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Seed Research. 2007; 35(2):202-204.

Physiological maturity studies in Phyllanthus amarus Schum and Thonn


Santhosh. S. Hipparagi, Rame Gowda and Vishwanath, K. Department of Seed Science and Technology University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore 560065, India
ABSTRACT The field and laboratory studies on maturity in phyllanthus amarus were carriedout at the Gandhi Krishi Vignana Kendra, the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore during rabi 2002. The results of the study indicated that the seeds of phyllanthus amarus attained maximum dry weight (136g) at 53-55 days after anthesis (DAA). At this stange fruits tuned to brown color with moisture content of around (27.65%), the germination (88%) and vigour index (625) were also highest indicating crop attained physiological maturity. For seed purpose under Bangalore condition the Phyllanthus amarus needs to be harvested around 55 days after anthesis. In

Phyllanthus amarus is an important medicinal plant, widely used for the treatment of jaundice kidney and urinary bladder ailments, diabetes and dreaded hepatitis B virus. At present the seed production in this srop is not being carried out in a systemic manner including the time of harvest. In order to fix the optimum stage of harvest the present study was undertaken to understand the development and maturation of seeds so that the fruits can be harvested at right time to get higher seed yield and quality. METERIAL AND METHODS Phyllanthus amarus seed crop was raised during rabi 2002 at sanjeevini vatika, Division of Horticulture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore. For the purpose around 400-500 flower buds of equal age in a net plot based on appearance and size were tagged. Samples of fruits were drawn from the tagged from the tagged flower buds, starting from 15days after anthesis till physiological maturity at 5 days interval in the beginning and at 2 days interval nearing physiological maturity. At each sampling 10 fruits in plot were harvested to estimate the fresh and dry weight of seeds. The seeds were dried at 1030C for 7 h and then samples were taken out from the drying chambers, cooled to room temperature and their dry weight was recorded. From the primary data moisture percentage (by wet basis) in the seed were computed. Simultaneously 10 more developing fruits were collected at each sampling data for assessing per cent seed germination. The fruits were hand shelled and seeds obtained were dried in shade brought down their initial seed moisture content to around 12 per cent and were subjected to laboratory germination on top of the paper at 25=0.50c and the per cent seed germination was recording of germination per cent were continued till the seed attained physiological maturity.

Seed Research. 2007; 35(2):202-204.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results obtained from maturity studies showed that under Bangalore condition the seeds of phyllanthus amarus attained physiological maturity around 55 days after anthesis ( Table 1 and Gif.1). The fresh weight of 1000 seeds reached a maximum of 190 mg at 51 days after anthesis, thereafter, declined steadily. The reduction may be attributed to decrease in moisture of seeds was maximum at 55 days after anthesis weightings136 mg per 1000 seeds indicating that they become physiologically mature at 55 days after anthesis, which was accompaniments by a change in pod color from green to brown. Thereafterthe dry weight was consant and or decreased marginally indicating no translocation in nutrients from mother plant to the seed, Similar trend was noticed in senna and marigold. The moisture content of the development seeds decreased gradually with increase in the days after anthesisi. It was 77.8 per cent at 15 days after anthesisi and decreased to 27.65 per cent at physiological maturity (i.e. at 55 days after anthesis). Kalavathi et al. (1998) have observed similar trend in seed moisture content in senna seeds under coimbatore condition at 45 days after anthesisi and by other earlier worker )4) in mustard. The germination of the seeds in phyllanthus amraus started at 40 days after anthesis with just 25 per cent germination and reached maximum (88%) at physiological maturity (55 DAA) and thereafter there was slight decrease. Similarly, root and shoot length (2.3 and 4.8 cm) and vigour index (625) qwere also maximum at physiological maturity which indicate that seeds put up maximum dry weight and possess maximum viability and vigour at physiological maturity stage. Similar results were also obtained by earlier workers in the seeds of Brinjal and chilli (5 and 6). From the present study it may be concluded that the phyllanthus amarus may be harvested at 53 to 55 DAA as the seeds harvested at the stage recorded better quality parameters and higher seed yield (477kg/ha).

Seed Research. 2007; 35(2):202-204.

Table1. Effect different stages of picking on seed quality in bhumyamalaki (phyllanthus amarus)

Stages of Picking (DAA)*

Fresh weight of 1000 seeds (mg) 185 162 164 168 170 175 178 182 185 190 188 188 185 182 176 1 3

15 20 25 30 35 40 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 Mean SEm C.D. (P=0.05)

Dry weight of 1000 Seeds (mg) 35 50 60 68 80 90 100 100 125 132 135 136 135 134 81 1 4

Moisture Content Germination Root of (%) length (cm) Seeds (%) 77.80 70.88 63.41 59.52 52.94 48.75 48.32 39.43 32.43 30.52 28.19 27.65 27.02 26.08 45.21 1.030 3.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 25.00 30.00 50.00 68.00 75.00 82.00 85.00 88.00 87.00 85.00 44.64 1.380 4.030 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.60 1.50 1.60 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.20 2.30 2.30 2.20 1.35 0.070 0.210

Vigour index Shoot (Germination Length X seedling (cm) Length)

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 2.50 2.60 3.00 3.30 3.40 4.10 4.80 4.60 4.50 2.41 0.120 0.360

0 0 0 0 40 120 210 340 405 451 535 625 600 569 278 8 24

*DAA-Days after anthesis

Seed Research. 2007; 35(2):202-204.

REFERENCES 1. SHIVAKUMAR, C.M.,(2000), Effect of mother plant nutrition, plant density and seed maturity on seed yield and quality of marigold. M.Sc. (Agri.) thesis, submitted to the University of agricultural Scineces, Dharwad 2. VIKRAM, M.N., 1999, Seed development, maturation and seed germination in senna. M.Sc. (Agri.) Thesis, submitted to the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore. 3.KALAVATI, D., T.V. KARIVARTHARAHU, A.ANANTH KALAISDVI, & VIJAYA, J., 1998, seed development and maturation in senna. Seed Tech News., 28(4):41. 4. VARSHNEY,SK., SINHA, S.K. and JHA, B.N., (2001), Physiological maturity in Indian mustard. Seed Res., 29 (1) : 89-92. 5. JAYABHARATI, M., PALANISWAMY, V., KALAWATI, D. AND BALMURAGAN, P., 1990, Influence of harvesting conditions on yield quality of brinjal seeds. Veg. Sci., 17 (2): 113-118. 6. JAYARAMI REDDY, RAMRAO, G., NARASIMHA RAO, SUBBARAO, D.V. AND MAHALAXMI, 2001, Studies on physiological maturity in chilli. Seed Res., 29 (1): 93-94.

Seed Research. 2007; 35(2):202-204.

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