Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
ON
CENTRE-STATE RELATIONS
MARCH 2010
RESPONSES FROM
STAKEHOLDERS
SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME-III
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COMMISSION ON CENTRE-STATE RELATIONS
REPORT
SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME III
RESPONSES FROM
STAKEHOLDERS
MARCH 2010
i
THE COMMISSION
CHAIRPERSON
Shri Justice Madan Mohan Punchhi (Retd.)
Former Chief Justice of India
Shri Dhirendra Singh Shri Vinod Kumar Duggal
Former Secretary to the Former Secretary to the
Government of India Government of India
Dr. N.R. Madhava Menon Shri Vijay Shanker
Former Director, Former Director,
National Judicial Academy, Bhopal, and Central Bureau of Investigation,
National Law School of India, Bangalore Government of India
Dr. Amaresh Bagchi was a Member of the Commission from 04.07.2007 to 20.02.2008, the date
he unfortunately passed away. The Commission expresses its deep gratitude to late Dr. Bagchi for his
signal contribution during his tenure as a Member.
Shri Amitabha Pande (17.07.2007 - 31.05.2008)
Shri Ravi Dhingra (25.06.2008 - 31.03.2009)
Shri Mukul Joshi (01.04.2009 - 31.03.2010)
MEMBERS
SECRETARIES
iii
The Commission on Centre-State Relations presents its Report to the
Government of India.
Justice Madan Mohan Punchhi
Chairman
Dhirendra Singh Vinod Kumar Duggal
Member Member
Dr. N.R. Madhava Menon Vijay Shanker
Member Member
New Delhi
31 March, 2010
RESPONSES RECEIVED FROM STATES/
UNION TERRITORIES; UNION MINISTRIES/
DEPARTMENTS AND POLITICAL PARTIES TO
THE QUESTIONNAIRE
v
STATES/UNION TERRITORIES
Response to the Questionnaire
vii
INDEX
Sl.No. States/Union Territories Page No.
1. Andhra Pradesh 1-7
2. Arunachal Pradesh 8-21
3. Goa 22-38
4. Haryana 39-44
5. Himachal Pradesh 45-88
6. Karnataka 89-162
7. Kerala 163-215
8. Madhya Pradesh 216-272
9. Meghalaya 273-312
10. Mizoram 313-349
11. Tamil Nadu 350-443
12. Uttarakhand 444-482
13. Uttar Pradesh 483-571
14. West Bengal 572-595
15. UT Of Andaman & Nicobar Islands 596-609
16. UT Of Chandigarh 610-618
17. UT Of Daman & Diu 619-628
x
Andhra Pradesh
1
Government of Andhra Pradesh
Response to the Questionnaire
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
2
GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
GENERAL ADMINISTRATION (SR) DEPARTMENT
Letter.No.17332/SR/A2/2007 dt 12 .09.2008
From
Principa! Secretary to Government (Accom.),
General Administration (SR) Department,
AP Secretariat,
Hyderabad
To
The Secretary,
Commission on Centre - State
Relations
Vigyan Bhavan Annexe,
NewDelhi-110011
Sir,
Sub: - Commission on Centre-State Relations - Terms of Reference assigned -
Final Questionnaire to comprehensively address the complex range of issues
arising out of the Terms of Reference - Considered and substantive response on
the Final Questionnaire - Submitted -Regarding.
Ref: - Your D.O.No.3-11/2008-CCSR, dt 31.05.2008.
I am to invite kind attention to the reference cited and to furnish herewith the
response to certain paras of the Final Questionnaire on the following subjects and
also to inform that in respect of remaining paras of other subjects the concerned
Departments are being addressed to furnish their response direct to the Commission
on or before 30.09.2008;
1) Constitutional Scheme of Centre-State Relations
2) Local Governments and Decentralized Governance
3) Natural Resources, Environment, Land and Agriculture
Yours Faithfully,
FOR PRINCIPAL SECRETARY TO GOVT.(ACCOM.)
16.09.08
Andhra Pradesh
3
Local Government and Decentralized Governance
Para 4.1 of the questionnaire
The following steps may be taken to make the devolution of powers and functions to
Municipaiitles and their implementation more effective:
i. Financial assistance in respect of centrally sponsored schemes relating to Urban Sector may be
released to State Governments after actually transferring the powers and functions as envisaged
in Constitution 74
th
Amendment Act to Municipalities.
ii. Substantial Financial incentives may be sanctioned to State Governments which have
actually transferred the powers and functions as envisaged in Constitution 74
th
Amendment
Act to Municipalities.
Para 4.2 of the questionnaire
As per Municipal Laws, Municipalities are entrusted with important functions relating to
public health, convenience and safety namely water supply, drainage, sewerage, solid
waste management, public health, roads, bridges, parks, urban poverty alleviation etc. at
the same time, Municipalities are endowed with limited own resources-namely Property
Tax on Buildings and Lands and various categories of non- taxes. The resources made
available to Municipalities are quite inadequate to enable them to perform their functions
in a satisfactory manner. Thus deficiencies are noticed in performance of functions by
almost all Municipalities in the State. In fact there is a mismatch between the functions
entrusted to Municipalities and the resources made available to them.
In the circumstances, it is suggested that Constitution may be amended to empower
Municipalities to levy certain taxes which are elastic in nature for example, like service
tax levied by Government of India.
Further the recommendations of the State Finance Commission may be accepted by the
State Government as a tradition as in the case of Government of India accepting the
recommendations of Central Finance Commission. Suitable mechanism may be worked
out to implement this suggestion.
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
4
Para 4.3 of the questionnaire
There is a need to make the guidelines issued by Government of India for implementation
of centrally sponsored schemes more flexible and allow the State Governments to make
variations suitable to local conditions without disturbing the core objectives of the schemes
in the larger interest of the public.
Para 4.4 of the questionnaire
Municipalities are not getting funds direct from Central Government in respect of centrally
sponsored schemes. It is desirable and saves time If the funds are directly released by
Central Government to Municipalities for implementation of centrally sponsored schemes.
This practice also will enable Municipalities to implement the schemes quickly and provides
the benefits of the schemes in a faster manner to the public.
Para 4.5 of the questionnaire
The laws relating to parastatal agencies may be amended to make a provision for filling
up 50% of the Board of Directors or Members of the Authorities with elected
representatives falling in the area of parastatal agencies so as to enable them to participate
in planning, decision making and implementation of various issues dealt by parastatal
agencies.
Para 4.8 of the questionnaire
31 members of A.P.Legislative Council out of a total strength of 90 members are elected
from local authorities constituencies consisting of members of Municipalities and Zilla
Parishads.
Para 4.9 of the questionnaire
Municipalities may be consulted whenever permissions are given for conversion of
agricultural land for non - agricultural purposes by Revenue Department and for this
purpose relevant laws may be amended suitably.
Para 4.10 of the questionnaire
A Metropolitan Development Authority may be created to ensure coordination between
Andhra Pradesh
5
State Government and Local Government of mega city and for better management of
the Metropolitan Area. This authority may be headed by the top-level functionary of the
State Government.
Constitutional Scheme of Centre-State Relations
Role of Governor
Para 1.5 of the questionnaire
Under Article 200 and 201 of the Constitution of India when a Bill is presented to the
Governor for assent he may declare his assent to the Bill or withhold his assent thereto or
reserve the Bill for consideration of the President. If the Bill is returned to the Legislature
by the Governor and the Bill is again presented to the Governor, he should not withhold
assent to the Bill. When a Bill is reserved by the Governor for consideration of the
President, the President may declare his assent to the Bill or withhold his assent. If the
President returned the Bill to the Legislature for re consideration. There is no obligation
on the part of the President to give assent to the Bill after reconsideration by the Legislature.
Sometimes the Governor or the President may keep the Bill pending with them without
giving assent or refusing to give assent to the Bill. Instead of keeping the Bill pending, it
is desirable that the Governor or the President may either declare his assent to the Bill or
withhold assent to the Bill.
Constitutional Scheme relating to Local Governments
Para 1.6 of the questionnaire
The following steps may be taken to make the devolution of powers and functions to
Municipalities and their implementation more effective:
i. Financial assistance in respect of centrally sponsored schemes relating to Urban Sector
may be released to State Governments after actually transferring the powers and functions
as envisaged In Constitution 74
th
Amendment Act to Municipalities.
ii. Substantial financial incentives may be sanctioned to State Governments which have
actually transferred the powers and functions as envisaged in Constitution 74
th
Amendment
Act to Municipalities.
