Constitutional Commission or Bodies. 1.

Civil Service Commission

The civil service in the Philippines was formally established under Act No. 5 of the Second Philippine Commission. It was reorganized into a Bureau in 1905. The Commonwealth from 1935 onwards saw the expansion of the Bureaus jurisdiction. In 1959, Republic Act No. 2260 (the Civil Service Law) was enacted. This Act converted the Bureau of Civil Service into the Civil Service Commission with department status. In 1975, Presidential Decree No. 807 (The Civil Service Decree of the Philippines) redefined the Commission as the central personnel agency of government. Its present mandate is derived from Article IX-B of the 1987 Constitution and Book V of The Administrative Code of 1987. The Code recognizes, for the first time, the right of government employees to self-organization and collective negotiations under the framework of the 1987 Constitution. The Civil Service Commission (CSC) is the central personnel agency of the Philippine government. One of the three independent constitutional commissions with adjudicative responsibility in the national government structure, it is also tasked to render final arbitration on disputes and personnel actions on Civil Service matters. RESPONSIBILITY Recruitment, building, maintenance and retention of a competent, professional and highly motivated government workforce truly responsive to the needs of the government's client - the public. SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS leading and initiating the professionalization of the civil service; promoting public accountability in government service; adopting performance-based tenure in government; and implementing the integrated rewards and incentives program for government employees. CSC's SERVICES ARE CLASSIFIED INTO 6 STRATEGIC PRIORITIES: 1. DEVELOPING COMPETENT AND CREDIBLE CIVIL SERVANTS

( Pagkakaroon ng Mahuhusay at Kapani-paniwalang mga Lingkod Bayan )

Competent and Credible Civil Servants Ensure High Quality Public Service

( Ang Mahuhusay at Kapani-paniwalang mga Lingkod Bayan ay Nagtitiyak ng

Mahusay na Uri ng Serbisyo Publiko )

2. EXEMPLIFYING INTEGRITY AND EXCELLENCE IN PUBLIC SERVICE

( Pagiging Halimbawa ng Katapatan at Kahusayan sa Serbisyo Publiko )

Excellent Public Service Results in Citizen's Trust and Satisfaction

( Ang Mahusay na Serbisyo Publiko ay Nagbubunga ng Pagtitiwala at Kasiyahan ng mga Mamamayan )

3. CULTIVATING HARMONY, MORALE AND WELLNESS IN THE WORKPLACE

( Paglinang ng Magandang Ugnayan, Moral at Kagalingan sa Lugar ng Trabaho )

Harmony, Morale and Wellnes In The Workplace Enhance Workforce Productivity

( Ang Magandang Samahan, Moral at Kagalingan sa Lugar ng Trabaho ay Nakadaragdag sa Pagiging Mabunga ng Lakas sa Paggawa )
4. EFFECTIVE AND EFFICIENT PERFORMANCE OF QUASI-JUDICIAL FUNCTIONS

( Mabisa at Mahusay na Pagganap sa mga Tungkuling Mala-panghukuman )

Fair and Expeditious Disposition of Cases Affirms Citizen's Faith In The Administrative Justice System

( Ang Makatarungan at Mabilis na Pagpapasiya sa mga Kaso ay Nagpapatibay sa Pagtitiwala ng mga Mamamayan sa Sistema ng Katarungang Pampangasiwaan )
5. BUILDING PARTNERSHIPS AND STRENGTHENING LINKAGES

( Pagtatatag sa mga Pakikipagtulungan at Pagpapalakas ng mga Pakikipag-ugnayan)

Interdependence Optimizes Organizational Performance and Good Governance

( Ang Pag-asa sa isa't isa ay Higit na Nagpapalakas sa Pagganap sa Tungkulin ng isang Organisasyon at Mabuting Pamamahala )

6. MANAGING SUPPORT MECHANISMS

( Pamamahala sa mga Mekanismong Pananaguyod )

Leveraging Internal and External Resources Improve Quality Management of CSC Programs

