changes to an animal one when the currency is blood. The predatory character of wolves is paralleled to the motivational force of those who willfully cause dissension.

Acts 20:28 Acts 20:28

7 1 6

Shepherd

Ministers Redeemed with His life

B Purchased B with His own blood B Savage wolves ...the flock

Acts 20:29

Heretics will preach divisive doctrines Empower you

Acts 20:32

B Build you up

The structural metaphor personifies God's grace as a "construction worker" who "builds up" a Christian; the image goes back to an ancient Hebrew play on words, where to "build up" sounded like "obtain children" (cf Gen 16:2), i.e., assure a lineage and legacy. Lack of muscular strength is used to picture those who are new to the faith or those who are not yet fully convicted on every point of the Christian faith. The "express" will of God is anthropomorphisized into that which can express the will of God.

Acts 20:35

Support the weak

Encourage those who have doubts This is God's will

Acts 21:11

A Thus says the Holy Spirit

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Bible Metaphors
Acts 21:13 1 B Breaking my heart B Walk orderly Arouse my sentiments Behave appropriately Reconcile yourself to God Hypocrite

ACTS

77

Paul compares his emotional faculties to something like pottery that can be shattered if mishandled. One's overall behavior is idiomatically referred to as the course of a walka space-binding activity. Sin is typified as a physical filth that Paul can himself cleanse by deciding to get baptized, bringing out the volitional aspect of repentance and conversion. Paul suggests that Ananias' piety is a mere "veneer."

Acts 21:24

Acts 22:16

I B

Wash away your sins

Acts 23:1

B Whitewashed

wall
Acts 24:14 1 B The Way Christianity or Judaism The "way is short for "way of the Lord," or the divinely prescribed way of life, a concept that both Christianity and Judaism appropriated for themselves at the time. The reference here may be to an intentional ambiguity on Luke's part to show that, to Gentiles, there was no clear distinction between the two. This is probably a formulaic response intended to show that wherever a Roman may find himself, he still is symbolically in Rome and answerable ultimately to Caesar, since, no matter the local jurisdiction, he always had the right to appeal directly to Caesar.

Acts 25:10

B I stand at Caesar's judgement seat

I am a Roman citizen

Acts 26:14

B Persecuting Me B Open their C eyes...turn them A Justice does not allow to live B The Holy Spirit spoke B Heart has grown dull... ears hard of hearing-eyes closed...

Harassing the Church Teach them the truth

Christ again expresses the degree to which He empathizes with and identifies with His followers (cf Matt 25:45). The cyclical motion implies an inevitable confrontation with the truth, typified by light that can now be seen through "open eyes," or minds receptive to the truth. The abstract concept of "justice" is personified as a kind of grim reaper that exacts the death penalty.

Acts 26:18

7 2

Acts 28:4

It is his fate to die

Acts 28:25

God inspired

See 21:11.

Acts 28:27

No will to learn or understand

The abstract aspects of the learning processes are spoken of metonymically as the associated sensory organs.

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Bible Metaphors
Rom 1:1
Rom 1:3

ROMANS
[Position of servitude] Descendant of David [Affirming truthfulness] Influence or convict you See evidence of Christian love God's spiritual attributes They became ignorant Their desire was out of control Admit God exists Completely evil
His great mercy

79

7
5

A Servant
B Seed of David

The term "servant" connotes disposition and discipline to serve as well as total dependency on the Master. The progenitor's "seed" is associated with plant imagery. This implicit imagery of the phrase places God anthropomorphically in the setting of a legal trial, supporting Paul's case. Faith (v.12) is that "endowment" towards being established, the whole being a metaphor for the process of becoming convicted. Paul has sown the "seed" of the Gospel and desires "fruit" (symbolizing the attributes of the Holy Spirit) for his effort. All of nature can serve as a metaphor for God. Image of "heart" as a framework into which "light" (truth) can penetrate and fill. Humans are driven by emotions not balanced by reason and spirit to do things that leave them "incinerated." God is an object that can be held within the "container" of knowledge. People are pictured as containers that can be filled with elementalized abstractions. God's kindness is pictured as material wealth. Abstract unyieldingness is given the image of something having been calcified. The image is two-fold: "wrath" as material wealth that can be accumulated; accumulating a debt that will be called into account on the "day of wrath." The homeostatic balance of proportional cause and effect is pictured by God as an employer distributing pay to laborers at the end of the day based on what they have produced. The law being engraved connotes permanency, while the "heart" indicates the internalization of the process. The homeostatic principle of guiding is pictured by the Jewish nation as a guide for gentiles who, without God's law, stumble and lose their way. The same point is made with the more passive image of a light house for those lost in a metaphorical "darkness." The metaphor is mixed with hyperbole: an infant wouldn't need formal education, but as a figure for those immature and unlearned in spiritual matters, the Jewish people are a schoolmaster providing such instruction.
Paul uses the Greek word for the literal foreskin here as a kind of synecdoche for the gentiles collectively; its counterpart, "circumcision," becomes a reference to the Jewish nation or to the quality of being Jewish.

Rom 1:9 Rom 1:11 Rom 1:13

7 1 5

A God is my witness B Impart..jsome spiritual gift A Have some fruit among you B Things that are made B Their heart was darkened B Burned in their lust B Retain God in...knowledge B Filled with unrighteousness... B The riches of His kindness
B Hardness

Rom 1:20

1 1 3

Rom 1:21

Rom 1:27

Rom 1:28
Rom 1:29

1 1

Rom 2:4

1
1

Rom 2:5

Stubbornness Condemning yourself Achievejustice

Rom 2:5 Rom 2:6

1 3

B Treasuring up...wrath C Render... according to his deeds B Written on their hearts B Guide to the blind B Ught to those ...in darkness B Teacher of babes
B Circumcision, uncircunicision

Rom 2:15 Rom 2:19

Rom 2:19

1 3 3 6

Instinctive Correctors for the gentiles Example to the gentiles

Instructor for the nations

Rom 2:20

Rom 2:26

Jewishness, "Gentileness"

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80
Rom 2:29 7 B Circumcision of the heart The covenant with God

ROMANS

Bible Metaphors

The "cutting round" of a metaphorical heart emphasizes the inner, spiritual nature of the New Covenant, contrasting the limited impact of the physical act of circumcision. A false homeostatic notion underlies the statement implying that evil is always balanced by good, God being the implicit regulating force.

Rom 3:8

C Evil that good may come

Evil as a necessary part of good Have erred

Rom 3:12

B Gone out of the way B Throat is an open sepulchre

The live and relationship of people to God are referred to as a "path" from which one can metaphorically deviate. Speaking is thought of as the throat that may physically open, leading to the framework analogy of the grave that is open, ready to bury the victims of the words that come out, as in the imagery of Jer 5:16. The same point is made with the lips standing for speech and snake poison as the figure for their deadly quality.

Rom 3:13

Words cause death

Rom 3:13

B Poison of asps is under their

Their words cause death

Rom 3:14 Rom 3:15

Mouth is full of cursing

Speech is constantly evil They are quick to kill

The mouth represents speech as a receptacle that is "full" of death inducing words; they have nothing good to say. Literally, this might mean their feet are prone to laceration and hemorrhaging; the feet represent the realization of the intent of the person while shedding blood is a euphemism for killing. Synecdoche of "flesh" for the person. This compact synecdoche represents the complete sacrifice of how Christ lived his life (Gen 9:4) and gave his life by "shedding his blood" (cp. Rom 3:15). God's forgiveness is portrayed as an act of passing over a physical space occupied by the sin. "Father" is a common semiticism for anyone in the paternal lineage. Paul distinguishes "according to the flesh," i.e. physically, to avoid a spiritual or metaphorical interpretation. Based on another textual reading, it might mean "What did Abraham, our role model, accomplish on his own?" The image of a blemish that is covered must denote God's action (Gen 3:21), not our own attempt to "cover" (Gen 3:7). Living a life trusting in God, modelled after Abraham's life, is pictured as walking on a path already beaten by Abraham.

B Feet are swift to shed blood

Rom 3 : 2 0 Rom 3 : 2 5

6 6

No flesh

No one His life and death

B His blood

Rom 3 : 2 5 Rom 4:1

B Passed over former sins A Abraham, our father according to the flesh

Ignored previous sins Abraham, our common ancestor

Rom 4:7 Rom 4:12

1 7

B Sins are
covered

Sins are forgiven Likewise live righteously

B Walk in the
steps of the faith

Rom 4:13

B His seed

His offspring

"Seed" is fundamentally a plant analogue (the same word being used for both plant seed and semen in Greek) that refers to the multiple generations of offspring that a parent may engender. Sin is an abstraction that can only be understood in terms of verbal images like "transgression" (meaning "overstepping" in the Greek and English) or "breaking" of an implicit law. See verse 13. Abraham is a spiritual "father" in the sense of founding father or pioneer of the way of life that we strive to emulate; in so doing we become heirs, as though we were literal descendants, of the promises he received. The "deadness" is first an animal analogue, referring to the womb as a corpse; it is then a clockwork metaphor picturing the failure of the menstrual cycle.

Rom 4:15

B Transgression

Sin

Rom 4 : 1 6 Rom 4:16

5 7

B All the seed B Father of us all

His progeny Role model for Jew and Gentile alike Sarah's Menopause

Rom 4 : 1 9

C Deadness of Sarah's womb

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Bible Metaphors
Rom 5:1 1 C Justified by faith Reconciled to God as a result of faith Trust results in a steadfast favor with God

ROMANS

81

The English and Greek pictures a static spatial relationship between two concepts that are actually part of a dynamic process.

Rom 5:2

B Access by faith into this grace wherein we stand

Faith is the door through which we can metaphorically go in order to stand in the structure of grace, the image coming from one's being in good graces with the King in order to obtain an appearance at his court. Although the image is static, it is a life experience of believing [in Christ] and knowing that we are secure [as "stand" intimates] because God has granted us favor. The cell metaphor is apparent in the implied growth and differentiation from the "cell" of trials, as well as the successive stages of throughput that ultimately yield hopetransformation into a higher potentiality. Love is pictured as a liquid (as the Holy Spirit so often is, as early as Joe I 2:28-29) that flows through the conduit of the Holy Spirit into the receptacle of the heart. The heart is the "seat" of the emotions and thoughts. Our consciousness is permeated with the knowledge that God loves us; that is the substance of our hope (verses 3-5). The absence of faith is described in physical terms as depletion of strength. The context shows that without faith we were powerless to help ourselves overcome sin. See 3:25

Rom 5:3-4

C Tribulation works-hope

The result of hope is worth the ordeal Holy Spirit shews us bow greatly God loves us

Rom 5:5

B Love...poured ...into our hearts by the Holy Spirit

Rom 5:6

B Without strength

Helpless

Rom 5:9

B By His blood

As a result of Jesus' life and death Precedent of sin was set... everyone must die Everyone continued to die Sin is powerful enough to kill ...God's mercy is mightier Exploit God's mercy through sinning Ceased sinning ...continue sinning Likewise give up our former way of life Reform every aspect of our life Baptism allows us to share in the hope of a resurrection [Lasting change]

Rom 5:12

C Sin entered... death spread

Paul uses a latent cell metaphor when he describes sin and death in terms of disease; sin is the primary pathogen in the "world" [a figure for the world's population] while sin is the "piggy-back" infection that spreads throughout the entirety of the body. Death is personified as a king who holds sway over human subjects.

Rom 5:14,17

B Death reigned

Rom 5:21

Sin reigned in death-grace reigned

Sin and grace are personified as kings exercising power through threat on the one hand and reward on the other.

Rom 6:1

C Continue in sin that grace may abound B Died to sin... live in it

See 3:8

Rom 6:2

Death is figurative of the total cessation of anything or the complete separation from, in this case, the power of sin. "Live" connotes continuing in the same course of action. The grave that we share with Christ is symbolic of the total cessation of our former way of acting and thinking, showing our commitment is "to death." Leading a reformed life (itself a framework concept) is pictured as walking on a new path with the implication of habitualness.

Rom 6:4

B Buried with Him B Walk in newness of life

Rom 6:4

Rom 6:5

Planted...in his death...

A mixed metaphor is used when "planting" or "growing" refers to unity and identity in the context of baptism (itself a symbolic act), referred to as "death." This pictures the paradoxical tension of the homeostatic relationship between life and death for the Christian. The utter irrevocability in the change of our being is graphically portrayed as being crucified at the same time as Christ.

Rom 6:6

Old man is crucified

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82
Rom 6:6 7 B Slaves of sins Habitual sinners

ROMANS

Bible Metaphors

Sin is personified as an evil taskmaster to whom we are enslaved, unable to act on our own will. The negative behavior patterns, to use another metaphor, become addictive. See 6:5. Baptism is in homeostasis with resurrection to eternal life, wherein we "identify" with Christ's death and resurrection. Death is personified as once exercising lordship over Christ.

Rom 6:8

Died with Christ

Were baptized He cannot now die No longer compelled by habitual sin Feel the compulsion to disobey God You need not sin anymore Subject to the penalty of the law...recipient of God's love Compelled by law...compelled by God's mercy Habitual sinners Yielded completely [God ended destructive habits...]
Using human

Rom 6:9

B Death no longer has dominion B Dead to sin

Rom 6:11

Death is figurative of a total separation from the influences of sin, that former slave master. The habit is broken through the power of the Holy Spirit. Our new life" and obligation is to serve God See 5:21

Rom 6 : 1 2

B Sin.-.reign ...obey it 7 1 B Sin shall not have dominion B Under law... under grace

Rom 6:14
Rom 6:14

See 5:21 The spatial image of "under" connotes willingness to abide by the "above" conditions. The "law" is, as the context shows, a short hand for the whole system of penalties of the law, with an emphasis on the death penalty required in many instances.

Rom 6:15

B Under law... under grace

See 6:14

Rom 6:17

Slaves of sin

See 6:6
The heart is here an organic metaphor for the whole complex of abstract human emotions and desires. Using the same image in English, we speak of something being done wholeheartedly. See 6:6

Rom 6:17

B Obeyed from the heart B Freed from sin ...slaves of righteousness

B In human

Rom 6 : 1 8

Rom 6:19

terms... weakness of your flesh

metaphors...it is more easily understood Willingly committed yourselves Habitually destructive

What resulted

Paul reminds us that he is not speaking in terms of ultimate, spiritual reality. His "slave" terminology [using a human root metaphor] is derived from their everyday experience, not from some spiritual "referent." He derives the need from the mind only understanding things by analogy. The image mixes a sacrifice [cp. Col 1:28] presented to a god, with the concept of actions and motives represented by bodily parts. The image of slavery recurs, finally, to complete the picture of willful obligation.
See 6:6

Rom 6:19

B Yielded your members servants B Slaves of sin

B What fruit did you have

Rom

6 : 2 0

7
5

Rom 6:21

The outcome is conceived of as the end product of a chain of causalities; the seed must be planted, grow into a plant, give fruit; so it is with sin. See 6:6. The image is centered more on sin being shackles that are dispensed with allowing us to better serve God.

Rom 6:22

B Having been set free from sin...slaves of God

Having ended our selfdestruction... now influenced by God

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Bible Metaphors
Rom 6:22
5 B Fruit to holiness Benefit from sanctification

ROMANS

83

Paul picks up the organic metaphor from 6:21 and reveals how consecration ("holiness") is a result that leads to the greater result of eternal life, contrasting with death resulting from sin. The image switches from sin as slave-holder to employer who pays wages for work done. Death is then perceived as monetary reimbursement. God goes beyond payment to generosity, on par with a father bestowing a upon child an unearned gift. The abstract concept of law is portrayed as exercising "lordship."

Rom 6:23

Wages of sin ...gift of God

Only end of disobedience ...what God purposes Law applies

Rom 7:1

Law has dominion

Bound by law

Rom 7:2

Legally obligated No longer married

The marriage state is pictured as a being physically tied to the other party; the law is then the fetters or ropes that restrain. The antithesis of the first pan of the verse indicates loosing from the metaphorical ties of the "obligations of the marriage-law" (NEB, as the phrase "law of her husband" connotes). Using the marriage analogy, Paul shows how we are legally "dead" and no t obliged to serve sin, but now free to "many" to Christ.

Rom 7:2

B Loosed from the law of her husband A Dead to the law...married to another B Bear fruit to God

Rom 7:4

Legally absolved.. .able to recommit Demonstrate Godly behavior Deadly consequences Legally absolved The effect of disobedience I became aware of my guilt I sinned and became worthy of death Addicted to sinning I sin habitually

Rom 7:4

Paul switches to a plant metaphor [symbolizing works] but may also be referring to the "fruit" (children) that would be brought forth in the new marriage (cp. Luke 7:35 and Matt 11:19). Sinful actions are portrayed as fruits that death personified can feast upon.

Rom 7:5

Fruit unto death Being dead

Rom 7:6

See 7:4.

Rom 7:8

Sin-wrought in me I died

Sin is personified as the artificer of all vices.

Rom 7:9

"Death" is the metaphor for a self -perception whose counterpart is the state of being "alive," i.e., free from inhibitions.

Rom 7:11

B Sin...deceived me...slew me

Paul alludes to the image of the serpent in Genesis, who deceived man and brought about his mortality.

Rom 7:14

Sold under sin

Sin is a again personified as someone who buys a slave.

Rom 7:17

7 7 7 1

B Sin dwells in B me B B Sin dwells Inner man

Sin is personified as dwelling in an abode, making the human conscience the framework analogue of a house.

Rom 7:20 Rom 7:22 Rom 7:23

Sin is habitual Mind

See 7:17.
The spatial construct of the "inner" man is used by Paul, as in 2 Cor 4:16, for the mind, parallel to "mind" in verses 23 and 25. The "law" of sin is contrasted to God's "law of my mind," pictured as warring within the spatial construct of his "members," representative of his actions.

7 1

B Another law in B my members warring... B Bringing me into captivity

My sinful actions contradict I am addicted to selfdestructive habits

Rom 7:23

The addictive quality of sin is compared to a military opponent that takes Paul as a prisoner of war.

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84
Rom 7:24 7 B Free me from this body of death B Serve the law Stop me from slow selfdestruction Act according to the law

ROMANS

Bible Metaphors

The toll of habitual sin is compared to a hideous form of torture and death described in Virgil's Aenid VIII, 481-488.

Rom 7:25

Bringing oneself into accordance with either the "law of sin" or "of God" is pictured as a state of servitude.

Rom 8:4

B Walk according to

Act on the motivation of

"Flesh" and "spirit" refer to the underlying polar principles that guide human behavior and are parallel to the law of sin" and "law of God," respectively. "Walk" is a type of the whole of human thought and conduct. The "flesh/spirit" contrast goes back to verse 4, while the spatial metaphor of "in" implies identity with either of the two poles.

Rom 8:9

7 1

B In the flesh... B in the spirit

Sinful... converted

Rom 8:9

B The spirit of God dwells in

God directs your life

God's power is personified as making itself at home, the person's life being compared to the house.

you
Rom 8:11 6 B Spirit...dwell in you B Put to death the deeds of the body B Led by the Spirit God directs your life Cease your typical behavior Motivated by God That compels (fear)...an intimate relationship Spirit evidences Recipients Seev. 9

Rom 8:13

Any action not motivated by God's Spirit is depicted as a hostile creature that needs to be destroyed.

Rom 8:14

God's power is personified as someone who might lead an animal about on a leash, our lives becoming the animal metaphor. The process of baptism and conversion, wherein one receives the Holy Spirit, is compared and contrasted by Paul to the social states of a slave who lives in fear of his master, on the one hand, and an adopted son who now feels free to approach his new parent as "abba." God's power is personified as someone who offers corroborating testimony at a trial. Paul picks up the adoption metaphor, wherein we become legal heirs of our father's estate, which the latter part of the verse makes clear is a reference to God's "glory." The metaphor breaks down quickly because it is we who must die to receive the inheritance, not the Father. The implicit imagery of the discussion shows a reduced proportional, selfregulating relationship between suffering and eventual glorification.

Rom 8:15

B Bondageadoption

Rom 8:16

Spirit itself bears witness

Rom 8:17

A Heirs

Rom 8:17

Suffer... glorified

[Suffering is an integral part of glory] Seev. 17

Rom 8:18

Sufferingsglory Earnest expectation of the creation Delivered from the bondage of corruption Children of God

See v. 17

Rom 8:19

Purpose of creation Stopped from decomposing

A Ideological perspective is given in the form of personifying the totality of God's creation and attributing to it the emotion of anticipation. Creation is personified as someone in need of rescuing, in this case from the metaphorical chains of "decay."

Rom 8:20

Rom 8:21

Resurrected, glorified Christians

The offspring analogy connotes in this instance the same spiritual essence being shared by the Father and children as the same physical nature is shared on the human level.

C*L 1 l-Frameworfc 2-dockworfc 3-Thernronai 4-Cdl 5-Ptant 6-Animal 7-Human C*L \t Simile B-Figure of tpeech C-Implied in Structure of Thought OL * Vehicle (scripture, image) C*t. Si Tenor (referent) CM. 6 Analysis of grounds of companion

Bible Metaphors
Rom 8:22 7 B Groans and labors with birth pangs B Have the firstfruits of the Spirit B The adoption, redemption of our bodies B The Spirit intercedes for us B Who searches the heart Culminates with our glorification Embody God's character

ROMANS

85

The cosmos is personified as a mother giving birth to her own ultimate state. The firstfruits were those offered to God as deserving the first choice. There is an acceptable sacrificial quality to these fruits (John 15:8; Gal 5:2223). The legal change in status is a metaphor for the compositional change of status, wherein we will be glorified from physical to spiritual beings. God's power acting in a Christian's life is personified in terms of a priest who mediates between mortals and God. The heart is spoken of in language suggestive of a cave with dark recesses that one may explore.

Rom 8:23

Rom 8:23

Glorification

Rom 8:26 Rom 8:27

7 1

God inspires us to pray Who understands the motives as well as the actions We are spiritually reconciled Will always be pre-eminent among those glorified Has God's approval and authority Stop God from loving us Perpetually experience severe trials

Rom 8:27

[The Spirit) makes intercession for us Firstborn among many brethren

See 8:26

Rom 8:29

"Firstborn" connotes the rank and privileges due to the "one who opens t he womb" in Semitic idiom.

Rom 8:34

1 7
7

B Is at the right B hand of God

B Separate us from the love of Christ/God B Are killed all the day long... sheep for the slaughter B Seed

Anthropomorphic image of royalty on adjacent thrones; the right side has a spatial/symbolic significance implying honor from the one in the center as well as a proximity suggesting intimacy and parity of the two. Abstract quality is made concrete by reference to spatial distance, they may come between it and us. The image of sheep used for sacrificial offerings typifies how trials really work to God's glory and honor and how we are consecrated by them.

Rom 8:35,39

Rom 8:36

Rom 9:7,8

Descendants

"Seed" or "sperm" is metonymous for the generations of descendants from a single genotype/phenotype relationship An ellipsis personifies the promise as father of the children. The promise refers to Isaac, who was born through divine intervention after God had promised Abraham a child through Sarah. This contrasts with "children of the flesh" i.e., Esau's descendants, (v.13). Paul addresses the hypothetical question of a reader of the letter; Paul's response compares all that God works with, individually and collectively, to what a potter forms; a dichotomy of things formed is clarified subsequently. See above.

Rom 9:8

B Children of the promise

Isaac's descendants

Rom 9:20

B The thing formed B Vessels of wrath...vessels of mercy B Sons of the living God A As the sands of the sea

The church/ Christian The godless., Christians "Israelites'1 (Christians) Innumerable

Rom 9:22-23 1

Rom 9:26

Hosea is paralleling the concept of Israel with "sons of the living God," while Paul is using this to bring out how being an Israelite was never a merely biological/genetic state, bul involved having a relationship with God. The simile compares Israelites to the sands of the sea in that both are many in number.

Rom 9:27

C*L i 1-Framework 2-dockwoft J-Thennotat 4-Cetl 5-PUnt 6-Animal 7-Human C*L 1 A-Direcl Simile B-Pigure of ipecch C-Implied In Structure at Thought C*L * Vehicle (tcripcure, image) C*L 5t Tenor (referent) C*L 6 Aoalyib of ground* of oompariton

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Rom 9:29 4 B A seed

ROMANS
The potential for physical heirs Jesus Christ You need not see Him, but just know that he motivates you They are welcome Appealed to Let become cynical Not understand or believe Faith be challenged

Bible Metaphors

An organic analogy that notes It takes only a microscopic genotype to generate a vast phenotype. Jesus is represented by a "hard*1 [difficult] substance that some will "trip" on because he requires a radical reorientation towards fulfilling the law. A complex system of spatial metaphors that contrasts attempts to objectively verify Christ's existence with the proof offered by the change in our character [heart] and conversation [mouth].

Rom 9:32-33 1

B A stumbling block B Do not say in your heart... even in your mouth..heart B Beautiful are the feet of them B Stretched out my hand to B Hardened B Should not see ...not hear B Table become a snare

Rom 10:6-9

Rom 10:15

An idiom where the feet represent the entire person and "beautiful" the attitude of appreciation on the part of the person who "sees'1 the feet. A symbolic, anthropomorphic gesture that signifies an attempt to overcome the metaphorical distance separating two parties. See 2:5. A Hebraic parallelism that compares depressed sensory functioning with a lack of spiritual understanding. The picture of a table is not only its stable structure but also the meal served on it; the material things that were a sense of security have been overturned, resulting in a cognitive dissonance; Israel's simplistic view of life does not match the complex spiritual reality God has presented to them.
See above; instead of a table it is a stone that is their "recompense."

Rom 10:21 Rom 11:7 Rom 11:8

7 1 6

Rom 11:9

Rom 11:9

A Stumbling block

Ironic justice

Rom

11:10

B Eyes be darkened... bowed down C Their fall is C riches for the world

Truth not be so obvious God uses even tragic circumstances to accomplish his mercy (verses 15,23) Christ... Christians... Abraham... Israel Physical Israel Gentiles became Christians... legal heirs of Abraham Salvation is a gift, not a right

The image is of a man who bent over, trying to watch his step because his eyesight is failing. Because Israel took God's law for granted, the institution of the new covenant will be hard for them to understand and accept. The fall suggests a movement through a metaphorical space, just as we attribute someone's "downfall" to a character flaw; the paradoxical tension in the implied reciprocal relationship between Israel's fall and the Gentile's rise is homeostatic.

Rom 11:12

2 3

Rom 11:16

B Firstfruit... lump.. .root... branches B Branches were C broken off. wild olive tree were grafted... partaker of the root B Support the B root... root supports you

An elaborate plant analogy where Christ, the end result of Abraham's "seed" (Gal 3:16), is the flrstfruit (cf 1 Cor 15:20, Lev 23:10) that consecrates the whole harvest from which the lump of dough is made, while the different tribes, or branches, of Israel all "spring" from the common root of Abraham. The implicit anthropomorphism makes God an orchard-keeper who wants, contrary to the laws of nature, to change the nature of wild olive branches by grafting them into a refined variety. The miracle is accomplished through the new covenant and Holy Spirit, where physical lineage does not guarantee inheritor status, but one's submission to God's will makes the individual a true, legal, "spiritual" Israelite. The structural qualities of the plant analogy broaden the image's referent from the root being Abraham to being inclusive of the entire plan of salvation offered toAhrough Abraham. The point is that we should not be presumptuous of the new "relationship" with Abraham.

Rom 11:17

5 7

Rom

11:18

1 5

Cd. 2: 1-Framewort 2-Cloclwork 3-TbermoMat 4-CU 5-Plant 6-Animal 7-Human C*L 1 A-Direct Simile B-Figure at ipeecb C-ltnpUed in Structure of Thought C*L * Vehicle (Kripture, image) C*l. Si Tenor (referent) Cd. * Analyiii of ground* of companion

Bible Metaphors
Rom 11:19
B Branches were broken off that I might be grafted in God values me more than Israel

ROMANS
The plant analogy is continued, and Paul points out the absurdity of mixing the metaphor with personification.

87

Rom 11:23

B Able to graft them in again

[By becoming Christians]

Physical Israelites will need to partake of the new covenant and go through a conversion process identical to that needed by gentiles in order to be heirs to the spiritual inheritance promised to Abraham. The world and its ways are referred to as a wild olive tree out of whose fellowship the gentiles were called in order to join the Christian fellowship.

Rom 11:24

B Cut out of the wild olive tree

Asked to forsake your former way of life Completely committed

Rom 12:1

A A living sacrifice

Paul here contrasts a Christian's living (and therefore useable) sacrifice to a dead sacrifice (required by the old covenant) that was ineffectual (Heb 10:40, Ps 51:16-17), Paul uses the different organs of the body to show how each Christian has a unique but essential contribution to the Church, just as organs are specialized but are integrated so that they need each other in order to function. The contact and adhesion of two surfaces is a metaphor for how abstract "good" can be valued by turning it into concrete in action. The positional concept of "set" is static and contrasts the active "associate" while "high" similarly contrasts not "low" but with "humble," showing that a conceited attitude is incapable of movement or growth. The surprise and shock of a good deed in response to a bad one leaves them conscience-stricken

Rom 12:4

B We have many The Church members in consists of one body individual Christians B Cling to the truth Do what is right Be conceited

Rom 12:9

Rom 12:16

B Set your mind on high things B Heap coals of fire on his head B Awake out of a The night is far spent, the day is at hand Cast off the works of darkness Put on the armor of light

1 Rom 12:20

Cause them to regret

Rom 13:11

Recommit

Sleep is here symbolic of a spiritual lethargy and state of unpreparedness.

Rom 13:12

Christ's return is imminent

Regularity of the day/night cycle is typical of the surety of Christ's returning as well as the metaphorical light that he will bring with him.

Rom 13:12

Stop sinning

Darkness is typical of evil.

Rom 13:12

Always be ready to do good

A two-tiered metaphor where light symbolizes righteousness, which is then transformed into the substance that makes up a suit of armor. The armor specifically contrasts with "works," suggesting that righteous deeds are a protection against spiritual lethargy and backsliding. Walking is a Semitic idiom meant to suggest every facet of the individual's behavior. Christ is now the suit of armor that is put on in order to actively combat unrighteousness. The failure of muscular strength is typical of an inability to comprehend or deal with certain issues.

Rom 13:13
Rom 13:14 Rom 14:1 1

Walk

Conduct yourselves Act as Christ would Do not fail to fellowship with those who do not seem as mature as you Offend

B Put on Christ

Receive one who is weak in the faith

Rom 14:13

1 3

B Put a stumbC ling block...

Losing balance (the disruption of equilibrium) symbolizes someone whose relationship with God is disrupted; the stone is the specific situational cause.

C*L a l-Framework 2-Oockwork 3-ThennotUt 4-Ce)l 5-Plam ti-Aninul 7-Human Ol 1 A-Direct Simile B-Figure ot ipeccb C-Impiied in Structure of Thought C*L 4 Vehicle (tcrfpture, image) C*L 5i Tenor (referent) C*L * Anafyiii of grounds ot companion

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Rom 14:14 1 B Unclean Ceremonially unfit; not kosher Merely physical

ROMANS

Bible Metaphors

Something common [as in the Greek, to be distinguished from "unclean"] or ordinary is a figure of speech for something that is assumed to be not worthy of being offered to God. The objects thai provide sustenance for through-put are typical of how all such physical notions fail to apply to spirit-level reality.

Rom 14:17

1 4

B Food and C drink

Rom 14:21

7 3

B Cause a C brother to stumble B We then who C are strong...

Offend a fellow Christian [Christian fellowship benefits all] Messiah

See 14:13.

Rom 15:1

6 3

The analogy of muscular strength is equated with discernment about certain spiritual issues; Paul invokes a homeostatic principle by stating the "strong" should balance the "weak" and stabilize the congregation. The legal heir to David's throne through royal lineage is spoken of as a root of the family tree. The signet-ring and seal are symbolic of the good faith and guarantee of the owner; the fruit is referred to in verse 25.

Rom 15:12

B Root of Jesse

Rom 15:28

1 5

B Seal to them B this fruit

Assure that they receive the donation Encourage strife Are obsessed with pleasure Eloquence; sophistry Negate Satan's power and influence

Rom 16:17

B Cause division

A physical fissure or separation typifies the spiritual space that may grow between Christians through discord and doubt. The belly is personified as a master who enslaves the body, it is typical of all the carnal appetites and desires. Words or discourse are elementalized into smooth, slippery objects that are easily "swallowed." Satan is depicted a contemptible creature capable of being physically crushed out of existence (Gen 3:15).

Rom 16:18

B Serve their own belly B Smooth words

Rom 16:18

Rom 16:20

B Bruise Satan

C.I. & 1-Fnunewoct 2-Oockwork J-Tbennoturt 4-Cdl S-Ptanl 6-Animal 7-Human CM. * A-Direct Simile B-Flgure of tpeech C-lmpUcd hi Structure of Thought Crt. * Vehicle (icripture, image) C*L * Tenor (referent) CM. fc AiulytU of groundi of comparifon

Bible Metaphors
I Cor 1:10 1 B Divisions among you B Is Christ divided?

I CORINTHIANS
Strife and disagreement Are Christ's teachings contradictory? Obstacle A crack or a split symbolizes disagreement,

89

I Cor 1:13

A body or organism is an ideal model of unity. Paul portrays a ludicrous picture of a living being divided in segments. The image suggests debris on the path.

I Cor 1:23

B Stumbling block C Foolishness... C weakness B Weak B Base B Wisdom

I Cor 1:25 I Cor 1:27 I Cor 1:28 I Cor 2:7

3 3 6 1 1

Wisdomstrength Insignificant Insignificant Profound and complex Man comprehended Analyzes or discerns Complex or profound Immature

The paradoxical tension suggests an inverse relationship.

Muscular strength provides the metaphor for spiritual strength. "Base" denotes low on a high/low spatial continuum. The implied image is of a wall separating the apparent from the hidden,

I Cor 2:9

B Entered into the heart of man B Searches

The heart is envisioned as a chamber with mysterious rooms,

I Cor 2:10

The Spirit gives the creative capacity for understanding,

I Cor 2:10

Deep

This is an implicit image of a recessed chamber,

I Cor 3:1

A Babes in Christ B Fed you with milk, and not with solid food

The baby is emblematic of naivete or immaturity.

I Cor 3:2

Taught you elementary lessons, not complex truth [Increase of membership]

The difficulty in masticating or digesting separates an infant's capabilities from those of an adult.

I Cor 3:6-8

5 4

B I planted, B Apollos watered, but God gave the increase... A God's field A God's building

This cluster of images all depict taking care of a garden or fieldfrom seed to fruit. The entire process is regarded as one continuous work.

I Cor 3:9 I Cor 3:9

5 1

The congregation The congregation

The members are looked upon as a metaphorical grainfield or orchard. The image shifts to a static structure.

I Cor 3:10

7 1 1

A Master builder B ...builds A No other foundation than that which is laid B Gold, silver, precious stones

Minister... follows his teaching No other source of teaching but Christ Sound doctrine

Paul depicts preaching as building a structure. The imagery continues to develop the building analogy, with the blocks representing the people and the work of constructing representing preaching and counseling. Christ, the originator of the teachings of Christianity, is analogous to the foundation of the metaphorical building.

I Cor 3:11

I Cor 3:12

Minerals that will not burn in a fire symbolize spiritual accomplishments of permanent value.