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
6
Legislative Relations
Para 1.10 of the questionnaire
The Central Government may not normally consult the State Government while
undertaking a legislation on the subject in the concurrent list. However, when the State
Government considers to enact a law under an entry in the concurrent list, it usually
consults with the Central Government prior to undertaking such legislation. The State
Governments are compulsorily consulting the Central Government when they are
proposing to give overriding effect to the legislations over the Central Legislation on the
same subject.
Mechanism for Inter - Governmental Consultation
Para 1.17 of the questionnaire
If the inter - government departments disputes are resolved by a Committee consisting
of the officers of the concerned departments, the matter will be amicably settled speedily
without any expenses. Most of the litigation in the Courts is by or against the Government
and if the disputes between the departments are resolved by the Committee it will also
save the time of the Courts and also expenditure to the exchequer. It also reduces the
number of cases in the Courts. The above mechanism is working over the years smoothly
and therefore a similar provision may also be contemplated for resolution of Union and
State government disputes by a Committee consisting of the officer of both the
Governments.
Natural Resources, Environment, Land and Agriculture
Ecosystem, Climate Change and Natural Disaster (6.11)
Submitted the following recommendations on the 13
th
Finance Commission, Ministry of
Home Affairs, GOI recently and are reiterated:
The losses suffered by the State and the expenditure incurred on account of the Calamities
are to be considered for determining the size of Calamity Relief Fund (CRF) instead of
the average expenditure of previous years alone.
Andhra Pradesh
7
The excess expenditure over and above the CRF, incurred by the State during the year
may be shared by the central and State Governments in the same ratio of CRF i.e (3:l).
The provision for escalation of prices be considered at 25% for each year.
The assistance from National Calamity Contingency Fund (NCCF) may be released
immediately to enable the State Government to undertake rescue relief and restoration
of damaged infrastructure during the calamity.
Methodology for calculation, entitlement under NCCF should be worked in consultation
with the State Government.
The share of contribution by the State Government may be fixed @ 10% instead of 25%.
Provision should be made for Restoration of Public Utility services to bring them to pre
calamity level.
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
8
GOVERNMENT OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH
Response to the Questionnaire
Arunachal Pradesh
9
Government of Arunachal Pradesh
Home Department::Itanagar.
No.HMB(B)149/83 Dated Itanagar the 29
th
May, 2009
To
The Secretary,
Commission on Centre State Relations,
Vigyan Bhawan Annexe,
New Delhi.
Sub: Final questionnaire prepared by the Commission on Centre-State Relation-views thereof.
Sir,
I am directed to refer to your letter No.3-11/2008-CCSR dated 31.5.08 on the
above subject and to furnish the point wise reply as shown below. Replies from the department of
Power, PWD and Police are awaited which will be sent on receipt.
1. CONSTITUTIONAL SCHEME OF CENTRE-STATE RELATIONS
The final questionnaire framed under Para 1.1 to 1.19 are accepted.
2. ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL RELATIONS
2.1 The shift has been adequate and beneficial. Controls and licenses cannot make the economy
efficient. Competition is required in the age of economic liberalization.
2.2 The priorities of the State cannot be affected through centrally sponsored schemes. The
centrally sponsored schemes address basically the poverty alleviation programmes, rural development
programmes. These schemes will help the State to carry out the reform process.
2.3 There is need for more interaction between Planning Commission and State Government
instead of meeting annually. The Planning Commission should interact with State Government at
least once is three months regarding the utilization and implementation of various schemes.
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
10
2.4 The present practice is adequate for ensuring harmonious economic relations.
2.5 The Financial Commission played an important role in reducing vertical imbalance and
horizontal imbalance among States by adopting more innovate criteria for devolution of central
funds to the states.
It is suggested that Finance Commission should also evolve the devolution formula/
criteria, taking into account backwardness both industrially and socially, vast forest and geographical
area and location of hilly State, in-hospitable topography, climate condition of the State etc. and
more weight age may be given to these factors while recommending the devolution of funds
vertically and grant in aid to North Eastern States.
2.6 The transfer of funds should take place through multi channels. The transfer of funds
though Financial Commission based on some criteria like population, tax effort, collection of tax,
etc. will not benefit much the backward states of N.E. India. It will benefit the larger and richer
states with large population and broader tax base.
2.7 Keeping in view the cases of the backward states like those of the special category states
like N.E. States, it may be noted that some new criteria should be involved for transferring adequate
resources to boost up their economics.
2.8 It is a good suggestions that all transfer to the States should be subject to conditionality and
tied to outcomes. There be a provision of monitoring cell to monitor the central-funded schemes
and projects.
Another possibility is that the centre will collect taxes on services but it will share with the
States on the basis of fixed criteria.
The institutional arrangements are required since it may lead to inter-state conflict. The
destination principle may be followed.
2.9 It is good to observe that significant amount of funds are transferred by the Centre
directly to Panchayats etc since it is found that the State Government on many occasions failed to
divert funds at more micro level.
2.10 The 12
th
Financial Commission has rightly recommended to bring down the debt-GDP
Arunachal Pradesh
11
ratio of the State to 28% and to constitute a Loan Council. Thus the policy option for the state like
Arunachal Pradesh is to increase the growth rate of the economy and to shift the public debt from
non-productive sector to productive sector. At the same it is necessary to find out at low interest
rate option from public debt.
2.10 With a view to maintain fiscal discipline and macro economic stability of the State, the
State Legislature has passed FRBM Act, 2006 on the basis of the recommendation of the TFC,
according to which, fiscal deficit of the State Govt. during the award period (2005-10) of TFC,
has to be maintained at a certain percentage of GSDP level. As per this Act, the fiscal deficit of the
State as a percentage of its GSDP has to be reduced from 2004-05 onward and by 2008-09, this
percentage should not be more than 3%. The focus of Loan Council should be on negotiated loan
with concessional rate of interest for financing development projects/schemes.
2.11 The rising revenue expenditure in all fronts has compelled the state to go for large scale
reduction in capital expenditure. The declining industries and rising educated unemployment has
compelled the Governments to go for the creation of more jobs in the Government Sector. The
process has fed on each other and expenditure on salaries relative to capital expenditure has gone
up from 40% in 1994-95 to 47.8% in 2002-03, which is 10% higher than that of the national
average. Hence, there is a need for fiscal responsibility in our state.
On the basis of enactment of FRBM Act 2006, the State Govt. is expected to get relief
during the TFC award period 2005-06 to 2009-10 of Rs.19.98 crore on repayment of principal,
Rs.71.73 crore on payment of interest and Rs.97.39 crore waiver of repayment of loan. In addition,
a sum of Rs.20.21 crore each of debt write off was given of State Govt. during 2006-07, 2007-
08 and during 2008-09. The FRBM Act also mandates greater transparency in fiscal operations.
This Act will help the State to bring fiscal discipline in the States finances and minimize the loan
burden.
2.12 Yes, centre-state tax sharing is still rather top sided and the Index of infrastructure which
was dropped by the 12
th
Finance Commission should be revived with modifications.
The charge made in the 12
th
Finance Commission have contributed to make horizontal
devolution less progressive and as a result, the backward states have suffered losses. Non-plan
revenue grants to deficit states like Arunachal Pradesh should be increased as their own source of
revenue is very limited. Arunachal Pradesh, being a border state, requires improving infrastructure
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
12
along the border to prevent regular incursions by China. Even plan assistance which is in the ratio
of 70% as loans and 30% and grants discriminate against backward states because their loan
repayment capacity is limited. Hence, backward states like Arunachal Pradesh should get more
percentage as grants and less and loans.
Assignment of tax powers between the centre and the states needs further refinement.
Taxes collected in the States should be assigned to that state only to generate more revenue in the
state with greater flexibility and the taxes which are in domain of the centre should be shared
between centre and State adopting tax sharing criteria.