( Ang Paggamit sa mga Yamang Panloob at Panlabas ay Nakapagpapahusay sa Uri ng Pamamahala sa mga Programa ng CSC )
ARTICLE IX-D THE COMMISSION ON AUDIT SECTION 1 (1). There shall be a Commission on Audit composed of a Chairman and two Commissioners, who shall be natural-born citizens of the Philippines and, at the time of their appointment, at least thirty-five years of age, certified public accountants with not less than ten years of auditing experience, or members of the Philippine Bar who have been engaged in the practice of law for at least ten years, and must not have been candidates for any elective position in the elections immediately preceding their appointment. At no time shall all Members of the Commission belong to the same profession. SECTION 1 (2). The Chairman and the Commissioners shall be appointed by the President with the consent of the Commission on Appointments for a term of seven years without reappointment. Of those first appointed, the Chairman shall hold office for seven years, one Commissioner for five years, and the other Commissioner for three years, without reappointment. Appointment to any vacancy shall be only for the unexpired portion of the term of the predecessor. In no case shall any Member be appointed or designated in a temporary or acting capacity. SECTION 2 (1). The Commission on Audit shall have the power, authority, and duty to examine, audit, and settle all accounts pertaining to the revenue and receipts of, and expenditures or uses of funds and property, owned or held in trust by, or pertaining to, the Government, or any of its subdivisions, agencies, or instrumentalities, including government-owned or controlled corporations with original charters, and on a postaudit basis: (a) constitutional bodies, commissions and offices that have been granted fiscal autonomy under this Constitution; (b) autonomous state colleges and universities; (c) other government-owned or controlled corporations and their subsidiaries; and (d) such non-governmental entities receiving subsidy or equity, directly or indirectly, from or through the Government, which are required by law or the granting institution to submit to such audit as a condition of subsidy or equity. However, where the internal control system of the audited agencies is inadequate, the Commission may adopt such measures, including temporary or special pre-audit, as

are necessary and appropriate to correct the deficiencies. It shall keep the general accounts of the Government and, for such period as may be provided by law, preserve the vouchers and other supporting papers pertaining thereto. SECTION 2 (2). The Commission shall have exclusive authority, subject to the limitations in this Article, to define the scope of its audit and examination, establish the techniques and methods required therefor, and promulgate accounting and auditing rules and regulations, including those for the prevention and disallowance of irregular, unnecessary, excessive, extravagant, or unconscionable expenditures, or uses of government funds and properties. SECTION 3. No law shall be passed exempting any entity of the Government or its subsidiary in any guise whatever, or any investment of public funds, from the jurisdiction of the Commission on Audit. SECTION 4. The Commission shall submit to the President and Congress, within the time fixed by law, an annual report covering the financial condition and operation of the Government, its subdivisions, agencies, and instrumentalities, including government-owned or controlled corporations, and non-governmental entities subject to its audit, and recommend measures necessary to improve their effectiveness and efficiency. It shall submit such other reports as may be required by law. THE PRINCIPAL DUTIES OF THE COMMISSION ON AUDIT 1. Examine, audit and settle all accounts pertaining to the revenue and receipts of, and expenditures or uses of funds and property owned or held in trust by, or pertaining to, the government. 2. Promulgate accounting and auditing rules and regulations including those for the prevention and disallowance of irregular, unnecessary, excessive, extravagant or unconscionable expenditures, or uses of government funds and properties. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Submit annual reports to the President and the Congress on the financial Recommend measures to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of Keep the general accounts of government and preserve the vouchers and Decide any case brought before it within 60 days. Performs such other duties and functions as may be provided by law. condition and operation of the government. government operations. supporting papers pertaining thereto.

The Ombudsman

of

the

Philippines (Filipino: Tanodbayan

ng

Pilipinas)

is

an ombudsman responsible for investigating and prosecuting Philippinegovernment officials accused of crimes. The Offices of the Ombudsman independently monitors all three branches of the government. The Ombudsman is also responsible for receiving complaints from citizens and organizations from the country. The Ombudsman usually prosecutes officials accused of graft and corruption. The Offices of the Ombudsman includes the Ombudsman's own office, along with offices for a team composed of a sheriff, the Ombudsman's second in command, and 6 other deputies who lead their respective divisions and/or bureaus. The Ombudsman is appointed by the President of the Philippines from a list submitted by the Judicial and Bar Council for a seven-year term with no reappointment. The Ombudsman can be removed from office only through impeachment. The Sandiganbayan (roughly the Tagalog translation for "People's Advocate") is a special appellate collegial court in thePhilippines which was established under Presidential Decree No. 1606. Its rank is equivalent to the Court of Appeals. The court consists of 14 Associate Justices and 1 Presiding Justice. The Sandiganbayan building is located at Centennial Building, Commonwealth Ave., Diliman, Quezon City in Metro Manila. Inherent Powers of the Government 1. Power of Eminent Domain - Eminent domain is the right or power of a sovereign state to appropriate private property to particular uses to promote public welfare. It is an indispensable attribute of sovereignty; a power grounded in the primary duty of government to serve the common need and advance the general welfare. 2. Police Power is the power of the government to regulate behaviors and enforce order within its territory, often framed in terms of public welfare, security, health, and safety. The exercise of police power can be in the form of making laws, compelling obedience to those laws through physical means with the aim of removing liberty, legal sanctions, or other forms of coercion and inducements. 3. Power of Taxation the power to impose and collect taxes and charges on individuals, goods, services, and other to support the operation of the government.