C*L 2t l-Pramework 2-Ooclework 3-Tbenwtat 4-Cell S-Plant 6-Anlmal 7-Human Ol. 4 A-Direct Simile B-Flgure of ipMcb C-Implied In Structure of Thought C*L 4 Vehicle (tcripture, image) Cal. it Tenor (referent) Cal. fc Analyst of ground* of companion

90
I Cor 3:12
1 5 B Wood, hay, B straw Unsound teaching or heresy

I CORINTHIANS

Bible Metaphors

Minerals that may be burned up symbolize the perishable works of false teaching.

I Cor 3:13

2 1 1

B The Day will B declare it, B because it will be revealed by fire... B If anyone's B work which he has built on it endures

Time and trials will show whether one's work is of spiritual value If one's teaching is true

Fire is seea as the ultimate test of a material's value or permanence. All of ne's work, Paul is saying, will ultimately be tested on a spiritual level as to whether it is of true value.

I Cor 3:14

Continuing the analogy of building as one's spiritual accomplishment, the person in question is seen as the builder.

I Cor 3:15

B Burned

Discovered to be false or worthless Human being

The destruction of the building is seen as proof of its worthlessness.

I Cor 3:16

A Temple of God B Spirit of God dwells in you

Linked with the metaphor of building, the human whose mind contains God's Spirit is pictured as a place of worship. The metaphor of God's being "in" the "temple" describes a close relationship with and a focus on Him in the life of the Christian. Sin is repeatedly pictured as dirt or defilement, as opposed to the cleanliness that pictures spiritual purity.

I Cor 3:16

God's Spirit is a part of you Dwells on wrong thoughts or participates in destructive behavior Become wise

I Cor 3:17

1 7

B Defiles the B temple of God

I Cor 3:18

C Become a fool

The paradox is in the equation of foolishness with wisdom, resolved by realization that the two are on different levels: Worldly wisdom is really foolishness, and true wisdom appears to be foolishness to the worldly-wise. See above.

I Cor 3:19

C Wisdom of this world B Catches the wise in their own craftiness B Servants... stewards

Foolishness with God Discovers the carefully hidden faults Entrusted with the welfare of the Church Reveal spiritual misunderstand -ing and evil behavior Feel superior

I Cor 3:19

Discovery is described as catching or trapping.

I Cor 4:1

The value of a steward's monetary trust is analogous to the heaviness of a minister's responsibility.

I Cor 4:5

B Bring to light the hidden things of darkness B Be puffed up B

Contrary to the frequent metaphor of dark for evil and light for good, light here stands for enlightenment or understanding, darkness for ignorance.

I Cor 4:6

1 4

Larger size symbolizes a false superiority, especially when the content is air. I Cor. 5:6 depicts the source of puffing up as a yeast spore or leavening agent. Paul sarcastically compares the arrogance of the congregation to a the pomp of a king. The paradoxical tension indicates the disequilibrium of appearances. The image of strength reflects muscle tone in addition to the original metaphor.

I Cor 4:8

A Reigned as kings C We are fools B ...weak

Had an exalted station You are wise ...strong

I Cor 4:10

3 6

C*L 1 l-Fnuneworfc 2-CJockwort 3-Tbermoitat 4-Cdl S-Plant 6-Anlmal 7-Human C*L i A-Direct Simile B-Figure of ipeecb C-Implied in Structure ol Thought C*l. 4 Vebide (ttrtpture, image) C.L 5s Tenor (referent) CW. 6 AnalytU oC ground* of comparison

Bible Metaphors
I Cor 4:13 1 B We have been made as the filth of the world, the offscouring of all things A Fathers... begotten you

I CORINTHIANS
We were despised and considered worthless

91

Garbage and debris here symbolize not the defilement of sin, as is the common metaphor, but reputation or lack of respect.

I Cor 4:15

Teachersfounded the congregation Feeling superior Harsh discipline You feel superior Superciliousness and pride alter one's whole attitude Christ

The Corinthian congregation owed Paul a debt of gratitude for imparting the them spiritual life through God's teaching.

I Cor 4:19

1 4 1

B Puffed up B B A rod

See I Cor. 4:6,

I Cor 4:21

The rod is a symbol of inflexibility.

I Cor 5:2

1 4 4

B You are B puffed up B A little leaven leavens the whole lump

Fermentation of a yeast spore makes bread artificially larger.

I Cor 5:6

Leaventhe multiplication of a yeast sporesymbolizes the rapid growth of sin.

I Cor 5:7

A Our Passover

In the Old Testament, the lamb was literally sacrificed to symbolically cleanse sin. The image of leaven connotes wild and uncontrolled growth.

I Cor 5:8

Old leaven... leaven of malice and wickedness Brother

Pride and sin

I Cor 5:11

Fellow member of the congregation Not of the congregation... within the congregation Discern motives Fellow members of congregation sue Become members of God's spiritual family Your sins were forgiven Reconciled Part of the congregation of God/of Satan

Brotherhood connotes the intimacy and love of a family relationship.

I Cor 5:12-13 1

B Outside... inside

"Inside" and "outside" are spatial dimensions suggesting an encloser or container.

I Cor 6:3

B Judge angels

The image of a judge derives from a human office.

I Cor 6:6

A Brother... against brother

"Brother" denotes a sibling/family relationship more intimate than friendship.

I Cor 6:9-10

Inherit the kingdom of God

Inheriting is an activity reserved for family members.

I Cor 6:11

B You were washed B Justified B Members of Christ... members of a harlot

Washing depicts removing the stain or soilmetaphorically, sin.

I Cor 6:11 I Cor 6:15

1 7

Justification connotes a straightening. The metaphor in both cases suggests being unified as though belonging to one body.

CL a l-Framework 2-CJockwoct 3-Thenno*tat 4-QHI S-Plant 6-Anioul 7-Human C*L 1 A-Direct Simile B-Pigure of fpeecfa C-Implied in Structure of Thought CM. * Vehicle (tcripture, image) C*L & Tenor (referent) C*L 6 Aoalyiii of ground* of compartem

92
I Cor 6:16

I CORINTHIANS
7 1 B Become one flesh B One spirit Unified Of the same spiritual composition Avoid it Outward... spiritually more perilous Your body Owned as a result of payment Fulfill your partner's sex drive Suffer drive deficits One union is carnal; one is spiritual. The image is of cosubstantiality.

Bible Metaphors

I Cor 6:17

I Cor 6:18 I Cor 6:18

6 1

B Flee sexual immorality B Outside the body...against his own body A The temple of the Holy Spirit B Bought at a price
C Do not deprive one another

The image connotes leaving the premises as though escaping from a dangerous predator. Using the "inner/outer" image, Paul suggests that the inward scars of sexual sin are deeper than those of many other sins. The Holy Spirit permeates one's consciousness. The Christian is metaphorically compared to a building in which the Spirit of God dwells. The consequences of sin were costly.

I Cor 6:19 I Cor 6:20

1 6

I Cor 7:5

The sex drive is equilibrium-driven.

I Cor 7:9

C Cannot exercise selfcontrol.. .burn

Most human behavior is to one degree or another drive-reductionmotivated.

with passion
I Cor 7:14 I Cor 7:14 1 B Sanctified

Set apart Regarded outcast immoral as or to

The image suggests being reserved in a safe place.

B Unclean

Not belonging to the group of those who are sanctified is depicted as being unwashed. Physical restraints stand for moral restraints. The image depicts a relative position in a larger system. Slavery epitomizes the position of dependency.
See I Cor. 6:20.

I Cor 7:15
I Cor 7:20

B U n d e r Obligated remain bondage

2 7 6 7

C Remain in the same calling B Christ's slave B Bought at a price B Bound to a wife.. .loosed B The form of this world is passing away B Not that I may put a leash on you B Past the flower of her youth

Retain the relationship Dependent upon Christ Owned as property Married... separated What seems to be permanent is changing Not to restrain you Past puberty

I Cor 7:22

I Cor 7:23
I Cor 7:27

The marriage covenant is seen as the tying or chaining together of two individuals, implying that they are obligated one to another and separation is a refusal of responsibility. "Form" signifies something relatively stable. Paul cautions about the deceptiveness of apparent permanence. Paul uses the animal metaphor of restraint to urge the Corinthians to think for themselves. The plant metaphor depicts a young virgin who is sexually ready for marriage.

I Cor 7:31

I Cor 7:35

I Cor 7:36

C*L 2t l-Fraroework 2-Cteckwock 3-Thermouat 4-Cdl 5-Ptant 6-Aniroal 7-Human C*L 1 A-DJrect Simile B-Figure of tpeech C-Implied in Structure of Thought C*L * Vehicle (tcripturc. Image) CaL ft Tenor (referent) C*L 6 Analyib of grounds of companion

Bible Metaphors
I Cor 7:39 I Cor 8:1 1 1 4 1 6 B Bound by law B Knowledge C puffs up B Conscience, B being weak, is defiled

I CORINTHIANS
Obligated to follow Knowledge causes pride and arrogance Susceptible conscience becomes spiritually defiled Obstacle Susceptible to negative suggestion Damage Become confused Tangible evidence of his work [Human occupations analogous to the ministry] A minister ought to be allowed support from his work See above The image suggests physical restraints.

93

"Putls up" connotes increasing in size, an image related to the yeast spore in I Cor. 5:6. "Weak" is an image deriving from muscular tone, and defilement relates to the contaminating effect of sin.

I Cor 8:7

I Cor 8:9

B Stumbling block B Weak

This image suggests a raised object on a path.

I Cor 8:10-12 6

See I Cor. 8:7.

I Cor 8:12 I Cor 8:13

6 6 3 1

B Wound B Stumble C A Seal of my apostleship B Goes to war... plants a vineyard... tends a flock B You shall not muzzle an ox

The animal image of a wound depicts spiritual damage. This image derives from a creature losing its balance or equilibrium. To seal denotes marking for identification.

I Cor 9:2

I Cor 9:7

Paul shows that the ministry should not be handicapped beyond any other profession.

I Cor 9:9

The ox is a type of the human servant or minister.

I Cor 9:10

7 4

B He who plows C should plow in hope...he who threshes... B Sown spiritual B things-reap material things

The occupations of farmer and minister are parallel, because both invest effort in hopes of a return.

I Cor 9:11

4 S

Preached the word of God... received monetary support Adjusting to each different audience's understanding Obligated to the law Blended in with the group in order to facilitate their acceptance

Paul points out the similarity of a spiritual office to a physical one to appeal for help,

I Cor 9:19

7 3

A Servant to all, C that I might win the more B Under the law

There is a paradoxical tension that the more one serves, the more one leads. Paul moderates his behavior to be at a level to which his audience can relate, "Under" and "over" become positional coordinates of dependance and dominance. The image derives from muscular tone.

I Cor 9:20 I Cor 9:22

1 6

B Became as weak, that I might win the weak

C*l. i l-Frameworfc 2-Clockwort 3-Thenno*tat 4-Cell S-Plant 6- Animal 7-Human Cat. * A-Direct Sifflik B-Figure of *peech C-lraplkd in Structure of Thought Ol. * Vehicle (tcripiure. Image) <M. St Tenor (referent) C*L 6 Analytic of ground* of companion

94
I Cor 9:22

I CORINTHIANS
6
C Have become all things to all Appear to be of the same composition Strive or expend energy Wealth or garlands for athletes... eternal life Expend energy and effort

Bible Metaphors

The image is reminiscent of the camouflage of the chameleon.

men
I Cor 9;24 7 1 5 1 B B Run in a race

The image suggests both a race track and a runner.

I Cor 9:25

B Perishable... A imperishable crown

The prize of a speculative wreath becomes emblematic of a permanent spiritual crown.

I Cor 9:26

7 1 2 1

B B B B

Run thus

Running depicts a spatial conquest requiring close attention to time.

I Cor 9:26

Beats the air

Expends energy futilely Use selfcontrol Protected... baptized

Beating the air signifies fighting without goal, target, or opponent.

I Cor 9:27

Discipline my body

The athletic metaphor illustrates intense self -discipline.

I Cor 10:1-2

B Under the cloud... in the cloud B Ate spiritual food... drank of that spiritual Rock

Paul refers to the cloud by which God led Israel out of Egypt. The cloud thus symbolizes God's presence, leadership, and protection. The cloud is also an archetype of protection from the sun's direct rays. Food or throughput (as of a cell) is emblematic of spiritual sustenance.

I Cor 10:3-4

Were provided with both physical and spiritual sustenance Christ Accepted sustenance from God Committed sexual sins Evil Avoidance

I Cor 10:4 I Cor 10:7

1 4

A Rock B Sat down to eat and drink

"Rock" connotes strength and permanence. The people were willing to let God take care of their physical needs without considering their obligation to obey Him.

I Cor 10:7

Rose up to play Serpents Way of escape

Play becomes emblematic of foolishness.

I Cor 10:9 I Cor 10:13

6 1 6 1

B B B B

The literal serpent becomes emblematic of the Devil. The image involves the space-binding action of moving from one place to another. The image connotes a heavy object.

I Cor 10:13

Bear it

Tolerate the trial Avoid it

I Cor 10:14

1 6 7

B Flee from B idolatry A Communion of the blood... body of Christ B B One bread and one body

See I Cor. 10:13.

I Cor 10:16

Congregation's unity because of Christ's sacrifice Unity

The cup of wine and the bread become symbolically the life (body and blood) of Christ. Both wine and bread (blood and flesh) become throughput for Christians. Bread is a source of nourishment. The human body with its many members becomes symbolic of the congregation. Digestion of the same throughput indicates becoming of the same substance.

I Cor 10:17

4 7 4

I Cor 10:17

C Partake of one bread

Believe the same thing

CJ. fc l-Framework 2-Ooctwort 3-Tberrooitat 4-Cell 5-Ptant 6-Animal 7-Huraan CA. 1 A-Direct Simile B-Figure of ipeecb C-lmpUed in Structure of Thought C*l * Vehicle (teripture, image) C*L 5t Tenor (referent) CaL 6 Analyib of ground* of comparison

Bible Metaphors
I Cor 10:20 7

I CORINTHIANS
Fellowship with demons Influence by the spirit world Be motivated by God... by evil influences The human relationship is the source of this metaphor.

95

I Cor 10:21

1 4

B Drink the cup B of the Lord... the cup of demons B Lord's tabletable of demons Provoke the Lord Stronger than He

Spiritual truth and falsehood are pictured as food and drink.

I Cor 10:21

Truth and error Make Him angry Not subject to Him Maintaining a psychological comfort zone My behavior modified by someone else's standards Spiritual welfare [Dominant/ subordinate relationship]

See above.

I Cor 10:22 I Cor 10:22 I Cor 10:27

6 6 3

B B

The image suggests annoying a larger creature. The animal characteristic of relative strength is used to indicate one's not needing to be subject to God. The concept suggests psychological equilibrium or comfort.

C Asking no question for conscience' sake C My conscience judged by another man's B B B Profit Head of every man... head of woman... head of Christ His head Her head Image and glory of God Glory of man

I Cor 10:29

See above.

I Cor 10:33 I Cor 11:3

1 6
7

Physical fortune represents value and desirabilitysuggestive of spiritual gain. The head of a living organism can be seen as its supreme part because it contains the central nervous system.

I Cor 11:4 I Cor 11:5

7 7

B B B

Christ Her husband and Christ Metaphorical prototype of God Reflected image of man Head covering, i.e. hair covering Strife and unpleasantness Broken bread Christ's blood

Man is subordinate to Christ. Woman is pictured here in a subordinate role. The image (Gen. 1:26) seems to have permeated the entire design of Nature. See above. Hair symbolizes a shield or protection.

I Cor 11:7

I Cor 11:7
I Cor 11:10-

7
1

15
I Cor 11:181 B B B

Symbol of authority on her head... hair Divisions... factions My body

The image suggests a crack or rift. Bread symbolizes Christ's body, which is metaphorically transformed into food. The wine is symbolic of Christ's shed blood.

19
I Cor 11:24
I Cor 11:25

1 4
1

B Cup [of wine]

Ct It l-Framewott 2-Oockworfc 3-Tbermoitat 4-CU 5-Plant 6-Animal 7-Humwi C*L 3t A-Direct Simile B-FSgure of speech C-lmplicd in Structure of Thought CW. Vehicle (rapture, image) C*l. Si Tenor (referent) C*L 6 AnaJywi of ground* of companion

96
I Cor 11:26 1 6
B Eat this bread B and drink this C cup Share in the symbols of Christ's sacrifice

I CORINTHIANS

Bible Metaphors

The Passover meal symbolizes the whole sacrifice of Christ. This rite is done as an annual cycle.

2
I Cor 11:27, 7 29 1

B B

Eats or drinks in an unworthy manner

Keeps the Passover with an irreverent or blasphemous attitude Analyze his own attitude Many are dead

Lack of respect for the symbols of Christ's sacrifice constitutes unworthiness to partake of them.

I Cor 11:28

B Examine himself B Many sleep

Testing or examining is a human-level activity. Sleep is symbolic of death because of the unconsciousness of the passage of time during either. Chastening suggests a parent/child relationship.

I Cor 11:30

I Cor 11:32

Chastened by the Lord Set in order Gifts Carried away to these dumb idols

Corrected or disciplined Take charge of Talents and capabilities Looking to false ideals Variety within unity

1 Cor 11:34

B B B

The image suggests objects that need to be arranged. Abstract capabilities are referred to in material terms. "Carried away" seems to imply a lack of volition, as in the case of a domesticated creature. The concept of diversities from a single source can be imaged in a genotype/phenotype cell/seed/plant relationship.

I Cor 12:1
I Cor 12:2

1
6

I Cor 12:4-5

4 5

C Diversities of C gifts, but the same Spirit... diversities of ministries, but the same Lord A Body is one and has many members

I Cor 12:12

Congregation is unified yet contains diversity Placed into fellowship Every member has a different responsibility Individual should feel independent If alt members had the same specific abilities

The interdependent body with its limbs and organs provides the dominant metaphor for Christ's body.

I Cor 12:13
I Cor 12:14

1
7

Baptized into one body

The image suggests a container into which one is immersed.

A Body is not one member but many B Foot... ear should say... If the whole body were an eye

See I Cor 12:12.

1 Cor 12:15- 7 16
I Cor 12:17

The personification of a limb or organ shows by analogy the impossibility of one member's attempting to act independently of the congregation. As in the previous example, Paul exposes the absurdity of those who would try to remove individuality from the congregation, or who would despise those of different but equal talents. Continuing the metaphor of the Church as a body, Paul shows that God is supreme over whatever we may try to be or accomplish.

6 7

B B

I Cor 12:18

B God has set the members in the body

God has chosen the role each of us should fulfill in the Church

C*L l-Fnuneworfc 2-dockworfc 5-Thennoital 4-CeU 5-Plant 6-Animal 7-Human CL 3t A-Direct Simile 8-Flgure of speech C-lmplied in Structure of Thought CM. * Vehicle (Kripture, image) C*L 5: Tenor (referent) C*L * Analytic of ground* of comparf*on

Bible Metaphors
I Cor 12:19 B If they were all one member, where would the body be?

I CORINTHIANS
If we were all the same, how could we as a group be complete? We all need one another See above.

97

I Cor 12:21

The eye cannot say to the hand, "I have no need of you"... Members of the body which seem to be weaker are necessary...

See above.

I Cor 12:22- 3 23

The less acclaimed roles are just as important to the whole God gives recognition to those whom humans would not

The concept of balance is introduced: God raises to honor those who do not normally receive honor, for His is once again a different perspective than ours.

I Cor 12:24

C God composed the body, having given greater honor to that part which lacks it 1 B Schism B Members should have the same care for one another If one member suffers, all suffer...one member is honored, all rejoice

See above.

I Cor 12:25 I Cor 12:25

Disunity Members should love one another without discrimination We must care for one another as for ourselves

A crack in the framework signifies disunity in the organization. The image of a well-coordinated body indicates a unified Church.

I Cor 12:26

The interdependence of the Church members is dramatized through the image of the interdependent body. Such an attitude precludes jealousy, for if one division of the organization excels, the whole organization profits.

I Cor 12:27

A You are the body of Christ, and members individually A Sounding brass or a clanging cymbal B Faith so that I could remove mountains B Love suffers B longdoes not envy...does not parade itself... is not puffed up

You have unity in diversity and diversity in unity Empty noise

The interdependent body is the ideal model for unity and cooperation.

1 Cor 13:1

A clanging cymbal is attention-getting but unpleasant on the eardrum. The ability to persuade without love is mere noise.

I Cor 13:2

Extremely powerful faith

Moving mountains stands for performing great and impressive miracles.

I Cor 13:4

7 1

Love involves patience and humility

The abstraction love becomes personified as a humble and kind person. To be puffed up connotes inflation with air, signifying a false superiority.

C*L i l-Framework 2-dockwort 3-TbertnotUt 4OHI 5-Ptant 6-Animal 7-Human C*L 4 A-Direct Simile B-Figure of ipeecb C-Implied in Structure of Thought CL * Vehicle (tcripture. Image) C*L St Tenor (referent) CL 6 Analyti* at ground* of comparison

98
I Cor 13:5 7 B Does not

I CORINTHIANS
behave rudely, does not seek its own, is not provoked, thinks no evil Is self sacrificing, humble, and meek Love is invested with human behavior.

Bible Metaphors

I Cor 13:6

B Does not rejoice in iniquity B Bears, believes, hopes, endures B Knowledgewill vanish B We know in part and prophesy in part
B Done away

Is truthful

See above.

I Cor 13:7

Is trusting

See above.

I Cor 13:8

Knowledgewill become obsolete Our knowledge is imperfect and fragmented Subsumed into the whole Spiritually immature... spiritually mature Our knowledge is incomplete
Strengthening

The idea of knowledge vanishing requires a space in which it existed and from which it can disappear. The image suggests a piece or remnant.

I Cor 13:9

I Cor 13:10

"Done away" depicts the removal of an object. Paul uses childhood and adulthood as emblematic of points along the continuum of naivete to maturity.

I Cor 13:11

B Achild...a man

I Cor 13:12

B We see in a mirror, dimly

B Edification

A mirror provides a crude reflection, sometimes distorted, of the original.

I Cor 14:3-5 I Cor 14:7

"Edification" suggests building a structure. Music requires an artistic equilibrium.

C Make a distinction in the sounds C An uncertain sound

Use melody and harmony No form or pattern an

I Cor 14:8 I Cor 14:9

3 1

A musical passage or signal must have form and equilibrium, Air connotes nothingness or futility.

B Speaking into Speaking without the air audience B My s p i r i t prays, but my understanding is unfruitful B Babes... mature heart

I Cor 14:14

My full consciousness
is not involved Innocent...full of experience

"Fruitful" is a plant image for production or increase.

I Cor 14:20

7
1

Paul uses the stages in human growth to depict desirable characteristics,

I Cor 14:25

B Secrets of his

His hidden and embarrassing past Strengthening

The heart is envisioned as a receptacle containing dark and unpleasant secrets, To edify suggests an image of building a structure.

I Cor 14:26

B Edification

C*l. fc l-Framewort 2-Oocbrork 3-ThermoMat 4-Cell 5-Ptam 6-Aniowl 7-Human C*L * A-Direcl Simile B-Figure of ipeech C-Implied in Structure of Thought C*L * Vehicle (rapture, image) C*L 5i Tenor (referent) C*L *: Analytta of grouodt of comparboo

Bible Metaphors
I Cor 14:33 I Cor 15:1 7 1 A Author B In which you stand Designer maker

I CORINTHIANS
or The term depicts a human occupation, The Gospel is depicted as a structure on which to stand.

99

By which you receive strength or support Remain faithful to Died Latecomer on the scene Practicing sin Spiritual offspring Died According to a time frame Initial converts Subdued world Death the

I Cor 15:2 I Cor 15:6

1 7

B Hold fast B Fallen asleep

The truth is depicted as an object that can be grasped. Sleep has been called death's twinan apt metaphor for cessation of consciousness. Human birth symbolizes Paul's initiation into the body of believers, Sin is pictured as something one can be "in"like quicksand or some kind of container. Fruit is the plant equivalent of human growth. Sleep is a picture of death. "Order" suggests a spatial placement in time, "Firstfruit" is a plant image indicating the first seed to approach maturity. The image depicts a human being trampling somethinga higher/lower dominance/dependence relationship. Humans will finally change from mortal to immortal. Death is personified as an enemy. Paul suggests that a renewal must take place dailyreminiscent of a cell, which has as one of its characteristics self-regeneration,

I Cor 15:8 I Cor 15:17 I Cor 15:20

7 1 5

One born out of due time

B In your sins A Firstfruits

I Cor 15:20 I Cor 15:23 I Cor 15:23 I Cor 15:25 I Cor 15:26

7 1 2 5 7 1 7

B Fallen asleep B Each in his B own order B Firstfruits

B Put all things B under His feet A Last enemy that will be destroyed B I die daily

I Cor 15:31

Spiritual renewal exterminates my old habits Eternal life comes only after death
and

I Cor 15:36

4 5

B What you sow B is not made alive unless it dies

Paul uses the metaphor of sowing grain into the ground as a picture of death and resurrection.

resurrection I Cor 15:37- 4 38 5 B You do not B sow that body that shall be, but mere grain ...God gives to each seed its own body B One kind of B flesh of men, another of beasts, another of fish, and another of birds The phenotype is determined by the genotype Paul continues with the genotype/phenotype generation from the sown seed in a metaphor of death and resurrection.

I Cor 15:39

6 7

[See above]

See above.

CL t l-Framework 2-Oodwork 3-TbennoMat 4-Cdl 5-PlwU 6-Animal 7-Human CM. 3c A-Direa Simile B-Figure of peecfa C-Implied in Structure of Thought CM. * Vehicle (cripture, Image) CM. ft Tenor (referent) CM. * Analyti* of grounds of companion

100
I Cor 15:40 6

I CORINTHIANS
B Celestial bodies and terrestrial bodies [Play on the word "body"]

Bible Metaphors

The celestial "bodies" appear to be animated, hence alive,

I Cor 15:41

B One glory of the sun, another glory of the moon B It is sown in B corruption, raised in incomiption
B B Sown in dishonor,

Relativity size and strength

in

Size and intensity of tight becomes emblematic of the degree of importance.

I Cor 15:42

5 4

It dies and is resurrected to immortality Changed from mortal to immortal

Placing a corpse into the ground resembles sowing a seed, with the significance that the resurrection provides plant-like renewal.

I Cor 15:43- 4 44 5

Paul continues to use the image of a seed sown into the ground to reassure believers about the temporariness of death.

raised in glory, sown in weakness, raised in power, sown a natural body, raised a spiritual body
I Cor 15:45 7

B Last man Adam C The spiritual is not first, but the natural B The first man was of the earth, made of dust... B Heavenly Man B Image of the B man of dustimage of the heavenly B Flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom of God
B Sleep

Christ

Christ was a descendant of Adam, and He was a spiritual parallel of Adam in that He was the founder of the Church, the spiritual "family" to which we may belong. Death and resurrection is a time-bound process.

I Cor 15:46

There must be
a natural time

cycle Physical existence is impermanent Christ Mortal prototype, spiritual creation The temporary cannot inherit permanence Dust connotes impermanence.

I Cor 15:47- 1 48

I Cor 15:48
I Cor 15:49

7
1 7

In contrast to man, Christ, being composed of spirit, has the characteristic of permanence. The transformation described depicts the spiritual creation of man in God's image.

I Cor 15:50

"Flesh and blood" are metonymous for the human organism, which is temporary.

I Cor 15:51

Die

Sleep, because of the lapse of consciousness, is used as a metaphor for death. The resurrection appears to take only a short period of time. of The image is the donning of a garment.

I Cor 15:52

The twinkling of an eye

A short duration time

I Cor 15:53- 1 54 7

B Put on B immortality

Change from mortal to

immortal

C*l. 1-Framework 2-Qodwork 3-Thcnnottat 4-Cdl S-Ptant 6-Animal 7-Human C*l. i A-Dtreet Siroik B-Figure of ipeech C-Implied in Structure of Thought Cd. 4 Vehicle (scripture, image) C*L * Tenor (referent) C*L t Analyiit of groundt of coroparUoo

Bible Metaphors
I Cor 15:54 6 B Death is swallowed up in victory

I CORINTHIANS
It is impossible to die See above

101

The image suggests one organismlike a pythonswallowing another organism.

I Cor 15:55

7 6

B Death, where B is your sting? Hades, where is your victory? B Sting of death B Strength of sin B Be steadfast, immovable

To sting means to inflict pain or suffering. Death, like a spider or bee, is invested with the proclivity to inflict pain. The grave (Hades) is personified as a wamor.

I Cor 15:56 I Cor 15:56 I Cor 15:58

6 6 1

Consequences of sin The law Continue without

ceasing

Death was the result of sin. Muscle tone has become the metaphor of power. The words picture a structure that cannot be moved.

I Cor 16:18

B Refreshed my spirit

Satisfied deficit

An organic image depicts refreshing and revitalization.

Crf. i l-Framework 2-Ckxifcwock 3-Thermo.ui +eH 5-Plant ^Animal 7-Human C.L 4 A-Direct Simile B-Figure of tpeech C-ImpUed in Structure of Thought CL * Vehicle (cripture, Image) C*L * Tenor (referent) CA ft Analyiii of groundi of coropariion

Bible Metaphors
2 Cor 1:4 3 C Comforts us, that we may comfort C As the sufferings of Christ abound in us, so our consolation also abounds... B We were burdened B Had the sentence of death in ourselves B B Sealed In our hearts as a deposit [Continue a cycle of comfort] Christ comforts us as we experience trials

2 CORINTHIANS
The passing on of comfort to others is a homeostatic metaphor that implies a reciprocal and balancing relationship.

103

2 Cor 1:5-7

An implied homeostatic construct emerges as it is apparent that an increase on one factor serves as the governor regulating the other factor.

2 Cor 1:8

We suffered trials Were in jeopardy of our lives

A trial is pictured as a heavy weight.

2 Cor 1:9

The "gravity" of the situation was internalized as a death sentence.

2 Cor 1:22 2 Cor 1:22

1 1

Made secure
A spiritual component added to psychological makeup [Affirmation of truth] Are superior in our role as ministers Overcome with grief

A seal would depict a fastening or securing. This image pictures the heart as a container for valuable coins.

2 Cor 1:23

God as witness

God is cast as a character witness.

2 Cor 1:24

B Have dominion over your faith B Swallowed up with too much sorrow

Paul was disavowing any higher/lower order of dominance versus dependence.

2 Cor 2:7

Sorrow is pictured as a predator capable of swallowingfor instance, a python.

2 Cor 2:10

2 3

B Whom you C forgive, I forgive B A door

[Reciprocal behavior]

Here is pictured a cycle of forgiveness, as well as a conditional governor (thermostatic control) that is exercised and would bring about a result.

2 Cor 2:12

Opportunity to preach Disseminates His teachings ...Christ's example

In a spatial representation of the temporal, an entrance symbolizes a beginning. In this image, which is suggestive of a flower or of incense, a sweet scent that permeates the atmosphere parallels the truth of God, emphasizing its beneficial or pleasant quality.

2 Cor 2:14-15 5

B Diffuses the fragrance of His knowledge ...fragrance of Christ B Aroma of B death.-.aroma of life

2 Cor 2:16

6 6

Perception of putrefaction... perception of delight Preaching for a profit You represent evidence that we have been working among you

In the first image, a distortion of the olfactory receptors parallels spiritual misconception; in the second image, correct function of the olfactory nerves parallels spiritual right-mindedness.

2 Cor 2:17

B Peddling the word of God A You are our epistle

The Word of God is imaged as a piece of merchandise.

2 Cor 3:2-3

The Corinthian congregation was tangible evidence of Paul's success, better than a testimonial letter.

C*L 2t l-Frameworfc 1-Oockwork 3-Tbennotut 4-Ccll 5-Ptent 6-Aniroal 7-Human C*t 1 A-Diract Simile B-Figure of tpeech C-lmpUed In Structure of Thought C*l. 4 Vehicle (scripture. Image) Cl. & Tenor (referent) CW. * Analysis of grounds of comparison

104
2 Cor 3:3 1 B Written not with ink but by the Spirit

2 CORINTHIANS
[The Corinthians had been influenced by Paul's preaching] Not outside the consciousness, but impressed deep within the nervous system True meaning of the law is spiritual Temporary They were impervious to truth Ignorance

Bible Metaphors

The image of ink connotes the permanence and detail of God's word

linearly impressed upon their consciousness.

2 Cor 3:3

B Not on tablets of stone but on tablets of flesh

Paul implies that to have the teaching internally and a part of the people is better than if it had been inscribed merely on the outside of something permanent.

2 Cor 3:6

B Letter kills, but the Spirit gives life B Passing away

The Law is depicted as a predator. Paul is saying that a commandment or ordinance does not have inherent power to enforce itself. God's Spirit provides the inner motivation or prompting to keep the law. The image connotes a plant withering. The image suggests a rock or hard surface.

2 Cor 3:11 2 Cor 3:14

S 1

B Their minds were hardened B Veil

2 Cor 3:14-16 1

Veil symbolizes a barrier to sight, protecting from public view the inner sanctum of the Temple, which implicitly stands for the complete spiritual truth of the New Covenant. A mirror gives more detail and clarity than does an opaque or translucent veil, but yet does not reflect the full brilliance.

2 Cor 3:18

B As in a mirror

Dimly but with some detail visible Embarrassing sins Repeating the behavior Of no effect because impenetrable Who are unable to comprehend

2 Cor 4:2

Hidden things of shame Walking in craftiness Veiled

The image suggests some kind of container in which actions are concealed. A lifestyle is sometimes depicted as a walk or journey.

2 Cor 4:2

2 Cor 4:3

The veil represents a barrier to "Vision"psychological or spiritual.

2 Cor 4:4

Whose minds the god of this age has blinded

Physical blindness becomes symbolic of ignorancepsychological or spiritual.

2 Cor 4:6

B Light to shine out of darkness B Treasure in earthen vessels B B Crushed Life of Jesus manifested in our mortal flesh

Remove the barrier to understanding Eternal truth understood by mere humans Overwhelmed Spiritual behavior evident in a mortal body

Light represents truth or understanding of truth.

2 Cor 4:7

The vessel of clay depicts mankind as a container or receptacle of something more valuable than itself. The image connotes the bruising of a fruit or flower. A human being becomes the clay model of a spirit being.

2 Cor 4:8 2 Cor 4:11

5 7

C*L Zi l-Framewort 2-Ckxkw<xt 3-lbenwatai 4-Cd! 5-Plant 6-Aoimal 7-Humao C*L i A-Dicect Simile B-Pigure of ipeech C-Implied in Slructure of Thought C*L 4 Vehicle (scripture, image) C*L & Tenor (referent) C*l. fc Analysis of grounds of comparison

Bible Metaphors
2 Cor 4:15 4 C Having spread through the many This tent... a building from God Clothed with our habitation Having extensive influence

2 CORINTHIANS
Like the yeast spore, grace spreads throughout the congregation.

105

2 Cor 5:1

The fleshly body... the spirit body

Changed from a physical to a spiritual body Living a mortal life Mortal (temporary)... immortal (permanent) Humans may become totally composed of living essence The Spirit

The image of a tent versus a solid, durable building illustrates the relative impermanence of the physical life.