2.13 The services sector has increasingly become important in Indian economy. The Government
has decided to introduce Tax on Goods and Services (GST). There are several models available
for operating GST in a federal country like India. However the best model appears to the suitable
in India is the comprehensive Tax and Good and Services. There should be a separate list of
revenues for the Central Govt. and the State Government on which the taxes will imposed so that
fear of double taxes can be avoided.
2.14 Once GST is introduce perhaps there is no need of taxes on production like excise duty as
it may lead to double taxation.
3. UNIFIED AND INTEGRATED DOMESTIC MARKET
3.1 The ways in which the operation of the common market in the Indian Union was
encouraged was by introducing the system of VAT, whereby a uniform tax system was devised so
that the centre levels, tax which is their shared with the states. This minimizes misclassification,
disputes and evasions and also reduces the burden on the common man.
Since NER has its inherence peculiar characters in such situation operation of common market in
the Indian Union may put NER market with NER Market in disadvantages position. Instead a
common market within NER states is seems to be more feasible for the benefit of NER market.
Trade, Commerce and intercourse within the Indian Union shall be free as per Articles 301 of the
constitution. However, imposing of restrictions on the free movement of goods etc in public
interest as per Article 302 may not be allowed to the state Govts by the centre as a matter of
routine as in being done at present. Such restrictions may be made only in special cases/situations
demanding such restrictions.
Arunachal Pradesh
13
3.2 Setting up of a Commission/Institution under Article-307 to oversee the operation of the
mandate of a common market in the Country is considered necessary to regulate and ensure free
trade and commerce in the Country. This commission may also oversee the necessity of imposing
of restriction on free movement of Food grains etc. in public interest as per Article 302.
4. LOCAL GOVERNMENTS AND DECENTRALIZED
GOVERNANCE.
4.1 (1) Citizens Task Force of many to constituted in every Panchayat and ULBs.
(2) Retired civil force personals may be engaged in task force.
(3) Online public grievance redressal system should be established.
Under the direction of Ministry of Urban Development Govt. of India the State of
Arunachal Pradesh has witnessed the following Mandatory Urban Reform:-
1. Arunachal Pradesh urban & Country Planning Act-2007
2. Arunachal Pradesh Municipality Act, 2007.
Further, the following Mandatory Reforms is under consideration and likely to be enacted
in couple of months by the Govt. of Arunachal Pradesh.
1. Arunachal Pradesh Municipal Election 2008
2. Arunachal Pradesh Building Bye Laws-2008
3. Arunachal Pradesh Municipal Disclosure Bill 2008
The 74
th
CAA Act as indicated above is likely to be implemented at the end part of 2008.
Therefore, the state of Arunachal Pradesh is not in a position to place views or opinion on
the implementation of 74
th
constitutional amendment Act.
4.2 No Vigorous monitoring is necessary.
Yes, greater autonomy should be given by the State government to Municipalities for
envying taxes, duties, tolls fees etc in specific categories and strengthening their own sources of
revenue.
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
14
4.3 Central guidelines are must stay. State specific suggestion for
amendments may be submitted to GOI every year in April.
Yes, there is need for flexible guideline so as to allow scope for local variations and
innovations by Panchayats and municipalities without impinging on core stipulations for
implementation of the central schemes by the Municipalities. If needed by there should be separate
guidelines for the Hill states where the population density is very low, size of the urban centre is
very small and development cost is very high. If the budget and funding pattern is continued on the
basis of total population and population density, urban centers of the states like Arunachal Pradesh
would never develop comparative to other towns of the country.
4.4 Not desirable. Funds should be routed through nodal department.
Subsequent installment should be released on submission of:
- CA Adult report.
- Replies of the party.
- Comments of nodal department.
- Joint physical verification report of State and GoI representative.
It is understood that if funds are released from the center to the Municipalities would
directly and quickly benefit the target group. But it would be better if such funds are released
through the state nodal agencies so as to check the effective implementation and monitoring.
4.5 Whole line department should be brought under Panchayats and ULBs.
In such cases, when the globalization is on for peoples participation in the process of
planning and development, SHG and NGOs should be involved only in the activities of the
government which require awareness among the people and which help to boost the economic
development of the people, such as education, health & sanitation, agriculture and cottage industries.
Activities involving huge fund requirements, development works etc should be restricted to the
government.
Otherwise it is required to evolve a clear cut policy on the activities which the SHGs and
NGOs should be restricted to.
Arunachal Pradesh
15
4.6 1. 3 tier panchayat is okay.
2. GPs should have attested 20 members.
3. All over village groups should be dissolved.
Not applicable to Municipalities.
4.7 1. Grassroots planning in the best.
2. Simple formats of planning may be devised.
3. Official and one GPM should be repeatedly trained in practical planning by experts.
Yes, this is the best approach to empower Municipal bodies.
4.8 1. The whole department should be brought under Panchayats and ULBs. That is
CEO of the department will take approval of all matters from panchayats/ULBs in
respect of District matters/schemes etc.
2. MLAs and legislatures should come in picture in the matters of State only.
The policy programmes and activities of Municipalities are limited to a township only and
on the other hand the state legislatures are elected to represent the area at the state level to frame the
policy and programmes for the entire state. The policy, programmes and activities of Municipalities
are framed under the policy programmes of the state government. Therefore the question of
contradicting views in both levels of government and having a representation to the state legislative
assembly does not arise. Further, it is suggested that Member of Legislative Assembly may be
invited in meeting of municipalities to help resolve such disputes.
4.9 1. A committee of Land owners, Task Force, & Panchayats/ULBs should be
consulted by the industry first.
2. State Govt. should act on their recommendations only.
3. One reputed officer of the State Govt. should be put in charge of the process.
When the entire process of planning and development under the Indian union envisages from the
grass root level, definitely the Municipality should be the prior body which should be involved in
decision making and issues pertaining to land management and land acquisition for mega projects
and all altercation of land use through they will not be directly dealing with the project development.
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
16
4.10 1. Citizen task force and ULBs of cities and megacities should have the final say
in the Governance.
2. State Govt. should act on their advice only.
Security of the towns should be under disposal of State Government only. If law and
order problems are transferred to Municipalities, it would further create conflicts between both
levels of government. However, the state government may hear and help the municipalities when
and wherever required.
4.11 1. Referendum should be held in Schedule V and VI areas to choose the system of
local Governance.
2. Autonomous council should have an upper house of reputed intellectuals to act
as a think tank.
It is understood that, democratic set up of the country must be maintained and democratic
institutions must be respected. On the other hand traditional institutions of governance should also
be respected. Therefore they should also be legally allowed to participate in the decision making
process of the planning and development under the local bodies.
6. NATURAL RESOURCES, ENVIRONMENT, LAND AND
AGRICULTURE
6.1 Creation of Separate Ministry in the set up of Central Govt. for dealing both Urban &
Rural Water supply and sanitation.
6.2 Water supply should be treated as Central subject and sufficient fund be made available
for implementation and maintenance of water supply scheme / project.
6.6 Forest clearances for diversion of any forestland required for infrastructure and industrial
projects under Forest (Conservation) Act 1980 continues to be granted by the Govt. of India,
Ministry of Environment & Forests. However, with the adoption of National Environment
(Protection), Act, 1986, the Environment clearance for certain Categories of projects are to be
issued by the State Government. Although the revamped Environment Policy is in the initial stages
of implementation, no conflict of interest of development and environment conservations is
expected.
Arunachal Pradesh
17
6.7 Certainly there is a general lack of economic opportunities for indigenous communities
living in and around forest areas. However this has not been the cause of escalation of dissatisfaction
and alienation among them in the State of Arunachal Pradesh. By and large the Scheduled Tribes
and other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognitions of Forest Rights), Act 2006 has been seen as
an Empowerment of local tribals & Traditional Forest Dwellers.
Obviously, the adoption of the National Environment Policy, 2006 in the State, where the
greater Powers have been delegated to the states to grant Environmental and Forest Clearance had
helped many Hydro Projects in the state to come up along with other different kind of projects.
There are vast areas with slopes up to 15% having perennial after source which are presently
under forest cover. Our food security mission necessitates bringing more suitable areas under
settled cultivations and in view of this land development for settled cultivation: fruit plantation etc.
may need reconciliation with environmental conservation so that the thrust on increase of food
production can be materialized.