Funds provided by taxation have been used by states and their functional equivalents throughout history to carry out many functions. Some of these include expenditures on war, the enforcement of law and public order, protection of property, economic infrastructure (roads, legal tender, enforcement of contracts, etc.), public works, social engineering, and the operation of government itself. Governments also use taxes to fund welfare and public services. These services can include education systems, health care systems, pensions for the elderly, unemployment benefits, and public transportation. Energy, water and waste management systems are also common public utilities. Philippine Bill of Rights The Philippine Bill of Rights is in Article III of the 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines. Article III. Bill of Rights Section 1. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws.

Section 2. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable, and no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be determined personally by the judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized. Section 3. (1) The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable except upon lawful order of the court, or when public safety or order requires otherwise as prescribed by law. (2) Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding section shall be inadmissible for any purpose in any proceeding. Section 4. No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the government forredress of grievances.

Section 5. No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights.

Section 6. The liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits prescribed by law shall not be impaired except upon lawful order of the court. Neither shall the right to travel be impaired except in the interest of national security, public safety, or public health,as may be provided by law. Section 7. The right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall be recognized. Access to official records, and to documents and papers pertaining to official acts, transactions, or decisions, as well as to government research data used as basis for policy development, shall be afforded the citizen, subject to such limitations as may be provided by law. Section 8. The right of the people, including those employed in the public and private sectors, to form unions, associations, or societies for purposes not contrary to law shall not be abridged. Section 9. Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation. Section 10. No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed. Section 11. Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies and adequate legal assistance shall not be denied to any person by reason of poverty. Section 12. (1) Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the right to be informed of his right to remain silent and to have competent and independent counsel preferably of his own choice. If the person cannot afford the services of counsel, he must be provided with one. These rights cannot be waived except in writing and in the presence of counsel. (2) No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiate the free will shall be used against him. Secret detention places, solitary, incommunicado, or other similar forms of detention are prohibited. (3) Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or Section 17 hereof shall be inadmissible in evidence against him. (4) The law shall provide for

penal and civil sanctions for violations of this section as well as compensation to the rehabilitation of victims of torture or similar practices, and their families. Section 13. All persons, except those charged with offenses punishable by reclusion perpetua when evidence of guilt is strong, shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient sureties, or be released on recognizance as may be provided by law. The right to bail shall not be impaired even when the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is suspended. Excessive bail shall not be required. Section 14. (1) No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due process of law. (2) In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed innocent until the contrary is proved, and shall enjoy the right to be heard by himself and counsel, to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him, to have a speedy, impartial, and public trial, to meet the witnesses face to face, and to have compulsory process to secure the attendance of witnesses and the production of evidence in his behalf. However, after arraignment, trial may proceed notwithstanding the absence of the accused provided that he has been duly notified and his failure to appear is unjustifiable. Section 15. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended except in cases of invasion or rebellion when the public safety requires it. Section 16. All persons shall have the right to a speedy disposition of their cases before all judicial, quasi-judicial, or administrative bodies. Section 17. No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. Section 18. (1) No person shall be detained solely by reason of his political beliefs and aspirations. (2) No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as a punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted. Section 19. (1) Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment inflicted. Neither shall death penalty be imposed, unless, for compelling reasons involving heinous crimes, the Congress hereafter provides for it. Any death penalty already imposed shall be reduced to reclusion perpetua. (2) The employment of physical, psychological, or degrading punishment against any prisoner or detainee

or the use of substandard or inadequate penal facilities under subhuman conditions shall be dealt with by law. Section 20. No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a poll tax. Section 21. No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of punishment for the same offense. If an act is punished by a law and an ordinance, conviction or acquittal under either shall constitute a bar to another prosecution for the same act. Section 22. No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be enacted.
Political science is a social science discipline concerned with the study of the state, nation, [1] government, and politics and policies of government. Aristotle defined it as the study of the state. It deals extensively with the theory and practice of politics, and the analysis of political systems and political behavior, culture. Political scientists "see themselves engaged in revealing the relationships underlying political events and conditions, and from these revelations they attempt to construct [2] general principles about the way the world of politics works." Political science intersects with other fields; including economics, law,sociology, history, anthropology, public administration, public policy, national politics, international relations, comparative politics, psychology, political organization, and political theory. Although it was codified in the 19th century, when all the social sciences were established, political science has ancient roots; indeed, it originated almost 2,500 years ago with the [3] works of Plato and Aristotle. Political science is commonly divided into five distinct sub-disciplines which together constitute the field: political theory comparative politics public administration international relations public law

