Chapter 3 Loads Contents: WSDOT Bridge Design Manual M 23-50.12 Page 3-I August 2012

WSDOT Bridge Design Manual M 23-50.
12 Page 3-i
August 2012

Chapter 3 Loads Contents
Page
3.1 Scope 3.1-1
3.2 Defnitions 3.2-1
3.3 LoadDesignations 3.3-1
3.4 LimitStates 3.4-1
3.5 LoadFactorsandLoadCombinations 3.5-1
3.5.1 Load Factors for Substructure 3.5-2
3.6 LoadsandLoadFactorsforConstruction 3.6-1
3.7 LoadFactorsforPost-tensioning 3.7-1
3.7.1 Post-tensioning Effects from Superstructure 3.7-1
3.7.2 Secondary Forces from Post-tensioning, PS 3.7-1
3.8 PermanentLoads 3.8-1
3.8.1 Deck Overlay Requirement 3.8-1
3.9 LiveLoads 3.9-1
3.9.1 Live Load Designation 3.9-1
3.9.2 Live Load Analysis of Continuous Bridges 3.9-1
3.9.3 LoadingforLiveLoadDefectionEvaluation 3.9-1
3.9.4 Distribution to Superstructure 3.9-1
3.9.5 Bridge Load Rating 3.9-3
3.10 PedestrianLoads 3.10-1
3.11 WindLoads 3.11-1
3.11.1 Wind Load to Superstructure 3.11-1
3.11.2 Wind Load to Substructure 3.11-1
3.11.3 Wind on Noise Walls 3.11-1
3.12 NoiseBarriers 3.12-1
3.12.1 Standard Plan Noise Barrier Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.12-1
3.13 EarthquakeEffects 3.13-1
3.14 EarthPressure 3.14-1
3.15 ForceEffectsDuetoSuperimposedDeformations 3.15-1
3.16 OtherLoads 3.16-1
3.16.1 Buoyancy 3.16-1
3.16.2 Collision Force on Bridge Substructure 3.16-1
3.16.3 CollisionForceonTraffcBarrier 3.16-1
3.16.4 Force from Stream Current, Floating Ice, and Drift 3.16-1
3.16.5 Ice Load 3.16-1
3.16.6 Uniform Temperature Load 3.16-1
Contents Chapter 3
Page 3-ii WSDOT Bridge Design Manual M 23-50.12
August 2012
3.99 References 3.99-1
Appendix 3.1-A1 Torsional Constants of Common Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1-A1-1
Appendix 3.1-B1 HL-93 Loading for Bridge Piers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1-B1-1
WSDOT Bridge Design Manual M 23-50.06 Page 3.1-1
July 2011

Chapter 3 Loads
3.1 Scope
AASHTOLoadandResistanceFactorDesign(LRFD)Specifcationsshallbetheminimumdesign
criteriausedforallbridgesexceptasmodifedherein.
Chapter 3 Loads
Page 3.1-2 WSDOT Bridge Design Manual M 23-50.06
July 2011
Loads Chapter 3
July 2011
3.2 Defnitions
ThedefnitionsinthissectionsupplementthosegiveninLRFDSection3.
Permanent Loads Loadsandforcesthatare,orareassumedtobe,eitherconstantuponcompletion
of construction or varying only over a long time interval.
Transient Loads Loadsandforcesthatcanvaryoverashorttimeintervalrelativetothelifetimeof
thestructure.
Chapter 3 Loads
July 2011
Loads Chapter 3
July 2011
3.3 LoadDesignations
LoaddesignationsfollowLRFDArticle3.3.2withtheadditionof:
PS = secondary forces from post-tensioning
Chapter 3 Loads
July 2011
Loads Chapter 3
August 2012
3.4 LimitStates
Thebasiclimitstateequationisasfollows:
i
Q
i
R
n
(34-1)
Where:
i
= LimitStateloadmodiferfactorforductility,redundancy,andimportanceofstructure
i
= Load factor
Q
i
= Load (i.e., dead load, live load, seismic load)
= Resistance factor
R
n
= Nominal or ultimate resistance
Thisequationstatesthattheforceeffectsaremultipliedbyfactorstoaccountforuncertaintyin
loading,structuralductility,operationalimportance,andredundancy,mustbelessthanorequaltothe
availableresistancemultipliedbyfactorstoaccountforvariabilityanduncertaintyinthematerials
and construction.
Use a value of 1.0 for
i
exceptforthedesignofcolumnswhenaminimumvalueof
i
is appropriate.
Insuchacase,use
i
= 0.95. Compression members in seismic designs are proportioned and detailed
toensurethedevelopmentofsignifcantandvisibleinelasticdeformationsattheextremeeventlimit
states before failure.
StrengthIVloadcombinationshallnotbeusedforfoundationdesign.
Chapter 3 Loads
August 2012
Loads Chapter 3
August 2012
3.5 LoadFactorsandLoadCombinations
Thelimitstatesloadcombinations,andloadfactors(
i
) used for structural design are in accordance
withtheAASHTOLRFD Specifcations, Table 3.4.1-1. For foundation design, loads are factored after
distributionthroughstructuralanalysisormodeling.
TheliveloadfactorforExtremeEvent-ILimitStateloadcombination,
EQ
asspecifedintheAASHTO
LRFD SpecifcationsTable3.4.1-1forallWSDOTbridgesshallbetakenequalto0.50.The
EQ
factor
appliestotheliveloadforceeffectobtainedfromthebridgeliveloadanalysis.Associatedmassoflive
loadneednotbeincludedinthedynamicanalysis.
TheAASHTOLRFD SpecifcationsallowtheliveloadfactorinExtremeEvent-Iloadcombination,
EQ
,bedeterminedonaprojectspecifcbasis.Thecommentaryindicatesthatthepossibilityofpartial
live load, i.e.,
EQ
<1.0,withearthquakesshouldbeconsidered.TheapplicationofTurkstrasrulefor
combininguncorrelatedloadsindicatesthat
EQ
= 0.50 is reasonable for a wide range of values of average
dailytrucktraffc(ADTT).TheNCHRPReport489recommendsliveloadfactorforExtremeEvent-I
Limit State,
EQ
equalto0.25forallbridges.Thisfactorshallbeincreasedto
EQ
equal to 0.50 for bridges
located in main state routes and congested roads.
Sincethedeterminationofliveloadfactor,
EQ
based on ADTT or based on bridges located in congested
roadscouldbeconfusingandquestionable,itisdecidedthatliveloadfactorof
EQ
equal to 0.50 to be
usedforallWSDOTbridgesregardlessthebridgelocationorcongestion.
Thebaseconstructiontemperaturemaybetakenas64FforthedeterminationofTemperatureLoad.
Theloadfactors
TG
and
SE
aretobedeterminedonaprojectspecifcbasisinaccordancewith
Articles3.4.1and3.12oftheLRFD Specifcations. Load Factors for Permanent Loads,
p
are provided
in AASHTO LRFD Specifcations Table 3.4.1-2.
TheloadfactorfordowndragloadsshallbeasspecifedintheAASHTOSpecifcationsTable3.4.1-2.
TheGeotechnicalReportwillprovidethedowndragforce(DD).Thedowndragforce(DD) is a load
appliedtothepile/shaftwiththeloadfactorspecifedintheGeotechnicalReport.Generally,liveloads
(LL)arelessthanthedowndragforceandshouldbeomittedwhenconsideringdowndragforces.
TheLoadFactorsforSuperimposedDeformations,
p
are provided in Table 3.5-3.
PS CR,SH
Superstructure 10 10
Fixed (bottom) substructure
supporting Superstructure (using I
g
only)
05 05
All other substructure supporting
Superstructure (using I
g
or I
effective
)
10 10
LoadFactorsforSuperimposedDeformations
Table 3.5-3
Chapter 3 Loads
August 2012
3.5.1 Load Factors for Substructure
Table 3.5-4providesgeneralguidelinesforwhentousethemaximumorminimumshaft/pile/column
permanent load factors for axial capacity, uplift, and lateral loading.
Ingeneral,substructuredesignshoulduseunfactoredloadstoobtainforcedistributioninthestructure,
andthenfactortheresultingmomentandshearforfnalstructuraldesign.Allforcesandloadfactorsare
asdefnedpreviously.
AxialCapacity Uplift LateralLoading
DC
max
, DW
max
DC
min
, DW
min
DC
max
, DW
max
DC
max
, DW
max
for causing shear DC
max
, DW
max
for causing shear DC
max
, DW
max
causing shear
DC
min
, DW
min
for resisting shear DC
min
, DW
min
for resisting shear DC
min
, DW
min
resisting shear
DC
max
, DW
max

for causing moments
DC
max
, DW
max

for causing moments
DC
max
, DW
max

for causing moments
DC
min
, DW
min
for
resisting moments
DC
min
, DW
min
for
resisting moments
DC
min
, DW
min