6.8 Agreed, the Schedule Tribes and other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest
Tribes) Act, 2006 which confers land ownership rights on Schedule Tribes and other Traditions
Forest Dwellers in the event of their being in occupation of the said land as on 13
th
December,
2005 is perceived as major steps towards containment of un rest and tension. It would be appreciable,
it the tribal and other forest dwellers could be re-settled in a compact area with minimum facilities
provided to them.
Arunachal Pradesh has 67,777 km2 under forest cover which is 82% of its geographic
area. The state occupies 2.54% of Countrys Geographic area and contributes to about 10.01% of
National Forest Cover. The State which was harvesting nearly 3.00 lakh cum of timber per annum
prior to 1996 has scaled down the timber operation by more than 90% to the prest level of nearly
30,000 cum per annum. As a result, the forest revenue which accounts for as much as 60% up to
1996 has dropped to mere 0.35% of State revenue during 2006-07. The State has made tremendous
sacrifice to preserve its forest in the interest of national and global environmental security. The State
must be adequately compensated for its efforts to preserve the forest and its biodiversity. Hence
the State fully endorsed the views of other states on this matter.
6.9 The payment of compensation is agreed but it should not be in the terms of money but
in the form of development like construction of roads with proper drainage system, creation of
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
18
schools and drinking water facilities in the areas where the Tribal and other Forest Dwelling
communities settle. This will not only restrict mass destruction of forest but will maintain ecological
balance by planting fruit plants etc.
6.9 Arunachal Pradesh is a major contributor of ecological services to the global community
due to the fact that 62% of the states geographical area is under forest cover against the national
average of 23.3%. If conversion of the mild slopes under forest cover is not encouraged them
improvement of productivity of the existing cropped areas has to be taken up in mission mode
which shall require higher public funding. The additional financial requirement for maintaining
status quo of the forest cover and to opt for an alternative i.e. further intensification of the existing
farming system needs to be provided by the centre which may be an incentive for the people to
view it as a reward & compensation for maintain the ecology.
6.10 Protecting the environment is the collective responsibility of every citizen. The Central
Govt. must work out the responsibilities of Central & State Govt. for undertaking environment
protection and mitigation programmes fully supported by adequate fund. The rich social capital of
the tribal communities like the state of Arunachal can be put to great advantage in regulating use
and development of natural resources.
8. SOCIO-POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS, PUBLIC POLICY
AND GOVERNANCE
POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT
8.1 Though socio Political Mobilization had been made on the basis of the caste and sectarian
identity in the recent past, the State of Arunachal Pradesh do not feel any threat posed to the unity
and integrity of the country because the State of Arunachal Pradesh is inhabited indigenous population
who are categorized as Schedule Tribes. Over and above the State of Arunachal Pradesh is known
to be a peaceful state among all the State of Union of India. No separated elements had over
formed in the state of Arunachal Pradesh like NSCN in the state of Nagaland, ULFA, BLTF etc.
in the state of Assam. Further, the people of Arunachal Pradesh are very much nationalist which
has been expressed by the representative of the state in various for a. There is no threat to the unity
and integrity of the nation from within the state.
Arunachal Pradesh
19
8.2 No strong regional party had ever been formed in the state, like the DMK in Tamil Nadu,
AGP in Assam, Siv Sena in Maharastra and Huriyat in Jammu and Kashmir. Above all two national
political parties like INC and BJP had been active in the state in which the lone and feeble regional
party i.e. Arunachal Pradesh congress had been merging with either of these two national parties
who ever ruled the state in the recent past. Had there been any strong regional party in the state that
eminently posed threat to the national interest, it would had to be suggested that multiparty system
in India as for as practicable be amended for the party system like that prevailing in most of the
European countries, USA etc.
8.3 Since, there is no such party system in Arunachal Pradesh, we cannot suggest and remedial
steps in this direction.
8.4 No such confine has been experienced in the political arena of the state of Arunachal
Pradesh. However, it may be suggested that the respective level of political divisions should confine
to the delegated powers in their own jurisdictions and not interfere the business of the other level
of political division preferably to the higher level.
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
8.5 Though Arunachal Pradesh is an underdeveloped state local people usually do not migrate
to the developed state. By virtue of its small sized population, ratio people from development
states come to Arunachal Pradesh for employment business etc.
There is good harmony the local people and other from different state residing in the state for
work etc.
PUBLIC POLICY AND GOVERNANCE
8.6 After the attachment of statehood on 20
th
February, 1987 the Government of Arunachal
Pradesh vigorously undertook to formulate the order & Law or adoption for applicability in
relation to the state of Arunachal Pradesh wherein it was decided that the state of Arunachal
Pradesh will adopt the laws & order of Government of India in to. Therefore, specific suggestions
could be offence in this reared.
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
20
8.7 Even though Arunachal Pradesh is a full fledged state under the Union of India, it needs
financial support from the centre in a substantial manner due to its remote location and infrastructure
deficit. The removal of remoteness with go a long way in improving the reality of governance at
various levels the state apart from other administror reforms required for improving governance.
8.8 All such organization should be a registered body and they should be mentioned as well
supported by the Centre as well as by the states. No other specific suggestions are offered.
9 SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
9.1 This question seems to cover all aspects. However in place of core strength core issues
may be added.
(a) Textbooks may be designed with contents of the region irrespective of State
boundaries for mutual exchange of ideas, faith, language, culture, habit etc.
(b) Discussions / Seminars may be organized on subjects of similarities of the region
for development on oneness amongst the students of the region.
(c) Adoption of National Curriculum may be made a compulsion for all regions of
the Country with flexibility to suit regional conditions and common traditions.
(d) Exchange of students wherever possible between or amongst the States in the
regions for pursuing educations in the States other than of their own.
9.2 The following may be added in pare one of the questions after lack of flexibility.
Some of the above category schemes are abandoned by the central government after a certain
period of its launching or put on the shoulders of the State govt. without providing any matching
fund for its continued implementation. This would result in non achievement of the targeted goals
and entire investment made would be futile.
(a) The criticism leveled is justified.
(b) Instead of formulating plan at the National level, it is required for the national
planners to set-up offices at the Regional level and interacts with the local machineries of
every small region to locate the special features of each regions before introducing any
project/scheme.
Arunachal Pradesh
21
(c) Each plan or scheme should have some core objectives with option for flexibility
where in areas of local or regional interest can be accommodated.
9.3 (a) The recruitment of teachers should be purely on the basis of merit.
(b) The norms for recruitment of teachers should be prepared at the National level.
It is preferable to have All India Eligibility Test for teachers like NET, SLET, etc.
(c) Vigorous training for teachers is essentially to be organized in all States to enrich
the existing serving teachers of all categories.
(d) The primary school teachers to be appointed should be more qualified than other
teachers with scale of pay of comparatively better status.
(e) The quality of primary education should be the priority to ensure self generating,
speed to the students pursuing higher education.
9.4 (a) To channetise the students through proper guidance and counseling towards studies
where the prospect of employability is more.
(b) By providing education upto elementary level compulsorily through mother tongue
only.
(c) Teachers of high quality with aptitude for teaching may only be recruited through
uniform Recruitment Rule all over the Country.
The following may be inserted to the question after measurement standards. Giving
proportionate weightage to regions considering its topography, climatic conditions, lack of resources
and other environment factors etc.
Yours faithfully,
(K P Balachandran)
Under Secretary (Home),
Govt. of Arunachal Pradesh,
Itanagar
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
22
GOVERNMENT OF GOA
Response to the Questionnaire
23
Goa
GOVERNMENT OF GOA
Suggestions for Social and Cultural Developments
(1) Social Developments as mentioned under para 8.5 of the Draft
Questionnaire
To reduce the large scale migration from under developed to the better developed
region within the country, it is suggested that social economic development schemes are
required to be implemented after taking into consideration the demographic patterns of
the regions of both under developed and better developed regions. In case of under
developed regions, additional funds are required to allot for social development schemes
so as economic standard of the people who are living in the under developed areas can
cope up with the better developed regions. The funds can be allotted at a ratio of 60:40%
under developed and better developed regions. The more infrastructure facilities can also
make available in under developed regions so as the people of these regions can enjoy all
facilities equally with the people of developed regions. If all the facilities made available
to the people of under developed regions including the employments than the issue of
migration in large scale will be decreased within the country.