2 Cor 5:2-3

The clothing metaphor suggests that the final change from a physical to a spiritual body is relatively simple, like the switching of garments.

2 Cor 5:4

In this tent

As above, the tent connotes temporary existence.

2 Cor 5:4

B Unclothed.. clothed

Clothing, by covering vulnerability, becomes a symbol of immortality.

2 Cor 5:4

Mortality may be swallowed up by life

Supersedence is given the image of a predator such as a python.

2 Cor 5:5

A A guarantee

God's Spirit within a mortal acts as a conditional promise that He will eventually grant eternal life. The expressions "at home" and "absent" suggest positional/spatial coordinates.

2 Cor 5:6

B B

At home in the body... absent from the Lord

Having mortal existence... feeling estranged from God Habitually practice faith Composed of spirit in the resurrection (after death) Be subject to God's power

2 Cor 5:7

1 6 1

B Walk by faith B B Absent from the body... present with the Lord B Appear before the judgement seat In the body

A behavior is imaged as a journey or a path.

2 Cor 5:8-9

The spiritual versus the physical is represented by the positional concepts of absence versus presence.

2 Cor 5:10

The image derives from courtroom furniture.

2 Cor 5:10

During mortal existence Have the form but not the content of Christianity Unbalanced

"In" suggests a spatial dimension.

2 Cor 5:12

Glory in appearance and not in heart Beside ourselves The love of Christ constrains us

The inner and outer self are contrasted as places.

2 Cor 5:13

The image denotes an imaginary position in which equilibrium, and perhaps identity, is lost. Love, an abstract quality, is visualized as a restraint, limiting or defining the implied space-binding that symbolizes action and way of life.

2 Cor 5:14

We are motivated by the love of Christ

C*L 1 l-Framewocfc 2-Oodnrork 3-Tbermoi 4-Cdl S-Plant 6-AnimaJ 7-Human Cd. 1 A-Dfrect Stall* B-Flgurc of speech C-lmplted hi Structure of Thought CaL * Vehicle (icripture, image) C*L St Tenor (referent) C*L ft Aiulyilt of ground* of companion

106

2 CORINTHIANS

Bible Metaphors

2 Cor 5:17

5 4

B Old things C have passed away... all things have become new A Ambassadors for Christ

There is a transition from physical to spiritual

The image is similar to that of a perennial plant that dies and renews itself. Self-regeneration is also a cell-like metaphor.

2 Cor 5:20

Examples of the Christian lifestyle Period of opportunity

The metaphor depicts a representative who lives in but does not take part in the affairs of another government.

2 Cor 6:2

B Day of salvation

A 24-hour day symbolizes a much longer period of time, implying a predetermined duration. Moral behavior becomes a shield against the destructive nature of sin. The hands symbolize one's works.

2 Cor 6:7

1 1 7

B Armor of Complete B righteousness moral B on right hand protection and left B Our heart is wide open B Restricted by your own affections B Children We have no secrets Limited by your own habits Immature and naive Incompatibly associated How can evil and righteousness interact? Believer

2 Cor 6:11

The heart is pictured by the metaphor of a container.

2 Cor 6:12

"Affections," or habits, are invested with the power of resistance.

2 Cor 6:13

The characteristics of childhood to which Paul refers are immaturity and naivete. The partnership of animals of different species is forbidden by Old Testament law. This image could derive from the earth's rotation, which separates night from day as literally diametrical opposites.

2 Cor 6:14

B Unequally yoked C What communion has light with darkness? A Temple of the Holy Spirit B Dwell in them B ... walk among them B Do not touch what is unclean B I will be a Father to you ... My sons and daughters

2 Cor 6:14

2 Cor 6:16

The Holy Spirit's influence is depicted as its dwelling in the believer.

2 Cor 6:16

1 7

Influence them

See above.

2 Cor 6:17

Don't get involved in evil customs I will make My spiritual family

The image of uncleanness depicts sin as undesirable like dirt.

2 Cor 6:18

The human family relationship pictures the close relationship of God to believers, connoting common identity.

2 Cor 7:1
2 Cor 7:9

I B Cleanse
ourselves... 3 C Your sorrow led to repentance

Become
righteous Something initially bad brought a good result Generous attitude

Evil behavior is archetypically pictured as filth.

Paul's harsh epistle served as a regulator of change.

2 Cor 8:2

B Riches of their liberality

The Macedonians were deemed spiritually rich for their liberality in the midst of poverty.

C*L 2s 1-Prameworfc 2-Ckxkwork 3-Tbennottat 4-CdJ 5-Plant (-Animal 7-Hunun CW. 4 A-Dfrect Simile B-Flgure of tpeech C-Imptied In Structure of Thought C4. 4 Vehicle (icripture, image) C*l. & Tenor (referent) CM. * AnalytU of ground* of companion

Bible Metaphors

2 CORINTHIANS

107

2 Cor 8:9

C Became poor, that you... might become rich

Christ became mortal in order that you might have immortality All givers end up with the same amount

A paradoxical tension leads to equilibrium: An increase in one factor leads to an increase in another.

2 Cor 8:15

C He who gathered much had nothing left... and he who gathered little had no lack B Puts earnest care into the heart B He who sows B bountifully will also reap bountifully B Supplies seed ...multiply the seed... increase the fruits B Walked B according to the flesh

There is a paradoxical tension in the fact that whatever one's ability to give, whether the amount is large or small, all have equality in the act of giving. If all give according to their different abilities, there will be sufficient for all. The idea of giving as "gathering" suggests both the symbol of working at a harvest (John 4:35) and the fact that giving is to the giver's own advantage spiritually.

2 Cor 8:16

Influences to feel concern

The heart is pictured as a receptacle.

2 Cor 9:6

5 4

The liberal giver will be rewarded

The agricultural metaphor is transferred to the giving of an offering.

2 Cor 9:10

The work one does now wilt bring increasing results Behaving in the way that comes naturally Spiritual fortitude that triumphs over evil Exerting mental selfcontrol Superficial values Strengthening

"Seed" depicts a small genotype becoming a large phenotype, indicative of a substantial return on an investment.

2 Cor 10:2

1 6

One's pattern of living is archetypically depicted as a journey, and "flesh" represents one's natural or physical drives. Thus the whole metaphor refers to a way of life in which one's physical drives are the sole motivation.

2 Cor 10:4

1 1

B Weapons of B our warfare... pulling down strongholds B Bringing every thought into captivity

The metaphor of war is repeatedly used for the conflict between righteousness and sin that the Christian experiences. War connotes danger, expense, effort, and time.

2 Cor 10:5

The captivity metaphor suggests a limitation of space-binding (animal level analogue).

2 Cor 10:7

B Outward appearance B Edification B Weighty and powerful Compare ourselves... measuring themselves

The inner/outer relationship is a spatial metaphor for the apparent versus the true. The metaphor of edification suggests building a structure.

2 Cor 10:7 2 Cor 10:10 2 Cor 10:12

Authoritative The heavy-light continuum depicts degrees of emphasis or believability. Being envious Comparison implies evaluating according to size, which is symbolic of greater importance.

2 Cor 10:13

B Within the limits of the sphere which God appointed us

Within our range of responsibility

A sphere is a real or imaginary region of influence or responsibility, derived from the orbit of a planet or other heavenly body.

CM. fc l-Franework 2-docfcwort 3-Tbermo*tat 4-Cell S-Plant 6-Animal 7-Human (M. 1 A-Direct Simile B-Flgure of *peech C-Implkd in Structure of Thought C*L * Vehicle (icripture, image) Cl. S> Tenor (referent) C*L * Anatytii of ground* of cooipuuon

108
2 Cor 10:14 1
B Not extending ourselves beyond our sphere Keeping to our own business

2 CORINTHIANS

Bible Metaphors

Continuing the metaphor introduced above, Paul suggests that if people would attend to their own domain of responsibility, they would have no time to be envious of others. This is a spatial metaphor signifying what does not concern the individual addressed. Increase in one factor acts as a governor on the other. The framework metaphor of increasing in size depicts becoming successful.

2 Cor 10:15
2 Cor 10:15

A Things beyond measure

Others' responsibility Your success is our success

3 C As your faith 1 B is increased, we shall be enlarged 1

2 Cor 10:16

Not to boast in another man's sphere Bear with me in a little folly A chaste virgin Serpent

Minding one's own business Tolerate my vanity Morally upright congregation Satan Subsidized from other churches Trouble Prevent

The "sphere of accomplishment" is an imaginary territory.

2 Cor 11:1

Folly is depicted as having weight.

2 Cor 11:2

The human relationship of marriage depicts the spiritual relationship of Christ to the Church. Satan is depicted as a serpent, having the serpent-like characteristics of sneakiness and subtlety. Paul illustrates the unfairness of taking aid from people already poor when those more able to help are not doing so. Weight is used to depict trouble or annoyance. The act of cutting implies a tangible object or material representing opportunity. Dark and light are emblematic of falsehood and truth.

2 Cor 11:3

2 Cor 11:8

B Robbed other churches B Burden

2 Cor 11:9
2 Cor 11:12

1
1

B Cut off the opportunity from

B Transforms... into an angel of light

2 Cor 11:14

Deceives people

2 Cor 11:16
2 Cor 11:19
2 Cor 11:22

6 3
3
5

B Receive me as C a fool C You are wise C Seed of Abraham

Humor me a little You think you are wise Abraham's progeny Dreaming or awake Constant irritant Mentally harass Spiritual gain is produced by trials

There is a paradoxical tension in that Paul wants to speak ironically; a fool speaking the truth would create tension. Paul creates an equilibrium by externalizing what they are inwardly. The plant image is used. The sensory experiences were so real that Paul could not tell whether it was real or imaginary. A thorn is a plant appendage. An implement of abrasion represents Satan's wrath. Weakness and strength are dimensions of muscular tone. The paradoxical tension (an increase in one leads to an increase in the other) produces equilibrium.

2 Cor 12:2

B In the body or out of the body B Thorn in the flesh B Buffet

2 Cor 12:7 2 Cor 12:7

5 1

2 Cor 12:9-10 6 3

B Strength is C made perfect in weakness...

C*I. It l-Framewort 2-Clockworfc J-Tbennouat 4-Cdl 5-Plant 6- Animal 7-Hum*n C*L 3t A-Direct Simile B-Figure of speech C-IraplW in Structure of Thought C*L 4 Vehicle (Mripture, image) Cl. Si Tenor (referent) CM. fc Anafyiii of ground* of comparuon

Bible Metaphors
2 Cor 12:11 3 C Nothing

2 CORINTHIANS
Regarded as worthless Troublesome [Paradoxical tension] Paul defends his accomplishments by appealing to/From humility.

109

2 Cor 12:14 2 Cor 12:15

1 3

B Burdensome C More I love you, the less I am loved B I did not burden you

The image depicts the nuisance of carrying around a large weight. An increase in one factor should bring about an increase in the other, but the opposite has happened, leading to disequilibrium.

2 Cor 12:16

I did not require undue responsibility Used subterfuge Become unified

The image suggests loading one down with a weight.

2 Cor 12:16

B Caught you with guile B Walk in the B same spirit...

The act of catching suggests the animal metaphor of hunting.

2 Cor 12:18

6 1

Walking in the same steps depicts a journey in which one person carefully traces the steps of anothersignifying the unity of doctrine and behavior between Paul and Titus. The image suggests a building under construction. There is paradoxical tension in that an increase in one factor leads to an increase in another.

2 Cor 12:19 2 Cor 13:4

1 3

Edification

Strengthening Sharing Christ's sufferings, we will also share His glory

C We also are weak with Him, but we shall live with Him by the power B Examine yourselves B Use sharpness B Edification

2 Cor 13:5

Introspect

The image implies an area or space under scrutiny.

2 Cor 13:10 2 Cor 13:10

Be forceful Strengthening

The image is of a sharp knife, connoting incision and pain. "Edification" derives from a building process.

C* 1-Framework 2-Oockwort 3-Tbennatiai 4-Cell 5-Ptant 6-Animal 7-Human C*L ft A-Diwct Simile B-FigUre of ipeech C-Inplfed in Structure of Thought C*L * Vehicle (tcripture, image) C*L 5t Tenor (referent) Cl. fc Analyii* of grounds of companion

Bible Metaphors
Gal 1:4 3 C Gave Himself for our sins Makes our forgiveness possible Desired your repentance Mere human beings I was even slightly in error in my preaching Unconverted members.. .see if we were circumcised Limit our effectiveness Recognized as faithful

GALATTANS

111

The tension of being created in God's image yet being anathema to Him because of sins is reconciled through the homeostatic relationship between His sacrifice and our sin. The act of beckoning someone aloud is likened to the process by which an individual is selected and influenced by God to become a Christian. "Flesh and blood" is an elementalized metonymy for human beings that connotes their frailty in contrast to spirit reality. Paul compares his message to a race he would definitely win; his only chance of losing would be to run on the wrong track.

Gal 1:6

Called you

Gal 1:16

B Flesh blood B

and

Gal 2:2

By any means 1 had run.. .in vain

Gal 2:4

B False brethren ...spy out our liberty

Since Paul preached that Gentiles were "liberated" from the obligation of circumcision, others wished to makes sure he was really Jewish before they allowed him into their fellowship.

Gal 2:4

Bring us into bondage

False doctrines are pictured as fetters that restrain Paul and other ministers from freely preaching the Gospel. The structural metaphor connotes how each was emotionally and spiritually "supportive" to others as well forming a reliable and integral part of the organization of the Church. Justification suggests a process of straightening something crooked or bent and is meant to typify the process by which someone is mad righteous according to God's standard.

Gal 2:9

B Seemed to be pillars

Gal 2:16

Justified by faith in Christ

Reconciled to God because of t r u s t i n g Christ If I rely on a ritualistic observanceof the law now that I am a Christian I was baptized

Gal 2:18

If I build again those things I destroyed

Paul compares the encrustation of traditions and rituals upon the old covenant to an edifice that people take shelter in and abide in. The process of either building or destroying are metaphors for whether Paul demands or dismisses tradition in his evangelizing.

Gal 2:19

B Through the law died to the law that I might live to God I have been crucified with Christ... Those who are of faith are sons of Abraham

Baptism is a symbolic act that typifies the death required by law in order to be free of the obligations of the old covenant. Elliptically, Paul is saying "I met the requirements of the law regarding the death it requires in order to enter into a new covenant with God." The allusion is to both the marriage law and death penalty (Rom 7:4). Paul graphically portrays baptism and conversion as his being nailed to the cross next to Christ and then having Christ's spirit essence reanimate the corpse. Faith is spoken of as an inherited trait that proves the genotype/phenotype relationship between the believer and Abraham. Paul sees Abraham as the first Christian, the pioneer or "founding father" of all. The ellipsis of "are of faith" is "have righteousnessAhe Spirit by means of faith" (v.2). Abraham becomes a spatial construct within which the gentiles can receive God's gift to them. This is symbolic of both the precedent he set in believing God without qualification and in his physical lineage that would result in Christ. The curse is portrayed as an object hanging over people. The language is highly elliptic with the ellipses to be supplied by preceding grammatical parallels. The sense would be, "For all, who are [seeking righteousnessAhe Spirit] by [means of] lawful actions, have [only the law's promise of] death." The Holy Spirit was never promised in the old covenant (3:2).

Gal 2:20

I am now a Christian

Gal 3:7

Being Israelite is a matter of conviction, not birth Salvation for all will be your legacy

Gal 3:8

B In you all nations will be blessed

Gal 3:10

The works of the law are under the curse

Death is the only promise of the law, not the Spirit

C*J. fc l-Frameworfc 2-Oockwork 3-Tbennacut 4-Cdl 5-P1ant 6-AnimaJ 7-Human C*L * A-Direct Simile B-Figure of speech C-Implied in Structure of Thought C*L 4 Vehicle (scripture. Image) C*l. K Tenor (referent) Cd. * AnaJyiit of ground* of compariMxi

112
Gal 3:13 7 3 B Christ has C redeemed us from the curse of the law having become a curse for us B I speak in the m a n n e r of men The indignity Christ suffered ended our obligation to experience it

GALATIANS

Bible Metaphors

The metaphorical concept of buying back something sold is invoked to suggest how Christ's death was worth more than our sin and shame which it "pays" for.

Gal 3:15

I'm speaking metaphorically

Paul interjects into his discourse the proviso that he is speaking about transcendent spiritual realities in mundane legal terms, but the sense is also that he speaking about what accords with common human practice and experience. The seed is metonymous for the end product of ontogeny. Scripture is personified as a prison-ward who keeps people locked in a cell. This typifies the addictive nature of sin and shows how no one escapes being "thrown in" though some may be released.

Gal 3:16,19 Gal 3:22

4 1

Seed

Christ We read in the Bible that all humans sin

B But the Scripture has confined all under sin A Kept under guard

Gal 3:23

Preserved

Paul uses his pronouns carefully, and "we" refers to the Jews to whom an d through whom was preserved the "Law," a way of worshipping God that helped maintain a national identity from which was to come the Messiah, who would bring "faith," a new way of worshipping and relating to God. The process of striving to live in accordance with the Law is personified as a pedagogue. The point of the metaphor is not that ones dismisses everything inculcated by the tutor when mature, but rather that one becomes responsible for maturely pursuing there own further education. "You" is now meant to be inclusive of Gentiles in his reading audience. He is saying even those who did not have the benefit of the Law's tutorage can still enter into the new covenant (using an anthropomorphic family relationship metaphor) by means of faith.

Gal 3:24

A The law was our tutor to

Living the law mentally readied us for

Gal 3:26

A You are all sons of God

Gentiles can now have a covenant relationship with God Have become Christians

Gal 3:27

1 2

B Have put on C Christ

The repentance/baptism/conversion process that yields a life embodying the principles by which Christ lived is compared in a clockwork fashion to the motion of putting on Christ as though he were an outer garment. Paul was not promoting androgyny or slave revolts. Artificial social, ethnic and gender stratification, which would still exist in society, would not apply when Christians came together to worship God. This was revolutionary compared to synagogue worship in which Hellenists and Hebrew, women and men were physically separated during services. Christians are compared to Abraham's gamete. See 3:7.

Gal 3:28

1 7

C There is B neither Jew nor Greek...

We worship God unitedly

Gal 3:29

A Abraham's seed B The heir...a child...slave ...lord of all

Truly Israelite

Gal 4:1

Israel...keeping the former covenant,..the Gentiles...all the promises of blessing Learns from the laws of the old covenant until the Messiah comes Still only human

Paul points out in a complex metaphor that the theoretical advantage that a natural-born Israelite has over a Gentile rests on the promises to Abraham and is not realized in keeping the law. Until Christ brings a relationship built on faith and the power of the Holy Spirit, both Jew and Gentile have the same chances of achieving salvation: none.

Gal 4:2

Is under tutors and governors until the time appointed

Israel does have the benefit of keeping God-ordained laws [as the father picks out the best tutors] that are superior to any Gentile system [just as slaves receive no education]. The "time appointed" alludes to the time of the Messiah, who would bring an even better covenant (Gen 49:10).

Gal 4:3

In bondage under the elements...

The elements of the world, out of which all physical thing were composed, were thought to be earth, wind, water and fire. "Even with the benefit of God's law ['children,' cp. 4:1], we were still as physical as the Gentiles."

OL a l-Framework 2-Clockwort 3-TbenncwUt 4-Cell 5-Plant 6-Animal 7-Human C*L i A-Dlrect Simile B-Figure of ipeech C-Impttod io Structure of Thought C*L 4 Vehicle (tcripture, image) C*L 5s Tenor (referent) C*L it Analyita of ground* of comparison

Bible Metaphors
Gal 4:4

GALATIANS
When the fullness of time had come ...under the law As the next phase of God's plan began... obliged to live in accordance with the law To afford Jews an opportunity for salvation

113

The clockwork aspect of time is pictured as filling up a space to its capacity. It was an idiom for the end of one age and the beginning of another, obviously parallel to the appointed time (v.2). The Messianic age, in so far as the new covenant it would bring was concerned, had already begun for Paul, although he still awaited a later fullness of God's kingdom. Obligation is pictured as spatial relationship underneath what one is obliged to do. As when Paul spoke of "grafting in again" (Rom 11:23), Paul uses the adoption metaphor to suggest that all, Jew and Gentile alike, have to undergo the conversion process and become Christian if they hope to become glorified in a spirit-resurrection. Paul is again emphasizing that being an Israelite and an heir to the promises of Abraham is a spiritual state, not a biological or ethnic one. The heart is a container for the substantialized Spirit, picturing the allpermeating influence of Christ's Spirit (his essence and attitude) in the realization of every motive of the individual, traditionally thought of as emanating from the heart. Paul's usage of pronouns indicates a switch from Jewish to Gentile concerns. Parallel to his understanding concerning Israel, Paul considers being a Gentile not a matter of biology or ethnicity, but simply a state of being without God. This elementalized analogy is parallel to "them which by nature are no-gods" in verse 8, the idols which the Gentiles served which were physical, crafted out of the four elements (v.3). Psychological discomfort is portrayed as physical damage and pain. Paul uses a simile to express how seriously the Galatians took him, contrasting how he might have been treated based on physical appearance alone. When we say today "I would give my right arm for you," we are expressing such a desire to do all we can to help the individual in their plight.

Gal 4:5

7 1

B That we might B receive the adoption...

Gal 4:6

B Sent forth the Spirit of His Son into your hearts

7 A A slave, but a

Let Christ inspire your every word, thought, feeling and action Gentile, but an "Israelite"... awaiting the full receipt of God's nature
Powerless idols

Gal 4:7

son,..heir of God

Gal 4:9

Weak and beggarly elements

Gal 4:12

B You have not injured me 8 A As an angel of God, even as Christ

B You would

I never took offense With great respect and attentiveness You had great empathy for me I am writing to give you a new start towards Christian maturity Subject to Realize how the law applies [Herodian and Priesthood controversies]

Gal 4:14

Gal 4:15

have plucked out your own eyes...

Gal 4:19
7 A

My little children for whom I labor in birth again until Christ is formed in you

Paul portrays himself as a mother giving birth to the same child again and hoping for a belter turn-out.

Gal 4:21 Gal 4:21

1 6

B Under B Hear the law

See 4:4. A cognitive function is expressed in terms of the related sensory one. The ellipsis seems to make the law speak, when the sense is "understand the Torah when it is being read to you" (cf Acts 15:21). Paul intimates that the Judaizers in Galatia are conspirators with the Herodians [the son of the bondwoman, v.23, "born of the flesh"=Ishmael, v.29, from whom the Arab Herodian line was descended], who politically influence the Priesthood ["Jerusalem which is now," v.25], and who are aligned with the Romans [who keep them "in bondage with her children," v.25] . The Mosaic covenant, confirmed on Mt. Sinai in "Arabia," v.25, could be corrupted, in contrast to the Abrahamic covenant, confirmed in Jerusalem, v.26 (Gen 22), which passed only through Isaac and only

Gal 4:22-31

[The allegory of the two

covenants]

C*L t 1-Framework tCJockwort 3-Tbermwat 4-Cdl 5-Plant 6-Aninul 7-Human CM. i A-Dired Simile B-Figure of ipeech C-lmptied in Structure of Thought C*L * Vehicle (tcripture, image) C*L Si Tenor (referent) C*L 6 Analym of ground! of compari*on

114

GALATIANS

Bible Metaphors

applies to true Israelites, not those who have corrupted themselves through politics and irreligion. Hence, as in v.29, only "children of the bondwoman" are obligated to the old covenant, while true Israelites, born of the freewoman, are only obligated to the Abrahamic covenant. Compare Rom 9:6-13. Gal 5:1 1 B Be entangled with the yoke of bondage B A debtor Struggle with what you do not have to Obligated Paul compares the old covenant to a "yoke of bondage," in implicit contrast to the new covenant's yoke of liberty (Matt 11:29-30).

Gal 5:3

Being a party to the covenant is pictured as a person unable to pay an outstanding loan. The image of [ailing is the breakdown of an implicit clockwork metaphor, with grace becoming an hyposlatized locale. Paul uses one of his favorite metaphors to picture a Christian's lifelong g oal of improving their relationship with God day by day.

Gal 5:4

Fallen from grace You ran well

Defeated God's mercy You were maturing in Christianity Major spiritual problems begin small Offend. ..find all of yourselves disfellowshipped

Gal 5:7

Gal 5:9

A little leaven leavens the whole lump

Paul refers to the Judaizers as planting small "spores" of dissension and doubt in the congregation through their conversation rather than attempting to lake it over from the pulpit. A tongue-in-cheek metaphor with serious connotations.

Gal 5:15

B Bite and devour... consumed

Gal 5:16

7 1

B Walk in the B Spirit, and you shall not fulfill the lusts of the flesh

Concentrate on God's will, and you won't be so easily tempted by your own Christian, you don't incur the death penalty

The Spirit is reified as a space in which the Christian walks, a metaphor for the realization of a person's motives. Likewise, the person is metonymousty "the flesh" that has its own "lusts," which have a capacity to be Tilled."

Gal 5:18

Led by the Spirit, you are not under the law Fruits

The influence of God's Spirit on our thoughts, feelings and actions is typified as someone who guides an animal; the idiomatic ellipsis "under the law" means "under the penally required for breaking the law."

Gal 5:22

Benefits; evidence Gal 5:24 7 B Have crucified the flesh If we live in the Spirit let us also walk in the spirit

A plant analogue implying that the influence of God's power in someone's life is seen as the end result of a long process of cultivating and nurturing on God's part; the fruit in turn benefits and sustains others. The cessation of a mode of behavior in contradistinction to Christianity is typified as the crucifixion of a criminal. See 5:16.

Can no longer live sinfully If God is the source of our lives, let us live Godly lives Help one another in times of trials Every action has its consequence

Gal 5:25

Gal 6:2

B Bear one another's burdens B Whatever a B man sows, so shall he reap

The image of a beast of burden laboring for the owner typifies the active approach we are to take in ministering to one another's physical, emotional and spiritual needs. A behavior or mode of behavior is seen as a cell capable of multiplying and specializing in a predictable way, yielding a crop or ultimate effect.

Gal 6:7

4 5

CM. 3b l-Prameworfc 2-Oocbvorfc 3-Tbennouat 4-Cdl 5-Plant 6- Animal 7-Human C*L 4 A-Direct Simile B-Figure of ipeech C-Implied in Structure of Thought CM. * Vehicle (icripture, image) C*l A Tenor (referent) C*L ft Analyiii of ground* of companion

Bible Metaphors
Gal 6:9 2 5 B In due time we B shall reap When Christ returns, we will be resurrected I am separated from my former way of life Change their way of life after reading this letter

GALATIANS

115

Paul anticipates the plant analogue that he will develop in 1 Corinthians 15.

Gal 6:14

B Hie world has been crucified to me and I to the world B Walk B according this rule

The world [the cares and concerns of non-Christian humanity] is personified as someone having undergone crucifixion, just as Paul already symbolically has; the death is inevitable in either case, but the results are "worlds apart."

Gal 6:16

6 1

to

The "rule" is the letter carrying apostolic authority whose reading should bring about a change according the precepts it contains, pictured as a road upon which the Christian walks.

C*l. it 1-FranKworfc 2-Oockwock 3-ThermouaI 4<*0 5-Plant 6-Aniraal 7-Human C.L 3t A-Direct Simile B-Figure of speech C-Iroplkd In Structure of Thought CL + Vehicle (scripture, image) OL 5t Tenor (referent) C*L fc Analyst* of grounds of comparison

Bible Metaphors
Eph 1:4 1 B Before the foundations of the world B Adoption as sons Before time began

EPHESIANS

117

The inception of the creation of the cosmos is compared to the work involved in erecting a building, beginning with the foundation.

Eph 1:5

A glorified resurrection

The resurrection as spirit beings is compared to the Roman adoption process by which the adopted renounces all former ties and is granted all the rights and responsibilities of a natural-born heir. Compare Rom 8:17. There is both a present and future aspect to this image. The Greek term is "bring to a head" in the sense of "sum up." The image of the "head" and the spatial contrast of heaven and earth represent the completeness with which Christ will unify and embody all of creation.

Eph 1:10

Gather together all things in Christ, both in heaven and on earth

Make Christ the epitome of every spiritual and physical thing

Eph 1:13

B Sealed with the Holy Spirit A Guarantee... inheritance... redemption of purchased possession

Guaranteed by God's power Holy Spirit... glorification... resurrection of

The image of a signet making an impression on a wax seal was a symbol of the guarantee to the bearer of the document of authenticity. It is the Holy Spirit that is identified with the "deposit" or pledge of the nature that we will "inherit" or become. The resurrection is pictured as God buying us back from a pawnshop.

Eph 1:14

God's saints
Now that you understand The "understanding" is pictured as creature with its own eyes that, according to the popular understanding of the time, are their own source of light with which to see. God grants the reified understanding an internal and divine "light." The anthropomorphic image of enthronement contains Christ statically within a throne room, which in turn symbolizes his position of favor and parity with God. "Above" connotes the dominance/dependence relationship in terms of a spatial relationship. The image of "under the feet" is an ancient Middle Eastern one, where the conquered were literally trodden upon by the victors in war. The hierarchical "head" position connotes not only power over but also responsibility for the church.

Eph 1:18

B The eyes of your understanding being enlightened

Eph 1:20-21

7 1

B Set Him on his Deified Him... B own right hand superior to all ...above all

Eph 1:22

B All things under his feet ...head over all things to the church

Christ to be responsible for the cosmos... ultimately responsible for the Church The physical manifestation of Christ's spiritual influence Behaved like any Godless person...Satan ...rebellious people

Eph 1:23

A Body

Christ is the "head" in an animal metaphor as well as well as a hierarchical one, so that church forms the rest of the animal's body. This "body" is then equated with the "fullness of Him," or Christ's perfection.

Eph 2:2

1 7

B Walked B according to the course of this worldprince of the power of the air.. .children of disobedience

"Worid" is a reference to Gentiles who neither know nor are influenced by the true God. The "course," a static image, is actualized by the walking metaphor, an idiom for how one lives their life. Satan is pictured as ruler whose realm is the air, a pun which subtly suggests both how insubstantial his power is (cp. 1 Cor 9:26 and 14:9) and how his influence is spiritual [alluding to the Jewish tradition that since God did not specifically bless the atmosphere (Gen 1:7-8), he left it to be the habitat of demons]. "Sons of is a Semitic idiom for "people of a sort," the qualifying noun to be understood as an adjective. The same idiom is combined with an ellipsis that seems to personify wrath as a father, but actually refers to God's wrath in terms of judgement for wrongdoing.

Eph 2:3

Children wrath

of

Deserving of penalty

Cal. fc 1-Framework I-Oockwxt 3-ThemK*tat 4-Cell 5-Plant 6-Animal 7-Human C*L i A-Dircct Simile B-Flguce of ipeecb C-Imptied in Structure of Thought C*L 4 Vehicle (rapture, image) C*L S> Tenor (referent) C*L Ct Analyito of ground* of companion

118
Eph 2:5 6 B When we were dead in made us alive Eph 2:10 1 B His workmanship What He devotes His attention to Forgave and Justified us

EPHESIANS

Bible Metaphors

The sense is "as good as dead; awaiting execution, with no rational hope of pardon."

The way in which a craftsmen works with the object of his craft, painstakingly bringing it to the ultimate expression of his own artistry and the object's potential, serves as a metaphor for how devoted God is to our Christianity. Walking within the spatial construct of "good works" is an idiom for a mode a behavior representative of a godly motivation. The metonymous reference to the foreskin is a figure for the entire populace estranged from God by virtue of not having made a covenant with Him. See Rom 2:26. Spatial relationships are representative of relative intimacy with the creator, while an ellipsis combined with a synecdoche refer to the individual's involvement in the conversion process through accepting Christ as their personal savior. For "blood," see Rom 3:25.

Eph 2:10 Eph 2:11

1 7 7

B Walk in them B B Circumcision, undrcumcision

Behave accordingly Gentiles..Jews

Eph 2:13

Far off are made near by the blood of Christ

Unconverted are now Christians as a result of acknowledging Jesus' life and death for their sake His reconciled the fellowship of Jews and Gentiles His life and death brought to an end... start a new unified church

Eph 2:14

Has broken down the middle wall of partition 7 1 B Abolished in B His flesh... create in Himself one new man

Paul refers to the separate court of the Gentiles that existed in Herod's temple (not originally a part of the temple plans) and which was copied in synagogue design; it was symbolic of the artificial division that had existed prior to Christianity. A dense metaphor that changes from the previous structural one to a mixed human one. The flesh is, as was the blood, metonymous for his entire human mission, while the "new man" metaphor refers back to 1:22-23, indicating that Gentiles are not merely brought to Jewish fellowship, but that both are brought to an entirely new Christian one. The qualities of an intimate relationship are expressed in terms of spatial ones, with Christ becoming a corridor, at the end of which is the door [Holy Spirit] to the Father's throne room. Paul, as he had done in Galatians, uses pronouns to differentiate the subjects under discussion; the "we" refers back to Jews and Gentiles. See Gal 3:23 and 26.

Eph 2:15

Eph 2:18

B Through Him Now that we we both have have a access by one relationship Spirit to the with Christ, we Father can have a relationship the Father in spiritual unity B Built on the foundation of the apostles and prophets... a habitation of God through the Spirit B Prisoner of Jesus Christ The result of Christ-inspired preaching, which is still converting others to the Church A political prisoner as a result of my preaching Christ's gospel "Israelites"

Eph 2:20

The building metaphor applied to Gentile converts refers to their being "grounded" on the fundamental truths as revealed by the Apostles and Prophets. The process orientation of the underlying thought is conveyed in the metaphor that this temple is still being built and still "growing" [a mixed plant analogue]. The sense of the structural image of God's habitation is that of a spiritual fellowship with the Father. An ellipsis makes Christ Paul's prison warden rather than the cause of his arrest.

Eph 3:1

Eph 3:6

Of the same body

The interdependency and unified efficiency of the different parts of the human body represent this new state of fellowship within the church and new status for Gentiles as heirs of the promises of Abraham.

CL i 1-Fraraework 2-dockwork 3-TberraoMat 4-GeU S-Plant 6-Animal 7-Human CM. 3: A-Direct Simile B-Figure of speech C-[mplied in Structure of Thought C*L 4 Vehicle (rapture, image) CM. 3: Tenor (referent) CM. & Analyiii of ground* of comparteon

Bible Metaphors
Eph 3:8 Unsearchable riches of Christ Transcendent nature of the Gospel

EPHESIANS

119

Paul switches to a discussion of the "secret" which his preaching has made open concerning God's plan of salvation for all through Christ. The aspects of this message that escape reduction into mere words are thought of as endless accumulations of material wealth. The mystery is reified into an object that can be hidden "in" God, who is described in terms of a spatial construct,

Eph 3:9

Mystery... hidden in God

Plan which God privately intended from the start All spiritual and physical creation exists

Eph 3:15

The whole family in heaven and earth is named

Christ's role in the creation (v.9) is spoken of in terms of him being its "father," and the manifestation and perpetuation of this creation is spoken of as deriving its name or title from Him.