for resisting moments
EV
max
EV
min
EV
max
DD = varies DD = varies DD = varies
EH
max
EH
max
if causes uplift EH
max
Minimum/MaximumSubstructureLoadFactorsforStrengthLimitState
Table 3.5-4
Inthetableabove,causingmomentandcausingsheararetakentobethemomentandshearcausing
axial,uplift,andlateralloadingrespectively.Resistingistakingtomeanthoseforceeffectsthatare
diminishingaxialcapacity,uplift,andlateralloading.
Loads Chapter 3
July 2011
3.6 LoadsandLoadFactorsforConstruction
Unlessotherwisespecifed,theloadfactorforconstructionloadsandforanyassociateddynamiceffects
shallnotbelessthan1.5inStrengthI.TheloadfactorforwindinStrengthIIIshallnotbelessthan1.25.
WheninvestigatingStrengthLoadCombinationsI,III,andVduringconstruction,loadfactorsforthe
weightofthestructureandappurtenances,DC and DW,shallnotbetakentobelessthan1.25.
Whereevaluationofconstructiondefectionsarerequiredbythecontractdocuments,LoadCombination
ServiceIshallapply.Constructiondeadloadsshallbeconsideredaspartofthepermanentloadand
constructiontransientloadsconsideredpartoftheliveload.Theassociatedpermitteddefectionsshall
beincludedinthecontractdocuments.
For falsework and formwork design loads, see Standard Specifcations 6-02.3(17)A.
Chapter 3 Loads
July 2011
Loads Chapter 3
July 2011
3.7 LoadFactorsforPost-tensioning
3.7.1 Post-tensioning Effects from Superstructure
Whencast-in-place,post-tensionedsuperstructureisconstructedmonolithicwiththepiers,the
substructuredesignshouldtakeintoaccountframemomentsandshearscausedbyelasticshortening
andcreepofthesuperstructureuponapplicationoftheaxialpost-tensioningforceatthebridgeends.
Framemomentsandshearsthusobtainedshouldbeaddedalgebraicallytothevaluesobtainedfrom
theprimaryandsecondarymomentdiagramsappliedtothesuperstructure.
Whencast-in-place,post-tensionedsuperstructurearesupportedonslidingbearingsatsomeofthe
piers,thedesignofthosepiersshouldincludethelongitudinalforcefromfrictiononthebearings
generatedasthesuperstructureshortensduringjacking.Whenpost-tensioningiscomplete,thefull
permanentreactionfromthiseffectshouldbeincludedinthegoverningAASHTOloadcombinations
forthepierunderdesign.
3.7.2 Secondary Forces from Post-tensioning, PS
Theapplicationofpost-tenstioningforcesonacontinuousstructureproducesreactionsatthestructures
supportandinternalforcesthatarecollectivelycalledsecondaryforces.
Secondaryprestressingforces(i.e.secondarymoments)aretheforceeffectsincontinuousmembers,as
aresultofcontinuouspost-tensioning.Inframeanalysissoftware,thesecondarymomentsaregenerally
obtainedbysubtractingtheprimary(P*e)fromthetotalPSmoments.Whetherornotthisisappropriate
whenusinglinear-elasticanalysisisdebatable,butacceptedforlackofabettermethod.Aloadfactor,
PS
,
of1.0isappropriateforthesuperstructure.Forfxedcolumnsa50%reductioninPSforceeffectscould
beusedgiventheelasto-plasticcharacteristicsofthesoilsurroundingthefoundationelements.
Chapter 3 Loads
July 2011
Loads Chapter 3
July 2011
3.8 PermanentLoads
ThedesignunitweightsofcommonpermanentloadsareprovidedinTable 3.8-1.
Item Load
Precast Pretensioned or Post-tensioned Spliced Girders 165 lb/ft
3
All Other Normal-Weight Reinforced Concrete 155 lb/ft
3
Concrete Overlay 150 lb/ ft
3
Stay-in-Place Form for Box Girder (applied to slab area less overhangs and webs) 5 lb/ft
2
Traffc Barrier (32 - F Shape) 460 lb/ft
Traffc Barrier (42 - F Shape) 710 lb/ft
Traffc Barrier (34 Single Slope) 490 lb/ft
Traffc Barrier (42 Single Slope) 670 lb/ft
Wearing Surface Asphalt Concrete Pavement (ACP) 125 lb/ft
3
Wearing Surface Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) 140 lb/ft
3
Soil, Compact 125 lb/ft
3
Prestressed Concrete 165 lb/ft
3
Light Weight Aggregate Concrete 125 lb/ft
3
PermanentLoads
Table 3.8-1
3.8.1 Deck Overlay Requirement
Vehiculartraffcwillgeneratewearandruttingonaconcretebridgedeckoverthelifeofabridge.One
optiontocorrectexcessivewearistoaddaHotMixAsphalt(HMA)overlayontopoftheexisting
concretedeck.Thistypeofoverlayrequireslessconstructiontimeandislessexpensivecomparedto
removingaportionofthedeckandaddingamodifedconcreteoverlay.Theinitialbridgedesignneedsto
incorporatethefutureoverlaydeadload.
ConcretebridgedeckprotectionsystemsshallbeinaccordancewithSection 5.7.4 for new bridge
constructionandwideningprojects.Toaccommodateafuturedeckoverlay,bridgesshallbedesignedas
shownTable 3.8-2.
Chapter 3 Loads
July 2011
SuperstructureType
Concrete
Cover
Overlayshown
intheplan
Future
Design
Overlay
DeckProtectionSystems1and4:
Precast concrete, steel I or box girder with cast-in-
place slab
Precast slabs with cast-in-place slab
Reinforced and post-tensioned box beams and
slab bridges
Mainline Bridges on State Routes
2 (Including
wearing
surface)
None 2 HMA
DeckProtectionSystems1and4:
Undercrossing bridge that carries traffc from a city
street or county road
Bridges with raised sidewalks
2 (Including
wearing
surface)
None None
DeckProtectionSystem2:
Concrete Overlays
Varies Varies None
HMA Overlays
Varies Varies None
Segmental bridges
Bridge Decks with longitudinal or transverse post-
tensioning
1 (Including
wearing
surface)
1 Modified
Concrete Overlay
None
BridgeOverlayRequirements
Table 3.8-2
Theeffectofthefuturedeckoverlayongirderscamber,Adimension,creep,andproflegradeneednot
be considered in superstructure design.
Deckoverlaymayberequiredatthetimeoforiginalconstructionforsomebridgewideningorstaged
construction projects if ride quality is a major concern.
Chapter 3 Loads
August 2012
3.9 LiveLoads
3.9.1 Live Load Designation
Liveloaddesigncriteriaarespecifedinthelowerrightcornerofthebridgepreliminaryplansheet.
TheBridgeProjectsUnitdeterminesthecriteriausingthefollowingguideline:
NewbridgesandBridgewideningwithadditionofsubstructureHL-93
BridgesuperstructurewideningwithnoadditionofsubstructureLiveloadcriteriaofthe
original design
Detourandothertemporarybridges75percentofHL-93
3.9.2 Live Load Analysis of Continuous Bridges
TheHL-93liveloadmodeldefnedintheLRFD Specifcations includes a dual truck train for negative
momentsandreactionsandinteriorpiers.Theapplicationofthedualtrucktrainissomewhatunclear
asspecifedinLRFDArticle3.6.1.3.1.WSDOTinterpretsthatarticleasfollows:
Fornegativemomentbetweenthepointsofcontrafexureunderauniformloadonallspansandreactions
atinteriorpiersonly,90percentoftheeffectoftwodesigntrucksspacedaminimumof50.0feetbetween
therearaxleoftheleadtruckandtheleadaxleofthereartruck,combinedwith90percentoftheeffect
ofthedesignlaneload.Thedistancebetweenthe32.0-kipaxlesofeachtruckshallbetakenas14.0feet.
Thetwodesigntrucksshallbeplacedinadjacentspansinsuchpositiontoproducemaximumforceeffect.
Negative moment betweenthepointsofcontrafexureunderauniformloadonallspans and reactions
atinteriorsupportsshallbeinvestigatedadualdesigntandemspacedfrom26.0feetto40.0feetapart,
combinedwiththedesignlaneloadspecifedinLRFDArticleC3.6.1.3.1.Forthepurposeofthisarticle,
thepairsofthedesigntandemshallbeplacedinadjacentspansinsuchpositiontoproducemaximum
force effect.
3.9.3 LoadingforLiveLoadDefectionEvaluation
TheloadingforliveloaddefectioncriteriaisdefnedinLRFDArticle3.6.1.3.2.Liveloaddefections
fortheServiceIlimitstateshallsatisfytherequirementsofLRFD2.5.2.6.2.
3.9.4 Distribution to Superstructure
A. Multi Girder SuperstructureTheliveloaddistributionfactorforexteriorgirderofmultigirder
bridgesshallbeasfollows:
Forexteriorgirderdesignwithslabcantileverlengthequalorlessthan40 percentoftheadjacent
interiorgirderspacing,usetheliveloaddistributionfactorforinteriorgirder.Theslabcantilever
lengthisdefnedasthedistancefromthecenterlineoftheexteriorgirdertotheedgeoftheslab.
Forexteriorgirderdesignwithslabcantileverlengthexceeding40 percentoftheadjacentinterior
girderspacing,usetheleverrulewiththemultiplepresencefactorof1.0forsinglelaneto
determinetheliveloaddistribution.Theliveloadusedtodesigntheexteriorgirdershallnotbe
lessthantheliveloadusedfortheadjacentinteriorgirder.
Thespecialanalysisbasedontheconventionalapproximationofloadsonpilesasdescribedin
LRFDArticleC4.6.2.2.2dshallnotbeusedunlesstheeffectivenessofdiaphragmsonthelateral
distribution of truck load is investigated.
Loads Chapter 3
August 2012
B. Concrete Box GirdersTheloaddistributionfactorformulti-cellcastinplaceconcreteboxgirders
shallbeperLRFD Specifcations for interior girders from Table 4.6.2.2.2b-1 for bending moment,
andTable4.6.2.2.3a-1forshear.Theliveloaddistributionfactorforinteriorgirdersshallthenbe
multipliedbythenumberofwebstoobtainthedesignliveloadfortheentiresuperstructure.The
correctionfactorforliveloaddistributionforskewedsupportasspecifedinTables4.6.2.2.2e-1for
bendingmomentand4.6.2.2.3c-1forshearshallbeconsidered.
DF = N
b
x Df
i
Live load distribution factor for multi-cell box girder (394-1)
Where:
Df
i
= Live load distribution factor for interior web
N
b
= Number of webs
C. Multiple Presence FactorsAreductionfactorwillbeappliedinthesubstructuredesignfor
multipleloadingsinaccordancewithAASHTO.
D. Distribution to SubstructureThenumberoftraffclanestobeusedinthesubstructuredesign
shallbedeterminedbydividingtheentireroadwayslabwidthby12.Nofractionallanesshallbe
used.Roadwayslabwidthsoflessthan24feetshallhaveamaximumoftwodesignlanes.
E. Distribution to CrossbeamTheHL-93loadingisdistributedtothesubstructurebyplacingwheel
linereactionsinalaneconfgurationthatgeneratesthemaximumstressinthesubstructure.Awheel
linereactionisoftheHL-93reaction.Liveloadsareconsid eredtoactdirectlyonthesubstructure
withoutfurtherdistributionthroughthesuperstructureasillustratedinFigure 3.9-1. Normally,
substructure design will not consider live load torsion or lateral distribution. Sidesway effects may
be accounted for and are generally included in computer generated frame analysis results.
WHEEL LINE LOADS APPLIED
TO SUPERSTRUCTURE
WHEEL LINE LOADS APPLIED
TO SUBSTRUCTURE
CROSSBEAM
CROSSBEAM
LIVE LOAD ON BRIDGE SECTION
LiveLoadDistributiontoSubstructure
Figure 3.9-1
Chapter 3 Loads
August 2012
Forsteelandprestressedconcretesuperstructurewheretheliveloadistransferredtosubstructurethrough
bearings,crossframesordiaphragms,thegirderreactionmaybeusedforsubstructuredesign.Live
loadplacementisdependentonthememberunderdesign.Someexamplesofliveloadplacementareas
follows.Theexteriorvehiclewheelisplaced2feetfromthecurbformaximumcrossbeamcantilever
moment or maximum eccentric foundation moment.
Forcrossbeamdesignbetweensupports,theHL-93lanesareplacedtoobtainthemaximumpositive
momentinthemember;thenre-locatedtoobtainthemaximumshearornegativemomentinthemember.
Forcolumndesign,thedesignlanesareplacedtoobtainthemaximumtransversemomentatthetopof
thecolumn;thenre-locatedtoobtainthemaximumaxialforceofthecolumn.
3.9.5 Bridge Load Rating
Bridgedesignersareresponsibleforthebridgesinventoryandloadratingofnewbridgesinaccordance
withtheNBISandtheAASHTOManualforConditionEvaluationofBridge,thelatestedition.
See BDM Chapter13.
Loads Chapter 3
August 2012
Loads Chapter 3
July 2011
3.10 PedestrianLoads
PedestrianbridgesshallbedesignedinaccordancewiththerequirementsoftheAASHTOLFRD Guide
Specifcations for the Design of Pedestrian Bridges, dated December 2009.
Seismicdesignofpedestrianbridgesshallbeperformedinaccordancewiththerequirementsofthe
AASHTO Guide Specifcations for LRFD Seismic Bridge Design.
Chapter 3 Loads
July 2011
Loads Chapter 3
July 2011
3.11 WindLoads
3.11.1 Wind Load to Superstructure
Fortheusualgirderandslabbridgeswithlessthan30heightaboveground,thefollowingsimplifed
wind pressure on structure (WS),couldbeusedinlieuofthegeneralmethoddescribedinAASHTO
LRFDArticle3.8.1.2:
0.05kippersquarefoot,transverse
0.012kippersquarefoot,longitudinal
Bothforcesshallbeappliedsimultaneously.
Fortheusualgirderandslabbridgeswithlessthan30heightaboveground,thefollowingsimplifed
windpressureonvehicle(WL),couldbeusedinlieuofthegeneralmethoddescribedinAASHTOLRFD
Article3.8.1.3:
0.10kipperlinearfoot,transverse
0.04kipperlinearfoot,longitudinal
Bothforcesshallbeappliedsimultaneously.
3.11.2 Wind Load to Substructure
Windforcesshallbeappliedtothesubstructureunitsinaccordancewiththeloadingsspecifedin
AASHTO.Transversestiffnessofthesuperstructuremaybeconsidered,asnecessary,toproperly
distributeloadstothesubstructureprovidedthatthesuperstructureiscapableofsustainingsuchloads.
Verticalwindpressure,perAASHTOLRFD3.8.2,shallbeincludedinthedesignwhereappropriate,for
example,onsinglecolumnpiers.Windloadsshallbeappliedthroughshearkeysorotherpositivemeans
fromthesuperstructuretothesubstructure.Windloadsshallbedistributedtothepiersandabutmentsin
accordancewiththelawsofstatics.Transversewindloadscanbeapplieddirectlytothepiersassuming
thesuperstructuretoactasarigidbeam.Forlargestructuresamoreappropriateresultmightbeobtained
byconsideringthesuperstructuretoactasafexiblebeamonelasticsupports.
3.11.3 Wind on Noise Walls
Windloadshallbeassumedtobeuniformlydistributedontheareaexposedtothewind,taken
perpendiculartotheassumedwinddirection.Designwindpressuremaybedeterminedusingeitherthe
tabulatedvaluesgivenbeloworthedesignequationsthatfollow.
Heightofstructure,Z,atwhichwindloadsarebeing
calculatedasmeasuredfromlowground,orwaterlevel.
WindVelocity(mph)
80mph 90mph 100mph
0 - 30 ft 4 psf 5 psf 6 psf
30 - 40 ft 6 psf 7 psf 9 psf
40 - 50 ft 8 psf 10 psf 12 psf
MinimumWindPressureforCityTerrain(ExposureA)
Table 3.11-1
WindVelocity(mph)
80mph 90mph 100mph
0 - 30 ft 9 psf 12 psf 15 psf
30 - 40 ft 12 psf 15 psf 19 psf
40 - 50 ft 14 psf 18 psf 22 psf
MinimumWindPressureforSuburbanTerrain(ExposureB1)
Table 3.11-2
Chapter 3 Loads
July 2011
WindVelocity(mph)
80mph 90mph 100mph
0 - 30 ft 17 psf 21 psf 26 psf
30 - 40 ft 19 psf 25 psf 30 psf
40 - 50 ft 22 psf 28 psf 34 psf
MinimumWindPressureforSparseSuburbanTerrain(ExposureB2)
Table 3.11-3
WindVelocity(mph)
80mph 90mph 100mph
0 - 30 ft 26 psf 32 psf 40 psf
30 - 40 ft 29 psf 36 psf 45 psf
40 - 50 ft 31 psf 39 psf 49 psf
MinimumWindPressureforOpenCountryTerrain(ExposureC)
Table 3.11-4
WindVelocity(mph)
80mph 90mph 100mph
0 - 30 ft 39 psf 50 psf 62 psf
30 - 40 ft 43 psf 54 psf 67 psf
40 - 50 ft 45 psf 57 psf 71 psf
MinimumWindPressureforCoastalTerrain(ExposureD)
Table 3.11-5
Design Wind Pressure
Fornoisewallswithheightsgreaterthan50ft.orsubjectedtowindvelocitiesotherthan80,90,or
100mph,thefollowingequationsshallbeusedtodeterminetheminimumdesignwindpressuretobe
appliedtothewall:
2
=
B
DZ
B
V
V
P P (3111-1)
Where:
P

