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26.

Myocardial Thickness and Function

*Thickness of myocardium varies according to the function of the chamber *Atria are thin walled, deliver blood to adjacent ventricles.

27. Atrioventricular Valves Open

A-V valves open and allow blood to flow from atria into ventricles when ventricular pressure is lower than atrial pressure. *Blood moves from a higher pressure and the atria to a lower pressure in the ventricles through open AV valves. Occurs when ventricles are relaxed, chordae tendineae are slack and papillary muscles are relaxed. When the ventricles contract, the pressure of the blood drives the cusps upward until their edges me" is the opening. A-V valves close preventing backflow of blood into atria. *Occurs when ventricles contract, pushing valve cusps closed, chordae tendineae are pulled (tightens) & papillary muscles contract to pull cords and prevent cusps from everting. *Response to the high ventricular pressure.
Two closed circuits, the systemic and pulmonic; Systemic circulation-left side of the heart. Receives bright red, oxygen- rich blood from the lungs.

28. Atrioventricular Valves Close

29. Blood Circulation; Systemic circulation

-left side of heart pumps blood through the body. -left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into aorta. -aorta branches into many arteries that travel to organs. -arteries branch into many arterioles in tissue. -arterioles branch into thin-walled capillaries for exchange of gases and nutrients. -deoxygenated blood begins its return in venules. -venules merge into veins and return to right atrium.

30. Blood Circulation (cont.) Pulmonary circulation

Pulmonary circulation;

31.

Blood Circulation

- Right side of heart pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs. -right ventricle pumps blood to pulmonary trunk. -pulmonary trunk branches into pulmonary arteries. - Pulmonary arteries carry blood to lungs for exchange of gases. -oxygenated blood returns to heart in pulmonary veins. Blood flow blue = deoxygenated(pulmonary arteries, pulmonary trunk, vena cavae) red = oxygenated (aorta, pulmonary veins)

32. Semilunar Valves

33. Aortic valve

*Two types; Aortic & pulmonary valves *Made up of three crescent-shaped cusps. Each cusp attaches to the arterial wall by its convex, outer margin. *Allows ejection of blood from the heart into arteries, but prevents backflow of blood into the ventricles. *Opens when pressure in the ventricles exceeds the pressure in the arteries (contraction), permitting ejection of blood from the ventricles into the pulmonary trunk and aorta. As the ventricles relax blood starts to flow back towards the heart. This backflowing blood fills the valve cusps, causes the SV valves to close tightly. *Semilunar valve *located between the left ventricle in the aorta.

Blood Circulation; Systemic circulation

Blood Circulation (cont.) Pulmonary circulation

34.

Coronary Circulation

Left ventricle ejects blood into the aorta from the aorta. The blood divides in two separate streams, entering progressively smaller systematic arteries that carry it to all organs throughout the body (except for the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs, supplied by pulmonary circulation). Systematic tissues, arteries gave rise to smaller diameter arterioles, which finally lead into extensive beds of systematic capillaries. Exchange of nutrients in gases occurs across the thin capillary walls. The blood unloads oxygen & picks up carbon dioxide. In most cases, blood flows through only one capillary and then enters a systematic venule. Venules carry oxygen poor blood away from tissues and urged to form large systematic veins. Ultimately the blood flows back to the right atrium. The right side of the heart is pump for pulmonary circulation; it receives all dark red oxygen-poor blood returning from systematic circulation. Blood ejected from the right ventricle flows to be pulmonary trunk, which branches into pulmonary arteries that carry blood to the right and left lungs. Pulmonary capillaries, blood unloads carbon dioxide, which is exhaled, & picks up inhaled oxygen. The freshly oxygenated blood then flows into pulmonary vein and returned it to the left atrium. Myocardium network of blood vessels; coronary or cardiac circulation. Coronary arteries-branch from the ascending aorta, and encircle, the heart like a crown. Heart contracts little blood flow in the coronary arteries because they are squeezed shut. Coronary circulation -blood supply to the heart. Heart is a very active muscle needs lots of O2. When the heart relaxes high pressure of blood in aorta pushes blood into coronary vessels, into capillaries & then into coronary veins. Many anastomoses Connections between arteries supplying blood to the same region provide alternate routes (collateral circuits) if one artery becomes occluded(blocked).

35. Coronary Arteries

*Two coronary arteries; branch from the ascending aorta


& supply oxygenated blood to the myocardium.