Political theory is more concerned with contributions of various classical thinkers such as Aristotle, Niccol Machiavelli, Cicero, Plato and many others. Comparative politics is the science of comparison and teaching of different types of constitutions, political actors, legislature and associated fields, all of them from an intrastate perspective. International relations deals with the interaction between nation-states as well as intergovernmental and transnational organizations. Political science is methodologically diverse and appropriates many methods originating in social research. Approaches include positivism, interpretivism,rationalchoicetheory, behavioralism, structuralism, poststructuralism, realism, institutionalism, and pluralism. Political science, as one of the social sciences, uses methods and techniques that relate to the kinds of inquiries sought: primary sources such as historical documents and official records, secondary sources such as scholarly journal

articles, survey research, statistical analysis, case studies, experimental research and model building. State commonly refers to either the present condition of a system or entity, or to a governed entity (such as a country) or sub-entity (such as an autonomous territory of a country). Four Elements of State

1. Population The State is a human institution. Hence population is its first and foremost element. No state can be imagined without the people, as there must be some to rule and others to be ruled. The people constitute its "personal basis". It is however, difficult to fix the size of the population of a state. For the Greek Philosopher Plato, the ideal state should not contain more than 5040 people. But Rousseau the French Philosopher would treat 10,000 inhabitants as the ideal population. Modern states greatly vary in population. While some modern states (e.g. the USA, Russia and Canada) are still under populated relating to area, resources and similar factors, others (e.g., China, India, Egypt) are confronted by the problem of population which is expanding too rapidly for their natural and technological resources. There is no such hard and first rule as to the number of people required to make a state. The population of a state must be large enough to preserve the political independence and to exploit its natural resources and small enough to be well governed. But it is the kind of people that matters more than their numbers. What kind of people comprises a particular state? Are they literate, well educated, culturally advanced? Aristotle rightly has said that a good citizen makes a good state. So what is important is the quality of people, their character, their culture and their sense of belonging to the state. 2. Territory People cannot constitute a state, unless they inhabit in a definite territory When they reside permanently in a fixed place, they develop a community of interests and a sense of unity. It becomes easy to organise them into a political unit and control them. So the state requires a fixed territory, with clearly demarcated boundaries over which it exercises undisputed authority. Territory is its "material basis". The territory of a state comprises: i) Land, mountains, rivers and lakes within its frontiers, ii) Territorial water, extending six miles into the sea from the coast, iii) Air space, lying above its territory. The state has full rights of control and use over its territory. Any interference with the rights of one state by others may lead to war.

But how much territory is necessary for the maintenance of state? There is no accepted rule as to the size of a state's territory. In the modern world, we find states of all sizes and shapes. More important than the size are the nature resources and the location of the state. A geographically contiguous territory is an asset; otherwise it creates problems of administration and control. 3. Government Government is the important- indeed, indispensable machinery by mean of which the state maintains its existence, carries on its functions and realise its policies and objectives. A community of persons does not form a state unless it is organised by an established government. Government usually consists of three branches: the Legislature, the Executive and the Judiciary. Their respective functions are legislation, administration and adjudication. The particular form of government depends upon the nature of the state which in turn depends upon the political habits and character of the people. 4. Sovereignty The fourth essential element of the state is sovereignty. It is that important element which distinguishes the state from all other associations. The word 'Sovereignty' denotes supreme and final legal authority and beyond which no further legal power exists. Sovereignty has two aspects- internal and external. Internal sovereignty is the supreme authority of the state over all individuals and associations within its geographical limits. By virtue of it, the state makes- and enforces laws on persons and associations. Any violation of these laws will lead to punishment. External sovereignty implies the freedom of the state from foreign control. No external authority can limit its power. India before 1947 was not a state because though it had the other three elements, i.e., population, territory and government, the fourth and the most important one i.e., independence was missing. A state's sovereignty extends to its territory. The sovereignty of the state over its territory and its people must be accepted as undisputed. A state also requires recognition by other sovereign states. Such recognition is provided by the community of states; international organisations like the United Nations, which grant membership to sovereign states. The UN membership is a means of recognising state's sovereignty whenever a new state comes into existence, its recognition by other states and by UN is extremely important. The term 'state' generally used for the units of the Indian Republic or for any of the fifty states which make the United States of America, is a misnomer. None of them enjoys sovereignty. Lack of sovereignty gives them no position or rank as states. Only by courtesy, we call them as states. Every state must have its population, a definite territory, a duly established government and

sovereignty. Absence of any of these elements denies to it the status of statehood.