= Design wind pressure (psf)
P
B
= Base wind pressure (psf)
V
DZ
= Designwindvelocityatdesignelevation(mph)
V
B
= Basewindvelocity(100mph)at30.0ftheight
Base Wind Pressure
Thebasewindpressure,P
B
,shallbetakenas40psfforwallsandotherlargefatsurfaces.
Loads Chapter 3
July 2011
Design Wind Velocity
Thedesignwindvelocityiscomputedas:
=
0
30
0
ln 5 . 2
Z
Z
V
V
V V
B
DZ (3111-2)
Where:
V
0
= frictionvelocity(mph)
V
30
= windvelocityat30.0ftabovelowgroundorabovedesignwaterlevel(mph)
Z = heightofstructureatwhichwindloadsarebeingcalculatedasmeasuredfrom
low ground or water level, > 30.0 ft
Z
0
= frictionlengthofupstreamfetch(ft),(alsoreferredtoasroughnesslength)
Exposure Categories
City(A): Largecitycenterswithatleast50%ofthebuildingshavingaheightinexcessof
70ft.Useofthiscategoryshallbelimitedtothoseareasforwhichrepresentative
terrainprevailsintheupwinddirectionatleastone-halfmile.Possiblechanneling
effectsofincreasedvelocitypressuresduetothebridgeorstructure'slocationin
thewakeofadjacentstructuresshallbeaccountedfor.
Suburban(B1): Urbanandsuburbanareas,woodedareas,orotherterrainwithnumerousclosely
spacedobstructionshavingthesizeofsingle-familyorlargerdwellings.This
categoryshallbelimitedtothoseareasforwhichrepresentativeterrainprevails
intheupwinddirectionatleast1,500ft.
SparseSuburban(B2): Urbanandsuburbanareaswithmoreopenterrainnotmeetingtherequirements
of Exposure B1.
OpenCountry(C): Openterrainwithscatteredobstructionshavingheightsgenerallylessthan30ft.
Thiscategoryincludesfatopencountryandgrasslands.
Coastal(D): Flatunobstructedareasandwatersurfacesdirectlyexposedtowind.This
categoryincludeslargebodiesofwater,smoothmudfats,saltfats,and
unbroken ice.
Friction Velocity
Ameteorologicalwindcharacteristictakenforvariousupwindsurfacecharacteristics(mph).
Condition City Suburbs SparseSuburbs OpenCountry Coastal
V
0
(mph) 120 109 94 82 70
Wind Velocity at 30.0 ft
V
30
maybeestablishedfrom:
Fastest-mile-of-windchartsavailableinASCE7-88forvariousrecurrence
Site-specifcwindsurveys,or
Intheabsenceofbettercriterion,theassumptionthatV
30
= V
B
=100mph.
Friction Length
Ameteorologicalwindcharacteristicofupstreamterrain(ft).
Condition City Suburbs SparseSuburbs OpenCountry Coastal
Z
0
(ft) 820 328 098 023 0025
Chapter 3 Loads
July 2011
Loads Chapter 3
August 2012
3.12 NoiseBarriers
Thedesignrequirementfornoisebarrierwallonbridgesandwallsareasfollows:
1. Thetotalheightofnoisebarrierwallonbridges,fromtopofslabtotopofnoisebarrierwall,shallbe
limitedto8-0.
2. Thetotalheightofnoisebarrierwallonretainingwalls,fromtopofroadwaytotopofnoisebarrier
wall,shallbelimitedto14-0.
3. Noisebarrierwallthicknessshallbe7minimumwithtwolayersofreinforcingbarsinthecross
section,with1minimumconcretecoveronbothfaces.Self-consolidatingconcrete(SCC)shallbe
specifedforcast-in-place(CIP)concretenoisewalls.IfconventionalconcreteisusedforCIPnoise
walls,theminimumwallthicknessshallbeincreasedto8with1minimumconcretecoveron
bothfacesand2minimumopeningbetweentwolayersofreinforcingbars.Theminimumwall
thicknessof7with1minimumconcretecoveronbothfaces,asshownintheattacheddetail,
is adequate for precast noise walls (Figure 3.12-1).
4. Allnoisebarrierswhichwillbemountedonexistingstructures,supportedbyexistingstructures,or
constructedaspartofanewstructure,shallbeevaluatedbytheBridgeandStructuresOffceandthe
GeotechnicalOffce.
5. WindloadshallbebasedonSection 3.11ofthismanual.
6. ThevehicularcollisionforceshallbebasedontheAASHTOLRFDTableA13.2-1fordesignforces
fortraffcrailing.Thetransverseforceshallbeappliedhorizontallyat3-6heightabovedeck.
7. Seismicloadshallbeasfollows:
Seismic Dead Load = A f D (312-1)
Where:
A = AccelerationcoeffcientfromtheGeotechnicalReport
D = Deadloadofthewall
= Deadloadcoeffcient
Dead Load Coefficient,
Dead load coeffcient, except on bridges monolithic connection 10
Dead load coeffcient, on bridges monolithic connection 25
Dead load coeffcient, for connection of precast wall to bridge barrier 80
Dead load coeffcient, for connection of precast walls to retaining
wall or moment slab barriers
50
TheproductofAandfshallnotbetakenlessthan0.10.
8. AASHTOLRFDBridgedesignspecifcationsshallbeusedforthestructuraldesignofnoise
barrier walls.
3.12.1 Standard Plan Noise Barrier Walls
ThismemorandumprovidesguidelinesfortheuseofWSDOTStandardPlanNoiseBarrierWalls.
TheStandardPlanNoiseBarrierWallsshallnotbeusedforWSDOTprojectswheretheseismic
accelerationexceeds0.3g.Noisebarrierwallsinprojectswhereseismicaccelerationexceeds0.3gare
consideredspecialdesignsandshallberedesignedonacase-by-casebasis.
Chapter 3 Loads
August 2012
!'5 <<'5< w ! <'!65.
<!!' <<'5< <5'!!<5!5!
! w! !< <'`.
! !
<!w`
2