Eph 3:16

1
7

B Strengthened B with might through His Spirit in the inner man

Encouraged by Christ

The abstract process and state of conviction is usually expressed in spatial terms such as "deeply encouraged" or having the "inner resources" to endure. The inner man stands in contrast to the facade of strength that we can create for ourselves. The source of true conviction is Christ, or His "Spirit" essence, mind and attitude; He is identified with His Spirit by the parallelism of this verse with verse 17. The heart is depicted is a residence in which Christ can live, symbolizing the intent of the person, which must be influenced by Christ.

Eph 3:17

7 B Dwell in your 1 B heart

1

Be your motive for everything Every quality involved

Eph 3:18

B The width and

length [etc.]

Dimensional characteristics are used to convey the multivalent qualities of Christ's love; through the Holy Spirit, we come to a complete apprehension of its obvious and subtle qualities, including those that escape linguistic description. God is reified into a substance that can fill a metaphorical space within the Christian, symbolizing the complete and all-pervasive influence He has in their life. See 1:23.

Eph 3:19

Filled with the fullness of

God
Eph 4:4 7 B One body

Embodying God's righteousness A unified church Extradimensional and transdimensional Been greatly honored

Eph 4:6

Above all, and through all

Paul uses three-dimensional spatial characteristics to describe not merely God's transcendence, but also His omnipresence at every level of reality.

Eph 4:8

Ascended on high

Paul uses a passage (Ps 68:18) to describe Christ's exaltation and glorification after being freed from the "bonds" of mortality by His resurrection.

Eph 4:9-10

Descended... ascended...fill all things

Died...was resurrected... have complete control of all creation Christians

The descent is slightly ambiguous and may refer to either His incarnation in the flesh (as John 1:18), the time during which he was death and in the "heart of the earth" (Matt 12:40) or, with a Hebraic sense of dual meaning, both. See 1:23. The parallelism in this verse identifies the saints with the body of Christ. In a series of statements that show what a member of the church is to be "growing" towards, Paul parallels the concepts of "unity of the faith," "knowledge of the Son," and "speaking the truth and love" with "the stature and fullness of Christ" and growing "up in all things." The metaphor is twotiered, comparing one anthropomorphic characteristic of Christ with the intangible aspect of Christ's character that a Christian has to emulate.

Eph 4:12

B Body of Christ

Eph 4:13

Stature of the fullness and Christ

Perfectly Christian

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120
Eph 4:14 7 1 6 B Children... B tossed...carried B ...lie in wait Unlearned... persuaded... avoid suspicion yet still be ready Be Christian Church

EPHESIANS

Bible Metaphors

Relative physical maturity is used to express an experiential and spiritual understanding. The persuasiveness of false doctrine is spoken of as the effect the wind has on small, light objects. Dissidents are spoken of as animals that prey on the weak and sick of the herd and hide behind the cover of craftiness. See 4:13. Growth and differentiation at the lowest level is a plant analogy. See 1:23. Paul develops his primary analogy by stressing the interrelatedness and interdependence of each unit. Futility is reified as a road that can be walked upon, incorporating a spacebinding [animal] metaphor, symbolic of motives and actions.

Eph 4:15 Eph 4:16

5 7

B Grow...in Him B Body

Eph 4:17

1 6

B Walk...in the B futility of their mind B Was darkened ...the hardening of their hearts A Old man

Exist without a reason for being Did not allow for God...their cynicism

Eph 4:18

Darkness is metaphor for the absence of the knowledge or acknowledgment of God existence and authority on all matters. On "hardness,'' see Mark 3:5.

Eph 4:22

Former behavior

A mixed metaphor that compares pre-conversion life with an "old man" and repentance with a process of taking off this man, as though he were an article of clothing. A process of refurbishing is applied to the spiritual aspect of the cognitive man.

Eph 4:23

B Be renewed in the spirit of your mind B Put on new man the

Adopt a new attitude

Eph 4:24

Realize your Christian potential We are important to one another Go to bed still angry

The antithesis of the imagery of verse 22, Paul assumes in this verse that his audience is already Christian but need the outward manifestation, and thus the image of "putting on" the apparel of the "new man." Paul again uses the human body as an analogy for the harmony and accord that should characterize the church,

Eph 4:25

B Members one of another

Eph 4:26

B Let the sun go down on your wrath B Give place to the devil B Grieve the Holy Spirit

Anger becomes the horizon upon which the sun sets in cyclical fashion, pointing out that anger can become habitual and addictive without a conscious effort on the part of the individual. Paul carries forward the concept of the anger and turns it into a place within us to which Satan can metaphorically gain entrance. The anthropomorphic ascription of emotions to God's Spirit depicts the result of certain actions which "strain" one's relationship with God, and in effect, belie one's conversion. See Rom 15:28 and 8:23.

Eph 4:27

Allow Satanic influence Deny God's influence

Eph 4:30

Eph 4:30

B Sealed for the day of redemption B Let all-..be put away B Be followers of God as dear children.

Guaranteed resurrection

Eph 4:31 Eph 5:1

1 7

Cease sinful behavior Let your Christianity be manifest as godly living Love

Various mode of self-destructive behavior are elementalized as substances which can be "put away." "Following" is a figure for living a life in accordance with the standards set by an outside agency. "Children" is typical of one's intimate relationship with God. The active aspect of love becomes, periphrastically, the prepositional object of one's walk.

Eph 5:2

B Walk in love

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Bible Metaphors
Eph 5:2

EPHESIANS
Allowed Himself to be crucified for God's purpose

121

6 7

B Given Himself B for.. .a sacrifice to God for a sweet-smelling aroma B Sons of disobedience B Darkness... B light B Fruit of the Spirit B Fellowship with the unfruitful works of darkness B Awake, you who sleep B Walk circumspectly B Be filled with the Spirit

The crucifixion is compared to the tevitical sacrificial system which was anthropomorphically described as giving God olfactory pleasure; this was symbolic of God's acceptance of the sacrifice towards its prescribed end (Lev 1:9, ct al).

Eph 5:6

Immoral people Evil... righteousness Proof of God's influence Get involved in a pointless and sinful lifestyle Be resurrected

See 2:2-3. Light symbolizes what is good according to God's judgement, while the absence of lights equates with the antithesis, evil. For "children," see 2:2. This plant analogy exemplifies how the outward manifestation is a result of an internal, unseen process. The sense of a vapid existence is conveyed through the image of a barren tree (cp. Jude 12), which is then personified as something we can fellowship with.

Eph 5:8

1 7 5

Eph 5:9

Eph 5:11

Eph 5:14

The metaphor of sleep is immediately paralleled with death in this verse. The concept of "watching where you are going" is a symbol for the whole conduct of a Christian, which should be exemplary. Being "filled" with the Spirit contrasts being filled with "spirits." As a drunk may desire the effects of the latter, Christians should strive for the influence of the former. The image of cleansing is similar to the concept of the bride prepared (2 Cor 11:2; Rev 19:7, 21:2). The "word" is somewhat ambiguous in this context and may refer to Christ being "true to his word" or to the word of testimony/confession of the one being cleansed. The images alluded to are mixed and implicitly compare the church to a bride as welt as to an animal sacrifice that has met God's criteria. Flesh is a synecdoche for the entire man. A depiction of a metaphorical body suggests the diversity and unity of the Church. There are many symbolic levels of meaning to this phrase, the sexual being most obvious, but in the context of Christ and the Church at His return, the figure of speech becomes an allegory for the unity and singleness of purpose that will characterize the relationship. The servant is asked to compare his physical master to Christ in terms of his attitude. A warfare analogy is used to show the initiative required to overcome spiritual problems and to remain committed to one's conversion. Paul develops the warfare analogy by elementalizing aspects of a Christian's life and spiritual resources. The imagery is mostly from the Hebrew Bible: belt, Isa 11:5; breastplate, Isa 59:17; shoes, Isa 52:7; shield, Psa 94:1; helmet, Isa 59:17; sword, Is 49:2 (cp. 11:4).

Eph 5:15

7 1

Behave prudently Be zealous for righteousness

Eph 5:18

Eph 5:26

B Sanctify and cleanse it by the washing of water by the word C Without spot C or blemish
B His flesh

Perfect it according to His promise

Eph 5:27

6 7
7

Acceptable to God Himself The church Have sexual intercourse

Eph 5:29 Eph 5:30

B His body

Eph 5:31

1 7

C Become C flesh

one

Eph 6:5-9

8
1

A As unto Christ
B Put on the armor of God

Faithfully Utilize your spiritual resources Truth Righteousness Gospel Faith Salvation Spirit

Eph 6:11,13

Eph 6:11-17

A [Belt] Breastplate [Shoes] Shield Helmet Sword

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122
Eph 6:20 7 B An ambassador in chains Still trying to lead an exemplary and Christian life, even in prison

EPHESIANS

Bible Metaphors

Paul refers to his apostolic vocation in temporal political terminology that he has developed elsewhere (2 Cor 5:20). "Chains" is a metonymous reference to the state of imprisonment.

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Bible Metaphors
Phil 1:6 2 C Has begun a good workwill complete it B Have you in my heart B God is my witness Will ultimately "save" you

PHILIPPIANS

123

The spiritual nutrition process is envisioned as having a predictable, pendulum-like consistency and mechanistic regularity, elliptic of the actual trials and setbacks encountered, the emphasis then being on end product rather than process. The "heart" becomes an abode for Paul's memories of people, symbolic of an "abiding" affection that he has for them. God is anthropomorphically envisioned as taking the stand on Paul's behalf in an implicit courtroom setting. The bowels and the heart were thought of as the "seat" of emotion, and Paul is comparing the "depth" of his emotions to those Christ would feel by their symbolically being "in" the spatial reification of Christ's emotions. A Christian is pictured as a cornucopia or harvester's basket overflowing with produce; this in turn pictures the outward manifestation in words and actions of a spiritual and invisible process. "Chains" are metonymous for the state of imprisonment. These chains are to be found "in" Christ, signifying a causal relationship between his state and his association with Christ.

Phil 1:7

Think of you often It is the absolute truth With strong Christian affection With your lives obviously Christian to all I am a political prisoner as a result of being a Christian Grieve me more Spiritual encouragement Converts to Christianity Give me every reason to be happy Humbly incarnated as a human Title indicating His supremacy Godly people... immoral people

Phil 1:8

Phil 1:8

B In the bowels of Jesus Christ

Phil 1:11

1 5

B Being filled B with fruits of righteousness B My chains are in Christ

Phil 1:13

Phil 1:16

B Add affliction to my chain B Supply of the C Spirit B Fruit from my labors Fulfill my joy

Affliction is pictured as an additional weight on his physical and metaphorical chains. The Spirit is reified as a "supply" that offers the sustenance or throughput necessary for maintenance of proper functioning. Paul views his continued preaching of the Gospel as the work of a laborer in the fields, nurturing the crops so that it would yield an abundant harvest. Joy is implicitly a container for the reified emotion of which it is made.

Phil 1:19

1 4 5

Phil 1:22

Phil 2:2

Phil 2:7

A Taking the form of a servant B Name above every name B Children of B God-crooked and perverse generation B Shine as lights in the world

The status of a slave is considered analogous to the antithesis (limitation, etc.) of freedom that Christ knew as a human.

Phil 2:9

The "above/below" spatial relationship dominance/dependance relationship.

is

indicative

of

Phil 2:15

7 1

Paul offers a metaphorical contrast similar to that of I John 3:10. The framework analogy of "crooked" represents a deviation from a righteous norm, as in the modern vernacular.

Phil 2:15

Your example convicts the ungodly Letting the Gospel have a real and apparent effect on your life Preached effectively

The "light" penetrating the spatial construct of the "world" (in implicit darkness) exemplifies the effect a Christian's life can have on those around them, either drawing the repentant to their example or "highlighting" the shortcomings of the unrepentant. The ambiguity in the Greek allows "word" the dual meaning of something held up as a banner for others, and, alternatively, something to be held on to by the Christian.

Phil 2:16

B Holding forth the word of life

Phil 2:16

Not run in vain... worked in vain

Paul uses running as an analogy for his evangelistic ministry and the implicit goal of victory as an analogy for the result, the conversion of people.

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124
Phil 2:17 1 A Being poured out on the sacrifice and service of your faith A As a son with a father Exhausting myself encouraging your spirituality

PfflLIPPIANS

Bible Metaphors

Paul is highly elliptic and the image is "poured out, as if I were a drink offering, on the sacrificial altar of 'service,' which is serving your faith."

Phil 2:22

In an intimate working relationship

The image a father who teaches his son the family trade while the son tries hardily to impress his father with how well he is acquiring the skills, is reflective of the intimacy developed as a result of shared hardships and successes during Paul and Timothy's long hours of evangelizing. The act of preaching the Gospel is implicitly compared to waging a war an imge suggestive of danger and hardship.

Phil 2:25

B Brother... fellowsoldier

FellowChristian and evangelist Beware the "old covenant" faction Don't rely on human ability to keep the "old covenant" My priorities have changed by my becoming a Christian Empathy through experience of similar suffering Having my life and death affected by His death Overcome, live a godly life, and eventually be resurrected Live by the same Christian conviction

Phil 3:2

B Beware of dogs...the mutilation B Have no confidence in the flesh

Paul again refers elliptically and metonymically to "the mutilation [faction]," or those obsessed with circumcision as a sign of righteousness through the old covenant; he compares them to dangerous dogs. Paul, by use of an ellipsis, achieves a double meaning where "[circumcision of] the flesh" also refers melonymously to human nature.

Phil 3:3,4

Phil 3:7

B But what things were gain to me I counted loss B Fellowship of His sufferings

Paul uses an accounting analogy of assets and liabilities to explain that things considered important in one paradigm can become trivial or irrelevant when viewed from another.

Phil 3:10

The suffering takes on personified characteristics, as though it could provide companionship.

Phil 3:10

B Conformed to His death

The image of being continually pressed into a mold connotes both the ongoing process by which a Christian's present existence is affected by Christ's death and the possibility of their being martyred for their faith in that death. A Christian's life is compared to the last lap of a race, where the prize, a glorified existence in the resurrection, is coming into view.

Phil 3:12-14

1 7

B Press on... B press toward the goal for the prize B Walk by the same rule

Phil 3:16

Walking is the common metaphor for how one conducts one's entire life. The "same" can refer either to the degree of spiritual insight achieved by the specific individual or to the common denominator of Christian principle shared by all. The "cross" is metonymous for Christ's crucifixion; this image is typical of the larger context of His life, death, mission, and message. "Citizenship" is hyposlaiized as a substance that is found in the locale of heaven. The underlying concept of commitment to a divine cause, which in turn is recognized and accepted by God, parallels local political alignment and being subject to local laws. The parallel of the image developed in 3:10 is finally completed here, with the resurrection compared to a mold that a Christian is pressed into.

Phil 3:18 Phil 3:20

1 7

B Enemies of the cross of Christ B Citizenship is in heaven

Hostile to Christianity Loyalty is to God

Phil 3:21

B Be conformed to His glorious body

Experience a resurrection to a spirit-realm existence

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Bible Metaphors
Phil 4:1
Phil 4:1

PHILIPPIANS
My joy and crown Precious friends Be loyal to and derive spiritual strength from God Achieve a reconciliation worthy of Christians Who are committed Christians Maintain your mental health I am able to keep a proper perspective on life The spiritual benefits that come to you as a result of generosity

125

Paul refers to the congregation first as an abstract emotion and then as his victory wreath, alluding back to the "race" metaphor of 3:12-14. Standing is symbolic of establishing for oneself a firm ethical and spiritual conviction. God becomes a metaphorical locale within which a Christian takes his "stance."

7 1

B Stand in the B Lord

Phil 4:2

B Be of the same

mind in the Lord Phil 4:3 Whose names are in the Book of Life 6 B Guard your hearts and minds C I know how to be abased and how to abound B The fruit that abounds to your account

The prepositional aspect of "in" is again idiomatic for the Christian's relationships with the Lord, which defines who they are and how they must function. The image of two people sharing one mind signifies the unity of purpose achieved out of the implicit conflict of purpose. The image of a registry of people who live in the town (and therefore are recognized as citizens with all the attendant rights and responsibilities) derives from an ancient custom reflected in Old Testament usage (Ex 32:32, Ps 56:8, Dan 12:1). "Peace" contrasts the stressors of daily existence, while "heart" and "mind" are metonymous for the faculties associated with them. Physical experiences and circumstances are implicit agents of disequilibrium that should not, however, phase a Christian or cause them to be distracted from their goal (Matt 5:45). The end result (in this case beneficial) is idiomatically referred to as "fruit" that is credited to an account, mixing the previous accounting metaphor.

Phil 4:7

Phil 4:12

Phil 4:17

Phil 4:18

<S

A Sweet-smelling Material goods aroma, an that fulfill a acceptable spiritual need sacrifice

Paul invokes the imagery of the sacrificial system to show that gifts of the Philippians did not just meet his physical needs, but had a "higher" symbolic meaning that pleased God because they reflected a self-sacrificing attitude.

C*l. i l-Franiework 2-Clockwork 3-Toermouat 4-Cdl 5-Plant 6-Animal 7-Huoun CM. 3t A-Dircct Simile B-Flgure of ipeecfa C-lmplied in Structure of Thought CL * Vehicle (tcripuire, image) C*L Si Tenor (referent) C*L ft Analyfii of ground* of companion

Bible Metaphors
Col 1:5 1 B Laid up for you in heaven That will be realized at the resurrection Accomplishing positive results Comprehending God's plan Behave Christianly Consistently doing the right thing

COLOSSIANS
Heaven is pictured as a physical structure in which "hope" is stored.

127

Col 1:6

B Bringing forth fruit

Fruit metaphysically represents the positive results or consequences of Christian hope.

Col 1:9

B Filled with the knowledge of his will B You may have B a walk B Being fruitful in every good work worthy of the Lord

Christians are pictured as vessels or containers of godly knowledge.

Col 1:10

6 1 S

A Christian's conduct or behavior is metaphorically pictured as a walk.

Col 1:10

Fruitfulness depicts the results or outcome of good works,

Col 1:11

B Strengthened with all might B Partakers of the inheritance B In the light-power of darkness B We have redemption

Empowered

Strength suggests muscle tone.

Col 1:12

Receiving eternal life Righteousness ...evil

Inheritance is derived from the analogy of a human contract,

Col 1:12-13

Light becomes the emblem of righteousness. Darkness becomes the emblem of evil.

Col 1:14

We have been bought back

Redeeming or buying back converts is metaphorically compared to livestock or produce.

Col 1:15

B Firstborn over all creation B By Him all things...for Him C In Him all things consist

Preeminent

The physical state of primogeniture is applied to Christ.

Col 1:16-17

Hierarchical plan of creation All things are dependent on Him He is the decision maker Set the precedent of resurrection A divine life was an appropriate compensation for the penalty of all human sin Convicted and assured

All the structures of the universe are subordinate to Christ.

Col 1:17

An orderly, lawful interdependency in the universe is implied.

Col 1:18

Col 1:18

B He is the head of the body A Firstborn from the dead

The image of a physical body suggests interdependence.

The metaphor is derived from the concept of human primogeniture.

Col 1:19

C For it
pleased...sight

Christ's sacrifice balances the enormous weight of sin.

Col 1:23

B Grounded and steadfast

The image suggests a root "anchored" to the ground.

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128
Col 1:24 I B 3 Col 1:27 1 Fill up in my flesh what is C lacking Take on the responsibility

COLOSSIANS

Bible Metaphors

The image suggests a vessel capable of being filled. The concept of equilibrium or balance is also suggested.

B Riches of the glory B Their hearts B Being knit together in love B Attaining to all riches B Are hidden all the treasures C Absent in flesh, yet I am with you in spirit Walk in Him

Value

The physical riches are used to depict something of incalculable worth.

Col 2:2

7 1

The Laodiceans Being unified

The metaphor is a synecdoche in which the heart represents the person. The image suggests Christians being sewn together in unity as, for example, pieces of cloth.

Appreciating

See Colossians 1:27.

Col 2:3

Is valuable insight I empathize with you

See Colossians 1:27.

Col 2:5

The image depicts the imaginative powers of a human being.

Col 2:6

7 1

B B

Conduct yourselves according to the principles He taught you Convicted and assured He is God

A way of behavior is compared to a walk.

Col 2:7
Col 2:9

S B Rooted and 1 B built up

7 1 3 B In him dwells B in him the C fullness of the Godhead B The head of C all principalities and powers B In him you were circumcised..^ the circumcision of Christ Buried with him in baptism Being dead in your trespasses

The image evokes forth a plant's root and a building's structure to emphasize stability. The "fullness" is personified as someone who takes up residence "in" the spatial construct of Christ. The "fullness" is itself an homeostatic concept of reaching an equilibrium.

Col 2:10

7 1

The supreme authority

The depiction of a human head is used to symbolize the leadership of an organization.

Col 2:11

Christ empowered you to become Christians Repented of sin Penalty or consequences of sin [Reconciliation] Forgave the penalty

The physical ritual of circumcision typifies the covenant relationship that a Christian has with Christ and the Father.

Col 2:12

Baptism is a symbolic burial, signifying a death to sin.

Physical death depicts a change in lifestyle.

Col 2:12-13

Buried/raised/ dead /alive Wiped out the handwriting

The homeostatic principle of reconciliation is depicted in Christ's sacrifice. The forgiveness of sin is depicted as a cancellation of a written document.

Col 2:14

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Bible Metaphors
Col 2:15 I B Having
disarmed principalities and powers Col 2:17 1 B Which are shadow of things to come, but the substance is of Christ B Vainly puffed up by his fleshly mind B And not holding fast to the Head, from whom all the body B Nourished and knit together by joints and ligaments, grows with the increase which is from God. B Died with Christ Showing us not to worship angels

COLOSSIANS

129

The supposed ranks of angels, as worshipped by Gnostics, are dismantled.

We should not confuse the symbols with what they represent

The physical manifestation of today's faith typify or foreshadow the more enduring future institutions.

Col 2:18

Boastful

Puffing up is associated with yeast or leaven cell activity as in I Corinthians 5:6. A human body illustrates the interdependent functioning of the congregation.

Col 2:19

Failing to be Christocentric

Mature in faith

Being knit together draws imagery from fabric making. Increase, a concept applied to the church, compares to agricultural production.

Col 2:20

Repented

Death is symbolic of putting away old behavior.

Col 3:1-2

B Seek things which are above...Set your mind on things above, not on things on the earth B For if you died...glory. Therefore put to death-idolatry. B Sons of disobedience B Also once walked B Put off all of these B Have put on the new man

Desire spiritual rather than physical

The "above.. .on earth" and "right hand of God" imagery are spatial characteristics that gives an insight into the administrative structure of the universe.

Col 3:3-5

Subdue all evil desires and benefit from the results Practicing sin

Death of the physical body depicts putting away destructive behavior.

Col 3:6

Sin is accorded the power of a man to reproduce.

Col 3:7 Col 3:8

7 1

Similarly behaved Repent

A pattern of behavior is compared to a walk along a path. The removal of a garment is depicted. Repentance is depicted as the removal and replacement of a garment.

Col 3:10

Practice different behavior Spiritually minded

7 4

C Renewed in C knowledge

A reference to the time-binding capability of man and the cellular capacity to renew itself.

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130
Col 3:12

COLOSSIANS
1 B Put on tender
mercies, kindness Be sensitive

Bible Metaphors

Changing garments depicts the adoption of new behavior.

Col 3:14 Col 3:15

1 7

B Put on love B The peace of

God rule in your hearts

Practice love Divine tranquility be characteristic Balancing authorities and dependency. Afford us an opportunity Behave wisely

Changing garments depicts the adoptions of new behavior. Peace is personified as a ruler in the kingdom of the "heart."

Col 3:18-4:1

C Wives submit
...Master in heaven

A superb example of the balancing of consideration of authority. Power over another human being is to be exercised at all times with the understanding that the way power is used will be a cause for ultimate judgment. A door is depicted as the beginning of a new opportunity.

Col 4:3

1 1 7 7

B Open to us a
door

Col 4:5

B Walk in B wisdom C Redeeming

the time

One's manner of behavior is depicted as a walk along a path.

Take advantage of present opportunities Communicate with others' sensitivities "in mind"

Time-binding is uniquely human.

Col 4:6

C Let your
speech always be with grace, seasoned with salt

Salt as a condiment has the capacity to bring acceptable flavor to bland or disagreeable foods.

Col 4:12

B Laboring
fervently for you in prayers

Praying vigorously

Spiritual work, as prayer, is depicted as physical work.

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Bible Metaphors
1 Thess 1:8 6 C Your faith toward God has gone out B Cloak for covetousness A As a nursing mother

1 THESSALONIANS
Many are familiar with your example Deceptive language Gentle, protective and nurturing Protectively The image of faith "going out" implies its hypostatized, self-evident movement and space-binding element.

131

1 Thess 2:5

A cloak suggests a personified covetousness underneath. The image of a nursing mother connotes the tenderness and compassion which Paul feels for the Thessatonians.

1 Thess 2:7

1 Thess 2:11

A As a father does his own children B Have a walk B worthy of god C Effectively works in you Fill up the measure of their sins Crown of rejoicing No one should be shaken by these afflictions

The image of a parent connotes the special affection which Paul had for the Thessalonians.

1 Thess 2:12

7 1 4

Behave Godly

Godly behavior is depicted as a walk along a path.

1 Thess 2:13

Brings about change Realize their potential for evil Evidence of Christian joy You be reassured

The Word of God came to the Thessalonians as a small cell. It later took on a vitality of its own. The image of a container or vessel filled with its contents depicts the enormity of sin as well as an achievement of stasis within the closed system. A crown is an emblem of power and pride.

1 Thess 2:16

1 3

B C

1 Thess 2:19

1 Thess 3:3

Paul designates Timothy as a stabilizing agent for the Thessalonians.

1 Thess 3:8

1 3 2 5

B Stand fast in C the Lord C B Night and day Make you increase and abound in love Abound more and more Possess his own vessel

Remain faithful Regularly More loving

Standing fast "in" God (as if a spatial construct) depicts keeping balance in the midst of external stressors. The clockwork metaphor suggests that Paul prays on a regular basis. The image suggests an agricultural yield of reified love.

1 Thess 3:10 1 Thess 3:12

1 Thess 4:1

Be more consistently so Cherish one's spouse For sin Show evidence of Appropriately behave with Death

See above.

1 Thess 4:4

A person's spouse is depicted as a fragile vessel.

1 Thess 4:7 1 Thess 4:10

1 5

B To uncleanness B Increase more and more Walk properly toward

Sin is depicted as a dirty locale that one can be called "to." Increase derives from an agricultural metaphor of productivity,

1 Thess 4:12

7 1 7

B B

Behavior in someone's presence is depicted as a walk toward a goal, Sleep typifies death in that both hick a consciousness of reality.

1 Thess 4:13

B Fallen asleep

1 Thess 4:14

1 7

B B

Sleep in Jesus

Died as Christians

See 1 Thessalonians 4:13.

Cl. fc l-Frsmeworfc 2-Oockwort 3-TberrooM 4-Cdl S-Plaot 6-Animal 7-Human CL * A-Direct Smite B-Flgure of ipeech C-ImpUed in Structure of Thought <M. 4 Vehicle (*cripture, image) CM. 5> Tenor (referent) C*L * Aiulyiii of groundi of compaction

132

1 THESSALONIANS

Bible Metaphors

1 Thess 5:2

B As a thief in the night B As labor pains

Suddenly, unexpectedly Irreversibly and necessarily Should not be a surprise

A thief calculates the gullibility and the unsuspecting characteristics of the victim. Labor pains depict the urgency and certainty of a coining event, connoting no escape.

1 Thess 5:3

1 Thess 5:4

Should not overtake you as a thief

See 1 Thessalonians 5:2,

1 Thess 5:5

7 1

A Sons of light B and sons of the day. B Let us not sleep B Sleep...get drunk

Practicing righteousness and truth Do not be unaware Being unaware or diverted Practicing righteous behavior Preparing for problems with spiritual help Live or die Responsible for your spiritual wellbeing Fail to utilize or respond to Value

The father/son relationship is derived from human experience. Light or dark are emblematic of righteousness and evil.

1 Thess 5:6

Sleep is emblematic for being unaware.

1 Thess 5:7

Sleep or intoxication are emblematic of anything that delays or alters alertness.

1 Thess 5:8

B Who are of the day

Light (day) and dark (night) depict opposing poles of righteousness and evil.

1 Thess 5:8

B Putting on the breastplate... helmet... B Wake or sleep B Over you in the Lord

Protective armor are symbols of faith, love, hope and salvation.

1 Thess 5:10 1 Thess 5:12

7 1

Being awake and asleep provide images of life and death. Over/under are spatial concepts for dominance/dependance.

1 Thess 5:19

B Quench

The image suggests dousing a flame.

1 Thess 5:21

B Hold fast what is good

The image suggests an object capable of being grasped.

Cal. & I'Pramewotk 2-dockworfc 3-Tbennout 4-Cdl 5-Plant 6-Animal 7-Huoun C*L 3t A-Dinct Simile B-Figure of speech C-Implied in Structure of Thought C*L * Vehicle (icripture, image) CL Si Tenor (referent) Ci ft Analyiit of groundi of oompariton

Bible Metaphors
2 Thess 1:3 5 C Faith grows exceedingly, love... abounds B Rest with us

2 THESSALONIANS
You are more consistently faithful and loving Remain calm Wrath Dissuaded

133

The terms "grows" and "abounds" imply an agricultural metaphor and a llatenl cell metaphor from which the plant structure gorws and complexifies.

2 Thess 1:7 2 Thess 1:8 2 Thess 2:2

6 1 1 3 2

The peace of mind that God inspires is compared to a recuperative rest. The intensity of the flame depicts wrathful emotions. Irresolution is compared to a structure that can physically moved, funher depicting a condition of being off balance or disequilibrium. Apostasy is depicted as a disconnection and physical movement away from a spiritual "highground." Above/below are coordinates along the dominance/dependency continuum. The man of sin is depicted as a wild beast who needs to be restrained.

B Flaming fire B Shaken in C mind B Falling away

2 Thess 2:3

Disloyalty en masse Usurp authority [Prevent from influencing]

2 Thess 2:4

Exalt himself above all Is restraining ... he who now restrains

2 Thess 2:6-7 6

2 Thess 2:15

1 7 6

B Hold to the C tradition C Word of the Lord may have free course B Walk B disorderly B B Walk among you in a disorderly manner

Remain loyal

Holding to the past depicts clutching an object. Holding to the past also reflects the unique time-binding capability of human beings. The word is given the self-moving and space-binding capability of an animal.

2 Thess 3:1

The gospel may be preached effectively Behave immorally Flaunt their immorality

2 Thess 3:6

7 1 7 1

Behavior is depicted as a walk along a path.

2 Thess 3:11

See above.

C*L Is 1-Framework 2-Clockworfc 3-Tbennottat 4-Cdl 5-Ptant 6-Animal 7-Human C*l. 4 A-Direct Simile B-Figure of ipeech C-Implied in Structure of Thought C*L 4 Vehicle (icripture, image) C*L St Tenor (referent) C*L * Andytii of ground* of compariton

Bible Metaphors
1 Tim. 1:2 7 A My true son in the faith My dearest Christian friend Erred

1 TIMOTHY

135

The parent/child relationship provides the model for Paul demonstrating the intimacy and "closeness" of his relationship to Timothy.

1 Tim. 1:6

B Having strayed B Of whom I am chief B As a pattern to those who are going to believe on Him. B Wage the good warfare B Suffered shipwreck

This space-binding image depicts the movement from a favorable to an unfavorable condition. Paul creates a taxonomicat image of sin and sinfulness , asi if it can be quantified and ranked. Pattern connotes a stable classificatory configuration.

1 Tim. 1:15

I am as sinful as any That Christians would be as longsuffering

1 Tim. 1:16

1 Tim- 1:18

Remain faithful Become apostates Was crucified

The Christian life is depicted as a conflict and battle, implicitly against the enemies of self, society and Satan. The striking image connotes the cross-purposes of a ship on land as well as the implication of the death of the crew. Jesus painful death is compared to the cost of freeing someone who has been kidnapped. Over/under suggest the dominance/submission continuum.

1 Tim. 1:19

1 Tim. 2:6

B Gave Himself a ransom B Have authority over a man

1 Tim. 2:12

Dominate

1 Tim. 3:4

C Rules his own Is a good parent house well B Puffed up with pride Feeling superior Resume living sinfully

The analogue implies a hierarchical structure within the "house," a metonymous figure for the family. The leavening motif is similar to 1 Corinthians 5:6.

1 Tim. 3:6

1 Tim, 3:7

6 1

B Fall into the B snare of the devil B Doubletongued C Ruling their children and their own houses well A Pillar and ground of the truth B Depart from the faith B Seared with a B hot iron

Temptation is pictured as a snare that an animal [the Christian], resulting in sin, pictured by the implicit death of the animal at the hands of th e one who set the snare. The image suggests the forked tongues of the serpent.

1 Tim. 3:8

Hypocritical and deceitful Being good parents

1 Tim. 3:12

See 3:4.

1 Tim. 3:15

Where one can learn the truth Apostasize Suffering from emotional problems Encouraged by the scriptures

The Church is compared to the foundation and infrastructure of a building whose name is "truth." Truth is envisioned as a spatial location from which one may depart. Sinful experiences are compared to a hot iron that can leave permanent scars when pressed to the flesh.

1 Tim. 4:1

1 6 1

1 Tim. 4:2

1 Tim. 4:6

4 5 6

B Nourished in B the words of B faith

Cells, plants and animals require throughput to maintain vital functioning.

C*L t 1-FramewoA Woodwork 3-Tbennottal 4-Cell 5-Plant 6-Animal 7-Human Crf. 3c A-Direcl Simile B-Flgure of ipeech C-Implied in Structure of Thought CJ, 4 Vehicle (tcripture, image) Grf. ft Tenor (referent) Crf. * AnaJyws of groundt of comparison

136

1 TIMOTHY

Bible Metaphors

1 Tim. 5:5

C Continues in Maintains a supplications prayerful and prayers frame of night and day "mind" B Cast off their faith B Shall not muzzle an ox Lost hope

The day/night terminology implies a predictable, cyclical regularity of the action.

1 Tim. 5:12

Faith is an article of clothes which may be thrown off.

1 Tim. 5:18

Laborer should be paid fairly [Consequence may be immediate or delayed] "Lack" character

The animal metaphor is designed to teach fairness in equity in compensating ministers.

1 Tim. 5:24

2 3

B Preceding C them to judgment... follow later B Fall into...a B snare

Precede/follow connote a mechanistic, predictable motion whose ultimate effect is a stasis of "judgenment."

1 Tim. 6:9

6 1

The attendant problems of a single-minded pursuit of wealth are pictured as a trap that some Christians walk right into, like blind animals.

1 Tim. 6:10

B A root of all kinds of evil

Is correlative or directly causative of many sins Apostasized

Monetary lust is picture as root that intertwines with and gives rise to many "plants."

B Some have strayed from the faith B Pierced themselves through with may sorrows B Flee these things

See 4:1.

Psychologically disadvantaged themselves Do not practice these things Persevere

The image evokes an arrow or a dart.

1 Tim. 6:11

Flee derives from the space-binding characteristics of animals.

1 Tim. 6:12

B Fight the good fight B Keep this commanduent without spot B Storing up for themselves a good foundation

The Christian struggle is compared to the experiences of a soldier.

