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7.
Universal Unified Field Theory
In this chapter, we will apply the concepts of the Skylativity
5.3 10
-11
/ = 83.569 10
-53
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Again the ratio of electrostatic force and this gravitational component is greater than 3
10
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. Therefore, the effect of gravitational force is much too small to have any effect on the
motion of the electrons in orbits. Also, according to the quantum theory, the position of an
electron can only be specified as a probability density function, a cloud. At this high speed
near the speed of light the effect of gravitation on nucleus particles due to heavenly objects
cannot be precisely determined due to the Heisenbergs uncertainty principle. The high
speed of the electrons predicted by the Bohrs hydrogen atom shell model is consistent with
the current conduction rate in MOS switches for the circuits fabricated on a semiconductor
wafer. The current flow is proportional to the speed of minority carriers in semiconductor
material.
The computation of ratio the charge forces between atomic particles and the force of
gravitation proves that the gravitational force from large heavenly bodies is of no
consequence to nucleons inside the nucleus of atoms and orbiting electrons of the atoms.
However, our conclusion is not entirely correct because you will discover in the section 9.5,
quantum gravity model for the integration of force of gravity from planets with quantum
forces and its effect on the emission frequency of Cesium clock from us is quite cogent.
Yet another dilemma faced by modern scientists was they have failed to answer two more
questions. Why there is a gravitational force and an interaction exists between any two
bodies in our Universe? The second question is how the effect of gravity force field
propagates in empty space without any medium and at what speed? Our answer to the
question is as follows. Some properties of particles found in nature are fundamental
properties to the particle. For instance, charged particles (both positive and negative charges)
create an electro-static field in the vicinity. Particles with magnetic dipole alignment develop
a magnetic field in the proximity of a pair of particles. Particle vibrating at infrared
frequencies radiates thermal energy. Particle releasing vibration energy with frequency
corresponds to visible light develops a luminous field. The field illuminates the space when
light wave propagates through the space. Similarly, force of gravity exists between two
particles by the fundamental property.
The fundamental property that governs the gravitational forces arise from fact that every
object possesses moment of rotational inertia. The inertia is manifested because of rotational
motion of fundamental particles electrons surrounding the nucleus of atoms. The rotational
inertia supposedly provide the gravitational energy and the force from one object on the other
objects. The force is developed because the principle of conservation of energy must hold
well for any and every frame of reference. From Bohrs atomic model it was obvious that
every particle found in nature possesses kinetic energy. To balance kinetic energy for a
neutral mass there has to be a potential energy associated with the mass and another body.
To attain a stable position for first mass in relation to second mass, the kinetic energy should
be balanced by the potential energy. The potential energy is supplied by force of gravity
exerted by the second body on the first body. Therefore, force of gravity comes into play
between two bodies or particles found in nature. It is well known that light waves does not
require medium of propagation. Similarly, the force of gravity between two bodies does not
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require a medium to propagate. As regards to the speed of propagation of force of gravity, we
believe that it is variable and depends on the frame of reference. The maximum value for the
speed at which force of gravity propagates is the same as the true speed of light in the frame
of reference as described in Chapter 2.
In search of basic building blocks of matter and to explicate radiations from electrons, Dr.
Greene [34] developed concept of Strings. He described that fundamental particles of neutron
and protons; quarks consist of loops of strings. One of the primary limitation of his concept is
validation of these strings is realistically impossible with the current knowledge base and
techniques. The life time of quarks is very short (few tens of micro-seconds). Therefore,
existence and verification of presence of strings in quarks will involve development of
advances in measurement techniques which are too far away in terms of time-frame. Instead,
we believe that the events of the different radiation spectra from the atoms of a substance in
an active state is best described by the motion of the orbiting electrons.
Trajectory of
an electron in
an inner shell
Electron in transition:
a radiation event
Trajectory of orbiting electrons in
energy states of different shells.
Core of atoms; protons
and neutrons those
consists of quarks
Trajectory of orbiting electrons
in energy states of outer shell
Radiations at
electron spin
frequency
Figure 7.1 Structure of atoms: Strings beyond quarks. Since electrons are always in motion inside atoms and
they change orbits according to probability of changes in quantum state, it is possible that the electron orbits
may resemble a string like configuration. We predict an electrons instantaneous positions may be found by the
infinite Fourier transform series and solutions of Schrdinger equation.