#
:

-
'
#: '
!\.
!'5 <<'5<
w, \5<'
'
-
'
2

#
:

'

!
\
.
'
2
'
-
O
'
:
'
-
2
'
'
-
O
'
7'
'
NoiseBarrierWallonBridge
Figure 3.12-1
Loads Chapter 3
July 2011
3.13 EarthquakeEffects
EarthquakeloadsseeChapter4.
Chapter 3 Loads
July 2011
Loads Chapter 3
July 2011
3.14 EarthPressure
Earthquakeloadssee Chapter7.
Chapter 3 Loads
July 2011
Loads Chapter 3
July 2011
3.15 ForceEffectsDuetoSuperimposedDeformations
PS,CR,SH,TUandTGaresuperimposeddeformations.LoadfactorsforPS, CR, and SH,areasshown
in Table 3.5-3.Innon-segmentalstructures:PS, CR and SH are symbolically factored by a value of 1.0
inthestrengthlimitstate,butareactuallydesignedforintheservicelimitstate.Forsubstructureinthe
strengthlimitstate,thevalueof0.50for
PS
,
CR
,
SH
, and
TU
maybeusedwhencalculatingforceeffects
innon-segmentalstructures,butshallbetakeninconjunctionwiththegrossmomentofinertiainthe
columnsorpiers.ThelargerofthevaluesprovidedforloadfactorofTUshallbeusedfordeformations
andthesmallervaluesforallothereffects.ThecalculationofdisplacementsforTUloadsutilizesafactor
greaterthan1.0toavoidundersizingjoints,expansiondevices,andbearings.
ThecurrentAASHTOLRFD Specifcations require a load factor of 1.2 on CR, SH, and TU deformations,
and0.5onotherCR/SH/TUforceeffects.Thelowervaluehadbeenrationalizedasdissipationofthese
forceeffectsovertime,particularlyinthecolumnsandpiers.
Changingtheloadfactorsforcreepandshrinkageisnotstraight-forwardbecauseCR, SH are
superimposeddeformations,thatis,forceeffectsduetoachangeinmaterialbehaviorthatcausea
changeinthestaticalsystem.Forsafetyandsimplicityindesign,theyaretreatedasloads--despitenot
being measurable at time t=0.However,behaviorisnonlinearandapplicationoftheloadfactormust
alsobeconsidered.Somesoftwarewillrunserviceloadanalysistwice:oncewithandoncewithoutCR,
SHeffects.TheCR and SHcanthenbeisolatedbysubtractingtheresultsofthetworuns.Othersoftware
willcoupletheCR and SHwiththedeadload,givingashrinkage-orcreep-adjusteddeadload.
TheproposedcompromiseistoassigncreepandshrinkagethesameloadfactorastheDC loads, but
permitafactorof1.0iftheproject-specifccreepcoeffcientcanbedeterminedandisthenusedinthe
linear analysis software.
Thermalandshrinkageloadingsareinducedbymovementsofthestructureandcanresultfromseveral
sources.Movementsduetotemperaturechangesarecalculatedusingcoeffcientsofthermalexpansion
of0.000006ft/ftperdegreeforconcreteand0.0000065ft/ftperdegreeforsteel.Reinforcedconcrete
shrinksattherateof0.0002ft/ft.
Chapter 3 Loads
July 2011
Loads Chapter 3
July 2011
3.16 OtherLoads
3.16.1 Buoyancy
Theeffectsofsubmergenceofaportionofthesubstructureistobecalculated,bothfordesigningpiling
forupliftandforrealizingeconomyinfootingdesign.
3.16.2 Collision Force on Bridge Substructure
See AASHTO LRFD Articles 3.6.5 and 3.14
3.16.3 CollisionForceonTraffcBarrier
See AASHTO LRFD Article 3.6.5.1
3.16.4 Force from Stream Current, Floating Ice, and Drift
See AAHTO LRFD Article 3.9
3.16.5 Ice Load
InaccordancewithWSDOTHQHydraulicsOffcecriteria,anicethicknessof12shallbeusedfor
streamfowforcesonpiersthroughoutWashingtonState.
3.16.6 Uniform Temperature Load
Thedesignthermalmovementassociatedwithauniformtemperaturechangemaybecalculatedusing
therangesoftemperatureasspecifedherein.Thetemperaturerangesshownbelowrefectthedifference
betweentheextendedlowerandupperboundarytobeusedtocalculatethermaldeformationeffects.
ConcreteBridges(AllRegions): 0to100
SteelBridges(EasternWashington): 30to120
SteelBridges(WesternWashington): 0to120
Chapter 3 Loads
July 2011
August 2012
3.99 References
1. AASHTO, LRFD Bridge Design Specifcations for Design of Highway Bridges, 6thEdition2012.
Chapter 3 Loads
August 2012
WSDOT Bridge Design Manual M 23-50.06 Page 3.1-A1-1
July 2011
Torsional Constants
Appendix 3.1-A1 of Common Sections
Page 2
Appendix3.1-A1 TorsionalConstantsofCommonSections
3
3
bt
R =
( )
3
3
t d b
R
+
=
3
2
3
2
3
1
dt bt
R
+
=
d b
d tb
R
+
=
2 2
2
( ) ( )
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
t t dt bt
t d t b tt
R
+

=
4
0982 . 0 d R =
Page 2
3
3
bt
R =
( )
3
3
t d b
R
+
=
3
2
3
2
3
1
dt bt
R
+
=
d b
d tb
R
+
=
2 2
2
( ) ( )
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
t t dt bt
t d t b tt
R
+

=
4
0982 . 0 d R =
Page 2
3
3
bt
R =
( )
3
3
t d b
R
+
=
3
2
3
2
3
1
dt bt
R
+
=
d b
d tb
R
+
=
2 2
2
( ) ( )
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
t t dt bt
t d t b tt
R
+