1 Tim. 6:14

Act on this command perfectly

A spot depicts sin or lawlessness.

1 Tim. 6:19

Starting

right

Foundation depicts a sturdy stone structure.

C*L l-Framewort 2-Oockwork 3-TberrooMat 4-Cell 5-Plani 6-Anfnl 7-Human C*L 3t A-Dircct Simile B-Figur* of tpeecb C-Implied in Structure of Thought C*L 4 Vehicle (scripture, image) C*l. * Tenor (referent) C*l. 6 Anafyti* of ground* of companion

Bible Metaphors
2 Tim 1:3 2 C Prayers night and day B Faith...dwelt C fust in your grandmother B Stir up the gift of God Continual prayers Grandmother practiced faith

2 TIMOTHY
Night and day denote a continuous cycle.

137

2 Tim 1:5

7 4

Faith is personified as a resident. Paul implicitly compares this faith to a genetic trait.

2 Tim 1:6

Continue preaching

The image suggests a substance in colloidal suspension. The gift is an attribute of God's Spirit and mind, specifically the gift of prophecy and/or preaching (cp. parallel language in 1 Tim 4:14). Paul suggests through his ambiguous language that he not only fully yielded his life to serving God's purpose, a* if God were a prisonkeeper ID charge of every aspect of his life, but that he is better able to so that as a result of his imprisonment, when "of" is understood eltiptically to stand for "on the account of." "[Meaning to our present] life" and "immortality" are referred to as objects hidden in a darkness and now uncovered by a "light," suggestive of insight.

2 Tim 1:8

B His prisoner

A prisoner because of Christianity

2 Tim 1:10

B Brought life... immortality to light

Revealed the means of attaining immortality Perpetuate the example

2 Tim 1:13

B Hold fast the pattern of sound words B Who dwells in us

Pattern depicts a physical template or form.

2 Tim 1:14

Influences all our thoughts, feelings, and actions My imprisonment Do not resist hardship

The Holy Spirit is personified as a dweller.

2 Tim 1:16

B My chain

"Chain" is metonymous for his entire state and is an emblem of Paul's helplessness or dependence. The soldier, one who is subordinate to Christ, is one of Paul's favorite metaphors. This usage bring out how all must share in the work and suffering; Timothy is not "beyond" this. The athlete connotes self-discipline and restraint.

2 Tim 2:3-4

A Endure hardship as a good soldier B If anyone competes in athletics...

2 Tim 2:5

[Advocate self-discipline]

2 Tim 2:6

B Hard-working I have the farmer must right to expect be first to this of you partake of the crops B Seed of David A legitimate heir to David's God's will is accomplished Certain consequences are inevitable Lives lead righteously and others unrighteously

Timothy can be the farmer who must eat for sustenance before attempting to labor in the fields (referring to tithes and offerings from the church) as well be the crop that paul has first claim to.

2 Tim 2:8

"Seed" or "semen" is metonymous for the physical lineage of David and his offspring. Paul becomes the embodiment of God's work in the analogy where chains are symbols of any factor or state of restraint. A homeostatic concept exists here in that a human does a negative action on one side, while Christ does a positive action on the other side to create a balance. The house is a symbol of world affairs. The material that the vessel consists of is symbolic of either a noble or an ignoble use.

2 Tim 2:9 2 Tim 2:12

1 3

Work of God in not chained

C If we endure...

2 Tim 2:20

B Vessels of gold and silver, but also of wood and clay

CL i l-Framewott 2-Cloekwork 3-ThennoMflt 4-CeU S-Plant 6-Animal 7-Human CL 4 A-Direct Simile B-Pigure of speech C-tmptied in Structure of Thought C*l. 4 Vehicle (scripture, image) C*L Si Tenor (referent) Cl 6 Anclyib of ground* of comparbon

138
2 Tim 2:26
1 7 B Snare of the B deviL.taken captive Avoid the temptations to sin habitually again Prepared for the opportunity Take every opportunity

2 TIMOTHY

Bible Metaphors

Habitually sinful patterns of behavior are referred to as a kind of captivity, as Christ referred to being a slave of sin. The Devil is depicted a hunter capturing game using an animal (Christian) trap.

2 Tim 3:17

B Thoroughly equipped

The image evokes tools and equipment to aid a worker.

2 Tim 4:2

2 5

B Be ready in B season and out of season C Itching ears

The seasonal terminology suggests an agricultural planting/harvesting cycle metaphor.

2 Tim 4:3

Unsatisfied yearning for gossip and speculation Having lived my life to serve God's purpose, now ready to die I nave remained faithful

An itch connotes a disequilibrium in the nerve fibers which craves an abrasive stimulus for stasis.

2 Tim 4:6

Poured out as a drink offering

Paul compares himself to a libation offering being poured out on the altar.

2 Tim 4:7

I have fought the good fight, I have finished the race Crown of righteousness

Paul compares his ordeal to that of a soldier or athlete.

2 Tim 4:8

Reward

The reward for overcoming has been symbolized as a crown or emblem of authority. The lion, the kings of beasts, symbolizes danger, although it could have been a lion literally.

2 Tim 4:17

Out of the mouth of the lion

Delivered from danger

Ol. fe l-Framework 2-Clockwork 3-Tbermotut 4-Cdl 5-Ptam 6-Anknal 7-Human C*L i A-Dirm* Simile B-Figure of speech C-Implied in Structure of Thought C*L 4 Vehicle (scripture, image) C*L Js Tenor (referent) C*L 6 Analyiii of ground* of comparison

Bible Metaphors
Titus 1:4 7 B My true son in our common faith My dearest Christian friend Manage administrative and spiritual affairs Preaching faithfully

TITUS
"Son" connotes an endearing family relationship.

139

Titus 1:5

1 3

B Set in order C things that are lacking

"Set in order" suggests a spatial arrangement of objects.

Titus 1:9

B Holding fast the faithful word B Turn from the C truth B Mind and conscience are defiled B Adorn the doctrine of God B Washing of regeneration B Poured out on us B Become heirs

"Holding fast" suggests an object to be clutched and refers to the discharge of his duties, specifically his teaching and preaching.

Titus 1:13

1 2 1

Speak ties

Truth is depicted as a location in relation to which cyclical motion can take place. The image suggests debris and filth.

Titus 1:15

Guilt motivates

Titus 2:10

Be good examples

Adorn suggests being ornaments.

Titus 3:5

Baptism

Washing depicts the removing of filth, a type for sin that the baptism ritual addresses. Pour suggests a liquid substance.

Titus 3:6

Imparted to us Live eternally

Titus 3:7

"Heir" derives from a human legal contract.

Titus 3:11

B Warped

Psychological dysfunctioning

As in modern idiom, "warped" is used to connote an emotional aberration for the analogically linear norm.

CL 2t l-Framework 2-Oockwort 3-ThermoitW 4-Cdl S-Plant A-Animal 7-Human (M. * A-Direcl Simile B-Flgure of peech C-Implied in Structure of Thought C*L 4 Vehicle (icdpture. Image) C*L * Tenor (referent) C*L 6 Analytu of ground! of companion

Bible Metaphors
Philemon 2 7 B Fellow soldier Co-minister

PHILEMON

141

"Soldier" suggests a struggle or fight against a metaphysical obstacle or spiritual enemy. "In" becomes the causative factor between "joy" and "love." The "hearts" represent the need for encouragement on the part of the individual refreshed.

Philemon 7

1 7

C Have joy and B comfort in your love...the hearts of the saints have been refreshed B Prisoner of Jesus Christ

Glad because you take care of the needs of your fellow Christians

Philemon 9

Imprisoned for being a Christian Onesimus, whom I helped to become converted during my imprisonment Onesimus

The double meaning of the image reflects Paul's paradox of being able to glorify God and being subject to His will because of hut imprisonment and yet knowing it is unjust. An ultimate family relationship is paralleled to the friendship brought by Paul being a seminal influence on Onesimus' Christianity. The ellipsis ("[while] in my chains") creates the image of Paul fathering him within the chains.

Philemon 10

A Son.-whom I have begotten in my chains

Philemon 12

A My own heart

The heart is emblematic of the affections of the individual, which Paul then identifies in a reified manner with the object of affection. The image pictures Onesimus as an object to be exchanged or "received," an age-old idiom for showing hospitality.

Philemon 17

A Receive him

Treat him with a new sense of friendship and honor when he comes I was essential to your conversion Encourage me to rejoice by what you will do

Philemon 19

B You owe me your own self

The implied relationship is pictured as a monetary debt.

Philemon 20

Refresh my heart

This phrase is paralleled in classic Semitic form with "let me have joy from you in the Lord." The implication is that either action or inaction on Philemon's part will be the decisive factor in his emotional state, with "joy" equating "refreshment" [an equilibrium-seeking metaphor] and Paul's self being equal to his heart.

C*L 1 1-Framewort 2-Clodwort 3-ThermoMat 4-Cdl 5-Plant 6-Animal 7-Human C*L 1 A-Dtreci Simile B-Figure of ipeech C-Impliod in Structure of Thought C*L 4 Vehicle (fcripiure, image) Cl. St Tenor (referent) C*L 6 Aiutyfii of ground* of companion

Bible Metaphors
Heb 1:2 Heb 1:3
7 A Appointed heir of Made responsible for [Honoring God]

HEBREWS
"Heir" represents the usage of human legal terminology to express something that is occurring at a God-plane existence.

143

A Brightness of His glory

The language de-personifies Christ as an emanation or "field effect" of the Father, figurative of the unity of the Father and Son (a human metaphor) as well as of how Christ glorified God through His existence. Sin is implicitly referred to as physical filth that can be cleansed, metaphorical of the repentance, forgiveness and reconciliation process occurring at the spiritual level. The legal language again connotes the legitimacy of the process and emphasizes the intimacy of the Son and Father. "Name" (or title) is metonymous for the actual authority possessed.

Heb 1:3

B Purged our sin

Forgave us

Heb 1:4

A By inheritance obtained a more excellent name A You are My son-let all the angels of God worship Him A Ministers a flame of fire

Rightfully received His authority

Heb 1:5-6

[The incarnation]

Quotes from the "old testament" are used, referring to the analogy of begettal and figuratively discussing the manifestation of God as a human being. "Into the world" is a Semitic idiom for human birth and connects the angels worshipping with the nativity (Luke 2:13-14). Immaterial in two senses: not composed of physical matter and not to be compared to the glory of Christ. The Hebrew of the verse and the present context indicate the same double-entendre. "Spirit" in Hebrew also connotes wind or breath, hence ephemerality. "Flame" connotes power and light, but also the dependency of the fire on a energy source. "Scepter" is metonymous for the king or, more abstractly, his reign; it, in turn, becomes the reification of "righteousness." These outward manifestations represent what the populace perceives as the most obvious characteristics of the ruler.

Heb 1:7

Angels are immaterial

Heb 1:8

B A scepter of righteousness is the scepter of Your kingdom B Oil of

Your rulership will be famous for its justice

Heb 1:9

Holy Spirit

Compare Isaiah 61:1.

Heb 1:10

A Laid the A foundation of the earth, and the heavens are the work of Your hands 1 A Grow old like a garment, a cloak You will fold ... B Sit at My A right hand... 1 I make Your enemies Your footstool B Drift away C

Created the universe

God reveals himself though anthropomorphic personalizations that compare Him to a craftsmen and construction worker.

Heb 1:11-12

Physically decay

The material creation is compared to a garment that through use and wear and tear will be laid aside. Matter, implicitly, is not eternal.

Heb 1:13

1 2

Wait until I subdue all resistance to your reign

"Sit" is a metaphor for waiting as well as for assuming royal power. The enemies made footstools are a symbol of the humiliation they must suffer for resisting.

Heb 2:1

2 3

Forget

The cyclical element of the tides carrying something away is figurative for the metaphorical space that develops between the individual and the principles that "ground" one to "shore." Apostasy is not a turning point but a gradual forgetting, a breakdown of the self-correction process. The spatial analogy of "lower" implies approaching but falling short in some characteristic. The analogy of royalty is subject to the fact that it is God who bestows it, while "under his feet" was the standard idiom for exercising dominion, harking back to Gen 2:27-28,

Heb 2:7-8

Lower than the angels... crowned Him with glory... under His feet

Mortalhonored Him with great potential and responsibility

CM. 1 1-Fraraework 2-dockwoft 3-ThennoMat 4-Cdl 5-Plant 6-Aninul 7-Hunun Cd. 3t A-Direct Simile B-Figure of ipeech C-Implied in Structure of Thought CM. 4 Vehicle (icripture, image) CM. ft Tenor (referent) CM fc Analyiii of ground* of companion

Bible Metaphors
Heb 1:2 Heb 1:3
7 A Appointed heir of Made responsible for [Honoring God]

HEBREWS
"Heir" represents the usage of human legal terminology to express something that is occurring at a God-plane existence.

143

A Brightness of His glory

The language de-personifies Christ as an emanation or "field effect" of the Father, figurative of the unity of the Father and Son (a human metaphor) as well as of how Christ glorified God through His existence. Sin is implicitly referred to as physical filth that can be cleansed, metaphorical of the repentance, forgiveness and reconciliation process occurring at the spiritual level. The legal language again connotes the legitimacy of the process and emphasizes the intimacy of the Son and Father. "Name" (or title) is metonymous for the actual authority possessed.

Heb 1:3

B Purged our sin

Forgave us

Heb 1:4

A By inheritance obtained a more excellent name A You are My son...let all the angels of God worship Him

Rightfully received His authority

Heb 1:5-6

[The incarnation]

Quotes from the "old testament" are used, referring to the analogy of begettal and figuratively discussing the manifestation of God as a human being. "Into the world" is a Semitic idiom for human birth and connects the angels worshipping with the nativity (Luke 2:13-14), Immaterial in two senses: not composed of physical matter and not to be compared to the glory of Christ. The Hebrew of the verse and the present context indicate the same double-entendre. "Spirit" in Hebrew also connotes wind or breath, hence ephemerality. "Flame" connotes power and light, but also the dependency of the fire on a energy source. "Scepter" is metonymous for the king or, more abstractly, his reign; it, in turn, becomes the reification of "righteousness." These outward manifestations represent what the populace perceives as the most obvious characteristics of the ruler.

Heb 1:7

A Ministers a flame of fire

Angels are immaterial

Heb 1:8

B A scepter of righteousness is the scepter of Your kingdom B Oil of gladness A Laid the A foundation of the earth, and the heavens are the work of Your hands A Grow old like a garment, a cloak You will fold ... B Sit at My A right hand... 1 I make Your enemies Your footstool B Drift away C

Your rulership will be famous for its justice

Heb 1:9
Heb 1:10

Holy Spirit

Compare Isaiah 61:1.

7 1

Created the universe

God reveals himself though anthropomorphic personalizations that compare Him to a craftsmen and construction worker.

Heb 1:11-12

Physically decay

The material creation is compared to a garment that through use and wear and tear will be laid aside. Matter, implicitly, is not eternal.

Heb 1:13

1 2

Wait until I subdue all resistance to your reign Forget

"Sit" is a metaphor for waiting as well as for assuming royal power. The enemies made footstools are a symbol of the humiliation they roust suffer for resisting.

Heb 2:1

2 3

The cyclical element of the tides carrying something away is figurative for the metaphorical space that develops between the individual and the principles that "ground" one to "shore." Apostasy is not a turning point but a gradual forgetting, a breakdown of the self-correction process. The spatial analogy of "lower" implies approaching but falling short in some characteristic. The analogy of royalty is subject to the fact that it is God who bestows it, while "under his feet" was the standard idiom for exercising dominion, harking back to Gen 2:27-28.

Heb 2:7-8

Lower than the angels... crowned Him with glory... under His feet

Mortalhonored Him with great potential and responsibility

C*L S l-Fraroewort 2-Oockwork 3-Thennottai 4-Cdl 5-Plant 6-Aninul 7-Human CL * A-Direct Simile B-Piguraof ipcech C-hnplied in Structure of Thought Cd. * Vehicle (icripture, image) Crf. 5t Tenor (referent) C*L tt Aiulyiii of groundt of compariton

144
Heb 2:9 Heb 2:10 1 7 A Taste death B Sons to glory Die Resurrected Christians Use a familial analogy Honor You in the Church

HEBREWS

Bible Metaphors

Experiencing death is compared to sampling a dish. The familial analogy specifies that Christians are already in an intimate relationship with the Father and awaiting a time of full glorification. "Call" is referring to the usage of a metaphor that implies intimacy and similar potential, one that Christ has no qualms about using. To "declare Your name" is symbolic for revealing the whole character of God and, in so doing, showing how worthy of worship He is. "Brethren" is typical of the whole congregation of the saints.

Heb 2:11

Call them brethren

Heb 2:12-13

B Declare Your name to My brethren.-.the children B Have partaken of flesh and blood C Through death...

Heb 2:14

Became human like us

"Partaken" connotes a sense of sharing, while "flesh and blood" are a synecdoche for the entire human experience.

Heb 2:14

Ensured the resurrection

Christ creates a paradoxical tension by achieving a stasis and equilibrium "through" subjecting himself to death in a way that actually disempowers death. Fear is implicitly a snare in which an animal is caught, but from which Christ, through His Spirit presence in faith, frees it (cp 1 John 4:18). A genotype/phenotype metaphor for spiritual forerunners and followers. See Gal 3:7,29. Christ mediatory role and function is compared to that of a priest's. The "building" metaphor is developed from the reference in verse 2, where it refers to the sum total of all Moses' responsibilities. It is reminiscent of Rom 15:20 and Paul's discussion at 1 Cor 13:10ff, but here refers to Christ establishing the perpetual "body" of saints, in both old and new testaments. See above. The metaphor is extended to include the full material and spiritual creation.

Heb 2:15

B Release

Give faith to

Heb 2:16

B Seed of Abraham A High priest A He who builds B the house is greater than the house

Christians

Heb 2:17 Heb 3:3

7 7 1

Intercessor Christ is greater than Moses, whom He inspired

Heb 3:4

7 1

A Every house B is built by someone, but He who built all things is God A Faithful...** a servant

Creation demands a creator; God is the creator of all things

Heb 3:5

Discharged all his duties responsibly [Christ] protects and guides the church God requires that we not be stubborn

Moses is compared to a servant whose role is comparable to Eliezer's (Gen 15:2; Gen 24) and Joseph's (Gen 39:4).

Heb 3:6

7 1

A Asa son over A his own house

The metaphor is somewhat mixed, the "house" being metonymous for the family and Christ "over" it being figurative of having the firstborn son's responsibility in the family (which anciently included being its priest),this is in turn a metaphor for the church members' relationship with one another and with Christ. Because the Psalm has no ascription, it ascribed generally to God's influence. Ossification is a standard idiom for obstinacy.

Heb 3:7,15

7 1

B Holy Spirit B says.. .do not harden your hearts B Go astray in their hearts ...My ways

Heb 3:10

Fail to do what God has revealed to be best for them

The heart is compared to a pastureland that a grazing animal will wander off in; the symbolism is layered, the heart being metonymous for the volitional faculties. Misguided motivations are those not within God's will, or "way."

C*l. l-Framewort 2-Ooctwott 3-Tbenno*ut 4-Cdl S-PUnt 6-Animal 7-Human C*L & A-Direct Simile B-Figure of tpeecb C-lmplfed in Structure of Thought C*L * Vehicle (scripture, image) C*l. 5i Tenor (referent) CM. ft Analytit of ground* of comparison

Bible Metaphors
Heb 3:12 1 B An evil heart of unbelief in departing from the living God Hardened through the deceitfulncss of sin Partakers of Christ Seem to have come short of it Thought of apostasy

HEBREWS

145

The "heart" again refers not to an organ, but to a sense of will located figuratively "in" the individual. Apostatizing is referred to as an individual departing from God, as though He were a locale or were localizable.

Heb 3:13

Habitually discouraged because you don't repent Christians

The development of a consistent character trait is referred to as a "hardening." Sin is looked upon as the efficient cause for the formal cause.

Heb 3:14

The act of sharing Christ as though he were an ingestible substance symbolizes becoming committed to all the principles He embodied. The almost universal idiom of "falling short" symbolizes the failure to achieve some goal. "It" refers to the "rest" of the Messianic age mentioned in the first part of the verse. The "rest" becomes reified as a place entered and takes on a number of connotations, including the spiritual resurrection, the Messianic age and the weekly sabbath (as the context of the chapter shows) as the type for which these others are the antitype. Temporal qualities are expressed in terms of spatial and structural ones. See 1:10.

Heb 4:1

Fail after working so hard for it Observe the sabbath as a type of the age to come Since time began

Heb 4:3,5,11 1

A Enter that rest

Heb 4:3

From the foundation of the world Hear His voice

Heb 4:7

Obey His law

"Voice" is often metonymous for the express will of the individual in Hebrew. "Hear" also has multiple connotations in Hebrew, including "understand," "heed," or "obey," that is, the extension of acting upon what is heard. "Respond to His pleading" is thus another layer of signification. This verse rephrases 4:1 and summarizes the argument. The discernment of the "word" is paralleled synonymously with "His sight," indicating God to be the subject of both. The image of the sword derives from Isa 49:2 and parallels Eph 6:17 and Rev 2:12. See Heb 2:17. The image of "passing through" suggests the overcoming of the "chasm" between the spiritual [God] and physical [human sinner] realms, as well as Christ's individual incarnation and resurrection..

Heb 4:11 Heb 4:13

3 1

C A

Fall Word of God is sharper...

Apostatize God is omniscient

Heb 4:14

High priest... passed through the heavens Weaknesses

Reconciler of God and men

Heb 4:15

Humanness

Muscular failure is the image for inconsistency of character that is such a contrast to God's constancy. Prayer is pictured as a transportive process that takes us to God's anthropomorphic throne room.

Heb 4:16

Come boldly to the throne of grace Go astray... weakness

Pray for forgiveness

Heb 5:2 Heb 5:5

3 7

Sin... Humanness [The incarnation] Mediator Divine

See 3:10 and 4:15. See 1:5.

A You are My Son A High priest A Son

Heb 5:6,9 Heb 5:8

7 7

See 2:17. The intimate connotation of "son" implies sharing the same essence even though human (Col 2:9). Hearing is reified into a liquid that has become viscous; its ability to flow smoothly has given way to sluggishness and lack of desire.

Heb 5:11

Dull of hearing

Inattentive

C*L 1 1-Fnmework 2-Oocfcwoct 3-TbermMtat 4-Cdl 5-Ptant 6-Animal 7-Human OL * A-Direct Simile B-Flgure at ipeecfa C-ImpUed in Structure of Thought C*L * Vehicle (tcripuire, image) C*L St Tenor (referent) C*L * Analyiit of ground* of oocnpartoo

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Heb 5:12 1 4 B Milk...solid C food Simple doctrines... complex teachings

HEBREWS

Bible Metaphors

"Food" suggests the need for truth as throughput and sustenance that requires a digestive process supported by mature digestive organs. The imagery is reminiscent of 1 Cor 3:1-3 and 1 Pet 2:2; the former is consistent with the usage here while the latter assumes a positive connotation for "milk." See above.

Heb 5:13

1 7 1 7

B Milk...babes A B Solid food... A full age

Basic ideas... new converts Difficult issues ...resolute Christians Belaboring the obvious Been motivated by God

Heb 5:14

The analogy of a maturing child parallels a developmental spiritual "psychology" wherein experiential and cognitive aspects of a Christian's learning prepare him to deal with profounder topics and to tolerate certain ambiguities that would make a new convert uncomfortable. The imagery suggests a builder who hesitates to build on a foundation and so just lays another one on top, accomplishing nothing. This quadruple parallelism equates the Holy Spirit, the "powers of the age to come," to a "heavenly gift" and the "word of God" [equated with God in 4:13]. Tasting" suggests a superficial experience, not the complete ingestion of the necessary throughput required to sustain life. The subtle parallelism reveals what the apostate is falling away from: the repentance they need to be restored to. The breakdown of homeostatic self-regulation is deadly. An archetypical image of the Bible compares the character and actions of an individual to fruits, whether of repentance (Luke 3:8) or of the flesh (Gal 5:19ff, cp Matt 7:17ff). The earth is an image similar to that used in the parable of the sower (Matt 13). The image of the rain as the Holy Spirit is consistent with water being used to symbolize it (John 7:38-39), but is here an essentially original product of the specific analogy.

Heb 6:1

A Laying again ...foundation A Tasted the C heavenly gift... the word of God A Fall away C

Heb 6:4-5

1 4

Heb 6:6

1 3

Stop repenting

Heb 6:7-8

1 5

B Earth...rain... B herbs... thorns.. . be burned

Christian... Holy Spiritgood motives and action... evil ideas and deeds-die the second death Christians

Heb 6:17

Heirs of the promise

The legal analogy alludes to the underlying concept of Rom 8:17.

Heb 6:19

B Anchor of the soul. ..enters the presence of the veil B B High priest Priest continually

Absolute confidencelets us know God Reconciler Eternal archetype

An individual's existence is pictured as a boat on rough waters. The anchor that keeps it safely in harbor is hope; the hope is then transformed into that which penetrates into the holy of holies, symbolic of God Himself. See 2:17. See 2:17. Melchizedek's ministry is not clarified here or in the Old Testament [ie. for whom did he intercede?]; the importance lies in the symbolic pattern set for perpetual intercession. The picture reflects a concept of the entire individual existing in miniature in the gamete. This is extended to include two generations hence. An implicit hierarchical pattern is the analogy for the abstract institutions to which the respective priests commit themselves. In discussing Jesus' role as a spiritual priest, a connection is made that reconciles ideas of the time about a royal and priestly messiah. A spatial relationship is a metaphor for Christ's inability to sin. A similar spatial concept is used to connote the full divinity that Christ reclaimed at the resurrection and ascension.

Heb 6:20 Heb 7:3

7 7

Heb 7:9

Still in the loins of Abraham

As yet unborn

Heb 7:11

C After the order B You are a priest... B Separate from sinners.. .highe r than the heavens

According to the tradition You are the Messiah Sinless... God

Heb 7:17,21 Heb 7:26

C*l. 2s 1-Fnunewocfc 2-Oodcwoit 3-Thennoitat 4-Cdl 5-Plant 6-Animal 7-Human C*L i A-Direct Simile B-Flgure of ipeecfa C-Implied in Structure of Thought C*L 4 Vehicle (icripture, image) CW, Si Tenor (referent) C*L 6 Analytl* of grounds of comparison

Bible Metaphors
Heb 7:27
2 C Does not need daily sacrifices Is perfect

HEBREWS

147

Christ is not subject to the cycle of sin, repentance, and reconciliation that human priests are, the cycle that necessitates clockwork sacrifices.

Heb 8:1

7 1

A High Priest... B seated at the right hand of the throne of Majesty B True tabernacle B Serve the copy ...shadow B No place

Christ is empowered to reconcile us to God

See 2:17. The spatial reference to "right hand" and "throne" is a traditional idiom for approval of and parity with the One on the throne, an anthropomorphic image of the Father; "majesty" is an alternate euphemism for God (cf. "power" Mark 14:62)

Heb 8:2
Heb 8:5

Plan of salvation Minister in the temple No need

The tabernacle is the symbol for the ministry of reconciliation between man and God being accomplished presently through the new covenant. The physical temple is likened to a shadow, i.e. something insubstantial when compared to the ultimate spiritual reality. The two covenants are thought of as displacing one another in limited space. "House" symbolizes the national identity of a group of individuals. The parallelism suggests that Christiansthose entering the new covenantcan only achieve the full affective, cognitive, and behavioral application of God's will by His divine intervention in their lives through the Holy Spirit.

Heb 8:7

Heb 8:8 Heb 8:10

1 1

A B

House of I will put My laws in their minds and write them on their hearts From the least to the greatest Growing old is ready to vanish Lampstand, table, showbread, second veil, altar of incense, ark, manna, Aaron's rod, tablets

People of I will inspire them to live a Godly life

Heb 8:11

1
5

Social stratification will be gone Is irrelevant

The phrase suggests an all-inclusiveness through terminology built on an "underlying" notion of class hierarchy that will be voided by the dissemination of truth (John 8:32) that yields freedom from oppression. An image of organic decay suggest how, by process, an idea may become increasingly outmoded and inapplicable.

Heb 8:13

Heb 9:1-5

1 5

We are told there is a typological significance for each of these, but without further details. The imagery sometimes occurs elsewhere in the Bible: lampstand (Zech 4:2, Rev 1:20), table (Luke 22:30), showbread (Malt 12:4, John 6:35), veil (Heb 10:20), altar of incense (Rev 6:9; 8:3), ark (Rev 11:19), manna (John 6:58), budding almond rod (Jer 1:11-12) and tablets (2 Cor 3:3).

Heb 9:8

C The way into the Holiest... was not yet made manifest A High Priest of the good things... He entered the Most Holy Place once for all Offered... without spot

Reconciliation could only be through Christ Revealer of the new covenant He become the perfect atonement

The physical and visual obstruction to the holy of holies was symbolic of the spiritual "chasm" that lies between man and God and that could not be overcome under the terms of the old covenant.

Heb 9:11

The role of priest now becomes analogous to Christ's role as a teacher and prophet for the gospel which revealed a perfect plan of salvation encompassing a new covenant and Messianic age. Alluding to the blood being sprinkled on the mercy seat during the day of atonement, the image correlates Christ's crucifixion with a sacrifice that redeems all people past, present and future and that does away with limited access to God (Matt 27:51). By becoming human, Christ figuratively "offered" himself and met the standards of an animal sacrifice (Ex 12:5).

Heb 9:12

Heb 9:14

Led a sinless life

C*L 2i l-Frameworfc 2-Oockwort 3-Tbermo*tat 4-Cdl S-PUnt 6-Anunal 7-Hunun C*L 1 A-Direct Simile B-Figure of ipeecb C-lmplicd in Structure of Thought C*l * Vehicle (icriptuiv, Image) Cd. Si Tenor (referent) C*L 6 Analyw of groundt of comparison

148
Heb 9:16-17 7 B For where there is a testament...it has no power at all... Christ died so that eternal life could be granted

HEBREWS

Bible Metaphors

God deals with man according to man's limitations of man and thus within the legal framework expected by man. The requirement of death is thus for the benefit of those bequeathed; the double meaning of "covenantAestament" allows the argument to vacillate between the concept of a mediator of two living partners and a will in effect only upon the death of the testator. The paradoxical tension of the previous concept is continued in the image of blood (which usually soils) being a cleansing agent. The blood is figurative of the sacrificial death that must precede it.

Heb 9:22

Purged with blood, and without blood there is no remission 1 B Copies... purified

Christ's death reconciles us to God

Heb 9:23

Tabernacle... prepared for religious use

The abstract concept of sanctiftcation is spoken of as a physical cleansing process.

Heb 9:26

B Foundation of the world B B Was offered Shadow of the good thing to come

Beginning of time Was crucified Hint of at the complete redemption

See 4:3.

Heb 9:28 Heb 10:1

6 1

The execution process is compared to a burnt offering. The metaphor of the shadow is developed from the temple/tabernacle (8:5) to include the whole concept of the law. "Shadow" connotes both an insubstantiality relative to what "casts the shadow" and the sense of a forerunner (Col 2:17). The cleansing process is a metaphor not only of forgiveness and reconciliation but also of the removal of an elementalized concept of the volition to sin, i.e. conversion. Sacrifices did not accomplish this and therefore never "purged" the sinner. "Come into the world" is a Semitic idiom for birth, but here it includes Christ's entire human existence. His "sacrifice" of living according to God's will (as the context indicates) as well as dying was "worth" more than alt or any animal sacrifices. "Once" as opposed to daily or annually indicates that the clockwork metaphor has become obsolete in reference to redemption. "Man" and "Son of Man" were sometimes used in an eschatologicat sense as a title in reference to the divine Man after whom Adam was patterned and who, as the Messiah, would come in glory. Compare Acts 13:38, 17:31 and I Tim 2:5 with the ironic usage of the term at Heb 7:4. See Heb 1:13. The image can dually connote humiliation and conversion to a service-oriented loyalty. See 8:10.

Heb 10:2

B Purged

Forgiven of sin

Heb 10:5-10

1 2

B He came into C the world... sanctified... the offering of Jesus Christ once B Man...sat at B the right hand of God

God became human and ended the need for a sacrificial system The Messiah reclaimed His divinity

Heb 10:12

7 1

Heb 10:13

B Made His footstool B Put My law in their hearts

Become mere citizens Create in them right desires Conversion, animal sacrifices are not required Confidence that God accepts our repentance

Heb 10:16

Heb 10:18

C Remission of these, there is no longer an offering B B Boldness to enter into the holiest by the blood of Jesus

The ellipsis demanded is "no longer a [need for] offering for sin." Remission is not merely forgiveness of former sins, but the change in moral and volitional faculties that will no longer allow sin.

Heb 10:19

7 1

A paraphrase to bring out the power of the image might be "courage enough to act as a high priest in the course Christ paved with His own blood." Implicit in the underlying concept is the idea that the priest, being made acceptable to offer an acceptable sacrifice on the day of atonement, had to rely on the life's blood of another living thing, not his own righteousness.

C*l. i 1-Premework 2-CJockwork 3-Tbennoat 4-Cd! S-Plant 6-Animal 7-Huraan (M. 1 A-Direct Simile B-Flgure of ipeech C-lmptied In Structure of Thought CM. 4 Vehicle (*cripture, image) C*L 5: Tenor (referent) CL 6 Ana(yb of grounds of eompari*oo

Bible Metaphors
Heb 10:20 1 6 B By a new and B living way which He consecrated through the veU, that is, His flesh B Having a High A Priest over the house of God C Draw near with a true heart Because Christ made it possible

HEBREWS

149

The image of the veil has multiple layers of symbolic meaning. What was a hindrance is now an access to God because it has been rent (Matt 27:51). This is in turn symbolic of how Christ's rent body provides access through atonement. It is a living way, in contrast to the death of animals required by the former sacrificial system; even so, Christ was crucified, but His resurrection assured the vitality of a Christian's hope.

Heb 10:21

1 7

Knowing God cares about each member of the church Develop a sincere relationship

The High Priest is a human metaphor for Christ, who is "over" the house of Godmetonymically speaking of the constituent members of the spiritual "temple" (1 Cor 3:16). The spatial terminology signifies the officiating function of the priest and the attendant sense of responsibility. Drawing near is a mechanistic metaphor for the process of "drawing" oneself, or overcoming a barrier of distance. The spatial metaphor implies a sense of alienation that is now ending. The heart is personified to the degree honesty or falsehood can be ascribed to it, and is in turn a metaphor for the motives of the individual. The evil conscience is reified into something that can be "sprinkled" away from the "heart," all of these terms being baptismal allusions.