(2) Cultural development as mentioned under para 9.1 of the Draft Questionnaire
In regards of cultural development, it is suggested that the funds can allot for
cultural, economical development after taking into consideration the natural divisions of
the country. The more funds can be allotted to the people living in the hilly and mountain
areas then the people living in the plane, plateau, coastal areas, developed cities etc.
There should be better coordination and cooperation among the people from regions to
regions in the field of social, cultural and other fields to promote social, economic and
cultural activities. Hence Central as well as State Governments can promote to form
more social organization among people belonged to different caste, creed etc. State
Governments can allot more funds for cultural developments by way of various
development schemes.
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
24
No. 37/1/2008-RD
Government of Goa,
Revenue Department,
Secretariat, Alto-Porvorim.
Dated: 12/05/2008
To,
Shri Amitabha Pande,
Secretary,
Commission on Centre-State Relations,
Vigyan Bhavan Annexe,
New Delhi 110 011
Subject: A comprehensive review set up by the Sarkaria Commission on Centre-
State Relations Resolution of 27
th
April, 2007 of GOI.
Sir,
I am directed to refer to your letter No. 3-64/2007-CCSR dated 31
st
December,
2007 on the above cited subject and to inform you that the Finance Department of the
State Government where the draft questionnaire sent vide your above referred letter, was
referred to has suggested to include the following questions in the said questionnaire:-
(1) What are the views of the State Governments on the Gadgil Mukherjee
Formula used by the planning Commission for devolution of Plan Grants?
(2) Whether States are satisfied with the Central Finance Commission Formula
used for the purpose of devolution of share in the Central Tax? What are
the suggestions to make this Formula progressive and rewarding to the better
performing States?
(3) Views of the State Governments regarding Centrally Sponsored Schemes
implemented by various Central Ministries.
(4) What are your views and suggestions regarding evolving a new formula for
rewarding better performing States to enable them to attain the standards of
a developed Nation?
25
Goa
(5) What are the views of the State Governments on the environmental
degradation caused by mining activity, etc.? What are the suggestions for
improving infrastructure and environmental restoration in said areas?
(6) As the small States are equivalent to a District of a bigger State, it is
appropriate to have another layer of Zilla Parishad in such States? What is
the experience and views of the State Governments in this regard?
An extract of the notings of the Finance Department is enclosed herewith for your perusal.
Yours faithfully,
(Umeshchandra L. Joshi)
Under Secretary (Rev-I&II)
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
26
No. 3/4/P&E/Plan/Misc/1/2008-09/
D.Agri/
Government of Goa
Directorate of Agriculture
Krishi Bhavan
Tonca Caranzalem Goa
Date: March 4, 2009.
To
The Chairperson,
Commission on Centre State Relations,
Vigyan Bhavan Annexe,
Maulana Azad Road,
New Delhi 110 011.
Sub.: A comprehensive review set-up by the Sarkaria Commission on Centre-
State Relations.
Ref.: Note from Law Department (Legal Affairs), Government of Goa dated
19.02.2009.
Sir,
This has reference to the above cited letter and to inform that the Questionnaire
forwarded therein deals with larger issues of the State.
With reference to para 6.5, a need is felt to utilize the nutrients present in the
residue for treated sewerage. However, it may not be economically feasible to use this
treated sewerage water unless the sewerage plants of Public Works Department are in the
vicinity of large agriculture tracts where modalities and economic feasibility would have
to be worked out.
The sullage and sewerage flowing into the river is retrieved by the Department of
Captain of Ports for smooth flow of inland waterways vessels. Usage of such product
from rivers in Goa may not be a good option because of other materials that may be
present in the solid waste.
27
Goa
With respect to Agriculture under paras 6.7, 6.8 and 6.9, natural environment
policy, are covered indicating minimum infrastructure facilities for forest dwellers and
conservation of large tracts of forests and green cover for global benefit. These issues
are handled by Department of Forest.
Yours faithfully,
(Satish S.P. Tendulkar),
Director of Agriculture,
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
28
No.10/299(18)/FD/2009-10/
97/
Office of the
Chief Conservator of Forests,
Dayanand Smruti Bldg., S.V. Road,
Panaji - Goa.
Dated: - 07.09.2009.
To,
The Director,
Commission on Center-State Relation,
Govt. of India,
New Delhi.
Sub: - A comprehensive review set-up by the Sarkaria Commission on
Resolution of 27
th
April 2007 of the GOI Final Questionnaire.
Ref: - Letter No 13/8/2007/LA(LD)/191 dated 26/06/2009 and
LD(LA)(PART FILE)/247 dated 21/07/2009 and letter No.
13/8/2007-LD(LA)/292 dated 20/08/2009 of the law Department
Govt. of Goa.
Sir,
With reference to the above, I am directed to state that, 6.8 and 6.9 (page 44) of
the Questionnaire of the Commission on Center State Relations pertain to Forests,
Land and Agriculture. However para 6.7 is concerning department of Environment.
As to the para 6.8 of the Questionnaire, it may be said that the Recognition of
Forest Rights Act, 2006 is an important step towards the containment of unrest and
tension. In order to strike golden mean of the balance, it is felt to be appropriate to
attempt persuading the Forest dwelling Communities to restrict themselves and their
activities to the fringes of the forest, availing thereby the major forest bestowments like
water, soil and humus and the other basic needs like transport facilities, power, etc. as
well.
29
Goa
As to the para 6.9 of the Questionnaire, it is true that the Champions and
protectors of the Himalayan Eco-System and the Western Ghats Eco-System, do deserve
due compensation to the concerned States, especially so the communities who perform
the roll of stewardship of this valuable ecological assets. Only the how, what and in what
form- is needed to be decided after a well justified analysis.
Yours faithfully,
(M.V. Karkhanis)
Asstt. Conservator of Forests,
Legal Cell.
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
30
Govt. of Goa (Law Department, Legal Affairs)
The Questionnaire relates to a number of subjects which are dealt under different chapters.
Out of these, chapters Nos. 1, 3, 5 and 8 are concerned with the subject matter of Law or
Legal aspects and hence they are dealt with by this Department. The remaining subjects
are being dealt with by various concerned Departments of this Government to whom
copies of the questionnaire were already sent.
Chapter I:
Constitutional Scheme of Centre-State Relations
Conceptual Framework
Clauses 1.1 and 1.2
Part XI, Chapter I of the Constitution of India i.e. from Articles 245 to 263 deals with the
relations between the Union and the States under two Heads viz.,
1) Legislative Relations (Chapter I)
2) Administrative Relations (Chapter II)
Chapter II is further divided into (i) General, (ii) Dispute Relations to waters and (iii) Co-
ordination relations between States. It is noticed that though our Constitution has under
gone changes by way of amendments to various Articles, however, there has been hardly
any amendments to Part XI. This Department has not come across any suggestion from
any quarter of this Government requiring amendment to Articles contained in Part XI.
Hence, if agreed our opinion as far as this Part XI is concerned, could be that the
Constitutional framework under this Part is well balanced and this Government would
not like to suggest any changes.
Role of Governor
Clauses 1.3 to 1.5
The role of the Governor is well defined under the Constitution. However, in a democracy
like our the Governor has to act on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers. All
the same an important role assigned to the Governor is at the time of formation of the
Goa
31
Ministry where he is required to decide about the person whom he has to call to form the
Government either the results of elections or in case any Government has fallen. But
even as far this aspect is concerned how the Governor has to act in such circumstances
has now been defined by the Judgements of the Apex Court, most important of which is
S.R.Bommais case (AIR 1994 SC 1918). In that view, therefore, there does not seem to
be a need of any changes as far as the role of the Governor is concerned.
Articles 200 and 201 of the Constitution make provision in respect of assent to Bills. It
is sometimes seen that the Governor does not give assent to the Bills for a long time. It
is, therefore, not possible for the Government to know whether the Bill is withheld by the
Governor or he has reserved it for the assent of the President or it is still under consideration
of the Governor. Of course Article 200 of the Constitution provides that when the Bill is
presented to the Governor he shall declare either that he assents to the Bill or that he
withholds assent therefrom or that he reserves the bill for consideration of the President.