=
4
0982 . 0 d R =
Page 2
3
3
bt
R =
( )
3
3
t d b
R
+
=
3
2
3
2
3
1
dt bt
R
+
=
d b
d tb
R
+
=
2 2
2
( ) ( )
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
t t dt bt
t d t b tt
R
+

=
4
0982 . 0 d R =
Page 2
3
3
bt
R =
( )
3
3
t d b
R
+
=
3
2
3
2
3
1
dt bt
R
+
=
d b
d tb
R
+
=
2 2
2
( ) ( )
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
t t dt bt
t d t b tt
R
+

=
4
0982 . 0 d R =
Page 2
3
3
bt
R =
( )
3
3
t d b
R
+
=
3
2
3
2
3
1
dt bt
R
+
=
d b
d tb
R
+
=
2 2
2
( ) ( )
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
t t dt bt
t d t b tt
R
+

=
4
0982 . 0 d R =
Page 2
3
3
bt
R =
( )
3
3
t d b
R
+
=
3
2
3
2
3
1
dt bt
R
+
=
d b
d tb
R
+
=
2 2
2
( ) ( )
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
t t dt bt
t d t b tt
R
+

=
4
0982 . 0 d R =
Page 2
3
3
bt
R =
( )
3
3
t d b
R
+
=
3
2
3
2
3
1
dt bt
R
+
=
d b
d tb
R
+
=
2 2
2
( ) ( )
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
t t dt bt
t d t b tt
R
+

=
4
0982 . 0 d R =
Page 2
3
3
bt
R =
( )
3
3
t d b
R
+
=
3
2
3
2
3
1
dt bt
R
+
=
d b
d tb
R
+
=
2 2
2
( ) ( )
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
t t dt bt
t d t b tt
R
+

=
4
0982 . 0 d R =
Page 2
3
3
bt
R =
( )
3
3
t d b
R
+
=
3
2
3
2
3
1
dt bt
R
+
=
d b
d tb
R
+
=
2 2
2
( ) ( )
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
t t dt bt
t d t b tt
R
+

=
4
0982 . 0 d R =
Page 3
( )
4
1
4
2
0982 . 0 d d R =
d t R
3
0472 . 1 =
4
1406 . 0 d R =
=
4
4
3
12
1 36 . 3
3
16
a
b
a
b
ab R
2 2
3 3
b a
b a
R
+
=

t r R
3
2 =
Page 2
3
3
bt
R =
( )
3
3
t d b
R
+
=
3
2
3
2
3
1
dt bt
R
+
=
d b
d tb
R
+
=
2 2
2
( ) ( )
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
t t dt bt
t d t b tt
R
+

=
4
0982 . 0 d R =
Page 3
( )
4
1
4
2
0982 . 0 d d R =
d t R
3
0472 . 1 =
4
1406 . 0 d R =
=
4
4
3
12
1 36 . 3
3
16
a
b
a
b
ab R
2 2
3 3
b a
b a
R
+
=

t r R
3
2 =
Page 3
( )
4
1
4
2
0982 . 0 d d R =
d t R
3
0472 . 1 =
4
1406 . 0 d R =
=
4
4
3
12
1 36 . 3
3
16
a
b
a
b
ab R
2 2
3 3
b a
b a
R
+
=

t r R
3
2 =
Chapter 3 Loads
Page 3.1-A1-2 WSDOT Bridge Design Manual M 23-50.06
July 2011
Page 3
( )
4
1
4
2
0982 . 0 d d R =
d t R
3
0472 . 1 =
4
1406 . 0 d R =
=
4
4
3
12
1 36 . 3
3
16
a
b
a
b
ab R
2 2
3 3
b a
b a
R
+
=

t r R
3
2 =
Page 3
( )
4
1
4
2
0982 . 0 d d R =
d t R
3
0472 . 1 =
4
1406 . 0 d R =
=
4
4
3
12
1 36 . 3
3
16
a
b
a
b
ab R
2 2
3 3
b a
b a
R
+
=

t r R
3
2 =
Page 3
( )
4
1
4
2
0982 . 0 d d R =
d t R
3
0472 . 1 =
4
1406 . 0 d R =
=
4
4
3
12
1 36 . 3
3
16
a
b
a
b
ab R
2 2
3 3
b a
b a
R
+
=

t r R
3
2 =
Page 3
( )
4
1
4
2
0982 . 0 d d R =
d t R
3
0472 . 1 =
4
1406 . 0 d R =
=
4
4
3
12
1 36 . 3
3
16
a
b
a
b
ab R
2 2
3 3
b a
b a
R
+
=

t r R
3
2 =
Page 3
( )
4
1
4
2
0982 . 0 d d R =
d t R
3
0472 . 1 =
4
1406 . 0 d R =
=
4
4
3
12
1 36 . 3
3
16
a
b
a
b
ab R
2 2
3 3
b a
b a
R
+
=

t r R
3
2 =
Page 3
( )
4
1
4
2
0982 . 0 d d R =
d t R
3
0472 . 1 =
4
1406 . 0 d R =
=
4
4
3
12
1 36 . 3
3
16
a
b
a
b
ab R
2 2
3 3
b a
b a
R
+
=

t r R
3
2 =
Page 3
( )
4
1
4
2
0982 . 0 d d R =
d t R
3
0472 . 1 =
4
1406 . 0 d R =
=
4
4
3
12
1 36 . 3
3
16
a
b
a
b
ab R
2 2
3 3
b a
b a
R
+
=

t r R
3
2 =
Page 3
( )
4
1
4
2
0982 . 0 d d R =
d t R
3
0472 . 1 =
4
1406 . 0 d R =
=
4
4
3
12
1 36 . 3
3
16
a
b
a
b
ab R
2 2
3 3
b a
b a
R
+
=

t r R
3
2 =
Page 3
( )
4
1
4
2
0982 . 0 d d R =
d t R
3
0472 . 1 =
4
1406 . 0 d R =
=
4
4
3
12
1 36 . 3
3
16
a
b
a
b
ab R
2 2
3 3
b a
b a
R
+
=

t r R
3
2 =
Page 3
( )
4
1
4
2
0982 . 0 d d R =
d t R
3
0472 . 1 =
4
1406 . 0 d R =
=
4
4
3
12
1 36 . 3
3
16
a
b
a
b
ab R
2 2
3 3
b a
b a
R
+
=

t r R
3
2 =
Page 4
d b
d tb
R
+
=
2 2
2
1
2 2
2
4
t
b
t
d b
d b
R
+
+
=
1
4
2
t
b
t
a
a
R
+
=
1
2
2
2 2
2
2
4
t
r
t
r a
a
r
r
R
+
+

+
=

d b
t
d
t
b
d b
R
+
=
2 2
2
1
2 2
2
4
t
b
t
d
t
b
d b
R
d b
+ +
=
Page 4
d b
d tb
R
+
=
2 2
2
1
2 2
2
4
t
b
t
d b
d b
R
+
+
=
1
4
2
t
b
t
a
a
R
+
=
1
2
2
2 2
2
2
4
t
r
t
r a
a
r
r
R
+
+

+
=

d b
t
d
t
b
d b
R
+
=
2 2
2
1
2 2
2
4
t
b
t
d
t
b
d b
R
d b
+ +
=
Page 4
d b
d tb
R
+
=
2 2
2
1
2 2
2
4
t
b
t
d b
d b
R
+
+
=
1
4
2
t
b
t
a
a
R
+
=
1
2
2
2 2
2
2
4
t
r
t
r a
a
r
r
R
+
+

+
=

d b
t
d
t
b
d b
R
+
=
2 2
2
1
2 2
2
4
t
b
t
d
t
b
d b
R
d b
+ +
=
Page 4
d b
d tb
R
+
=
2 2
2
1
2 2
2
4
t
b
t
d b
d b
R
+
+
=
1
4
2
t
b
t
a
a
R
+
=
1
2
2
2 2
2
2
4
t
r
t
r a
a
r
r
R
+
+

+
=

d b
t
d
t
b
d b
R
+
=
2 2
2
1
2 2
2
4
t
b
t
d
t
b
d b
R
d b
+ +
=
Page 4
d b
d tb
R
+
=
2 2
2
1
2 2
2
4
t
b
t
d b
d b
R
+
+
=
1
4
2
t
b
t
a
a
R
+
=
1
2
2
2 2
2
2
4
t
r
t
r a
a
r
r
R
+
+

+
=

d b
t
d
t
b
d b
R
+
=
2 2
2
1
2 2
2
4
t
b
t
d
t
b
d b
R
d b
+ +
=
Page 4
d b
d tb
R
+
=
2 2
2
1
2 2
2
4
t
b
t
d b
d b
R
+
+
=
1
4
2
t
b
t
a
a
R
+
=
1
2
2
2 2
2
2
4
t
r
t
r a
a
r
r
R
+
+

+
=

d b
t
d
t
b
d b
R
+
=
2 2
2
1
2 2
2
4
t
b
t
d
t
b
d b
R
d b
+ +
=
Loads Chapter 3
July 2011
Page 4
d b
d tb
R
+
=
2 2
2
1
2 2
2
4
t
b
t
d b
d b
R
+
+
=
1
4
2
t
b
t
a
a
R
+
=
1
2
2
2 2
2
2
4
t
r
t
r a
a
r
r
R
+
+

+
=

d b
t
d
t
b
d b
R
+
=
2 2
2
1
2 2
2
4
t
b
t
d
t
b
d b
R
d b
+ +
=
Page 4
d b
d tb
R
+
=
2 2
2
1
2 2
2
4
t
b
t
d b
d b
R
+
+
=
1
4
2
t
b
t
a
a
R
+
=
1
2
2
2 2
2
2
4
t
r
t
r a
a
r
r
R
+
+