Heb 10:22

Heb 10:22

1 6 2

B Ourhearts B sprinkled B Wavering B B

Being forgiven and repentant Doubting

Heb 10:23

A cyclical motion connotes an indeterminate state of insecurity or faithlessness. Encourage a loving cooperation Eternal death "Good works" and "love" are reified into liquids that can be stirred to more quickly bring about a state of boiling, i.e. a more active state. This implies an affective and behavioral aspect of Christianity. Zeal is compared to a fire that in animalistic terms devours a prey. The zeal is paralleled to "judgement" in the first part of the verse, both referring to the second death of Rev 20:14. Forsaken their relationship with God

Heb 10:24

Stir up love and good works Fiery indignation which will devour

A Heb 10:27

Heb 10:29

Heb 10:35

Heb 10:38,39

A A Trampled the Son of God underfoot...the blood of the covenant... insulted the Spirit of grace A Cast away your confidence B Draws back

A triple parallelism deals with the issue of willful sinning (v.26) or a habitual lifestyle of sin that amounts to apostasy. Trampling" is a metaphor for spitting; not just stepping on by happenstance, but purposefully degrading, the object. "Blood" represents Christ's entire life, message and death. Insulting the personified Spirit is a figure for rejecting God's influence on one's life and the favor He has shown.

Feel hopeless Confidence is hypostatized into a substance that should not be cast overboard, as if lightening the load; it is essential in times of desperation. Denies God Drawing near, as in verse 22, was an idiom for worshipping a deity and coming "into" a relationship with that deity. The reversal of this idiom reveals a self-willed alienation from God in thought and action. Resultant reality proves the validity of The "substance" is paralleled with the "demonstration" of unseen things. A distinction is thus drawn between belief in something that has no basis in reality and faith that derives from reality and manifests itself as reality. Hope is the insubstantial wish; faith, its hypostatization. The aeons are "framed" co-existently, and the physical eleven (or more) dimensions that physics has discovered are "built" around an invisible "frame" or essence that precedes existence. The search or quest for an object is an archetypal metaphor for the realization of a personal need or desire; space-binding stands for the creation of an emotional and/or spiritual bond.

1 Heb 11:1

A Faith is the substance

1 Heb 11:3

B The worlds were framed

Time-space was created

Heb 11:6

6 1

B B Diligently seek Him

Committed to knowing God

C*L fc l-Framewort 2-dockworfc 3-Tbennoswt 4-Cell S-Plaitt 6-Animal 7-Huown C*L * A-Dirett Simile B-FJgure of ipeech C-ImpltaJ In Structure of Thought C*L * Vehicle (icripiure, image) C*l. 5s Tenor (referent) C*L 6 Analydt of ground* of comparison

150
Heb 11:10 1 7
B The city A having foundations, whose builder and maker is Heavenly "Jerusalem" of God's creation

HEBREWS

Bible Metaphors

The implied contrast with Abraham's caravan "city" reveals a symbolic connotation, in which God's creative and sustaining powers are spoken of anthropomorphically as construction skills; the foundation is thus not merely physical, but a supersubstantial.

God
Heb 11:13 1

Died in faith

Died while still believing Lived their lives as if they were already real Anticipate eternal life Isaac's progeny will inherit the blessing Knowing so many examples

Faith is spoken of as a structure within which one can experience death, a metaphor, expressing spiritual and temporal qualities in terms of spatial ones. The promises are personified as long-lost relatives coming into view that one runs to embrace, connoting the embodiment, in a behavioral sense of, the principles and mores derived from the promise. The spatial difference refers to a temporal difference. A spirit existence is compared to citizenship in a country, with the attendant rights and responsibilities. The literal image would be someone shouting for Abraham's sperm within the spatial construct of Isaac. The "call" is symbolic of who will carry on the family name, honor and inheritance; the "seed" is the common idiom for descendants. The abstract aspect of people's lives that effects changes in other people is thought of collectively as a cloud.

Heb 11:13

B Seen them afar off... embraced them B Desire a ...heavenly country. B In Isaac your seed shall be called

Heb 11:16

Heb 11:18

Heb 12:1

A Surrounded by so great a cloud of witnesses B Lay aside A every weight... run with endurance the race A The author and finisher of our faith

Heb 12:1

1 7

Never be discouraged.,, stay committed

A Christian's life is compared to a race (1 Cor 9:24, Gal 2:2) and the previous life's experience and trials to weights that a runner trains with so that, once removed, he is able to run all the faster.

Heb 12:2

Who helps us fulfill our potential Becoming God was more real than any physical thing Exercising self -discipline Character promoting trials Results in a calm, assured sense of right Pray with a renewed sense of hope

Christ is not only the legendary founder of the "city" of our faith who is there at the ground-breaking ceremony, but also is there to see it through to its completion. This completion is eternal life itself (Phil 1:6). The emotion of joy is reified into a dish set on a table for Christ to eat (see Ps 23:5). For sitting on the throne, see Heb 1:13.

Heb 12:2

4 7

C For the joy B that was set before Him... sat down...
B Striving against sin B Chastening of the Lord

Heb 12:4

Overcoming sin is seen as struggle with an animal for one's own life.

Heb 12:5-7, 7 10-11

Heb 12:11 5

God is pictured as a father administering corporal punishment.

A Yields the peaceable fruit of righteousness B Strengthen hands that hang down

A Christian is compared to fruit -bearing tree, the fruit of which refers to the obvious, behavioral outcome of internal processes.

Heb 12:12

Raised hands were the traditional posture for Jewish prayer and symbolized worship as a whole.

CL 1 l-Framewort 2-dockwork 3-ThennotUt 4-OII 5-Plant 6-Anima) 7-Huoun C*L i A-Direct Smite B-Figure of ipeecfa C-ImpUed in Structure of Thought C*L 4 Vehicle (cripture, image) Cri. 5i Tenor (referent) CL A Aulyili of ground* of comparton

Bible Metaphors
Heb 12:13 1 3 B Make straight C paths for your feet so that what is lame may not be dislocated but rather be healed B Pursue peace Repent and better your conversion

HEBREWS

151

The self-correction process of repentance is referred to classically as a road under repair. It is only in practicing righteousness that the conscience can be healed and a right habit replace a sinful one.

Heb 12:14

Encourage positive relationships Forfeit God's favor Resentment becoming habitual Could not possibly undo what he did... pleaded with his father Become a Christian Christ's crucifixion bodes of God's will... power There is a spiritual to our lives Commands respect Empathizing

In order to emphasize the effort required to establish and maintain peace, it, is viewed as an animal that can run away. The image reinforces the running metaphor with the idea of never crossing the finishing line of grace. Rancor is compared to a bitter-tasting root that lies invisibly dormant but which can give rise to a visible herb even more bitter.

Heb 12:15

Fall short of the grace of God

Heb 12:15

A Root of bitterness

Heb 12:17

B Found no place for repentance... sought it diligently with tears A Come to mount Zion B Blood of sprinkling that st

The image is similar to the idiom "no margin for error." The allusion is to the story of Genesis (27:34) and where Esau begged his father for the birthright, but there was no "room" for bargaining: it was already given away. Similarly, there are some sins that, once committed, leave lasting scars. Entering the fellowship of the saints and becoming spiritually oriented is compared to coming to a topographically reified "heavenly Jerusalem." Abel and Christ are personified and said to "speak," in the sense that they afford proof of something, As in the figure of speech "express purposed," the will was spoken of as the verbal articulation of inner thought processes. The view is not purely eschatological, stressing only the future fulfillment of the Kingdom, but incorporating the present and active life of the Christian. God is compared to fire, which is then spoken of in animal terms as feeding on some fallen prey. The metaphor suggests complete power over what it comes into contact with. Chains connotes the state of physical and mental constraint of the individual that the fellow Christian can "feel for." The image does not connote a static nature but the concept of constant "core" principles, the relative invariance under transformation, in contrast to the temperamental gods of Greek mythology. This is manifested in a certain core set of doctrines that will never change (v.9). "Wind of doctrine" suggests the "hot air" developed by those who constantly talk about doctrines, implicitly comparing Christians to leaves or debris that can be blown about by such a wind. "Empty calories" contrasts the through-put of true doctrine providing spiritual sustenance. The "altar" is that on which Christ was "sacrificed," which sacrifice we can partake of (John 6:51-58).

Heb 12:22

Heb 12:24

Heb 12:25-26 7

B Him who speaks...voice

Heb 12:28

B We are receiving a kingdom

1 6 1 A A consuming B fire B As if chained with them C The same C yesterday, today, and forever B Wind of doctrine...food which has not profited

Heb 12:29

Heb 13:3

Heb 13:8

1 3

Consistent, not capricious

Heb 13:9

Idle chatter... useless theological speculation A form of intercession, understand

Heb 13:10

B An altar...eat

C*l. t l-Fnunewock 2-docfcworfc 3-Thennoai 4-Cdl S-Plant 6-Animal 7-Human C*L i A-Direct Simile B-Figure of ipeech C-ImpUed in Structure of Thought C*L 4 Vehicle (tcripture, image) C*L St Tenor (referent) C*L * Analyib of ground* of comparboa

152
Heb 13:14 7 A Continuing city Present political allegiance Be vocally

HEBREWS
bureaucracy.

Bible Metaphors

Having a "city" represents the abstract concept of faith in a man-made

Heb 13:15

A Offer the sacrifice of praise...fruit of our lips A Great B Shepherd of the sheep

Praise is compared to the former system of grain "thanksgiving" offerings.

thankful

Heb 13:20

7 6

Jesus Christ

The church is compared to a flock in this archetypal metaphor of the Bible (Ps 23:1, John 10:11,1 Pet 2:25).

C*L 6 1-Framewofk 2-Ctockwort 3-Tbenno*ttt 4-CeU 5-PUnt 6-Anfmal 7-Human C*L 3t A-Dired Simile B-Figure of ipeecb C-lmpHed in Structure of Thought C*L 4 Vefaide (ccripture, image) C*l, Jt Tenor (referent) C*L * Ana)y*li of pound* of compariion

Bible Metaphors
James 1:2 James 1:4 6 1 7 B Fall into B various trials B Let patience have its perfect work Experience trials Become perfect in patience He who wavers

JAMES
An inner conflict is reified as a place into which one falls, the loss of equilibrium connoting loss of control over the situation. Patience is personified as a worker.

153

James 1:6

A A wave of the sea driven and tossed by the wind C Doubleminded man

If the wave were rhythmic, part of the ebb and flow, it would serve as a species of clockwork image, but the out-of-sync wave connotes a state of disequilibriumhence, spiritual instability.

James 1:8

Unstable

Vacillations lead to an unsteady course of action.

James 1:9

B Lowly brother

Humble person Wealth is transitory

Height and lowness are a spatial continuum representing dominance and dependance. The short life cycle of flowering plants provides the image of the temporariness of riches.

James 1:105 11

A A flower of the field... will fade away A The crown of life B B Is drawn away by his own desires When desire has conceived, it gives birth to sin, and sin, when it is full grown, brings forth death Gift is from above, and comes down The Father of lights No variation or shadow of turning Brought us forth Firstfruils of His creatures Receive with meekness the implanted word Mirror

James 1:12

Eternal life

The preciousness of eternal life and the high honor of attaining it are symbolized as a crown. Lust is invested with human powers of persuasion. The giving in to temptation is also perceived in a space-binding construct of moving from one place to another. The process of sin is described by a metaphor of human or animal growth. Its three stages, cause, action, and result, are seen as three generations in a cycle that ends in death.

James 1:14

7 6

Lacks selfcontrol

James 1:15

7 6

B B

Lust leads to sin, and sin leads to death

James 1:17

God is the source of every blessing

God

The image suggests a spatial transfer of an object from God to a person. Blessings are thus seen as tangible, and height is synecdochic for holiness.

James 1:17

Light is a symbol for righteousness, generosity, etc.

James 1:17

Consistent dependability

The non-variation under transformation is pictured as maintaining a straight course.

James 1:18

1 6 5 5

B B A

Influenced us

The image suggests leading from one spatial location to another.

James 1:18 James 1:21

God's special creation Be influenced by God's word

"Firstfruits" is a garden metaphor in which produce is being harvested. God's word is commonly imaged as a seed; the engrafting is an alternative plant image suggesting a new purpose given to an old entity.

James 1:231 24

God's word

The law is imaged as a mirror that reflects defects and blemishes.

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James 1:26 6 B Bridle his tongue Use selfcontrol in speaking

JAMES
The tongue is pictured as an unruly horse.

Bible Metaphors

James 1:27

Pure and undefiled Keep oneself unspotted from the world

Not hypocritical
Keep from sinning

Religion is reified as something that can be soiled.

James 1:27

Sin is depicted as dirt.

James 2:3

At my footstool

In less-thannonored position Exceedingly faithful Err slightly

Literal seating position has always been used to indicate rank at a social gathering.

James 2:5

Rich in faith

Faith is reified as a tangible commodity.

James 2:10

6 3 7

B C B

Stumble in one point Judged by the law of liberty Mercy triumphs over judgement Save

Violating a segment of the law is depicted as a creature's stumbling and losing balance. The law is personified as a judge.

James 2:12

Given justice

James 2:13

Mercy is greater

Judgement and mercy are also personified as being in conflict.

James 2:14 James 2:1720

7 5 6

Rescue Good intentions must be carried out Faith and works were interdependent Abraham faith without works is dead

Faith is personified as a being who can perform a rescue. Faith requires sustaining throughput to remain effective.

B Faith without B works is dead

James 2:22

Faith was working together with his works Friend of God The body without the spirit is dead

The image suggests a clockwork construct in which faith is one of the interlinking cogs.

James 2:23 James 2:26

7 7

B B

A friendship is characterized by openness, frankness, and love. Life and faith are both parts of interdependent processes. James uses the physical body to illustrate how the abstract (faith) cannot exist without the concrete (works). Stumbling is an animal (space-binding) metaphor that uses loss of equilibrium to suggest the debilitating effects of spiritual error. The image of controlling a horse with a small bridle or bit emphasizes how crucial control of one's speech is. One who is able to control his speech is able to control his entire self. See above.

James 3:2

6 3 6

B We all C stumble...
B Bridle the whole body

All of us err

James 3:2

Exert selfcontrol

James 3:3

Put bits in horses' mouths

Exert control over the whole by a small part Speech preceding action

James 3:4

Ships turned by a very small rudder

Hie rudder is a cybernetic steering mechanism that, by continual adjustment, brings a steady course.

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Bible Metaphors
James 3:5

JAMES
a forest a little fire kindles Effect is not proportional to size

155

B See how great

The forest fire that may spread from a tiny spark parallels the progress of gossip or other wrong speech.

James 3:6

Afire

The tongue

The destructive power of fire illustrates the evil effects that uncontrolled speech may bring. Images of pollution and of a raging forest fire illustrate the destructiveness of the "tongue."

James 3:6

6 1

B B

Defiles the whole body, and sets on fire the course of nature; and it is set on fire by hell Every kind of beast ... has been tamed, but no man can tame the tongue Full of deadly poison

Pollutes and destroys

James 3:7-8

Animals can be brought under control, but not human speech

In contrast to animals, which can be domesticated, James sees human speech as that which requires constant vigilance to control.

James 3:8

Having highly destructive capabilities There is a lack of consistency

The tongue (itself metonymous for speech) is likened to a spider, scorpion or serpent that causes death by venom.

James 3:11

1 3

B C

Does a spring send forth fresh water and bitter from the same opening? Can a fig tree bear olives, or a grapevine bear figs?

The impossibility of a spring's giving both clean and polluted water simultaneously dramatizes the hypocrisy of those whose behavior and speech changes according to the occasion.

James 3:12

The tongue will speak what is in the mind We ought to be consistent

Communication accords with its source (the mind) in the same way that a tree bears fruit of its own species.

James 3:12

1 B No spring can
yield both salt water and fresh

See v. 11.

James 3:15

A Does not descend from above, but is earthly B Gentle, willing to yield B Full of good fruits The fruit of righteousness is sown hi peace

Is sensual and demonic

Guile that is directed towards fulfilling one's carnal desires is contrary to Godly thought. "Above" versus "earthly" suggests a spatial hierarchy in which height stands for superiority.

James 3:17 James 3:17

Diplomatic

Heavenly wisdom is given the characteristics of a tractable animal. Fruit is a common symbol for the result of a process.

Having good results Godliness is both a cause and a result of peace

James 3:18

The cycle of growth, fruition, and sowing illustrates the continuous growth of character that should occur.

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156
James 4:1 7 B Desires that war in your members B The Spirit who dwells in us yearn jealously Conflicting desires

JAMES

Bible Metaphors

Unimpeded by self-control, the appetites are invested with the human ability to fight.

James 4:5

The Spirit of God is incompatible with carnal desires Exercise selfcontrol and you will succeed Repent of sin

The Spirit is anthropomorphized as one who may inhabit a residence.

James 4:7

Resist the devil and he will flee

Satan is seen as a predator who may be resisted successfully by the exercise of self-control.

James 4:8

1 7

B Cleanse your B hands, and purify your hearts B Humble C yourselves, and He will lift you up A A vapor that appears for a little time and then vanishes away B The farmer C waits for the precious fruit of the earth B Establish your hearts B Wander from B the truth... turns him back

Sin and immoral behavior are depicted as dirt and filth. The hands of a person are metonymous for behavior, and the heart is metonymous for thought.

James 4:10

1 3

Humility leads to exaltation

There is a paradoxical tension in that an increase in one factor leads to an increase in the opposite factor. The low/high spatial coordinates parallel humility versus pride.

James 4:14

Your life

Mist, because of its ephemeral nature, is a fit symbol for the transitoriness of human life.

James 5:7

5 2

Be patient

This image not only involves farming but also implies the time cycle of the seasons.

James 5:8

Be strong

Establishing in this context suggests shoring up or fortification.

James 5:196 20 1

Is made to reconsider a dangerous course of action Save from sins

Wandering is a space-binding metaphor suggesting a path as a framework symbol for the correct way of life.

James 5:20

B Cover a multitude of sins

The image of a blanket covering a large area suggests protection.

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Bible Metaphors
I Peter 1:3 7 B Begotten us again to a living hope C For a little while B Faith, being B much more precious than gold that perishes Reconciled us to God Temporarily The character produced is more than worth the suffering involved Prepare for a difficult task

I PETER

157

The process of human reproduction is likened to the beginning of a new spiritual life. As seasons come and go, so do trials. "A little while" suggests a relatively short period of time when compared to eternity. The image is of the refining of metals by fire, bringing the metal to a state of near purity. Trials serve a comparable purpose in the production of Christian character.

I Peter 1:6 I Peter 1:7

2 1 3

I Peter 1:13

1 7

B Gird up the B loins of your mind B Obedient children

A man prepares for a difficult task by gathering in loose clothing; the expression is much like saying "Roll up your sleeves."

I Peter 1:14 I Peter 1:18

7 7 1

With willingness and trust Reconciled to God by spiritual means

One of the positive qualities of a small child is obedience and unconcern for peer pressure. Human redemption involves a price, which is Christ's sacrifice. Metal currency, used in buying of physical things, is contrasted with the immeasurably greater value of Christ's life that was given.

B Not redeemed B with corruptible things, like silver or gold A A lamb without blemish A Foundation B Purified your C souls B Born again

I Peter 1:19

Christ's perfect sacrifice Beginning Become sinless Given spiritual life Physical birth

The lack of flaws or blemishes in an animal sacrifice typifies the sinlessness of Christ. The temporal beginning of the world is given a structural image. The process of purifying has been compared to a foundry (I Peter 1:7). See I Peter 1:3. "Seed" derives from the plant image.

I Peter 1:20 I Peter 1:22 I Peter 1:23

1 1 3 7

I Peter 1:23

B Corruptible seed B All flesh is as

I Peter 1:24

Man's life is temporary Removing all negative attitudes Receive spiritual sustenance

The temporal nature of man is likened to the coming and going of the grass and its flowers. In contrast, God's word lasts forever. Human attitudes of the heart are likened to physical objects or weights, connoting their retarding effect upon spiritual progress. As a child thirsts for nourishment from its mother, so a Christian looks to the word of God for nourishment.

I Peter 2:1

I B Laying aside all malice...

I Peter 2:2

B As newborn babes, desire the pure milk, that ye may grow B Tasted

I Peter 2:3

Evaluated

By tasting, people evaluate the quality of their food. A Christian can similarly evaluate God's way of life by experiencing it. Christ Himself and all true Christians throughout history are likened to stones that make up the temple. Each stone has its place in the temple, the most important position being the cornerstoneChrist.

I Peter 2:4-8

A A living stone

A dependable and valuable support

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I Peter 2:9 1 B Out of darkness into His marvelous light Sojourners and pilgrims From ignorance to knowledge

I PETER

Bible Metaphors

This image depicts spiritual education as a spatial transfer from a region of darkness (lack of illumination) to a region of light (illuminated).

I Peter 2:11

Temporary dwellers

The challenges pilgrims face in conquering new lands are abundant in history. Christians face comparable challenges as they live a special way of life among non-believers. Lust can embattle and overcome a person much like an invading army.

I Peter 2:11

War against

Assault and overwhelm Privately giving yourself license to commit evil Imitate His example Took the penalty of our sins You have erred but repented

I Peter 2:16

A Using your liberty as a cloak for vice

The metaphor of a cloak indicates the intent to hide evil motives.

I Peter 2:21

6 1 1

B B B

Follow His steps Bore our sins in His own body You were like sheep going astray, but have now returned to the Shepherd

Moving along a path following someone's lead is a symbol for imitation of their way of life. Sins are pictured as weights.

I Peter 2:24

I Peter 2:25

Sheep have a built-in need for a leader. Thus the sheep/shepherd analogy illustrates the Christian's need for a leader and Christ's concern for His Church.

I Peter 3:3-5

A The incorruptible ornament A The weaker vessel C Turn away from evil and do good B The eyes of the Lord are on the righteous... but the face of the Lord is against those who do evil Being put to death in the flesh but made alive by the Spirit

A gentle and quiet spirit

This aspect of God's character is symbolized by jewelry.

I Peter 3:7

One's wife

The woman's comparatively delicate physical constitution is symbolized by a fragile vessel. True repentance involves not only a cessation of the wrong activity, but a commencement of right actions. Thus a Christian's effort to find a state of equilibrium can be seen from these verses. The physical features of eyes and ears are an anthropomorphism of a Spirit Being.

I Peter 3:1011

Repent

I Peter 3:12

God is receptive to those who obey Him, but not to the disobedient

I Peter 3:18

Being converted

Conversion is symbolizes by a death and resurrection.

I Peter 3:21

B The filth of the flesh B At the right hand of God

Sin
Preeminent with God

Human sin is likened to dirt, unclean and of no value.

I Peter 3:22

The right-hand position to the throne is that of preeminence.

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Bible Metaphors
I Peter 4:1 7 1 B B Arm yourselves also with the same mind Walked in lasciviousness ... run with them in the same flood of dissipation Love will cover a multitude of sins As good stewards Protect your thoughts with Godly knowledge Practiced immorality

I PETER

159

The image suggests stockpiling weapons and armor, which represent spiritual knowledgeour defense against temptation.

I Peter 4:3-4

6 B 1 B

Walking or running with the herd symbolizes following peer pressure to commit sin.

I Peter 4:8

Love makes one tolerant of weakness

Love is pictured as a protective barrier or covering.

I Peter 4:10

Behaving responsibly Be activated by God's Spirit

Christians are to use their God-given gifts responsibly, as a steward responsibly oversees the affairs of his master. The human being is envisioned as a conduit through which Godly through-put is channelled.

I Peter 4:11

4 1

B If anyone C speaks, let him speak as the oracles of God C B Do not think it strange concerning the fiery trial The time has come for judgement to begin at the house of God

I Peter 4:12

3 1

Expect trials

This image is a variation of I Peter 1:7.

I Peter 4:17

Judgement first comes to Christians

The Church, having many members with various responsibilities, can be likened to a house having many structural members needed for the stability of the whole.

I Peter 5:2

7 6

B Shepherd the B flock of God which is among you B Examples to the flock When the Chief Shepherd appears Be clothed with humility Under the mighty hand of God Casting all your care upon Him

Serve the congregation

The minister epitomizes the concerned and protective qualities of a shepherd. The animal analogue of sheep depicts the human congregation following the lead of its elders as sheep follow their shepherd.

I Peter 5:3

Leading the congregation When Christ comes

The minister leads and sets the pace for his congregation as a shepherd for his flock. See I Peter 5:2.

I Peter 5:4

I Peter 5:5

Be humble

The image is of humility covering pride as clothing covers the body.

I Peter 5:6

Under God's authority

The human hand is anthropomorphized to a spirit being.

I Peter 5:7

Trusting Him

The concerns of life are seen as being picked up like physical objects and cast into God's domain.

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I PETER

Bible Metaphors

I Peter 5:8

A Your adversary the devil walks about like a roaring lion, seeking whom he may devour C After you have suffered a while, perfect, establish, strengthen, and settle you

Satan attempts to destroy Christians

Satan is described as a predator stalking its prey.

I Peter 5:10

Stabilize you

The concept suggested by this sequence is of equilibrium and stasis.

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Bible Metaphors
2 Peter 1:2 4 C Grace and peace be multiplied to you B Will neither be barren nor unfruitful... B Short-sighted, C even to blindness B In this tent Grow and develop in Godly attributes Will gain Godly knowledge Spiritually confused and ignorant Having physical life Die

2 PETER
The spectacular growth resulting from cell division can be used to describe the growth of grace and peace, beginning small but growing rapidly.

161

2 Peter 1:5-8 6

Positive character growth is likened to fruit.

2 Peter 1:9

7 3

Nearsightedness means one can see, but not clearly. Visual acuity adds stability, both on a physical and a spiritual level. Thus this sight image connotes both enlightenment and balance. Conscious of eternal life beyond physical existence, Paul sees the human body as a temporary dwelling like a tent. See above.

2 Peter 1:13

2 Peter 1:14

B Put off my tent B A light that shines in a dark place C The day dawns and the morning star rises B The Lord who bought them B Their judgement has not been idle, and their destruction does not slumber B Chains of darkness A Natural brute beasts made to be caught and destroyed A Spots and blemishes

2 Peter 1:19

A sense of spiritual orientation What we are awaiting comes to pass

Christ's example serves as an orienting beacon.

2 Peter 1:19

The certainty of the coming and going of the heavenly bodies symbolizes the certainty of Christ's return.

2 Peter 2:1

Their Savior

The redemption which comes through Christ is likened to the buying of a person out of slavery. The qualities of a predator are suggested for judgement and destruction.

2 Peter 2:3

Judgement is certain and predictable

2 Peter 2:4

Restraint

Chains suggests a physical restraint.

2 Peter 2:12

The presumptuous and self-willed

Animals, following their natural desires, give no thought to their motives, Carnal people behave like animals, acting without moral restraint,

2 Peter 2:13

See above

In the Old Testament, spots and blemishes rendered the animal sacrifice unacceptable; hence this metaphor for those whose behavior is unacceptable. The metaphor seems to indicate a repetitive training of the heart towards coveting. Animals can also be trained by repetition.

2 Peter 2:14

B Have a heart trained in covetous practices B Forsaken the right way and gone astray... A Wells without water, clouds carried by a tempest

Have developed the habit of selfishness Erred

2 Peter 2:15

The imagery suggests an animal, maybe a lamb, that has wandered off course, following another shepherd.

2 Peter 2:17

Heretics

Waterless wells and clouds in a storm signify emptiness, indirection, and unfulfilled promise.

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162
2 Peter 2:18 3 1 C Great swelling A words Emptiness

2 PETER

Bible Metaphors

The paradox shown here suggests that the greater the talk, the smaller the reality. The continuing image of "emptiness" depicts meaning as contained in words. The slave metaphor illustrates the captivating aspect of destructive habits.

2 Peter 2:19

Are slaves of corruption

Have yielded to lack of selfcontrol Overcome

2 Peter 2:20

Entangled in them

The image suggests a weed or vine that grows extensively, strangling and choking out surrounding life. The behavior of animals presents a vivid picture of a man returning to his sinful past after having known the truth.

2 Peter 2:22

A A dog returns to his own vomit, and a sow, having washed, to her wallowing in the mire B Stir up your pure minds B Walking B according to their lusts B Fell asleep B Kept in store ...reserved for fire C One day is as a thousand years... A A thief in the night

After apparent repentance, they resume their practice of sin

2 Peter 3:1

Remind you

The image suggests a cooking pot.

2 Peter 3:3

6 1

Having no self-control

Behavior is depicted as a walk.

2 Peter 3:4 2 Peter 3:7

7 1

Died Awaiting judgement

Sleep typifies death because of the element of unconsciousness. The judgement is pictured as a stored commodity.

2 Peter 3:8

Time is not a limitation

Paul stresses God's eternity and permanence: A thousand years when compared to eternity is a short time.

2 Peter 3:10

Suddenly and unexpectedly

Like the unexpected arrival of a thief, the return of Christ and the end of the world will come unexpectedly. The image also carries a threatening connotation: Christ's return would be perceived as a threat to those who do not obey Him. This image derives from the Old Testament animal sacrifice: The animal to be sacrificed had to be unblemished. Distortion is used to symbolize misrepresentation or misinterpretation.

2 Peter 3:14

B Without spot and blameless B Twist to their own destruction B Fall from your steadfastness B Led away with the error of the wicked B Grow in grace and knowledge

Sinless

2 Peter 3:16

Wilfully misinterpret

2 Peter 3:17

Fail to fulfill your Christian calling Deceived

Physical injury as a result of falling is used to suggest the dangers inherent in someone's rejection of his Christian calling.

2 Peter 3:17

See 2 Peter 2:15.

2 Peter 3:18

Mature in the faith

Throughout the New Testament, the plant metaphor of growth is emblematic of the Christian's progress (see Galatians 5:22-23).

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Bible Metaphors
1 John 1:4 1 3 B Your joy may C be full
You may actualize your potential for joy God is completely virtuous

1-3 JOHN
The image compares "joy" to a container that can be filled. The achieving of this equilibrium implies a deficit that is corrected.

163

1 John 1:5

1 3 6 1 4 1

B God is light C and in Him is no darkness B Walk in B darkness B Blood of Jesus B ...cleanse us from all sin C If we say that we have no sin ...if we confess B We have an Advocate B Abides in Him B ...walk just as he walked

The abstract concept of everything good, excellent, true and right is spoken of using the universal symbol of light; the second clause emphasizes the absoluteness of the previous one. "Walk" is symbolic of pursuing a way of life, in this case, within a spatial construct termed "darkness," symbolic of everything not virtuous. "Blood" is a synecdoche for the whole sacrifice, symbolic of Christ's entire living and dying for our sakes. This blood then becomes the implied water used to "wash" our sins, typified by the implied soil. A homeostatic regulating principle is invoked in this binary pair of if/then statements: professing innocenceself-deceptk>n;confessing>-forgiveness

1 John 1:7

Live amorally

1 John 1:7

Jesus' death... renders us forgiven [Forgiveness requires admitting guilt] Forgiveness is facilitated Is a Christian ...live as He lived

1 John 1:8-10 3

1 John 2:1

Christ is referred to as a counsel for defense in an implicit courtroom setting, with Satan ["accuser"] as prosecuting attorney and God as judge. The image of making oneself at home within Christ, as if he were a house, is figurative of the long-term commitment one makes to a relationship with Christ, hence the thought as a whole"professes to be a Christian." The newness of the commandment lies in its unique, individual realization in each person, as God personally brings him or her to conversion, pictured by the figurative language suggestive of the dawning of each new day. The continued light/dark homeostatic metaphor is takes on structural qualities, allowing one to be "in" it; the difference in terminology suggests refinement of implied functioning: "in Christ"-Christian, "in Light" converted. "Abiding" implies not just a static, but process-oriented image for conversion within the spatial referent of light.

1 John 2:6

7 1

1 John 2:8

2 3

C Darkness is C passing and the true light shines

B Says he is in C the light,..is in the darkness B Abides in the B light

The conversion process has begun

Professes to be converted...has yet to achieve conversion Is actively committed to conversion Excuse or reason to desert Is not truly converted For whatever length you've been Christian Your love must be singular Commitment is prerequisite for eternal life

1 John 2:9

1 3

1 John 2:10

2
1 John 2:10 6

Causes him to stumble Walks in darkness Little children ...Fathers... young men

The Greek refers to being a snare, as in an animal trapping; falling into one is symbolic of evil action, but more specifically in the context of the passage, "falling away" from a Christian's calling and fellowship.

1 John 2:11

See 2:9
John tries to show the inclusiveness and relevancy of his message by comparing different age levels within a family structure to the different levels of spiritual growth one may find oneself at in the Church. John implies a reciprocal balancing principle within the ability to "love" that precludes valuing God and the "world" simultaneously; this love becomes the regulating principle over life and death. John develops the figurative "abiding" language to connote a process of life-sustaining through-put, and thus a latent cell metaphor.

1 John 2:12- 7 14 1 John 2:1517 1 John 2:24 3

C Love not the world... C If what you heard., abides in you

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164
1 John 2:27 1 7 B The anointing B ...abides in you ...abide in him Consecration remains valid ...be loyal

1-3 JOHN

Bible Metaphors

The abstract "anointing" (by the Holy Spirit, referring to the Christian's consecration at Baptism) is personified as a Teacher dwelling in the Christian, instructing the [re-personified] Christian; it then becomes a structure within which the Christian dwells. In the last instance, "abiding" refers, not just to embodying what was taught, but in the context of those trying to cause deception, to remaining faithful to what one has learned. The implicit imagery makes "righteousness" the genotype (lie is righteous") for the Christian phenolype ("born of him") in a cell metaphor.

1 John 2:29

Everyone who practices righteousness is born of him Should be called the children of God

Christianity is living as Christ would

1 John 3:1

Can be known by our close relationship with God

A familial relationship is the metaphor for the intimacy with which we can come to know and relate to God; its figurative sense is heightened by the passive sense of "called." "And so we are" (in most versions) indicates a higher reality to the metaphor that the language cannot express The reality of a spiritual component to our lives that empowers us to have an intimate relationship to with God is stressed by John through the familial metaphor being emphasized with "now," contrasting with an implied "before." The metaphorical "soil" of which we cleanse ourselves is sin, "purifying" becoming the metaphor for a continual state of repentance and "pure" being a sin-free state that Christ always is.

1 John 3:2

Now we are the children of God

We are no longer solely physical

1 John 3:3

B Purifies himself, even as he is pure

Is repenting with the goal of divine perfection Change our nature

1 John 3:5

Take away our sins

Behavior is referred to as a substance which can be removed. The sense in this context is not just the act (sin) but the motivation and mindset that gave rise to it (sinfulness), the penalty of the action (death), the estrangement from God that a resulted; He does not merely forgive but gives us the divine power to repent. Dwelling within symbolizes following the example of Him whose name we bear, whom we identify with. An implicit genotype/phenotype relationship is established, where sinning is a "hereditary" trait that patterns an individual's behavior after the Devil's (John 8:44). Physical actions are compared to spiritual mindset. The human birth analogy for Christians implies not only a fresh start, but taking in the very "genetic" make-up of God. The seed (sperm) in the analogy is the Holy Spirit which, like a seed eventually bearing fruit, "remains" in the sense that it perpetuates the same "genetic code" and motivates the Christian. John dichotomizes the human race into Christians and everybody else in order to bring out the pervasive influence of the Devil on human motives and actions (Eph 2:2, Rev 12:9). He uses the same father/son analogy applied to God. Life and Death are pictured as spatial coordinates between which one may migrate. The life is implicitly eternal life because we already have temporal life which is here equated with death, i.e., its only outcome. Eternal life is not just a future goal but a present reality because it is primarily a quality of life (John 17:3), not merely length of days. Death is a homestead for the individual in question; they are "still dead." Death is typical of the state prior to conversion, of someone still unreconciled to God and thus not having real life within himself.