As there is no time limit fixed in this Article for any of this decision/declarations by the
Governor, it may be worthwhile to consider whether fixing a time limit of say six months
for the Governor to declare that either that he gives his assent to the Bill or that he
withholds assent therefrom or that he reserves the Bill for consideration of the President.
By such a provision the Government will be well informed, within a period of six months,
as to fate of the Bill that was passed in the Assembly.
Constitutional Scheme relating to local Governments
Clauses 1.6 and 1.7
Under clause 1.6 the question is what steps can be taken in our view to make devolution
of powers to the Panchayats and Municipalities and their implementation more effective.
Our Legislature has already enacted the Goa Panchayat Raj Act and we are also having
the Municipalities Act. Both these Acts, very well define the powers, functions and the
role to be played by the Village Panchayats as well as by the Municipalities in this States.
Under the said two enactments all functions which really pertain in rural areas to the local
body like Panchayat have been entrusted to the Village Panchayats whereas in urban
areas they have been entrusted to the Municipalities. Therefore, there does not seem to
be any need of any further amendments to these Acts in general for the purpose of
devolution of powers, from the State to these local bodies.
Under clause 1.7 question is in respect of functions of the District Planning Committees
as envisaged under Article 243 ZD and 243 ZE of the Constitution and what steps can
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
32
be taken to effectively promote the concept and practice of independent and decentralized
planning and budgeting at District and Metropolitan levels. Firstly it may be pointed out
that as it is required under Article 243 ZD, already legal provision has been made in the
Village Panchayat Act with regard to the composition of the District Planning Committees
and other matters as spoken of under Article 243 ZD(2) and such Committees are headed
by chairman of the Zilla Panchayats. However, on consultation with Director of
Panchayats, it is seen that the Village Panchayats are not taking initiative in preparing the
developmental plans, as far as the villages are concerned, the reasons why there has not
been proper functioning of these District Planning Committees, Director of Panchayats
was of the view that section 239 may need an amendment so as to make it compulsory on
the part of the Village Panchayat to formulate their draft Development plan. Article 243
ZD in fact provides that it is the District Planning Committees which has to prepare the
draft Development Plans but in practice it may be convenient that the draft Development
Plan is initially prepared by every Village Panchayat and forwarded to the District
Committee so that during the meeting of the District Committees such initial plans are
taken into consideration and the final draft Development Plan for the District is prepared.
Therefore, it may be necessary either to suitably amend Article 243 ZD or amend section
239 of the Goa Panchayat Raj Act making it compulsory for the Village Panchayats and
Zilla Panchayats to send initial plans to the District Development Committees. Section
239 of the Panchayat Raj Act gives sufficient powers to the Committees to prepare draft
Development Plan and it is to be forwarded to the Government. There can be no doubt
that such plans have to be forwarded to the Government since the question of providing
funds either fully or partly, and such other larger issues have to be decided by the
Government.
Clause 1.8 deals with Legislative Relations. In other words it dealt with the VIIth Schedule
and the three lists. The question asked is whether there is any need to change the
procedure in this regard or we have any suggestion on this issue and also whether existing
processes of prior consultation with States before undertaking any legislation in respect
of subject under Concurrent List, effective.
In our opinion this will be a retrograde step. The existing provision in that regard has been
working very well and it is clear that under Article 246 both the Parliament and the State
Legislatures have powers to enact laws on subjects falling under the Concurrent list and
Article 252 provides that in case of inconsistency between laws made by the Parliament
and the laws made by State Legislature, that is in case of repugnancy that law made by
Goa
33
Parliament shall prevail, and that to that extent of repugnancy, the State law shall be
void. For this purpose the process followed is either to refer the matter for Presidents
consent before a legislation is moved in the State Legislature or if such a legislation is
passed, the Governor reserves it for the assent of the President. In practice however, it
is noticed that if the matter is referred for prior consent of the President such consent (if
there may not be repugnancy) is received quite faster as compared to the Bill which may
be reserved by the Governor for the assent of the President, for which a considerable
time is taken at the Centre. As the present constitutional provisions stand in fact there
should not be any difference either if prior consent is asked for or assent is asked after a
Bill is passed by the State Legislature. In order to remove this differential treatment the
Hon. Commission may have to consider adequate steps to be taken.
Administrative Relations:
Clauses 1.11 to 1.12
With reference to the Public Service Commission Bill, 2006 which is made applicable to
All India Services and other Central Services and further that clause 25 of that Bill
empowers state Government to make applicable provisions of that Bill to public services
under the State, it is stated that the purpose of the Bill is to have transparency, Code of
Ethics, Fundamental Values of Public Service etc., which are welcome measures and,
therefore, it will be appropriate for the Central Government to pass that Bill. Since the
Central Government has already taken steps in that regard and a Bill is in the offing there
does not seem to be any need at the present of considering the fact whether provisions of
that Bill may be made applicable so far as this State is concerned or not.
Mechanism for Inter-Governmental Consultation:
Clauses 1.14 to 1.17
Clause 1.16 if any Treaty making some obligations are cast on States then it is proper that
Central Government has to provide the necessary funds for that purpose to the concerned
State as also provide other assistance that may be needed in implementing the Treaty.
The Hon. Commission may like to consider in what way such provisions can be made.
Clause 1.17 speaks of the mechanism provided for by solving disputes between various
Departments of the State Government or between the Centre and the State
Government through negotiations and consultations. This mechanism is being followed
in this State also and it is achieving good results. However, it appears to be time consuming.
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
34
Clause 1.18:- In this clause, it is stated that the Constitution is not so explicit in respect
of establishment of additional Courts to better administer laws made by Parliament in
respect of matters under the Concurrent list. Our suggestion is that it is proper that the
explicit provision in that regard has to be made in the Constitution. The issue of establishing
more Courts for new laws passed by Parliament and by the State is being dealt with, as per
the report submitted by the Task Force constituted by Government of India under the
chairmanship of Justice M. Jaganathan Rao, former Judge of Supreme Court.
Emergency Provisions
With regards to clause 1.19, there is no necessity to incorporate clause (7) and (8) of
Article 352 to be incorporated in Article 356, as both these Articles operate in a different
field or different occasions. In case of proclamation of emergency under Article 352, it is
totally different, then the proclamation under Article 356 where the Assembly is kept in
suspended animation or dissolved. After the 44
th
Amendment to the Constitution of
India, necessary safeguards have been taken for continuation of the emergency, which is
proclaimed by President of India under Article 352. In respect of Article 356, law has
been laid down by the Apex Court in S.R.Bomai case (AIR 1994 SC 1918). Moreover,
the clause (4) of Article 356 for continuation of the proclamation will remain in force for
a further period of six months. Hence, we do not find it necessary to have clause (7) and
(8) of Article 352 to be incorporated in Article 356.
Similarly with regard to Chapter 3: Unified and Integrated Domestic Market:
Clause 3.1 to 3.2 In respect of Unified and Integrated Domestic Market, it will be
appropriate on the part of Parliament to make an appropriate authority for implementation
of Articles 301 to 304. So far Parliament has not considered it necessary to appoint an
appropriate authority and the Sarkaria Commission on Centre-State Relations pleaded for
appointment of a body under Article 307 as follows: -
The whole field of freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse bristles with
complex questions not only in regard to constitutional aspects but also in respect of the
working arrangements on accounts of impact of legislation of the Union on the powers
of the State and the effect of legislation of both the Union and the States on free conduct
of trade, commerce and intercourse. Trade, commerce and intercourse cover a multitude
of activities. Actions of the Union and State Governments have wide-ranging impact on
them. Legislative and executive actions in the field of licensing, tariffs, taxation, marketing
Goa
35
regulations, price controls, procurement of essential goods, channelization of trade and
commerce, innumerable laws and executive orders occupy the field today. This has led
to an immensely complex structure. Many issues of conflict of interest arise everyday.
(see page 2010 Vol.2 Constitutional Law of India by Dr. Subhash C. Kashyap).
In respect of Chapter 8 Socio-Political Development, Public Policy and
Governance, Clauses 8.1 to 8.3 It is true that due to the lack of uniform social and
economic measurement standards (including poverty, health and education) it pose a
threat to the unity and integrity of the country. A particular State may be rich in mines
and other States may depend solely on tourism. This State whose economy is solely
based on tourism as well as mines, but non-planning by the mine owners which causes
environmental impact on Goa, and the inflow of tourists also causes various problems
such as increase in prices of land, tariffs, child abuse, prostitution, gambling, etc. As
such, there should be uniform national standard throughout India so that development
has to be made in eco-friendly environment rather than destruction, and all the States
have to come out with a proper solution across party politics, and not confined to its
ideology, and the question will not arise to say India is having unity in diversity.