+
=

d b
t
d
t
b
d b
R
+
=
2 2
2
1
2 2
2
4
t
b
t
d
t
b
d b
R
d b
+ +
=
Page 4
d b
d tb
R
+
=
2 2
2
1
2 2
2
4
t
b
t
d b
d b
R
+
+
=
1
4
2
t
b
t
a
a
R
+
=
1
2
2
2 2
2
2
4
t
r
t
r a
a
r
r
R
+
+

+
=

d b
t
d
t
b
d b
R
+
=
2 2
2
1
2 2
2
4
t
b
t
d
t
b
d b
R
d b
+ +
=
Page 4
d b
d tb
R
+
=
2 2
2
1
2 2
2
4
t
b
t
d b
d b
R
+
+
=
1
4
2
t
b
t
a
a
R
+
=
1
2
2
2 2
2
2
4
t
r
t
r a
a
r
r
R
+
+

+
=

d b
t
d
t
b
d b
R
+
=
2 2
2
1
2 2
2
4
t
b
t
d
t
b
d b
R
d b
+ +
=
Page 4
d b
d tb
R
+
=
2 2
2
1
2 2
2
4
t
b
t
d b
d b
R
+
+
=
1
4
2
t
b
t
a
a
R
+
=
1
2
2
2 2
2
2
4
t
r
t
r a
a
r
r
R
+
+

+
=

d b
t
d
t
b
d b
R
+
=
2 2
2
1
2 2
2
4
t
b
t
d
t
b
d b
R
d b
+ +
=
Page 4
d b
d tb
R
+
=
2 2
2
1
2 2
2
4
t
b
t
d b
d b
R
+
+
=
1
4
2
t
b
t
a
a
R
+
=
1
2
2
2 2
2
2
4
t
r
t
r a
a
r
r
R
+
+

+
=

d b
t
d
t
b
d b
R
+
=
2 2
2
1
2 2
2
4
t
b
t
d
t
b
d b
R
d b
+ +
=
Page 5
c b a
t
c
t
b
t
a
b a
R
+ +
=
2 2
( )
1
2 2
2
t
c
t
b a
d c a
R
+
+
+
=
3
3
3
2 2
3
1 1
t b t b
R
+
=
Multi-Celled Sections
Torsion of two or more cells connectatthewallsisastaticallyindeterminateproblem.The
generalmethodtofindthetorsionalrigidity,R,isasfollows:
Theequationforequilibriumforncellsis:
=
=
n
i
i i t
q M
1
2 (1)
Whereq
i
istheshearflowincelliand
i
istheareaenclosedbythecenterlineofthewalls
inclosingthecell,andM
t
isthetwistingmomentappliedtothecell.
Theequationsofconsistentdeformationare:
j k jk j jj i ji
q S q S q S = + + 2 (2)
Where:
=
t
ds
ji ji
S
G
S
1
Page 5
c b a
t
c
t
b
t
a
b a
R
+ +
=
2 2
( )
1
2 2
2
t
c
t
b a
d c a
R
+
+
+
=
3
3
3
2 2
3
1 1
t b t b
R
+
=
=
=
n
i
i i t
q M
1
2 (1)
Whereq
i
i
t
j k jk j jj i ji
q S q S q S = + + 2 (2)
Where:
=
t
ds
ji ji
S
G
S
1
Page 5
c b a
t
c
t
b
t
a
b a
R
+ +
=
2 2
( )
1
2 2
2
t
c
t
b a
d c a
R
+
+
+
=
3
3
3
2 2
3
1 1
t b t b
R
+
=
=
=
n
i
i i t
q M
1
2 (1)
Whereq
i
i
t
j k jk j jj i ji
q S q S q S = + + 2 (2)
Where:
=
t
ds
ji ji
S
G
S
1
Page 5
c b a
t
c
t
b
t
a
b a
R
+ +
=
2 2
( )
1
2 2
2
t
c
t
b a
d c a
R
+
+
+
=
3
3
3
2 2
3
1 1
t b t b
R
+
=
=
=
n
i
i i t
q M
1
2 (1)
Whereq
i
i
t
j k jk j jj i ji
q S q S q S = + + 2 (2)
Where:
=
t
ds
ji ji
S
G
S
1
Page 5
c b a
t
c
t
b
t
a
b a
R
+ +
=
2 2
( )
1
2 2
2
t
c
t
b a
d c a
R
+
+
+
=
3
3
3
2 2
3
1 1
t b t b
R
+
=
=
=
n
i
i i t
q M
1
2 (1)
Whereq
i
i
t
j k jk j jj i ji
q S q S q S = + + 2 (2)
Where:
=
t
ds
ji ji
S
G
S
1
Page 5
c b a
t
c
t
b
t
a
b a
R
+ +
=
2 2
( )
1
2 2
2
t
c
t
b a
d c a
R
+
+
+
=
3
3
3
2 2
3
1 1
t b t b
R
+
=
=
=
n
i
i i t
q M
1
2 (1)
Whereq
i
i
t
j k jk j jj i ji
q S q S q S = + + 2 (2)
Where:
=
t
ds
ji ji
S
G
S
1
Chapter 3 Loads
July 2011
Torsionoftwoormorecellsconnectatthewallsisastaticallyindeterminateproblem.Thegeneral
methodtofndthetorsionalrigidity,R,isasfollows:
=
=
n
i
i i t
q M
1
2
(31-A1-1)
Whereq
i
istheshearfowincelliand
i
istheareaenclosedbythecenterlineofthewallsinclosing
thecell,andM
t
Page 2
j k jk j jj i ji
q S q S q S = + + 2
=
t
ds
ji ji
S
G
S
1
=
t
ds
jj jj
S
G
S
1
=
t
ds
jk jk
S
G
S
1
Gistheshearmodulusofelasticity
t
ds
ji
S isthesumofthelengthofcellwall,commontocellsjandi,dividedbyitsthickness
t
ds
jk
S isthesumofthelengthofcellwall,commontocellsjandk,dividedbyitsthickness
t
ds
jj
S isthesumofthelengthofcellwall,common to cell j, dividedbytheirrespective
thicknesses.
istheangleoftwistinradians
Equation(2)willyieldnequationsfornunknownshearflowsandcanbesolvedfortheshear
flows q
i
intermsforGandtheangleoftwist. Knowing
i
and
i
thetorsionalconstantR
maybecalculatedfrom:
=
=
n
i
i i
q
G
R
1
2
Asimplificationofthismethodistoassumethattheinteriorwebmembers are not effective in

torsion.Thetorsionalconstantmaybeapproximatedby:
=
i i
i
t
S
A
R
2
4
Where:
Aistheareaenclosedbythecenterlineoftheexteriorwebsandthetopandbottomslabs
S
i
isthelengthofsidei
t
i
isthethicknessofsidei
(31-A1-2)
Where:

Page 2
j k jk j jj i ji
q S q S q S = + + 2
=
t
ds
ji ji
S
G
S
1
=
t
ds
jj jj
S
G
S
1
=
t
ds
jk jk
S
G
S
1
t
ds
ji
t
ds
jk
t
ds
jj
thicknesses.
flows q
i
i
and
i
=
=
n
i
i i
q
G
R
1
2

=
i i
i
t
S
A
R
2
4
Where:
S
i
isthelengthofsidei
t
i
Page 2
j k jk j jj i ji
q S q S q S = + + 2
=
t
ds
ji ji
S
G
S
1
=
t
ds
jj jj
S
G
S
1
=
t
ds
jk jk
S
G
S
1
t
ds
ji
t
ds
jk
t
ds
jj
thicknesses.
flows q
i
i
and
i
=
=
n
i
i i
q
G
R
1
2

=
i i
i
t
S
A
R
2
4
Where:
S
i
isthelengthofsidei
t
i
isthesumofthelengthofcellwall,commontocellsj and i,dividedbyitsthickness

Page 2
j k jk j jj i ji
q S q S q S = + + 2
=
t
ds
ji ji
S
G
S
1
=
t
ds
jj jj
S
G
S
1
=
t
ds
jk jk
S
G
S
1
t
ds
ji
t
ds
jk
t
ds
jj
thicknesses.
flows q
i
i
and
i
=
=
n
i
i i
q
G
R
1
2

=
i i
i
t
S
A
R
2
4
Where:
S
i
isthelengthofsidei
t
i
isthesumofthelengthofcellwall,commontocellsj and k,dividedbyitsthickness

Page 2
j k jk j jj i ji
q S q S q S = + + 2
=
t
ds
ji ji
S
G
S
1
=
t
ds
jj jj
S
G
S
1
=
t
ds
jk jk
S
G
S
1
t
ds
ji
t
ds
jk
t
ds
jj
thicknesses.
flows q
i
i
and
i
=
=
n
i
i i
q
G
R
1
2

=
i i
i
t
S
A
R
2
4
Where:
S
i
isthelengthofsidei
t
i
isthesumofthelengthofcellwall,commontocellj,dividedbytheirrespectivethicknesses.
Loads Chapter 3
July 2011
Equation 3.1-A1-2 will yield n equations for nunknownshearfowsandcanbesolvedfortheshear
fowsq
i
in terms for Gandtheangleoftwist. Knowing
i
and
i
thetorsionalconstantR may
becalculatedfrom:
=
=
n
i
i i
q
G
R
1
2
(31-A1-3)
Asimplifcationofthismethodistoassumethattheinteriorwebmembersarenoteffectiveintorsion.
Thetorsionalconstantmaybeapproximatedby:
=
i i
i
t
S
A
R
2
4
(31-A1-4)
Where:
A Istheareaenclosedbythecenterlineoftheexteriorwebsandthetopandbottomslabs
S
i
Isthelengthofsidei
t
i
Isthethicknessofsidei
Chapter 3 Loads
July 2011
WSDOT Bridge Design Manual M 23-50.06 Page 3.1-B1-1
July 2011