1 John 3:6

B Abides in him

Becomes a real Christian Devil-inspired

1 John 3:8

8 4

B Of the Devil C

1 John 3:9

7 4

A Born of God B does not sin... His seed remains in him

Christians do not habitually sin...they mature in the Holy Spirit Those who take on God's character or the Devil's Our eternal potential is now life, not death

1 John 3:10

Children of God...children of the Devil

1 John 3:14

Passed from death to life

1 John 3:14

Abides in death

Is simply not converted

C*l. & l-Framewort 2-dockwori; VTbermottat 4-Cell 5-Plant 6-Animal 7-Human C*L 1 A-Direct Simile B-Figure of speech C-tmptted in Structure of Thought C*t 4 Vehlde (scripture, image) Cd. Si Tenor (referent) Cl. it Analysis of ground* of comparison

Bible Metaphors
1 John 3:16 1 B He laid down his life...we also ought to lay down our lives B Shuts up his heart B Assure hearts B our Be willing to die

1-3 JOHN
Life is referred to as a garment that can be taken off and laid down.

165

1 John 3:17

Is not motivated to be generous

Become confident Experience guilt
We are not guilt-ridden

The heart is depicted as a container for elementalized compassion and generosity that may be shut up. The heart is personified as someone in need of our reassurance and encouragement. The heart is personified as a judge passing sentence.

1 John 3:19

1 John 3:20 1 John 3:21

Heart condemns us

7 7 1

B Heart does not condemn B Abides in him B ...abides in us

See above. Behavior patterns are typified by tenants.

1 John 3:24

Mindful of practicing His way of life Determine the truth

If it can be compatible with the truth Is not compatible

1 John 4:1 1 John 4:1

3 7

C Test the spirit B Every spirit that confesses B Does not confess B Little children

Test" suggests the use of metaphorical scales to "weigh" the evidence for or against the validity of something. The spirits are personified as witnesses that testify in a court case.

1 John 4:2 1 John 4:4 1 John 4:5

See above. Children relative to John's years of experience; suggests the intimacy and preciousness with which John considers them. God through the medium of the Holy Spirit is pictured as taking up space within the spatial construct of the individual's life. The implicit heavenly/worldly contrast suggests a spatial dichotomy reflective of the spiritual dichotomy. The human reproductive analogy typifies how God is able to divinely motivate an individual when he or she is converted and how in turn the Christian identifies with the One who gave him life. The abstraction of mental and spiritual values, and consistent behavior patterns called love is reified into the transcendent Being.

7 1

New believers

B He who is in Inspires your you actions B They are of the world B Born of God "Carnal"

1 John 4:5

1 John 4:7

Identifies with God God is best characterized as motivated by outgoing concern Let the Word experience life and death Reconciles us to God We now have Godly traits

1 John 4:8

B God is love

1 John 4:9

B Sent his only begotten son C Propitiation B God abides in B us

"Sent" includes the concept of "became flesh" and a sacrificial connotation. God-appeasing offering typifies Jesus' accomplishments through life death and resurrection. God is personified as a home-dweller in the Christian, imparting to the decor His character.

1 John 4:10 1 John 4:12

3 7 1

CO. i l-Pramewot* 2-CJockwoft 3-Tbermo*ut 4-Cell 5-PUnt 6-Anfrnal 7-Human C*L 1 A-Direct Simile B-Figure of tpeecb C-Implled in Structure of Thought C*L 4 Vehicle (fcripture, image) Crf. Si Tenor (referent) C*L 6 Anafywi of ground* of comptraon

166
1 John 4:13

1-3 JOHN
1 B We abide in 3 C Him and He in
We practice His way of life

Bible Metaphors

See above. There is now the element of a reciprocally balancing relationship.

us
1 John 4:15
1 3 B God abides in C him and he in God B

Lives a consistently Christian life

See 4:8

See above.

1 John 4:16 1 John 4:16

God is Love

See 4:8

7 1
3

B Abides in love B abides in God C ...God in him

Godly love motivates a Christian Godly love is incompatible with fear Loving God is manifested in loving people To accept that Jesus is the Messiah is prerequisite to Christianity Not difficult to obey Controls himself

A three-way reciprocal balancing mechanism that equates love, God and the Christian. Love and fear are pictured as substances that can displace one another.

1 John 4:18

7 B No fear in love 1 B but perfect love casts out fear C "I love God," C and hates his brother...
B Believes Jesus is the Christ is bom of God

1 John 4:20- 8 21 3

Love on the physical plane is compared to love on the spiritual plane in a reciprocally balancing relationship. The full impact of belief on thoughts and actions is equated with an insemination and gestation that results in our becoming offspring of God.

1 John 5:1

1 John 5:3 1 John 5:5

1 7

B Not burdensome
B Overcomes the world

The image suggest a large load that weighs down a beast of burden. His teaching, therefore, may be challenging but not menial or oppressive. The Christian is pictured as a great general of conquest. The drives and impulses of carnality are referred to as the world, or the lowest common denominator of humanity's nature. Metonymous terms for the birth process, crucifixion and glorification of Christ that are then personified as witnesses.

1 John 5:6,8

1 4

B The spirit, the B water and the blood B Witness God of

Life, death, resurrection of Christ Jesus Christ

1 John 5:9

The image of God the Father taking the witness stand is a figure for the previous "witnesses" of the manifestations of Christ. This image offers divine evidence of God's plan and His work in our lives. An exclusivity principle is invoked where the spatial concept of "in" expresses Christ influencing somebody through the Holy Spirit.

1 John 5:12

B He who has Only those the son has completely life; he who yielded to does not have Christ have the Son of eternal life God does not have life B Sin which leads to death Unrepented sin and an unrepenting attitude Repented of Christian

1 John 5:16

The prepositional aspect of "to" or "towards" implies movement in a spatial context that is bounded at one end by death.

1 John 5:17 1 John 5:18

2 7

B Not leading to death B Born of God

See above.
See 4:7.

CL i 1-Framework ^Clockwork 3-Tbennoat 4-Cdl S-Plant 6-Animal 7-Human C*L 1 A-Direct Simile B-Figure of (peed) C-lmplied in Structure of Thought Cl. 4 Vehicle (scripture, image) C*l Si Tenor (referent) C*L * Analyib of ground* of oomparbon

Bible Metaphors
1 John 5:19 1 B Ues under the sway of the wicked one B Little children Satan-inspired

1-3 JOHN
The Greek presents a structural image of the world lying, or being founded, "in" the wicked one.

167

1 John 5:21

You are dear to me, being the long-time Christian I am We know a God-plane reality

An implicit contrast of age within a family structure connotes the relative spiritual maturity and the intimate concern felt for the other.

2 John 2

B Truth which abides in us

The truth that a Christian experiences is personified as a home-dweller.

2 John 4

I B Walking in the Living truth Christianity 1 B Walk according to his command Live righteously

Truth is pictured a structure we can walk within.

2 John 6

The commandments are pictured as a prescribed path.

2 John 8

I B Not lose those

things we worked for

Do not be
deceived

Christian truth is pictured as objects that can become misplaced, never to be found again.

3 John 3

B Walk in the truth B My children B walk in the truth

Be consistent Christians Christians keep the faith

See 2 John 4.

3 John 4

7 1

There is the hint that in addressing his little children, John has in mind the future generations of Christians that will be influenced through his writings. His hope is for faithfulness to Christian beliefs and acts.

C*L i 1-Framework 2-Oockwodc 3-Thennoiat 4-OHI 5-Ptant 6-Aninul 7-Human CM. * A-Direct Simile B-Flgure of tpeech C-Imp(id in Structure of Thought C*L * Vehicle (icrlpture, image) C*L 5: Tenor (referent) C*L 6 Analjnit of ground* of comparton

Bible Metaphors
Jude 2 4 C Men?, peace and love be multiplied Mercy, peace and love must increase and spread Exhorting you to defend the faith

JUDE
The concept suggests the reificatkm of mercy, peace and love into substances that can experience cell-like growth.

169

Jude 3

I B Exhorting you to contend earnestly for the faith 6 B That certain men have crept in unaware

Faith is seen as the prize awarded at the end of a contest.

Jude 4

They became members without

Image suggests the stealth and caution seen in an animal seeking prey.

becoming
Christian Angels rejected their responsibility The metaphor suggests a violation of hierarchy that reflect a spacebinding metaphor for rebellion.

Jude 6

1 C Angels did 6 C not keep their proper domain, and left their own habitation B Reserved in everlasting chains Defile the flesh

Jude 6

Restrained

"Chain" is a metaphor for the condition of restraint.

Jude 8 Jude 10-11 6

Live immorally They have no sensitivity to underlying motives Examples of contradictions Exist purposelessly

Sin is depicted as pollution or filth. As animal nature is uninhibited and carnal, so are people without God's Spirit.

A Whatever they know naturally, like brute beasts B Spots

Jude 12

Spots and blemishes in an animal sacrifice render it unacceptable.

Jude 12-13

A Are clouds... late autumn trees...raging waves...wander ing stars... B Walking B according to their lusts C They mouth great swelling words B Walk B according to their own ungodly lusts

A series of images, each with inherent paradoxical tension, are used to convey the sense of cross purposes between potential and actuality.

Jude 16

6 1

Living hedonistically

Immoral behavior is pictured as a walk, with the guideposts being "lost.1

Jude 16

They boast

Their vanity grows like cell division (cf. II Perter 3:18).

Jude 18

6 1

Behave immorally

See 16.

Jude 2 0 Jude 24

I B Building yourselves up 7 3 B To keep you C from stumbling

Improving To prevent your making errors

The image suggests the constructing of a building. A person "stumbling" is a figure for a loss of balance.

Cd. 1 l-Fnunework 2-Oockwort 3-Tbenno*tat 4-Cdl S-Plant 6-Anlroal 7-Human CW. 1 A-Direct Simite B-Figure of ipeech C-Implted in Structure of Thought C* * Vehicle (icripture, image) Ci ft Tenor (referent) Cri. * Analyita of groundt of companion

Bible Metaphors
Rev. 1:5 7 B Firstborn Preeminent of those resurrected Forgiven our sins by giving up His life

REVELATION
The human process of birth provides the model for this image: resurrection, the beginning of another life, is likened to birth.

171

Rev. 1:5

B Washed us from our sins in His own blood C Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end ... the first and the last B Both your brother and companion Seven golden candlesticks

Sin is depicled as dirt and grime, while His blood is depicted as a cleansing agent.

Rev. 1:8,11

Encompassing alt time

Christ identifies Himself as binding all time,

Rev. 1:9

Share with you a close family relationship Representations of churches Christ with the form of a

Followers of Christ are compared to physical siblings.

Rev. 1:12

John explains that these candlesticks are seven churches (Rev. 1:20).

Rev. 1:13

One like the Son of Man

The human form is the one Christ manifests Himself into.

man
Rev. 1:14 1 B His head and His hair were white like wool, as white as snow B Eyes like a flame of fire They were dazzlingty bright Wool and snow are alternate similes for brilliantly white.

Rev. 1:14

His eyes were intense Continuing with image of brightness

Flames represent warmth and intensity.

Rev. 1:15

B Feet like fine brass, as if refined in a furnace B In His right hand seven

Brass is a choice metal for ornamental display and is made more dazzling by refinement.

Rev. 1:16

stars
Rev. 1:16 1 B Out of His mouth went a sharp twoedged sword

The angels of the seven churches From His mouth came the Word of God Intensely powerful countenance

The stars have as their chief characteristic the luminescence that gives them a lifelike appearance.

The two-edged sword from His mouth suggests the Word of God (Heb. 4:12).

Rev. 1:16

B Countenance like the sun shining in its strength B Fell at His B feel as dead

The sun from a human perspective is the brightest, most dazzling selfcontained source of light, already compared to Christ's face in the Transfiguration (Matt. 17:2). Both humans and animals can be frightened into a comatose inactivity.

Rev. 1:17

7 6

Was terrified

C*L i l-Framewort 2-CJodcwort 3-ThennotUt 4-Cell 5-Plant 6-Animal 7-Human C*l. 3t A-Direci Simile B-Ambiguou* Metaphor Complied in Structure of Thought C*l. * VehWe (icripture, image) Cat. Si Tenor (referent) C*l. ft AnalyiM of ground* of companion

172
Rev. 1:17-18 2 1

REVELATION
C I am the first B and last ... I am He who lives and was dead, and, behold, I am alive forevermore
A I have the keys of Hades and of death Christ is a living, eternal Being

Bible Metaphors

Christ is encouraging John by making him privy to the process of death and resurrection.

Rev. 1:18

I am the way to eternal life

"Key" is Ihe solution or the means to unlock a previously locked door.

Rev. 1:20

A Seven stars

The angels of the seven churches The seven churches Angels ... churches

The luminous quality of stars suggests angelic beings.

Rev. 1:20

Seven lampstands Seven stars ...seven lampstands

Vessels for Illumination the Menorahs.

Rev. 2:1

See Rev. 1:20.

Rev. 2:4

1 3

B You have left C your first love

You have become disenchanted Recognize that you have erred

Allegiance to an ideal is compared to an infatuation.

Rev. 2:5

1 3

B C

Remember therefore from where you have fallen

This image compares error to falling from a higher to a lower position or losing balance.

Rev. 2:5

1 3

B I will remove C your lampstand from its place A B I will give to eat from the tree of life, which is in the midst of the paradise of

I will take away your responsibility and reward I will grant the gift of eternal life

This "tampstand" would symbolize the base or foundation of the Ephesian Church.

Rev. 2:7

5 1

The image of two trees in Rev.2:9 connotes fruit that brings life and fruit that brings death. This is also an allusion to the two trees in the Garden of Eden.

God
Rev. 2:10 Rev. 2:13 1 1 A B Crown of life He who has the sharp twoedged sword Eternal life Christ, who administers the Law of God Where people do not practice God's laws Caused them to err or to lose their balance The golden crown suggests durability. See Rev. 1:16.

Rev. 2:13

B Where Satan's seat is

The "seat" is a static symbol of the headquarters of Satan,

Rev, 2:14

1 3

B Put a C stumbling block before the children of Israel

The stumbling block suggests an obstacle bringing a loss of equilibrium,

l-Framework tClockwork 3-Thermcatat 4-Cell S-Plarji 6-Animal 7-Human Cl. A A-Direct Simile B-Ambiguoui Metaphor C-Implied in Structure of Tljought Cl, * Vehicle (criplure. image) CL Si Tenor (referent) Crf. tt Analyw of ground* of comparison

Bible Metaphors
Rev. 2:17 5 B Hidden
manna to eat

REVELATION
Means of eternal life An invitation or a special seal

173

John 6:51 compares the manna in the wilderness to the Hiving bread" of Christ's sacrifice. White is symbolic of purity.

Rev. 2:17

B A white stone

Rev. 2:18

B Eyes like a flame of fire ... feet like fine brass B You allow that woman Jezebel to teach and beguile My servants to commit sexual immorality I will cast her into a sickbed You tolerate loss of spiritual integrity

See Rev. 1:14.

Rev. 2:20

Sexual immorality is a type of spiritual "adultery," mixing truth and error.

Rev. 2:22

Tribulation will be Ihe consequence of this sin 1 examine human thoughts

The sickbed is a consequence of a defiled marriage bed.

Rev. 2:23

I am He who searches (he minds and the hearts The depths of Salan

The mind is compared to a region which can be explored, its contents evaluated.

Rev. 2:24

Perversity and evil Have power and dominion over them Those resisting Christ shall be destroyed

Satan represents the extreme of rebellion, perversity, and evil; the extreme is represented by the spatial "depths." Iron suggests strength and durability.

Rev. 2:27

B Rule them with a rod of iron B As the potter's vessels shall be broken to pieces B The morning star B Seven Spirits ... seven stars I will come upon you as a thief

Rev. 2:27

Christ's power to remove rebellion is illustrated by the relative strength of iron and ceramics materials.

Rev. 2:28

Jesus Christ

The "morning star" is a luminous heavenly body.

Rev. 3:1

See Rev. 1:20.

Rev. 3:3

I will come suddenly and unexpectedly Shall be pure

The thief counts as the element of surprise.

Rev. 3:3

B Shall walk with Me in white B Have not defiled their garments

White symbolizes purity and sinlessness.

Rev. 3:4

Have not practiced immorality

Sin is compared to filth or dirt.

C.I. Ji l-Frameworfc 2-Clockwork 3-ThermoMat 4-COI 5-Plant 6-Animal 7-Human CL 1 A-Direct Simile B-Ambiguoui MeUpbor C-Implfed in Structure of Thought C.I. * Vehicle (scripture, image) C.I, & Tenor (refcrem) Cl. * Anafywi of ground* of comparison

174
Rev. 3:4 1 B Shall be clothed in white garments Has authority inherited from David's dynasty I have given you access to

REVELATION
See 3:3.

Bible Metaphors

Rev. 3:7

B Has the key of David, opens and shuts B I have set before you an open door, and no-one can shut il

The "key" to open doors represents an empowerment.

Rev. 3:8

The "door" suggests an entrance to an open pathway or opportunity.

an
opportunity

Rev. 3:9

A The synagogue of Satan B I also will keep you from the hour of trial

A religion that does not worship God I will protect you during a certain period of time Persevere and keep yourself pure and moral

A synagogue or temple can represent a religion through a framework structure.

Rev. 3:10

The "hour" is a basic cycle and a recurrence of duration.

Rev. 3:11

A Hold fast to what you have, that noone may take your crown B I will make him a pillar in the temple

The "crown" is emblematic of a future reward and responsibility, which would be given to another candidate by default if forfeited.

Rev. 3:12

I will give him

A pillar is a part of a building that supports tremendous weight.

a
responsibility of importance Iwitl designate him as a member of God's Family Assenting but not zealous I will reject The image of an engraved pillar suggests permanence and irrevocability.

Rev. 3:12

I will write on him the name of My God ... new name

Rev. 3:15

B Neither cold nor hot B Because you B are lukewarm, I will spew you out of My mouth B You are wretched, miserable, poor, blind, and naked

"Cold" and "hot" are relative points along a thermostatic continuum. Lukewarmness represents vacillation, indecision, and lack of commitment. A physical organism will reject food or drink if it is not within the optimum temperature range.

Rev. 3:16

3 6

you

Rev. 3:17

You are spiritually inadequate

The state of abject poverty coupled with a severe physical handicap dramatizes the condition of spiritual failure.

OL 2s 1-Framewort 2-Oockwcnt 3-ThemKKtat 4-Cell S-Plant 6-Animal 7-Human CL 1 A-Direct Simite B-Arobiguouj Metaphor C-Implied in Structure of Thought Cl. * Vehicle (icripture, image) Cl. ft Tenor (referent) CL it Analyifi of ground) of compariion

Bible Metaphors
Rev. 3:18 1 B Buy from Me gold refined in the fire, thai you may be rich; and white garments, that the shame oE your nakedness may not be revealed B Anoint your eyes with eye salve ... see Intensify your zeal in order to become spiritually adequate

REVELATION
Gold is made more valuable through the refining process. Riches symbolize righteousness and white signifies purity.

175

Rev. 3:18

Secure God's Spirit ... actuate God's Spirit I am attempting to communicate with you Will give ruling responsibilities

Oil is a symbol of God's Spirit; the analogy in this case involves the imparting of self-perception by the Holy Spirit.

Rev. 3:20

I stand at the door and knock

The door is used as a symbol of the heart of a person. To obey the promptings of the Holy Spirit is to open the door.

Rev. 3:21

Grant to sit with Me on My throne ... His throne

The throne is symbolic of rulership.

Rev. 4:1

1 7

B Voice was like ? a trumpet

Voice was piercing and intense

On the first level, the piercing sound of this voice is likened to the tone quality of a trumpet. In addition, the choice of this instrument implicitly ties in with the human metaphor of Christ as a king: trumpets were used to introduce heralds and messengers of the king. The nonphysical dimension seen in a vision is described spatially as an alternative location. The color, brightness, and natural beauty of these stones suggests regal splendor of the Being sealed.

Rev. 4:2

1 was in the spirit

I experienced a vision Colorful, bright, and precious The spirit beings who assist God the Father

Rev. 4:3

B Like a jasper and a sardius stone B Twenty-four elders clothed in white robes, crowns of gold on their heads Seven lamps of fire burning Four living creatures full of eyes

Rev. 4:4

The twenty-four elders are anthropomorphized as a kind of board of directors.

Rev. 4:5

The seven Spirits of God [Derived from an animal image] The first was regal The second was meek and humble The third was anthropomorphic

See Rev. 1:20

Rev. 4:7

The eyes symbolize vigilance and watchfulness.

Rev. 4:7

A The first living creature was like a lion A The second living creature like a calf A The third ...had a face tike a man

The lion is the archetypical king of beasts.

Rev. 4:7

The calf symbolizes works of sacrifice.

Rev. 4:7

This symbolizes Christ's humanity.

CM, fc 1-Framewoct 2-Clodcwork 3-Thennoctat 4-Cell 5-Ptant 6-Aniroal 7-Huawn Cut. * A-Direct Simtk B-Ambiguoui Metaphor C-Implied in Structure of Thought C.I. * Vehicle (icripture. image) C*l. & Tenor (referent) Cl. ft AnaKvii of ground* of comparison

176
Rev. 4:7 6 A The fourth... was like a flying eagle The third symbolized Christ's Godlike characteristics They showed mobility and vigilance

REVELATION

Bible Metaphors

The eagle's ability to soar int inaccessible regions gives it a seemingly spiritual quality.

Rev. 4:8

The four living creatures, each having six wings, were full of eyes

These characteristics are derived from images of birds.

Rev. 5:5

6 5

A Lion of the A tribe of Judah ...Root of David B Stood a Lamb as (hough it had been slain Having seven horns and seven eyes Twenty-four elders fell down before the Lamb

Jesus Christ

The lion connotes kingline&s or majesty; "root" illustrates the lineage of David's dynasty, which includes Jesus. The root is a symbol of firmness and steadiness.

Rev. 5:6

Was Christ

The lamb suggests meekness, humility, and obedience.

Rev. 5:6

The seven Spirits of God

Eyes suggest watchfulness; horns, strength.

Rev. 5:8

[The Lamb was Jesus Christ]

See Rev. 5:6.

Rev. 5:8

A Golden bowls full of incense B Every tongue

Prayers of the saints Every language

The tendencies of incense to spread and fill a vacuum make it an appropriate metaphor of prayer. Tongue" is a metonymous expression for variety of language.

Rev. 5:9
Rev. 5:12

Worthy is the Lamb who was slain All creation

See Rev. 5:6.

Rev. 5:13

6 7

B Every B creature is heaven and on the earth... such as are in the sea...I heard saying A The Lamb C opened one of the seals

The anthropomorphic function of singing praises reflects the well-being of all the creation, which is represented by all the animals.

Rev. 6:1

6 2

Christ initiated or catalyzed events

There seems to be a cause/effect relationship between the opening of the seals and Ihe ensuing cycle of events described throughout the following chapters. See Rev. 4:7.

Rev. 6:1

I heard one of the four living creatures A voice like thunder A powerful voice

Rev. 6:1

The ability to speak derives from human experience.

C*l. 2i 1-Fraraewoit 2-Ckx*wort VThennoftat 4-Cell 5-Plani 6-Animal 7-Hunun Cat. A A-Direct Simile B-Ambiguou* Metaphor C-lmplied in Structure of Thought C*t. * Vehicle (uripture, image) C*L St Tenor (referent) C*L i< Analytit of ground* of comparuon

Bible Metaphors
Rev. 6:2 6 B A white horse Religious conflict

REVELATION

177

The horse is a means of transportation for the human figure in the image. The color is subordinate to the coinciding human metaphors in each image. The bow and crown suggest the human qualities of ambition, conquest, and mastery.

Rev. 6:2

He who sat on it had a bow; and a crown was given to him, and he went out conquering, and to conquer

Rev. 6:4

6 1

B And another B horse, fiery red, went out... to take peace from the earth, and there was given to him a great sword B A black horse, B and he who sat on had a pair of scales in his hand B A pale horse, and the name of him who sat on it was Death, and Hades followed with

War

This symbol cluster is of war and carnage. Red, reminiscent of the color of blood, is an appropriate emblem of war. The sword is a weapon of butchery that draws blood.

Rev. 6:5

6 1

Famine and scarcity

Black, in the context of this symbol cluster, is suggestive of emptiness.

Rev. 6:8

Death, the process of dying, and the grave

Death and the grave are personified.

him
Rev. 6:9 7 B Under the altar the souls of those who had been slain The record of history that recalls the saints who have died and await their reward They had been purified by trials The voices of the dead are anthropomorphic; seeking communication with the dead is a time-binding human concept.

Rev. 6:11

B And a white robe was given to each of them B It was said to C them that they should rest a little while longer, until the numberwas completed

The white robes are symbols of purity.

Rev. 6:11

7 2

They have to remain in the grave until the cycle of events has been completed

"Rest" is a metaphor for death"a little while longer" suggests a cycle of events culminating in the return of Christ.

C*l. 2i 1-Framework 2-Gockwott 3-Thenno*UI 4-Cell 5-Plant 6-Animal 7-Human C*l. 3t A-Direcl Simile B-Ambiguou* Metaphor C-lmplked in Structure of Tbooght Cl. * Vehick (*cripture, image) C*l. Si Tenor (referent) Cl. ft Analyiii of ground* of companion

178
Rev. 6:12 2 1

REVELATION
C B
The sun became black as sackcloth of hair, and the moon became like blood Stars of heaven fell to the earth, as a fig tree drops its late figs ...the sky receded as a scroll Illumination is decreased

Bible Metaphors

The cluster of metaphors suggests cataclysmic cosmic destruction when the natural cycles appear to be altered.

Rev. 6:13-14

2 1

B B

Outside forces act upon previously existing mechanisms and cycles to alter their natural processes Desired to die or escape

The image suggests a deterioration of an interdependent clockwork in which events outside the system wreak havoc.

Rev. 6:16

Said to the mountain, "Fall on us and hide us" At the four corners of the earth

The mountains are invested with the power of volition.

Rev. 7:1

At the far extremities of earth's environment, North/East/ West/South Another stage of the prophetic cycle begins Granted them protection and identification through God's Spirit Representatives from the entire House of Israel

The extremities of each direction metaphorically constitute a framework.

Rev. 7:2

I saw another angel ascending from the east Sealed the servants of our God on their foreheads The number of those who were sealed. One hundred and forty-four thousand

The "angel ascending from the east" is likened to the rising of the sun from the east an allusion to the next cycle, the blowing of the seven trumpets. Being sealed on the forehead suggests that their volition was set to obey God through the power of the Holy Spirit.

Rev. 7;3

Rev. 7:4-8

The tribal framework works as a type of organizational chart.

Rev. 7:9

A The Lamb

Christ

The meekness of a sacrificial lamb was the original grounds for comparison. White continues to stand for purity; palm branches were used as a symbol of honor (see Matt. 21:8).

Rev. 7:9

Clolhed with while robes. with palm branches Who are these arrayed in white robes?

Pure and worshipful

Rev. 7:13

See above.

Cl. Zi 1-Prameworfc 2-Clocfcwork 3-Thermoiw 4-CeLL S-Plant 6-Animal 7-Human C*l. * A-D<rect Simile B-Ambiguoui Metaphor C-Implied in Structure of Thought C*l. * Vehick (cripiure, image) C*l. & Tenor (referent) C.I. it Analyw of ground* of companion

Bible Metaphors
Rev. 7:14 1 B Washed their robes and made them while in the blood of the Lamb C Day and night in His temple Been forgiven for their sins

REVELATION

179

The blood of Christ was metaphorically compared lo a cleansing agent, washing an implied soiled garment Ihe impure life of its wearer.

Rev. 7:15

Continually

"Day and nighl" is a synecdoche, one cycle signifying many.

Rev. 7:16

C Neither hunger nor thirst anymore A Lamb who is in Ihe midst of Ihe throne

Have selfcontained life

The deficits of hunger and thirst come from a need to sustain throughput. Self-contained life would be at a constant slate of equilibrium. Jesus Christ was the antitype of Ihe Old Testament sacrificial lamb.

Rev. 7:17

Jesus Christ

Rev. 7:17

7 6 1

B Will shepherd B them and lead B them to living fountains of water C When He opened the seventh seal, there was silence in heaven for about half an hour

Will guide them to eternal life

A shepherd and his flock symbolize Christ and His followers. The life essence is seen as water, a framework image.

Rev. 8:1

There was a dramatic pause before the final stage of Ihe prophetic cycle

The "seventh seal" is the last stage of the event cycle started in Chapter 6. The silence precedes the beginning of a cycle within a cycle within a cycle, in which seven angels blow seven trumpets to herald more end-time events. The pause appears as an ominous calm before a storm.

Rev. 8:3

B Much incense, that he should offer it with the prayers of the saints B The smoke of the incense... ascended before God B The angel took the censer, filled it with fire, and threw it to the earth B The name of the star is Wormwood

Intercessory prayers

Incense is intermingled intentionally to be symbolic of prayers.

Rev. 8:4

God heard the prayers

The upward movement of smoke (prayer) is a spatial image that implies God's position as being above the earth.

Rev. 8:5

Retribution is given for wrong done to the saints

The censer filled with fire is symbolic of divine retribution.

Rev. 8:11

The star signifies bitter trials Satan

"Wormwood" suggests something harsh or embittering.

Rev. 9:1

B A star fallen from heaven to the earth B Key to the bottomless pit

The luminous heavenly body is symbolic of the angel of the bottomless pit. The key symbolizes temporary access/authority in a framework metaphor implying a door.

Rev. 9:1

Access to an abyss

CtL ts 1-Framewort 2-dockwork 3-Thermoitat 4-Grll 5-Plant 6-Animtil 7-Human Crf. 1 A-Direct Simile B-Ambiguoui Metaphor C-Implied in Structure of Thought C*l. * Vehicle (icripture, image) C*l, Si Tenor (referent) C*L 6 Analytia of grounds of companion

180
Rev. 9:3 6 B Locusts came upon the earth. To them was given power, as the scorpions of the earth have power B Seal of God on their foreheads Means of destruction appeared

REVELATION

Bible Metaphors

Mobility and the ability to inflict poison derive from the images of locusts and scorpions.

Rev. 9:4

Evidence of God's Spirit

The seal is a symbol of protection and identity. See also Eph. 1:14.

Rev. 9:5

B Their torment was like the torment of a scorpion C Will seek death and will not find it B Shape of the locusts was like horses

They suffered pain and debilitation Will hate to be alive and suffering They were large and powerful Head protectors

The image of a scorpion is transferred to a means of torment far worse than the bite of a literal scorpion.

Rev. 9:6

The agony of the torment places the sufferers in a perpetual discomfort and disequilibrium, to which death seems the only release. John distinguishes the real locusts (the vehicle of comparison) from the tenor, which is the real means of torment and destruction. "Prepared for battle" suggests that the crowns were probably protective wear.

Rev. 9:7

Rev. 9:7

I B Crowns of something like gold 7 6 B Hair like women's hair B Teeth like lions' teeth B They had breastplates of

Rev. 9:8 Rev. 9:8

An offensive weapon or emblem Heavy armor

The appearance or capability was as terrifying as encountering a lion.

Rev. 9:9

The vision John describes resembles heavy mechanized armor.

Rev. 9:9

Sound of their wings was like the sound of chariots with many horses

The sound was intensely loud

The sound suggests the roar of mechanical armor.

Rev. 9:10

B Tails like scorpions, and there were stings in their tails B Angel of the bottomless pit B Release the four angels who are bound at the great river Euphrates

Power to inflict intense pain and suffering Satan Authorize them to destroy

The device John saw in this vision was derived from his memory of a scorpion and its power to hurt.

Rev. 9:11 Rev. 9:14

1 6

Abaddon (destruction) and Apollyon (betrayer) are synonyms for Satan. His dominion is pictured as an endless pit. The image suggests that they were bound like livestock.

Cl. & l-Framewort 2-Ckwkwort 3-Thermosiai 4-Cell 5-Plant 6-Animal 7-Human CM. A A-Direct Simile B-Ambiguoui Metaphor C-ItnpIied in Structure of Thought C*l- * Vehicle (tcripture, image) Cl. ft Tenor (referent) C*l. fc Anafyw* of grounds of companion

Bible Metaphors
Rev. 9:17 6 B Heads of the horses were tike the heads of lions Means of transportation was also a means of inflicting damage They had destructive powers

REVELATION
John witnessed images of terrifying war-making vehicles.

181

Rev. 9:17-18

Out of their mouths came fire, smoke. and brimstone Power is in their mouth and in their tails Face like the sun. ..feet like pillars of fire His right foot on the sea... left foot on the land As when a lion roars Seven thunders uttered their voices Lifted up his hand to heaven

John witnessed images of destructive firepower.

Rev. 9:19

They were thoroughly equipped for destruction Intensely brilliant

"Mouth" and "tail" suggest that they were armed from front to back.

Rev. 1ft 1

The sun is the brightest heavenly body with which man is immediately acquainted; thus it represents a superlative for brilliancy.

Rev. 10:2

7 1

B B

He was of immense size

The angel is anthropomorphized, having left and right feet. His straddling land and sea indicates immense sizeanalogously, immense power.

Rev. 10:3 Rev. 10:3-4

6 7

Loudly and intensely Loud voices were heard

John uses the lion's roar to demonstrate the intensity of the voice of the angel. Thunder is anthropomorphized as having the ability to speak.

Rev. 10:5,8

Acknowledged God

The angel is anthropomorphized as having human-like hands.

Rev. 10:9

4 3

B It will make C your stomach bitter, but it will be as sweet as honey in your mouth B C I took the little book... and ate it, and it was sweet

It is a mixture of good and bad news

The prophetic message is compared to food; see also John 4:34 and Matl.26:42.

Rev. 10:10

4 3

as honey in
my mouth Rev. 11:1 1 B Given a reed like a measuring rod

John internalized the message a mixture of good and bad news Asked to make an appraisal or analysis It is the Gentile sphere of influence

See above.

A reed is not usually used as a measuring rod, yet it is the only comparison John can use to describe this reed.

Rev. 11:2

Leave out the court, and do not measure it, for it has been given to the Gentiles

The Gentile sphere of influence is compartmentalized.

Cl. 1 1-Frameworic 2-Ckxkwork 3-Thermoalai 4-Cll 5- Plant 6-Animal 7- Human Cl. 3t A- Direct Simile B-Ambiguoui Metaphor C-Implied in Structure of Thought Cl. 4 Vehicle (*cripture, image) C*L 5: Tenor (referent) Cl. 6 Analyib of ground* of oomparUon

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Rev. 11:4
5 A The (wo olive trees and Ihe two lampstands standing before the God of the earth B Fire proceeds from their mouth and devours their enemies They have the power to shut heaven, so that no rain falls The beast that ascends out of the bottomless pit will make war against them

REVELATION
The two witnesses or anointed ones

Bible Metaphors

Zechariah identifies the two olive trees as symbolizing the witnesses (Zech. 4:14). The lampstands have been described as churches.

Rev. 11:5

They destroy their enemies

The term "devour" suggests the behavior of an animal.

Rev. 11:6

They can cause the rain to cease

Heaven is seen as a compartment with a door.

Rev. 11:7

The anointed ones will be annihilated by a power

The beast is not a literal animal, but a power.