36. Coronary veins

37. Carrying blood into the coronary sinus are the following;

Left coronary artery-passes inferior to the left auricle & divides into the anterior interventricular branch or left anterior descending artery is in the anterior interventricular sulcus & supplies oxygenated blood to the walls of both ventricles. Circumflex branch lies in the coronary sulcus & distributes oxygenated glide to the walls of the last ventricle & left atrium. Right coronary artery-supplies small branches (atrial branches) to the right atrium. Continues inferior to the rights auricle & ultimately divides into the posterior interventricular & marginal branches. Posterior interventricular branch follows the posterior interventricular sulcus & supplies the walls of the two ventricles with oxygenated blood. After blood passes through the arteries of the coronary circulation, it flows into capillaries, where it delivers oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscles and collects carbon dioxide and waste & then moves into coronary veins. Most of the poor oxygenated glide for the myocardium drains into a large vascular sinus in the coronary sulcus of the posterior surface of the heart called the coronary sinus. A vascular sinus is a thin walled vein that has no smooth muscle to alter its diameter. Poor oxygenated blood in the coronary sinus empties into the right atrium. Great cardiac vein-anterior interventricular sulcus. Drains the area of the heart supplied by the left coronary artery (left & right ventricles & left atrium). Middle cardiac vein-posterior interventricular sulcus. Drains the area supplied by the posterior interventricular branch of the right coronary artery (left & right ventricles). Small cardiac vein-coronary sulcus. Drain the right atrium & right ventricle. Anterior cardiac vein-drains the right ventricle & open directly into the right atrium.

38.

Cardiac Muscle Histology

Cardiac muscle fibers are shorter in length and less circular in transverse section. Branching, intercalated discs with gap junctions, involuntary, striated, single central nucleus per cell. Intercalated discs- contain desmosomes (hold the fibers together. Mitochondria are larger and more numerous. Autorhythmic Cells- Source of this electrical activity is a network of specialized cardiac muscle fibers. Self excitable. Rapidly generate action potentials that trigger heart contraction. Two important spontaneously functions; 1. Pacemaker-setting the rhythm of electrical excitation that causes contraction of the heart. 2. Conduction system- a network of specialized cardiac muscle fibers that provide a path for each cycle of cardiac excitation to progress through the heart. Ensures that cardiac chambers become stimulated to contract in a coordinated manner, makes the heart an effective pump. 1. Sinoatrial (SA) node 2. Atrioventricular(AV) node 3. Atrioventricular (AV) Bundle(of His) 4. Right & Left Bundle Branches 5. Purkinje fibers

39. Conduction System of Heart (Autorhythmic fibers)

40. Conduction System of Heart; (must know in order)

41. Conduction System of Heart; Sinoatrial (SA) node

1. SA node- cluster of cells in wall of right Atria just inferior to the opening of the superior vena cava. Stimulates the atria to contract. Begins heart activity that spreads to both atria excitation spreads to AV node. Do not have a stable resting potential. Called the pacemaker, because it initiates action potentials first. *fires spontaneously 90-100 times per minute.

42. Atrioventricular(AV) node

2. AV node- located in the interatrial septum, anterior to the opening of the coronary sinus. In atrial septum, transmits signal to bundle of His. *fires at 40-50 times per minute.

43. Atrioventricular (AV) Bundle(of His)

3. AV Bundle (of His)-located in a membranous septum. The only site where action potentials can connection between atria and ventricles. Since action potentials to the bundle branches.

44. Right & Left Bundle Branches

4. Right & Left Bundle Branches -located in the interventricular septum toward the apex of the heart. Sends action potentials to the purkinje fibers.

45. Purkinje fibers

46. Timing of Atrial & Ventricular Excitation

5. Purkinje fibers-located in the apex of the myocardium & lateral walls of the right and left ventricles. Large diameter fibers that rapidly conduct signals, upward to the remainder of the ventricular myocardium. Then the ventricles contracts pushing the blood upward toward the semilunar valves. *Sends action potentials to the ventricular cardiac muscle fibers & papillary muscles & stimulates them to contract. SA node setting pace since is the fastest In 50 msec excitation spreads through both atria and down to AV node. 100 msec delay at AV node due to smaller diameter fibers & allows atria to fully contract filling ventricles before ventricles contract. In 50 msec excitation spreads through both ventricles simultaneously.

47. Action potentials & contraction of contractile proteins; Depolarization & Repolarization.

*contractile fibers- action potential initiated by the SA


node travels along the conduction system and spreads out to excite the working atrial & ventricular muscle fibers.

48. Electrocardiogram(ECG or EKG)


Typical three lead;

Depolarization-Cardiac cell resting membrane potential that is close to -90mV.Excitation spreads through gap junctions. Fast Na+ channels open for rapid depolarization. Plateau phase -250 msec (only 1msec in neuron) slow Ca+2 channels open, let Ca +2 enter from outside cell & from storage in sarcoplasmic reticulum, while K+ channels close. Ca +2 binds to troponin to allow for actin-myosin cross-bridge formation & tension development. Repolarization- Ca+2 channels close and K+ channels open & -90mv is restored as potassium leaves the cell. Calcium channels in the sarcolemma & the sarcoplasmic reticulum are closing, which also contributes to repolarization. Refractory period -time interval during which a second contraction cannot be triggered. Cardiac muscle fiber lasts longer than the contraction itself. Very long so heart can fill. EKG-Action potentials of all active cells can be detected and recorded. Typical three lead; P wave- first wave; small, curved upward deflection; atrial depolarization that spreads from the SA node just before the atria contract. QRS complex- short downward deflection(Q); tall upward deflection (R); medium downward deflection (S); ventricular depolarization spreads from the AV node, AV bundle, right & left bundle branches, & to the Purkinje(conduction) fibers. Just before the ventricles contract. T wave- medium curved upward deflection; represents ventricular repolarization & occurs just before the ventricles relax.

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