Appendix 3.1-B1 HL-93 Loading for Bridge Piers

Code
Reference
1 Introduction
Thepurposeofthisexampleistodemonstrateamethodologyofanalyzingabridgepier
fortheHL-93liveload.Thisanalysisconsistsoftwoplaneframeanalyzes.Thefirst
analysis is a longitudinal analysisofthesuperstructure.This analysis produces reactions
attheintermediatepiers,whichareappliedtoaplaneframemodelofthepier.
2 BridgeDescription
Material
Girders: f'c = 7 KSI
Elsewhere: f'c = 4 KSI
100'-0" 140'-0" 100'-0"
7 ft 14 ft 7 ft
40 ft
5'-0"
9'-0"
5'-0"
W74G
3 spa @ 8'=0"
32 ft
105"
75" deck with 05"
sacraficial depth
Elevation
TypicalPierElevation
3 AnalysisGoals
Thepurposeofthisanalysisistodeterminethefollowingliveloadactionsinthetopand
bottomofthecolumnandinthefooting:
Maximum axial force and corresponding moments
Maximum moments and corresponding axial force
Maximumshears
Additionallythefollowingliveloadactions will be computed for controlling design
pointsinthecrossbeam
Maximum moment
Maximumshear
4 MaterialProperties
Letsbegintheanalysisbydeterminingthematerialproperties.
Chapter 3 Loads
Page 3.1-B1-2 WSDOT Bridge Design Manual M 23-50.06
July 2011

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Reference
4.1 Girders
c c c
f w E
5 . 1
000 , 33
w
c
= 0.160 KCF
f
c
= 7 KSI
KSI E
c
5588 7 160 . 0 000 , 33
5 . 1

4.2 Slab, Columns and Cross Beam
c c c
f w E
5 . 1
000 , 33
w
c
= 0.160 KCF
f
c
= 4 KSI
KSI E
c
4224 4 160 . 0 000 , 33
5 . 1

5 SectionProperties
Computethegeometricpropertiesofthegirder,columns,andcapbeam.
5.1 Girder
ThecompositegirdersectionpropertiescanbeobtainedfromtheSectionProperties
Calculator in QConBridge.
3
2
1007880
1254.6
in I
in A
5.2 Column
Properties of an individual column can be obtained by simple formula

2
2
2
2827
4
12 5
4
in
ft
d
A
ft
in

4
4
4
636172
64
12 5
64
in
ft
d
I
ft
in

For longitudinal analysis we need to proportionthecolumnstiffnesstomatchthe
stiffness of a single girder line. Four girder lines framing into a two column bent produce
a rotation and axial deflection underaunitload,thestiffnessofthecolumnmemberin
thelongitudinalanalysismodelneedstobe25%ofthatofthebenttoproducethesame
rotationanddeflectionunder25%oftheload.
Forlongitudinalanalysisthesectionpropertiesofthecolumnmemberare

2
2
1413
4
2827 2
in
lines girder
column per in columns
A

4
4
318086
4
636172 2
in
lines girder
column per in columns
I
Loads Chapter 3
July 2011

Code
Reference
5.3 Cap Beam
Cap beam properties can also be obtained by simple formula
2
64935 144 9 5
2
2
in ft ft h w A
ft
in

4 3 3
6283008 20736 9 5
12
1
12
1
4
4
in ft ft h w I
ft
in

6 LongitudinalAnalysis
Thepurposeofthisanalysis,initially,istodeterminethemaximumliveloadreactions
thatwillbeappliedtothebent.Afteratransverseanalysisisperformed,theresultsfrom
thisanalysiswillbescaledbythenumberof loaded lanes causing maximum responses in
thebentanddistributedto individual columns.
Thelongitudinalanalysisconsists of applying various combinations of design lane and
designtrucks.ThedetailscanbefoundinLRFD3.6
6.1 Loading
Nowcomesthetrickypart.Howdoyouconfigureandpositionthedesignvehiclesto
producemaximumreactions?Wheredoyouputthedualtrucktrain,andwhatheadway
spacingdoyouusetomaximizethedesiredforceeffects? If we look at influence lines for
axialforce,moment,andshearatthetopandbottomofthecolumn,theloading
configuration becomes apparent.
611 Influence Lines
Thefiguresbelowareinfluencelinesforaxialforce,shear,andmomentatthetopofPier
2foraunitloadmovingalongagirderline.Theinfluencelinesforthebottomofthepier
willbeexactlythesame,exceptthemoment influence will be different by an amount
equaltothesheartimesthepierheight.
NOTE
Forcolumnsofothershapes,andforskewedbents,thepropertiesofthecolumnsneed
tobecomputedintheplaneofthelongitudinalframe,andtheplaneofthebentforuse
ineachanalysisrespectively.
3.6
Chapter 3 Loads
July 2011

Code
Reference
Axial
-120
-100
-080
-060
-040
-020
000
020
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Shear
-060
-050
-040
-030
-020
-010
000
010
020
030
040
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Moment
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
000
200
400
600
800
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Toachievethemaximumcompressivereaction,thelaneloadneedstobeinspans1and
2,andthedualtruckneedtostraddlethepierandbeasclosetoeachotheraspossible.
Thatis,theminimumheadwayspacingof50feetwillmaximizethecompressive
reaction.
Maximumshearsandmomentsoccurundertwo conditions. First, spans 1 and 3 are
loadedwiththelaneloadandthedualtrucktrain.Theheadwayspacingthatcausesthe
maximumresponseisintherangeof180200feet. Second, span 2 isloadedwiththe
laneloadandthedualtrucktrain.Theheadwayspacingisatitsminimumvalueof50ft.
Loads Chapter 3
July 2011

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Reference
Analyticallyfindingtheexactlocationandheadwayspacingofthetrucksfortheextreme
forceeffectsispossible,buthardlyworththeeffort.Structuralanalysistoolswitha
movingloadgenerator,suchasGTSTRUDL,canbeusedtoquicklydeterminethe
maximum force effects.
6.2 Results
A longitudinal analysis is performedusingGTSTRUDL.Thedetailsofthisanalysis
areshowninAppendixA.
Theoutcomeofthelongitudinalanalysisconsists of dual truck train and lane load results.
Theseresultsneedtobecombinedtoproducethecompleteliveloadresponse.The
complete response is computed as Load Lane Train Truck Dual IM Q
IM LL

9 . 0 .
Thedynamicloadallowance(impactfactor)isgivenbytheLRFDspecificationsas33%.
Notethatthedynamicloadallowanceneed not be applied to foundation components
entirelybelowgroundlevel.Thiscausesustocombinethedualtrucktrainandlane
responses for cross beams and columns differentlythanforfootings,piles,andshafts.
621 Combined Live Load Response
Thetablesbelowsummarizethecombinedliveloadresponse.Thecontrolling load cases
aregiveninparentheses.
Maximum Axial
Top of Pier Bottom of Pier
Axial(K/LANE) Corresponding
Moment (K-
FT/LANE)
Corresponding
Moment (K-
FT/LANE)
Dual Truck Train -117.9 (Loading
1014)
-146.2 103.4
Lane Load -89.1 (Loading
LS12)
-195.5 141.9
LL+IM (Column) -221.3 -350.9 251.5
LL+IM(Footing) -186.3 N/A 220.8
Maximum Moment Top of Pier
Moment(K-FT/LANE) CorrespondingAxial
(K/LANE)
Dual Truck Train -582.5 (Loading 1018) -85.8
Lane Load -364.2 (Loading LS2) -49.4
LL+IM (Column) -1025.0 -147.2
LL+IM(Footing) N/A N/A
3.6.1.3.1
3.6.2.1
Chapter 3 Loads
July 2011

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Reference
Maximum Moment Bottom of Pier
Moment(K-FT/LANE) CorrespondingAxial
(K/LANE)
Dual Truck Train 287.7 (Loading 1018) -85.8
Lane Load 179.7 (Loading LS2) -49.4
LL+IM (Column) 506.1 -147.2
LL+IM (Footing) 420.7 -121.7
MaximumShear
Shear(K/LANE)
Dual Truck Train 21.8 (Loading 1018)
Lane Load 13.6 (Loading LS2)
LL+IM (Column) 38.3
LL+IM (Footing) 31.9
7 TransverseAnalysis
Nowthatwehavethemaximumlanereactionsfromthelongitudinalgirderlineanalysis,
weneedtoapplytheseasloadstothebentframe.
7.1 Loading
Themethodologyforapplyingsuperstructureliveload reactions to substructure elements
isdescribedintheBDM.Thismethodologyconsistsofapplyingthewheellinereactions
directlytothecrossbeamandvaryingthenumber and position of design lanes. Appendix
BdescribesmodelingtechniquesforGTSTRUDL.
7.2 Results
721 Cap Beam
Forthisexample,wewilllookatresultsforthreedesignpoints,theleftandrightfaceof
theleft-handcolumn,andatthemid-spanofthecapbeam.Notethatintheanalysis,the
wheellinereactionswereappliedfromthelefthandsideofthebent.Thisdoesnotresult
in a symmetrical set of loadings. However, becausethisisasymmetricalframeweexpect
symmetricalresults.ThecontrollingresultsfromtheleftandrighthandpointsAand
Bareused.
BDM
9.1.1.1C
Loads Chapter 3
July 2011