Rev. 11:10

B These two prophets tormented those who dwell on the earth B The breath of life from God entered them, and they stood on their feet B Great fear fell on those who saw them They heard a loud voice from heaven saying, "Come up here" The second woe is past. The third woe js coming quickly Temple of God was opened in heaven, and the ark of the covenant was seen

The prophets convicted their consciences

Their words were seen as weapons used to harm.

Rev. 11:11

They were resurrected

Breath, the synecdoche for life essence, is seen as something that can be given to make the witnesses live.

Rev. 11:11

Onlookers were afraid

Those who experience the sudden emotion of fear are perceived as being attacked by it, a predatory image.

Rev. 11:12

They were called to ascend

The power of speech derives from a human analogue.

Rev. 11:14

The cycle of woes continues

The woes are determined by a timetable.

Rev. 11:19

God's promise to His people is reviewed

The image of the heavenly Temple is derived from sights in the earthly temple.

Cl, l-Fnunewort 2-Clocbrork 3-TherraoiUt 4-Cell 5-Plantti-Animal7-Human C*L * A-Direct Siroik B-AmbJguotu Metaphor C-Iraplied in Structure of Thought C*l. * Vehicle (icnpture, image) C*i. St Tenor (referent) Cl. * Analytu of groundi of companion

Bible Metaphors
Rev. 12:1 7 1 B A woman B clothed with the sun, with the moon under her feet, and on her head a garland of twelve stars B Being with child, she cried out in labor and in pain to give birth The Church

REVELATION

183

The Church is represented as a woman clothed and standing. The twelve stars (representing the twelve tribes of Israel) are seen as a garland, which would normally be composed of flowers. Her clothing is the light of the heavenly bodies; elsewhere, the heavenly bodies are used to picture God or angels. Thus the clothing (symbolic of character or identity) of the woman is Godly.

Rev. 12:2

The Church suffers trials in order to produce spiritual character Satan

The suddenness, the irreversible nature and the pain make childbirth an excellent metaphor for a trial.

Rev. 12:3

6 7

B Fiery red B dragon having seven heads and ten horns, and seven diadems B His tail drew B a third of the stars of heaven and threw them to the earth. And the dragon stood before the woman, ready to devour her child as soon as it was born B A male Child, who was to rule all nations with a rod of iron B The woman fled into the wilderness The great dragon was cast out, that serpent of old, called the Devil, and Satan I heard a loud voice saying in heaven... The accuser of our brethren

This being is represented as an animal, yet only humans wear crowns when they are in a position of power.

Rev. 12:4

6 1

Satan and his angels... the ChurchChrist

The being who is said to have a tail throws angels down to earth as though he were throwing down stars. He is also waiting as an animal to devour the Child of the woman giving birth to destroy Christ.

Rev. 12:5

A powerful ruler

The rod of iron is an image suggesting power.

Rev. 12:6

The Church eluded Satan's advances Satan

The woman is the Church.

Rev. 12:9

The dragon is finally identified, first as a serpent (an animal metaphor) and then by his name.

Rev. 12:10

Spirit beings are anthropomorphized as having the power of speech.

Rev. 12:11

The blood of the Lamb

Christ's sacrifice

The sacrificed lamb typifies Christ.

Cti.2: l-Franewort 2-CIockwork J-Thermo*ta( 4-Cdl 5-Plant 6-Animal 7-Huroan C*l. 1 A- Direct Simile B-Atnbiguout Metaphor C-lmplied in Structure at Though! C*l. 4> Vehicle (icripture, image) Cl. 5: Tenor (referent) C*L tt Analyii* of ground* of companion

184
Rev. 12:13 6 7 A When the A dragon saw that he had been cast to earth, he persecuted the woman B The woman was given wings of a great eagle, that she might fly B The serpent B spewed water out of his mouth like a flood after the woman, that [she] might be carried away B The earth helped the womanopened its mouth and swallowed up the flood Satan persecuted the Church

REVELATION

Bible Metaphors

The dragon typifies Satan; and the woman, the Church.

Rev. 12:14

The Church was allowed to elude Satan and escape

The images of the wings and the serpent are derived from animal features.

Rev. 12:15

6 1

Satan persecutes the Church with armies

The serpent again provides the metaphor for Satan. The flooding waters are uied as a metaphor for armies.

Rev. 12:16

The earth provides natural barriers to the persecuted

In this instance, the earth is anthropomorphized, being able and wanting to give help by opening her mouth and swallowing the armies sent out by Satan.

Rev. 12:17

6 7

B The dragon B was enraged with the woman, and he went to make war with the rest of her offspring B A beast rising up out of the

Satan persecuted the Church

The dragon typifies Satan, the woman typifies the Church, and the offspring typify members of the Church who did not flee int the wilderness.

Rev. 13:1

A powerful entity

The beast represents an authority or ruling power.

sea
Rev. 13:1 6 B Seven heads and ten horns, and on his horns ten crowns, and on his heads a blasphemous name Seven eras of power and ten political divisions Animal characteristics are used to replace a literal description of this political power. Its blasphemous name shows that it is not subject to God.

Rev. 13:2

B The beast was like a leopard, his feet were like the feet of a bear, and his mouth like the mouth of a lion

The political entity showed characteristics of stealth, strength, and ferocity

The beast, an odd amalgamation of animal parts, represents a powerful authority.

C.I. i l-Fnuneworit 2-Clocbvort 3-Thermottal 4-Cell 5-Planl 6-Animal 7-Human Cl. 1 A-Direcl Simile B-AmMguout Metaphor C-lmplkd in Structure of Thought C*L * Vehicle (uripture, image) C*l. 5: Tenor (referent) CL tt Analywt of ground* of comparison

Bible Metaphors
Rev. 13:2 6 B The dragon gave him his power, his throne, and great authority B C One of his heads as it had been mortally wounded, and his deadly wound was healed They worshiped the dragon who gave authority to the beast He was given a mouth speaking great things and blasphemies... B Whose names B have not been written in the Book of Life of the Lamb slain from the foundation of the world C He who leads C into captivity shall go into captivity; he who kills with the sword must be killed with the sword B Another beast B ...had two horns like a lamb and spoke like a dragon C Whose deadly wound was healed A The beast who C was wounded by the sword and lived Satan gave the entity its power

REVELATION

185

The dragon, representing Satan, is shown to be above and in control of the beast: Satan grants power.

Rev. 13:3

6 3

A powerful political entity is destroyed and is restored

The animal is injured and healeda demonstration of the homeoslatic powers of healing, which restores the injured part to its whole condition.

Rev. 13:4

By following the system, they followed Satan

Both the dragon and the beast derive from animal images.

Rev. 13:5-6

The entity blasphemes God's Name

The beast is given the human proclivity to speak.

Rev. 13:8

1 6

All except for those sealed by the Holy Spirit

The Book of Life represents God's keeping back of those who follow His way of life. The "lamb" image is again used for Christ, and the framework metaphor of the "foundation" again means the beginning.

Rev. 13:10

3 2

[There is an equal reaction for every action]

The action/reaction principle and the regulation principle are seen in this example.

Rev. 13:11

6 7

This beast was deceptive

This is another power represented as an animal. This power has the ability to speak, a human function.

Rev. 13:12

Who was restored to power

The healing process represents a restoration of equilibrium.

Rev. 13:14

6 3

See above.

C*l. l-Framework 2-Oodcworlc 3-Thermoita( 4-Ccll 5-Plant 6-Animal 7-Hunun C*l. 3t A-Direct Simile B-Ambiguout Metaphor C-Implied in Structure of Thought Cl. * Vehicle (tcripture, image) Cl. 5s Tenor (referent) Crt. ft Analywt of grounds of comparison

186
Rev. 13:15 1 B Give breath to the image of the beast B The image of the beast should speak A mark on their right hand or on their foreheads His number is 666 Empower the political entity It should have power to influence Away of identifying those who worship the beast (The secret name of the beast] Christ and the called -out Church

REVELATION
Breath is reified as an object that can be given.

Bible Metaphors

Rev. 13:15

The ability to speak is derived from human behavior.

Rev. 13:16-17 1

The right hand and Ihe forehead signify behavior and thought (Deut. 6:8).

Rev. 13:18

Man is Ihe only creature using and calculating mathematics.

Rev. 14:1

6 1

A The Lamb, B and with Him 144,000, having His Father's name written on their foreheads B Voice from heaven, like the voice of many waters, and like loud thunder Harpists playing their harps Sang as it were a new song The four living creatures and the elders No-one could learn that song except the 144,000 who were redeemed from the earth Not defiled with womenvirgins

The Lamb is a metaphor of Christ. The Name of God on the foreheads of Christ's followers signifies that their minds have been obedient to God's will.

Rev. 14:2

Extremely loud voice

Thunder and the crash of breakers against the shore were comparisons John used for Ihe voice heard in his vision.

Rev. 14:2

Praise of God

The ability to speak and to play music derives from human experience.

Rev. 14:3

Celestial communication Angelic beings

The communication of these resurrected beings is compared to harmonious music. These spirit beings have been previously identified as having animal-like characteristics.

Rev. 14:3

Rev. 14:3

7 1

B B

No-one could share in this communication except the resurrected saints Morally pure

The ability to learn a song is a metaphor taken from human experience. Redemption is an image that presents the Christian as sold and bought back like property.

Rev. 14:4

Virginity is a synecdoche for sintessness.

Rev. 14:4 Rev. 14:6

6 6

A The Lamb B Flying in the midst of heaven

Christ Having mobility

The Lamb is a metaphor of Christ. The image of flight and wings derives from extant images of birds.

Cl. I: l-Frameworfc 2-dockwork 3-Thermo*tat 4-Clt 5-Plant 6-Animal 7-Human C*l. 3c A-Direct Simile B-Ambfguoui Metaphor C-lmplied in Structure of Thought CL 4 Vehicle (icripture, image) CL 5: Tenor (referent) C*L ft Analyili of groundi of companion

Bible Metaphors
Rev. 14:8
1 B Babylon is fallen, that great city The system of belief and cultures is ended Receive wrath

REVELATION

187

"City" U a metonymous expression for a much larger political system.

Rev. 14:8

Drink of the wine of the wrath of her fornication Receives his mark on his forehead or hand Drink of the wine of the wrath of God, which is poured out full strength into the cup of His indignation

Wine (having the color of blood) represents the wrath of God.

Rev. 14:9

Is identified with his behavior or belief Receive punishment in full measure

See 13:16.

Rev. 14:10

See Rev. 14:8.

Rev. 14:10 Rev. 14:11

6 2

B The Lamb C Day or night

Christ

The Lamb is a metaphor of Christ. This expression implies a repetitive cycle.

For an extended period of time Die

Rev. 14:13

Rest from their labors Their works follow them

Rest (temporary cessation of activities) is emblematic of death.

Rev. 14:13

Their accomplishments are recorded A ruler having authority

The act of following, a space-binding or animal image, implies permanence in the effects of previous actions.

Rev. 14:14

1 7 1 1

B B B B

A white cloud, and on the cloud sat One like the Son of Man, having on His head a golden crown, and in His hand a sharp sickle

The white cloud serves as a throne; the image is derived from a human form. The sickle is a harvest implement used metaphorically to reap the consequences of behavior.

Rev. 14:15

B Thrust in Your sickle and reap...

Administer penalty and reward for behavior

See above.

Rev.l4:15

The time has come for you to reap

The consequences have now come due

The harvest is the culmination of a timetable.

C*l. i l-Frameworit 2-Clockwork 3-Thennotal 4-Cell 5-Plant 6-Animal 7-Hunun C*L 1 A-Direct Simile B-Ambiguous Metaphor C-Implicd in Structure of Thought Cl. t Vehicle (icripfure, image) Cl. & Tenor (referent) Ct it Analyiii of ground* of comparison

188
Rev. 14:15
1 5 B The harvest of B the earth is ripe The behavior of the entire earth has finally yielded its full consequences The actions culminated in consequences

REVELATION

Bible Metaphors

The entire earth is compared to a field ready to be harvested.

Rev. 14:16

Thrust His sickle into the earth, and the earth was reaped Gather the clusters of the vine, for her grapes are fully ripe

The harvest represents the ultimate consequences of everybody's behavior.

Rev. 14:18

The
consequences of man's behavior have come to fruition Set in motion

The product of human thought and behavior is compared to an agricultural crop. Grapes also represent people.

Rev. 14:19

Thrust his sickle into the earth Gathered the vine of the earth

the
consequences Ended human civilization

The sickle is a harvesting implement. The results of rebellion against God are being harvested.

Rev. 14:19

The vine symbolizes the cumulative growth of a culture.

Rev. 14:9 Rev. 14:20

B The great winepress B Winepress B was trampled B Blood came out, up lo the horses' bridles A sea of glass mingled with fire The temple was opened

God's wrath

As the contents of a winepress (the grapes) are crushed and mangled, so human civilization is destroyed. Retribution and punishment are pictured as the crushing of grapes.

1 5 1

Wrath was meted out There was excessive carnage A transparent and dazzling expanse Access to the place of worship was given Retribution

Rev. 14:20

One of the dimensions of the volume of blood shed is the height to a horse's bridle.

Rev. 15:2

John describes a vast, expansive, dazzling surface. The glass and fire imagery was the only way he could put it into concrete experience.

Rev. 15:5

The temple in heaven is derived from images of the physical temple.

Rev. 15:6

The seven plagues Clothed in pure bright linen The four living creatures

The plagues are seen as objects that angels can carry.

Rev. 15:6

Righteous

Continuing the image of clothing as character/identity, this linen suggests purity and righteousness.

Rev. 15:7

Spirit beings

These spirit beings were invested with animal characteristics lamb, calf, and eagle.

Rev. 15:7

B Seven golden bowls of wrath

Retribution

Wrath is visualized as contents in a vessel (liquid in a bowl).

Ol. l i 1-Fraraeworic 2-Oockwork 3-ThenncMU( 4-Cell 5-Plant 6-Animal 7-Human Ol. 1 A-Direct SJmik B-Anbiguou* Metaphor CMmplied in Structure of Thought Crf. 4: Vehicle (icnpture, image) Ol. Si Tenor (referent) OL 6 Analyst of ground* of comparison

Bible Metaphors
Rev. 15:8 1 3 B Temple was C filled with smoke from the glory of God and from His power B Pour out the bowls of the wrath of God B Blood as of a dead man The glory of God's presence was strongly felt

REVELATION
Glory is seen as a substance that fills a space. In addition, smoke molecules expand until filling the space allotted, establishing an equilibrium of pressure.

189

Rev. 16:1

Execute wrath or vengeance

Plagues are represented as a tangible substance that can be poured.

Rev. 16:3-4

Foul and toxic

For lack of an adequate contemporary term, John uses the simile of blood to describe the foulness and toxicity of the waters. To the extent that they have committed sin (murder) will they be suffer retribution.

Rev. 16:6

6 3

B Given them C blood to drink, for it is their just due B Power was given to scorch men with fire

Given retribution for murder

Rev. 16:8

The sun's rays became more penetrating

The sun is invested with authorization to perform a task, as though it were human.

Rev. 16:10

B The throne of the beast A Three unclean A spirits like A frogs coming out of the mouth of the dragon, ..the beast. ..and the false prophet A As a thief

The beast's authority Demonic lying spirits of Satan, the political entity and a religious system

"Throne" is a framework image representing position.

Rev. 16:13

6 6 7

Satan is seen as a dragon, or reptilian creature. The political entity is seen as a beast. Religious leaders collectively are seen as a false prophet (derived from a human analogue). The unclean spirits are compared to frogs because they are perceived to be slimy, prolific, and unpleasant.

Rev. 16:15

Unexpectedly

The element of surprise and unexpectedness is the chief characteristic being compared. Physical nakedness is a common New Testament metaphor for spiritual inadequacy; clothes are used to symbolize character.

Rev. 16:15

Keeps his garments, lest he walk naked, and they see his shame

Remains righteous, lest his spiritual inadequacy be exposed

Rev. 16:19

7 1

A Babylon... give B her the cup of the wine of the fierceness of His wrath A The great B harlot who sits on many waters B Kings of the earth committed fornication

Man's culture ...punishment from God

"Babylon," the city that stand as a metonymy for the political system created by man (Rev 14:8), is pictured as a woman who is forced to drink "wrath," which is pictured as a substance or liquid.

Rev. 17:1

7 1

A corrupt religious power over many people Government and church had an illicit relationship

In contrast to virginity as a symbol for spiritual purity (Rev. 14:4), religious corruption is represented as harlotry. "Many waters" in this context refers to people.

Rev. 17:2

Mixing religious and secular power is symbolized as fornication.

1-Framework 2-Clockwork 3-Thermoiat 4-Cell 5-Plani 6-Animal 7-Human Crt. 1 A-Direct Simile B-Ambiguout Metaphor C-Implkd in Structure of Thought CU * Vehide (icripture. image) C*L 5: Tenor (referent) CL fc Analysis of groundi of companion

190
Rev. 17:2 3 B Were made drunk with the wine of Suffered obliviousness as a long-term effect of sin

REVELATION

Bible Metaphors

Intoxication is the metaphor for moral confusion and loss of equilibrium.

her
fornication Rev. 17:3 7 6 6 6 A A B B Woman sitting on a scarlet beast having seven heads and ten horns

Evil religious system manipulating a collective government that undergoes seven revivals and consists of ten nations System is wealthy and has attractive outward appearance

The manipulation of a political system by a religious system is described as a many-headed beast ridden by a woman.

Rev. 17:4

Woman was arrayed in purple and scarlet, and adorned with gold and precious stones

The expensive clothing and jewelry depict wealth, and their flamboyance suggests immodesty.

Rev. 17:4

B Golden cup... fornication A The woman A and the beast that carries her...

Sin
The collective government manipulated by the religious movement

Sin is represented as a liquid substance.

Rev. 17:7

7 6

See Rev. 17:3.

Rev. 17:8

2 1

C The beast B was, and is not, and will ascend out of the bottomless

The
government has successive reappearances

The beast is in a time cycle. The "bottomless pit" is a framework image describing the indescribable, perhaps like a black hole.

pit
Rev, 17:9 6 1 7 A Seven heads A are seven A mountains on which the woman sits A Seven kings. C Five have fallen, one is, and the other has not yet come....He must continue a short time Governments The animal analogy of the beast is explained by a framework analogy, in which mountains stand for governments (Micah 4:1). The same woman (the church) sits on or has power over these governments.

Rev. 17:10

7 2

Political powers rise and fall

This verse suggests the time sequence of these political powers that make up what is referred to as the beast.

Cd. 2: 1-Framewort 2-Clockwork 3-Tnerraoai 4-Ccll 5-Plant 6-Animal 7-Human C*t. 1 A-Direct Simile B-Ambiguout Metaphor C-Implied in Structure of Thought C*L * Vehicle (tcripture, image) C*l. 5: Tenor (referent) Ct. * Analyiii of ground* of comparUon

Bible Metaphors
Rev. 17:12-13 6 2 B B Ten horns are ten kings who have received no kingdom as yet, but they receive authority for one hour with the beast Lord of lords and King of kings Political entities will come to power for a duration of time

REVELATION

191

An hour in this case refers to a longer duration of time than an actual hour.

Rev. 17:14

God

Part of the Godhead is described in human terms.

Rev. 17:15

1 7

B Waters where A (he harlot sits

Peoples, multitudes, nations, and tongues ruled by the church The nations ruled by the church will finally lay it waste and destroy it

The church as a whore continues the comparison of mingling civil with religious power.

Rev. 17:16

7 6

A The ten horns A will hate the harlot, make her desolate and naked, eat her flesh and burn her with fire B To be of one mind

The ten horns symbolize ten kings or nations. Continuing the human analogy of the whore, nakedness and burning symbolize the laying waste and the destruction of the system.

Rev. 17:17

To cooperate or become interdepend-

The system coalesces into one interdependent mindset.

ent
Rev. 17:18 7 A The woman That great cily (government) Governs The city has been identified as the Babylonic system.

Rev. 17:18

B Reigns over the kings of (he earth B Babylon the great is fallen

The kings are metonymous for government.

Rev. 18:2

The system is destroyed A place of restraint

The religious power represented as a woman is also named Babylon, the name of a city, which is now destroyed. A physical prison is the image upon which the place of restraint was formed. In this analogy, demons are pictured as humans.

Rev. 18:2

1 7

B A habitation B of devils, a prison...and a cage B Every unclean and hated bird

Rev. 18:2

Demonic powers All share the responsibility

Birds are another image for evil spirits.

Rev. 18:3

B All nations have drunk of the wine of the wrath of her fornication

Drinking of wine is used to refer to a sharing in responsibility for sins, which are symbolized as fornication.

Cl. fc l-Framework 2-Clockwork 3-Thermcatal 4-Ccll 5-Plant 6-Anlmal 7-Human Cl. S A-Direct Simile B-Ambiguout Metaphor C-Implied in Structure of Thought CL * Vehicle (*cripture, image) Cl. ft Tenor (referent) Crf. <t Anafytii of ground* of companion

192
Rev. 18:3 7 B Kings of the earth have committed fornication with her Sins have reached to heaven Render to her just as she rendered to you, and repay her double... In the cup which she has mixed, mix for her double In the measure that she glorified herself...give her torment and sorrow She says in her heart, "I sit a queen, and am no widow, and will not see sorrow" Her plagues will come in one day The kings of the earth who committed fornication with her Standing at a distance for fear of her torment In one hour your judgement has come The merchants of the earth will weep They have entered into alliances

REVELATION
"King" is metonymous for governmental system.

Bible Metaphors

Rev. 18:5

(Enormity of crimes] Regulate the punishment by the severity of the crime

The imagery suggests smoke or particulate matter.

Rev. 18:6

A thermofttatic analogy is implied in the proportional punishment.

Rev. 18:6

Give punishment in proportion

Sin is imaged as drunkenness.

Rev. 18:7

Punish her in proportion to her deeds

Punishment is regulated by excesses.

Rev. 18:7

She will not relinquish her power

Widowhood suggests loss of alliance and influence.

Rev. 18:7

2 3

B C

She will be shortly punished The governments that entered illicit alliances

The time factor reappears, regulated by the haughtiness and pride portrayed in the previous verse. "One day" is a short cycle of time, representing a longer duration. See Rev. 17:10.

Rev. 18:10

Rev. 18:10

Denying responsibility

A spatial metaphor is used to suggest denial.

Rev. 18:10

Retribution is quick

An hour is a small cycle within a cycle.

Rev. 18:11-14 7

The economic system will fail

"Merchant" is metonymous for the economic system.

t. fc 1-Framework 2-Ckwkwork 3-Thennoilat 4-Ccll 5-Pbnt 6-Anlmal 7-Hunun C*l. i A-Direcl Simile B-Amblguou* Metaphor C-Implied in Structure of Thought C*l. * Vehicle (Kfipture, image) Cl. ft Tenor (referent) C*L * Analyiit of ground* of compariion

Bible Metaphors
Rev. 18:15 7 B The merchants will stand al a distance Shipmasters They will deny responsibility

REVELATION
See Rev. 18:10.

193

Rev. 18:17

International trade Babylon was destroyed

"Shipmaster" metonymizes for international trade.

Rev. 18:21

B A mighty angel took up a stone like a great millstone and threw it into the sea B In her was found the blood of prophets and saints B The great harlot who corrupted the earth with her fornication

The millstone would create a great splash and disturbance when it fell.

Rev. 18:24

Babylon was responsible for their death

Babylon is compared to a container.

Rev. 19:2

The religious system that allied with a secular governmental system Destruction is final Modest and influential Loud and intense voices

"Harlot" and "fornication" suggest compromise of principle for political advantage.

Rev. 19:3

B Smoke rises up forever B Both small and great B The voice of a great multitude, as the sound of many waters and mighty thunderings The marriage of (he Lamb has come, and His wife has made herself ready To her il was granted to be arrayed in fine linen, clean and bright Marriage supper of the Lamb A white horse

Smoke rises and dissipates.

Rev. 19:5 Rev. 19:6

1 2

Relative size corresponds to rank or position of God's servants.

These two similar comparisons of multitudinous voices to water or thunder suggest movement (as in the crashing of waves onto the shore).

Rev. 19:7

Christ and the Church will now be united

Christ and the true Church are symbolized by a bridegroom and bride indicating a relationship of marriage or unification.

Rev. 19:8

Righteousness was attributed to her

The human analogy of the Church as a bride expands the simile of white clothes to symbolizing righteousness.

Rev. 19:9

Event of joy

A marriage supper connotes joy and gladness.

and
celebration Righteousness The symbol focus is the color of the horse, emblematic of purity.

Rev. 19:11

Cl. 2i l-Framewort 2-Godcwork 3-Therrooilal 4-Cd! 5-Plant 6-Animal 7-Hunun C*t. i A-Direct Simile B-Ambiguoui Metaphor C-Ioiplied In Structure of Thought Ct 4 Vehicle (icripture, image) C*l. fc Tenor (referent) C*l. tt Analymii of ground* of comparison

194
Rev. 19:12 1 B His eyes were like a flame of fire On His head were many crowns Clothed with a robe dipped in blood Clothed in fine linen, white and clean His eyes were intense and brilliant He controlled many offices of leadership [Reference to Christ's sacrifice] Pure and righteous

REVELATION
Fire U a symbol for brilliance.

Bible Metaphors

Rev. 19:12

Crowns symbolize offices of authority.

Rev. 19:13

The blood is metonymous for Christ's sacrifice.

Rev. 19:14

The color white suggests righteousness.

Rev. 19:15

Out of His mouth goes a sharp sword, that He should strike the nations...a rod of iron
King of kings and Lord of lords Saying to all the birds that fly, "Come, that you may eat the flesh of all people"

He has truth and strength of rule

The sword U an implement designed to subdue. The striking aspect of iron is its hardness and durability.

Rev. 19:16

[Christ's dual position]

Christ's dual position or rulership is described in human terms, as King and Lord.

Rev. 19:17-18 6

Predicting that the battle will have terrible casualties

The presence of scavenging animals synecdochizes death and carnage.

Rev. 19:19-20 6 7

A The beast... A was captured, and with him the false prophet B The mark of the beast

The political union and the religious system were subdued

The capture of the beast and the false prophet depict a political and religious combine subdued by a greater power.

Rev. 19:20

The identifying behavior

A large region of flaming inferno They are incapable of death

This mark, elsewhere described as being on the hand and forehead, signifies behavior and thought.

Rev. 19:20

The lake of fire

"Lake" suggests a large geographical area.

Rev. 20:6

Over such the second death has no power The four corners of the earth Whose number is as the sand of the sea

Death takes on the human form of an enemy.

Rev. 20:8

The directional extremities Who are innumerable

The cardinal points of a compass provide the coordinates for this framework.

Rev. 20:8

Limitless grains of sand represent people.

Cl. fc l-Framewort 2-Ooctwork 3-Thermoitat 4-Cell 5-Plam 6-Animal 7-Hutnan Cl. * A-Direcf Simile B-Ambiguout Metaphor C-lmplied in Structure of Thought C*l. * Vehicle (icripuire, image) C.I. Si Tenor (referent) C*l. fc AnalyM* of ground* of companion

Bible Metaphors
Rev. 20:10 1 B Cast into the lake of fire and brimstone B A great white throne Restrained in a region used for destroying refuse Righteous power and authority [Suggests a destruction or displacement]

REVELATION

195

In the case of a spirit being, these flames are symbolic, for fire has no effect on the non-physical.

Rev. 20:11

The throne is a framework symbol for power. The color white symbolizes power.

Rev. 20:11

Earth and heaven fled away, and there was found no place for them B Books were opened... judged by the things written in the books

The inanimate heaven and earth are invested with self-moving capacity. Like animals, they run and hide.

Rev. 20:12

People were judged according to the records of their character and the Bible The dead were resurrected from wherever they had died

God's records of human character are symbolized by books.

Rev. 20:13

B The sea gave up the dead who were in it, and Death and Hades delivered up the dead who were in them C Death and Hades were cast into the lake of fire B The Book of Life

The process is derived from human behavior the surrendering of possession.

Rev. 20:14

The process of death ceases

The death of death constitutes the end of a process, implying a clockwork analogue.

Rev. 20:15

The records of human character One world is displaced by another

The "Book of Life" suggests the standards of character set in the Bible.

Rev. 21:1

A new heaven and a new earth, for the first heaven and the first earth had passed away Prepared as a bride adorned for her husband

The image is of one world displacing anotherthe final turn of the cycle of creation.

Rev. 21:2

[The Church]

The "holy city" is likened to a woman a bridein contrast to Babylon, the bad woman. The adornments of this bride symbolize the preparation of the city for God's presence. God's presence is symbolized by His "tabernacle," which was originally merely a tent (framework), indicating His presence among His nation Israel. God is anthropomorphized as a loving parent.

Rev. 21:3

B The tabernacle of God B Wipe away every tear

God's presence Comfort

Rev. 21:4

Cl. i1-Fnnwwort 2-Clockwort 3-Thenno*tat 4-Cell 5-Planl 6-Animal 7-Human C*l. 1 A-Dlrecc Simile B-Ambiguou* Metaphor C-Implied in Structure of Thought C*l. 4 Vehicle (tcripture, image) C*l. 5: Tenor (referent) C*l. fc Analytic of grounds of compaction

196
Rev. 21:6 1 2 B B The Alpha and the Omega, the Beginning and the End Infinite

REVELATION

Bible Metaphors

The framework metaphor is imaged by the use of the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet to describe God and His nature of infinity. In the dimension of time, God's dimensions extend beyond the visible.

Rev. 21:6

C The fountain of (he water of life freely to him who thirsts B The bride, the Lamb's wife Her light was like a most precious stone ....She had a great and high wall with twelve gates, and names written on them ...of the twelve tribes of Israel... .Its length, breadth and height were equal.... The street of the city was pure gold, like transparent glass The Lord God Almighty and the Lamb are its temple The city had no need of the sun or moon to shine in it, for the glory of God illuminated it, and the Lamb is its light

Eternal life to those who desire it

The desire to live will be a drive reduction or deficit that will finally be satisfied.

Rev. 21:9

The Church

The Church, the holy city, is compared to a woman.

Rev. 21:11-21 1

The Holy City was perfect and glorious

The images of gold and precious stones indicate the beauty and perfection God will create. The equality of the city's measurements in all three directions is a framework image suggestive of perfection.

Rev. 21:22

God is literally present

The temple stands for the presence of God, as it was the place to seek God. With God Himself in the city, there is no need to go apart to a specific place to worship.

Rev. 21:23

The city has self-contained spiritual life

Spirit beings will live by a different kind of lightthat which emanates from God's presence.

Rev. 21:24

6 3

B The nations C shall walk in its light

Those who are saved will have selfcontained life All will have access to God Any spiritual imperfection

The metaphor of walking in the light also suggests being guided by a spiritual illumination.

Rev. 21:25

Gates shall not be shut at all by day Anything that defiles

Both the light metaphor and that of open gates indicate God's accessibility.

Rev. 21:27

Defilement or pollution is a visual representation of spiritual imperfection.

C*l. t l-Framework Z-dodnvork 3-Thermosiai 4-Cell 5-Planl 6-Animal 7-Human Cl. 1 A-Dtrect Simile B-Ambiguoui Metaphor C-Implied in Structure of Thought Cri. * Vehicle (scripture, image) C*l. ft Tenor (referent) CL 6 Analyib of ground* of companion

Bible Metaphors
Rev. 22:1 1 3 B A pure river C of water of life, clear as crystal, proceeding from the throne B In the middle C of its street, and on either side of the river, was the tree of life, which bore twelve fruits, each tree yielding its fruit every month. And the leaves of the tree were for the healing of the nations B They shall see His face The source of eternal life

REVELATION

197

As in Rev. 21:6, the desire to live eternally could be considered a drivereduction deficit finally satisfied. The water is symbolic of God's Holy Spirit (John 7:38-38).

Rev. 22:2

5 2

God's Spirit is made available to all

The Tree of Life is a botanical symbol of God's Holy Spirit, which both nourishes and heals (duality of fruit and leaves). The monthly yield suggests dependability and reliability of God's spiritual gifts.

Rev. 22:4

They will have close contact with Him Their identity will be from

To be face-to-face is an expression of close human contact.

Rev. 22:4

B His name shall be on their foreheads B There shall be no night Ihere: They need no lamp nor light of the sun, for (he Lord God gives them light B Do not seal the words of the prophecy

The family of God will be identified by thoughts and behavior emanating from God's Spirit.

Him
God's presence is sufficient Physical light is symbolic of God's presence (see Rev. 21:23-24).

Rev. 22:5

Rev. 22:10

The prophecy is of immediate relevance Unrighteous The reward is proportional to accomplishment

John is told that the contents of the book are not to be stored, but are for immediate use. Leaving the scroll unsealed emphasizes the reader's responsibility to lake heed right now.

Rev. 22:11 Rev. 22:12

1 3

B Filthy C My reward is with Me, to give every one according to his work

Dirt and filth symbolically represent immorality and sin. The image of rewards in proportion to work suggests a thermostatic regulation.

C*l. S 1-Frarowork 2-Clodcwort 3-Thermottat 4-Cell 5-Plant 6-Animal 7-Hunwn C*l. i A-Dircct Simile B-Ambigoout Metaphor C-lmplted in Structure of Thought CM. * Vehicle (xrlpture, image) Cd. Si Tenor (referent) C*l. fc Analytii of ground* of companion

198
Rev. 22:13
The Alpha and the Omega, the Beginning and the End, the First and the Last 5 A The iree of life Infinite and eternal

REVELATION

Bible Metaphors

The image of the alphabet and the time-bound concept of a finite duration strain to reflect God's characteristics of infinity and eternity.

Rev. 22:14

God's Spirit

The tree metaphor for God's Spirit continues from Verse 2.

Rev. 22:15

6 1

A Outside are B dogs

The wicked are excluded

Dogs are seen as low or unworthy animals, hence this image of the wicked as dogs. The spatial image of "outside" indicates exclusion; the wicked are not a part of the glorious future described. David's dynasty is likened to a tree, the roots and the fruit of which are Christ.

Rev. 22:16

The Root and the Offspring of David

The origin and the result

Rev. 22:16

B The Bright and Morning Star

The Spirit and the bride say, "Come!"

The source of life

Christ has replaced Satan as the ruler of earth, symbolized by the light source of the planet.

Rev. 22:17

The Church and the Holy City are open to those who desire entry Whoever desires the Holy Spirit will receive it

The action of giving invitation through speech is an anthropomorphic image.

Rev. 22:17

Let him who thirsts come.... Let him take the water of life freely
If anyone adds to these things, God will add to him the plagues that are written in this book; and if anyone takes away from the words,..God shall take away his part from the Book of Life...

The image of thirst being satisfied is a thermostatic or drive-reduction one.

Rev. 22:18-19

Those who add to or detract from God's words shall be punished

The concept is reflexive. One action brings about an equivalent reaction. The records of human character are again symbolized by a book.

Cri. Zi 1-Framework 2-dockwork 3-Thennotat 4-Cell S-Plant 6-Animal 7-Human C*l. I A-Direct Simile B-Ambiguou* Metaphor C-Implfed In Structure of Thought C*l. * Vehicle (wripture, image) C*l. Si Tenor (referent) C*L 6 Analyti* of groundi of companion