As far as clause 8.6 which deals with the Directive Principles of State policy as far as
question (i) it may be stated that, by and large that the directives have been accorded due
regard by Centre and the States in making laws and in formulating policies and programmes.
With regard to question (ii) it appears that towards the directives as contained in Article
41 viz., right to work, to education and public assistance in certain cases, requires more
legislative provision both from Parliament and State Legislature. This becomes necessary
since unemployment has been rising. Quest for higher education amongst the citizens is
increasing. Another Article which requires to be focused in this regard is Article 47
which speaks of duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and standard of living of
its people and to improve public health. As per the statistics, in India a large part of the
population is not fortunate enough to have second meal per day and, therefore, steps
have to be taken by the States to raise the level of nutrition. Further in rural areas the
standard of living has not improved and it is improved in the urban areas. So this requires
also attention of the States by proper laws. Improvement of public health is another area
where there is much scope for the State to bring in legislation since in the present times
new sorts of diseases have come up and in order to meet this challenges adequate laws in
this regard are necessary.
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
36
The chapter-wise comments on the questionnaire which are relevant to this Department
are as follows: -
Chapter I - Constitutional Scheme of Centre-State - No comments
Relations
Chapter 2 - Economic and Financial Relations - No comments
Chapter 3 - Unified and Integrated Domestic Market - No comments
Chapter 4 - Local Government and Decentralized
Governance - No comments
Chapter 5 - Criminal Justice, National Security and
Centre-State Cooperation - No comments
Chapter-6 Natural Resources, Environment, Land and Agriculture
Water is a natural resource and its proper management for domestic, commercial and
industrial use is desirable. As regards to the availability of potable water there are
seven regional water supply schemes to cater the needs of the 13.44 lakhs population
namely: -
Name of the Scheme Existing capacity Talukas covered
in MLD
1. Opa W.S.S. 115 Ponda, Tiswadi
2. Assonora W.S.S. 42 Bardez
3. Sanquelim 52 Bicholim
4. Salaulim W.S.S. 160 Sanguem, Quepem,
Salcete, Mormugao
5. Canacona W.S.S. 5 Canacona
6. Dabose W.S.S. 5 Sattari
7. Chandel W.S.S. 15 Pernem
TOTAL 394 MLD
Goa
37
Presently, 99.99% of population is covered as regards the water supply with the supply
levels 44 to 285 LPCDS and duration ranging between 2 to 22 hours.
The PHE sector aims for optimum utilization of water supply infrastructure by providing
24x7 portable water supplies to all people on sustainable basis with the supply levels @
100 LPCD to rural areas and 150 LPCD to urban areas.
Actions are initiated to increase the installed capacity to 599 MLD by 2012 reducing the
UFW level to 20%, replacement of old AC pipeline, etc. apart from replacement of non-
working meters installation of flow meters at strategic location, replacement of rusted
leaking service pipelines, disconnection of public taps, volumetric tariff.
As regard the sewerage, efforts are taken to ensure that every household in the State
disposes its sewerage in environmentally secured manner whether through sewerage
network system or stand alone dispose system and besides ensuring that every
households assets to toilets.
The Public Private Partnership model in these sectors will help in:-
1. Increase in efficiency
2. Resources from private partners
a) Financial Resources
b) Leading edge technologies
3. Increase in service levels.
The accountability mechanism for PPP model on optimum energy consumption, supply
levels, quality, cost redressal of consumer grievances, etc. is to be incorporated. The
Government will have to decide whether the distribution in PPP should be taken alone or
alongwith the treatment of water.
As the cost of water supply and the distribution system requires huge investments, the
areas in which assistance is sought from Central Government are as follows:-
1. Sharing of huge investment in water supply sector.
2. Compensation for subsidy in tariff for making the projects affordable or sus-
tainable.
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
38
3. Standardization of PPP model contract.
4. Sharing these practices and its success all over the country.
5. Standardization of new technology
6. Different components/processes including specifications/costs/vendors.
Chapter 7 - Infrastructure Development and Mega Projects
Goa is connected with Karnataka and Maharashtra by two-lane National Highway-4A
and National Highway-17. The proposal is also made to convert the existing two-lane
into four-lane/six lane National Highways by the National Highway Authority of India
for which 60 metre width of land is to be acquired. The State PWD role in this proposal
is only acquisition of land. In order to mitigate the problems associated with displacement
of people and their relief, rehabilitation, the width of acquisition of land is proposed is to
be reduced to 45 metre instead of the required width of 60 metre land wherever possible.
Goa is a State having touristic importance and in order to ensure the connectivity of
various tourists destinations, the PMGSY guidelines are followed for the state roads
in ensuring its quality of work.
Chapter 8 - Socio Political Developments,
Public Policy and Governance - No comments
Chapter 9 - Socio, Economic and Human
Development - No comments
Chapter 10 - Miscellaneous - No comments
Haryana
39
GOVERNMENT OF HARYANA
Response to the Questionnaire
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
40
Chief Secretary Haryana
Honble Chairperson and members of the Commission on Centre-State Relations and
members,
Shri Manpreet Singh, Finance Minister, Punjab,
Prof. R.C. Sobti, Vice Chancellor, Panjab University,
Shri Dharam Vir, Chief Secretary, Haryana,
Shri H.S. Mattewal, Advocate General, Punjab,
Senior officers of the Government of India and the State Governments,
Distinguished participants, Ladies and Gentlemen!
I am glad that the Commission on Centre-State Relations had taken the initiative
of holding Regional Workshops to discuss various issues related a very important topic
of Centre-State Relations. It is heartening to note that Chandigarh has been chosen as the
venue for the current North-Western Regional Workshop on Re-thinking Centre-State
Relations in India and the Panjab University has organized it under aegis of the Commission
on Centre-State Relations. I am sure, the deliberations during the workshop would be
healthy and fruitful.
The Constitution of India, framed by the founding members of this great nation,
has withstood the test of time and served our country well. Our Country is a Union of
States with a strong Centre. The Sarkaria Commission, appointed in early 80s, made
wide ranging recommendations on inter-governmental relations, many of which have
been acted upon.
Keeping in view the current developments in the areas of liberalization and
globalization, changing pattern of economic development and growth, heightened regional
aspirations, destabilizing forces in our neighbourhood, rising threat of communalism and
terrorism, environmental concerns, including global warming issues etc., the time has
come when we need to critically relook at the whole gamut of Centre-State Relations,
without disturbing the basic framework and structure of the Constitution. The decision
taken by the Government of India to constitute the second Commission on Centre-State
Relations is very timely and we whole heartedly support the same.
We have always strived and maintained harmonious relations with the Centre as
well as with our neighbouring States. Our collective aim is to develop and strengthen the
unity and integrity of our country. The deliberations in the workshop must show the
Haryana
41
future path to make the relations between the Centre and the States much more harmonious
with the ultimate objective of transforming India into a modern and vibrant country, with
equal opportunities to all to actively participate and grow.
Our State Government had been in the fore-front of making the Haryana State a
dynamic, welfare-oriented and prosperous State. The State has already enacted the Fiscal
Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act in July-2005. The State has eliminated
revenue deficit and has become revenue surplus since 2005-06. The Act is guiding the
State policy makers in pursuing fiscal policy measures in the best interests of the State
and its people.
My officers and academicians from State Universities would be participating in
the workshops deliberations actively and put forth our view point on the issues under
discussion.
I believe the Commission had prepared a detailed questionnaire to guide its
discussions and to maintain focus on the main tasks set before it. We would send our
comments in this regard. However, I wish to highlight the following points:
i) There exists imbalance between the allocation of fiscal resources and
responsibilities between the Central and State Governments in India. The Central
Government is endowed with most of the elastic and buoyant sources of revenue. On
the other hand, State Governments have been assigned wide range of functions and
responsibilities without matching resources. To resolve the problem of fiscal federalism,
we need to devise a fiscal devolution mechanism which helps the State Governments to
balance their resources with expenditure. Consequent to the recommendations of the
12
th
Finance Commission, 30.5% of the total taxes collected by the Centre are devolved
on the States. This is very inadequate. There is in fact a vertical imbalance in the capacity
of the State to raise revenue and the expenditure obligations on them. The States, on an
average, raise about 34% of revenue and incur 57% of expenditure. It is essential that the
share of the States in the devisable pool be increased to 50%.