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Reference
A B C B A
Forthesheardesignofthecrossbeam,theLRFDspecificationsallowustodeterminethe
effectsofmomentsandshearsonthecapacityofthesectionusingthemaximumfactored
momentsandshearsatasection.Hence,theresultsbelowdonotshowthemaximum
shearsandcorrespondingmoments.
Thetablesbelowsummarizetheresultsofthetransverseanalysisforthecrossbeam.The
basicresultsareadjustedwiththemultiplepresencefactors.Thecontrollingloadcases
areinparentheses.
Point A
Shear(K) +Moment(K-FT) -Moment(K-FT)
Force Effect 110.7 (Loading
1009)
0 -484.3 (1029)
Multiple Presence
Factor
1.2 1.2 1.2
LL+IM 132.8 0 -581.2
Point B
Force Effect 155.8 (Loading
2330)
314.3 (Loading
1522)
-650.9 (Loading
1029)
Multiple Presence
Factor
1.0 1.2 1.2
LL+IM 155.8 377.2 -781.1
C5.8.3.4.2
Chapter 3 Loads
July 2011

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Reference
Point C
Force Effect 87.9 (Loading 2036) 426.4 (Loading
1520)
-400.5 (Loading
1029)
Multiple Presence
Factor
1.0 1.2 1.2
LL+IM 87.9 511.7 -480.6
722 Columns
Thetablesbelowshowtheliveloadresultsatthetopandbottomofacolumn.Theresults
arefactoredwiththeappropriatemultiplepresence factors. Controlling loads are in
parentheses.
Maximum Axial
Top of Column Bottom of Column
Axial (K) Corresponding
Moment (K-FT)
Corresponding
Moment (K-FT)
Force Effect -347.6 (Loading
2026)
34.1 28.4
Multiple Presence
Factor
1.0 1.0 1.0
LL+IM -347.6 34.1 28.4
Maximum Moment Top of Column
Moment (K-FT) Corresponding Axial (K)
Force Effect 59.3 (Loading 1009) -265.6
Multiple Presence Factor 1.2 1.2
LL+IM 71.2 -318.7
Maximum Moment Bottom of Column
Force Effect -53.6 (Loading 1029) 55.6
Multiple Presence Factor 1.2 1.2
LL+IM -64.3 66.7
MaximumShear
Shear(K)
Force Effect -1.0 (Loading 1029)
Multiple Presence Factor 1.2
LL+IM -1.2
723 Footings
Eventhoughwedidntperformthetransverseanalysiswiththefootingloads,wecanstill
obtaintheresults.Assumingwehavealinearelasticsystem,theprincipleof
Loads Chapter 3
July 2011

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Reference
superpositioncanbeused.Thefootingresultsaresimplythecolumnresultsscaledbythe
ratioofthefootingloadtothecolumnload.Forthiscase,thescalefactoris
186.3221.3=0.84.
Maximum Axial
Axial (K) Corresponding
Moment (K-FT)
LL+IM -292 23.9
Maximum Moment
LL+IM -45.0 46.7
MaximumShear
Shear(K)
LL+IM -1.0
8 CombiningLongitudinalandTransverseResults
Togetthefullsetofcolumnforces,theresultsfromthelongitudinal and transverse
analysesneedtobecombined.Recallthatthelongitudinalanalysisproducedmoments,
shears,andaxialloadforasingleloadedlanewhereasthetransverse analysis produced
column and footing forces for multiple loaded lanes.
Beforewecancombinetheforceeffectsweneedtodeterminethepercolumnforce
effectfromthelongitudinalanalysis.Todothis,welookattheaxial force results in
transversemodeltodeterminethelanefractionthatisappliedtoeachcolumn.
Formaximumaxialload,2lanesat221.3K/LANEproduceanaxialforceof347.6K.
Thelanefractioncarriedbythecolumnis347.6/(2*221.3)=0.785(78.5%).
Mz=(-350.9K-FT/LANE)(2LANES)(0.785)(1.0) = -550.9 K-FT (Top of Column)
Mz=(251.5K-FT/LANE)(2LANES)(0.785)(1.0) = 394.9 K-FT (Bottom of Column)
Mz=(220.8K-FT/LANE)(2LANES)(0.785)(1.0) = 346.7 K-FT (Footing)
Formaximummoment(andshearbecausethesameloadinggoverns)atthetopofthe
column,1laneat221.3K/LANEproducesanaxialforceof318.7.(318.7/221.3=1.44).
144%ofthelanereactioniscarriedbythecolumn.
Mz=(-1025.0)(1.44)(1.2)=-1771.2K-FT
Vx=(38.3)(1.44)(1.2)=66.2K(Column)
Vx=(31.9)(1.44)(1.2)=55.1K(Footing)
Formaximummomentatthebottomofthecolumn,1laneat221.3K/LANEproducesan
axialforceof64.3K.(64.3/221.3=0.29)29%ofthelanereactioniscarriedbythe
column.
Mz=(506.1)(0.29)(1.2)=176.1K-FT(Column)
Mz=(420.7)(0.29)(1.2)= 146.4 K-FT (Footing)
Chapter 3 Loads
July 2011

Code
Reference
Ahead on Station
Vx
Mx
Mz
Vz
Py = Compression < 0
Vx and Mz determined from Longitudinal Analysis
Py, Vz and Mx determined from Transverse Analysis
Column
Load Case
Maximum
Axial Top
Maximum
Axial
Bottom
Maximum
Moment
Top
Maximum
Moment
Bottom
Shear
Axial
(K)
-347.6 -347.6 - 318.7 66.7
Mx (K-
FT)
34.1 28.4 71.2 -64.3
Mz(K-
FT)
-550.9 394.9 -1771.2 176.1
Vx(K) 66.2
Vz(K) -1.2
Footing
Load Cases
Maximum
Axial
Maximum
Moment
Bottom
Shear
Axial
(K)
-292 46.7
Mx (K-
FT)
23.9 -45.0
Mz(K-
FT)
346.7 146.4
Vx(K) 72.7
Vz(K) -1.0
9 SkewEffects
Thisanalysisbecomesonlyslightlymorecomplicatedwhenthepierisskewedwith
respecttothecenterlineofthebridge.Theresultsofthe longitudinal analysis need to be
adjusted for skew before being appliedtothetransversemodel.
Loads Chapter 3
July 2011

Code
Reference
Theshearsandmomentsproducedbythelongitudinalanalysisareintheplaneofthe
longitudinalmodel.Theseforcevectorshavecomponentsthatareprojectedintothe
planeofthetransversemodelasshowinthefigurebelow.Thetransversemodelloading
mustincludetheseforcesandmomentsforeachwheellineload.Likewise,theskew
adjustedresultsfromthelongitudinalanalysisneedtobeusedwhencombiningresults
fromthetransverseanalysis.
M
V
V
y
V
x
M
y
M
x
10 Summary
ThisexampledemonstratesamethodforanalyzingbridgepierssubjectedtotheLRFD
HL-93liveload.Otherthantheloading,theanalysisprocedureisthesameasforthe
AASHTO Standard Specifications.
Chapter 3 Loads
July 2011

Code
Reference
AppendixALongitudinalAnalysisDetails
Thisappendixshowsthelongitudinalanalysisdetails.Intheliveloadgenerationportion
oftheGTSTRUDLinput,youwillseemultipletrialsforliveloadanalysis.Eachtrial
usesadifferentrangeofheadwayspacingforthedualtrucktrain.Thefirsttrialvariesthe
headwayspacingfrom180to205feet.Basedonthis,atighterrange between 193 and
198feetwasusedtogettheheadwayspacingcorrespondingtothemaximumloads
correcttowithin1foot.

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Loads Chapter 3
July 2011

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Loads Chapter 3
July 2011

Code
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Chapter 3 Loads
July 2011

Code
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Loads Chapter 3
July 2011

Code
Reference
AppendixBTransverseAnalysisDetails
Thisappendixshowsthedetailsofthetransverseanalysis.Theinterestingthingtonote
aboutthetransverseanalysisistheliveloadtruckconfiguration.Atechniqueoftreating
thewheellinereactionsasalongitudinalliveloadisused.Atwoaxletruckiscreated.
Thetruckispositionedsothatitisontheleftedge,center,andrightedgeofthedesign
lane.Inordertokeeptheaxlesinthecorrectposition,adummyaxlewithaweightof
0.0001kipswasused.Thisdummyaxialistheleadaxleofthetruck and it is positioned
insuchawayastocausethetworealaxlestofallinthecorrectlocationswithinthe
design lanes.
TheGTSTRUDLliveloadgeneratorusespartialtruckswhenitisbring a truck onto or
takingitoffabridge.Assuch,lessthenthefullnumberofaxlesareappliedtothemodel.
Forthetransverseanalysis,wedonotwanttoconsiderthesituationwhenonlyoneofthe
twowheellinesisonthemodel.Assuch,several load cases are ignoredbywayofthe
LOADLISTcommandonline76oftheoutput.

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July 2011

Code
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Loads Chapter 3
July 2011

Code
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Chapter 3 Loads
July 2011

Chapter 3 Loads Contents: WSDOT Bridge Design Manual M 23-50.12 Page 3-I August 2012

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Asimplificationofthismethodistoassumethattheinteriorwebmembers are not effective in

Asimplificationofthismethodistoassumethattheinteriorwebmembers are not effective in

Asimplificationofthismethodistoassumethattheinteriorwebmembers are not effective in

Asimplificationofthismethodistoassumethattheinteriorwebmembers are not effective in

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