We are suspecting that the orbits of electrons surrounding the nucleus are not an exact circle
or an ellipse like the orbits of the solar planets. We suggest to model the orbit of the electrons
in the form of a complex sinusoid with period 2 f and the average position, a circle on
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the surface, boundary of the sphere of the energy shell for the specified electron state. Figure
7.1 illustrates the electron orbits inside an atom surrounds the core of the nucleus at the
microscopic scale. The trajectories of the electron orbits are actually sinusoidal in nature
with the center line of an ellipse, instead of an elliptical or circular orbit shell. Also, the orbits
of the electrons in the outer shells are not in the same plane as the plane of the electrons in
the inner shells.
Next, we will state the reasoning why we claim that the electron orbits are not circular. One
can visualize that the orbiting electrons are under the influence of several forces, such as the
electro-static force due to charge it carries, the electromagnetic force caused by the spin
momentum, the force of gravity with the core of the atom, the force of gravity from the
neighboring atoms and electrons, and the force of gravity from planets and other objects in
the vicinity. The momentum and energy tensor associated with the system of these forces
finally determines the instantaneous position of the electron in the orbit in accordance with
Einsteins theory of gravitation. The precise determination for the trajectory of non-circular
orbits for the electron will allow an explanation of the relationships between the frequency of
the radiation energy with very high accuracy. According to Louis de Broglies hypothesis
stable electron orbits in atoms are characterized by wave number k such that
k = 2t/ (7.4)
where was called characteristic wave length of the electron.
When Broglies hypothesis was verified, he got excited and declared that the wave-particle
duality was a general property of both radiation and particles. According to our view, the
wave behavior of the particle electron is a theoretical model. The proponents of wave model
for electron stipulate it as a virtual wave characteristics. Likewise, the particle photon model
for light is a theoretical concept and the photons are virtual particles. The virtual wave and
the virtual particle models provide an excellent tool, a model to facilitate energy, time and
other computations. In practice, the electrons are particles and the radiation energies are
waves because particles have center of gravity and rest mass and waves dont. We believe
that the trajectory of the electron in an orbit is a wave and will not just be circular on a sphere
or a shell model, as described by Niel Bohr and de Broglie.
We think the wave model for the orbits of the electron is more closely related to the string
theory concepts introduced by Dr. Brian Green [34]. In his national bestselling book, the
Elegant Universe, which had won a major NOVA special on PBS, he described that the
subatomic particles electrons and quarks are possibly made of basic building blocks of even
smaller size, loops of vibrating strings. Since it is not possible to analyze the structure of
quarks beyond the description of quarks as charge particles with charge (1/3) q units, it is
less probable that quarks may consisted of loops of tiny strings. Further, the life time of
quarks is found to be too short to perform any measurements. Therefore, it is sufficient to
quantify that the string type of motion of the electrons in orbits, approximates the concepts of
the string theory developed by Dr. Greene.
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Our explanation that the orbits of electron are complex sinusoid is consistent because it is
well-known that the high temperature of atoms is felt as heat when the electron vibration
amplitude is increased. The tasks to verify that the electron orbits are not circular or
elliptical, instead are sinusoids, is left to physics academy as an exercise. In the next section,
we will discuss time travel a topic that is of interest to everyone who grows to understand
the concepts of time. From the time that stories about time travel were written by Jules
Verne, several movies were produced to describe strange circumstances that arise from time
travel using time machines. Our study and explanation will indicate that the time travel
concept exists in fiction movies only and it is not a reality.
7.3 Time Travel
Many scientists for several years were intrigued about the concept and the practicality of the
time travel. It is universally known that we can travel back and forth in space in all three
dimensions X, Y and Z. Meaning, we can move left or right in X dimension, X-axis
coordinate values positive or negative with respect to a center. We can move forward or
backward in Y dimension, Y-axis. Similarly one can freely move upward or downward from
a center origin Z dimension, Z-axis. A good question is can we move in fourth dimension T
time axis. Answer is no because no matter what we do and make changes to state of motion
of objects, we can never change the rate at which value of time is elapsed. According to the
principles of Skylativity
theory, absolute measurement of time, length and mass are not
altered. Time is invariant with respect to space, time or any frame of reference. One can
neither slow down time nor make it tick faster with any degree of knowledge and or
certainty. Let us look at few ways in which standard time clocks are designed. Also, we shall
look at the meaning of a standard time.
Historically, people believed that time, as defined by the orbital period of the Earth and the
other planets surrounding the Sun, should be constant. It turns out that indeed the rate is
fairly constant because mass of the Sun is approximately constant despite radiation energy
loss from the Sun. The main reason is that number of baryons (nucleons, sum of protons and
neutrons) on the Sun is constant as per the baryon number rule. According to the postulates
of the theory of Skylativity