Further, apart from devolution under the mandate of the Finance Commission, a
major part of the transfer of resources from the Central Government to the States is
through the mechanism of normal-additional Central Assistance and centrally Sponsored
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
42
Schemes. The Centrally sponsored schemes are prepared with a uniform formulation for
the entire country. I would like to emphasize that each State has its own unique set of
priorities and problems which need to be addressed. These schemes are very often not
able to address the specific socio-economic problems of the State leading to non optimal
utilization of resources. In this context, I would like to make a few specific suggestions:
a) Major part of resource transfer from the Centre to the States should be under the
ambit of the Finance Commission which is a constitutional authority.
b) Secondly, the entire approach to the Centrally Sponsored Schemes should be
changed so that the States have the flexibility to select the schemes as per their own
needs and specific requirements for which broad guidelines could be set by the Centre. In
this regard, I would like to commend the approach adopted for financing the Rashtriya
Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY), where, the States have been granted flexibility to develop
their own schemes under a broad umbrella.
c) The weightage for normal population in allocation of normal Central assistance
for State plans, under non special category, need to be raised from the current 60% to at
least 75% so that better performing States are suitably rewarded for their developmental
efforts. There should be higher weightage for better fiscal management, revenue generation
measures and tax collection efficiency.
d) The States need to be allowed to borrow within the limits fixed by the Government
of India but without any condition of source. During approval of the Annual Plans by
the Planning Commission, the total borrowings permitted to the State alongwith its sourcing
is also fixed. This prevents the States from accessing cheaper borrowings to the optimal
extent.
ii) Though under existing mechanism for consultations between the Centre and the
State Governments, the system of enacting legislation by the States on the matters relating
to the Concurrent list is working satisfactorily, yet it needs to be further strengthened.
iii) The decision of the Government of India based on the recommendation of the
Empowered Committee of State Finance Ministers, to switch over to Goods and Service
Tax (GST) by the year 2010 is a welcome step and needs to be supported. The proposed
GST is deigned to replace the Central Tax/levies like Central excise duty, Additional
Excise Duties, Service Tax, Counter Vailing Duty and Surcharges and State Tax/Levies
Haryana
43
like VAT/Sales Tax, Entertainment Tax, Luxury Tax, Tax of Lottery and Entry Tax in
lieu of Octroi. The State Levies/Taxes represent the entire range of State Revenue resource
and the scheme of assignment of powers to impose, assess, collect and divide the new
GST between Centre and divide the new GST between Centre and States should balance
the greater resources needs of the States.
iv) Physical barriers on free movement of goods need to be phased out. Haryana has
removed tax barriers at the borders nearly 15 years ago. Other States should follow suit.
v) Consultation meetings between the Centre and States at the National Development
Council should be convened Region-wise, so that the discussions are detailed and fruitful.
vi) The future of Water Management in India including the ambitious project for
inter-linking of all major rivers depends on inter-basin transfer of river waters without
conflict. For this purpose, a pro-active stance of Government of India on projects involving
inter-basin transfer of river waters and execution by a central agency of such projects
appears to be the only feasible course of action. The second Ravi-Beas link purposed by
Haryana Stat and included in the list of National Projects can come up early if taken up
by a central agency.
vii) Article 262 of the Constitution of India provides for adjudication of inter-state
water disputes by Tribunals and bars the jurisdiction of the Courts for this purpose. The
inter-state Water Disputes Act prescribed a limit of three years for such Tribunals to give
their report. This period can be extended by the Central Government by another two
years. However, after the report has been given, the Central Government or a State
Government may refer additional issues to the Tribunal for further report within one year.
This period of one year can be extended by the Central Government and no limit has
been prescribed for such extension. Thus, the original limit of up to five years has been
neutralized by these provisions and the Tribunals do no give their further reports for
decades. There is need to put a limit on the extension which can be given for giving the
additional reports by the Tribunal.
viii) The State Government welcomes the initiatives of the Central Governmental for
a new legislation for creation of a federal agency in respect of cases having international
and inter-state ramifications, which should be restricted to money laundering, counterfeit
currency, espionage, hijacking, smuggling of arms and terrorism, but only with the consent
of the State Government.
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
44
ix) We also welcome reforms relating to Police and Criminal justice. We have already
enacted the new Haryana Police Act 2007 in the State.
I am sure the report of the Commission would cover all the relevant aspects of
restructuring the Centre-State Relations keeping in view the current challenges and
opportunities. The mechanism of resolving inter-state disputes, I am sure, would become
faster and healthier.
I thank the Commission for giving me this opportunity to place the views of our
State Governments before this august gathering. My warm greetings and felicitations to
all of you on this occasion.
Jai Hind!
Himachal Pradesh
45
GOVERNMENT OF HIMACHAL PRADESH
Response to the Questionnaire
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
46
Item
2
Administrative Relations
1.1 What are your views on the
overall framework and scheme of
relations between the Centre and
the States as contained in the
Constitution of India and as they
have evolved over time?
1.2 The framers of the Indian
Constitution envisaged a unique
scheme of Centre-State relations
in which there is predominance of
powers with the Centre. In the
wake of developments that have
taken place since then, the growing
challenges and the emerging
opportunities, please give your
views whether any changes are
called for in that scheme. If so,
please suggest appropriate changes.
Departmental Comments
3
1.1 & 1.2 Constitution of India introduces a
federal system as the basic structure of the
Govt. of the Country. Both the Union and the
States derive their authority from Constitution
which divides all powers legislative, executive
and financial between them. Ideally the States
should be autonomous within their own spheres
but cur constitutions seems to adopt a unitary
bias by way of various provisions included in
legislative, executive and financial spheres.
Strong Centre is the need of the hour but how
long a strong edifice of the Centre can sustain
on weak pillars i.e. weak States, is a moot
question. The constitution casts much of
developmental responsibilities on the State but
the funds devolved on States are not
proportionate to the responsibilities. Only 30%
of the Central pooled taxes are distributed
among the States. Cesses and surcharges are not
shared at all with the States.
On the legislative front also under Article 249
we see that the Parliament has the power to
legislate in respect of matters in the State list. In
case of repugnancy between law of state and a
law of Union in the concurrent sphere, the law
of Union will prevail. Further the union
parliament is empowered to make temporary
Himachal Pradesh
47
law overriding the powers of the State
legislature. All residuary powers belong to the
Union. Treaties with other countries are in the
jurisdiction of Centre even though they may,
affect the States.
We are of the view that State legislatures power
on the subjects in the State list should not be
encroached upon by the Centre. As regards
treaties, the same need to be debated in the
Legislative Assemblies of the States besides
detailed consultation with the executive of the
State before the same are signed.
Similarly in the administrative sphere article 256
and 257 give edge to the Centre. Article 256
lays down that executive power of every state
shall be so exercised as to ensure compliance
with the laws made by the Parliament. Article
257 says that the executive power of every state
shall be so exercised as to ensure compliance
with the laws made by the Parliament. Article
257 says that the executive power of every state
shall be so exercised as not to impede or
prejudice the exercise of the executive power
of the union, and the executive power of the
Union shall extend to the giving of such
directions to the State as may appear to the GOI
to be necessary for that purpose. We strongly
feel that these provisions need amendment and
directives should be given by the Centre in rarest
of rare cases preferably in cases of strategic
importance and that too after due consultative
process with the States.
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
48
1.3 to 1.5 The provision for centrally appointed
Governors for the States without consultation
of States is not in keeping with a federal
democratic polity. None of the major countries
of the world with a federal constitution have
any provision for a post of the Governor in a
State to be appointed by the Centre. If the
institution of Governor has to be retained, the
Governor should be appointed by the President
from a list of three eminent persons suggested
by the Chief Minister, satisfying the criteria
mentioned by the Sarkaria Commission.
There should also be a time limit with regard
to Governors assent to bills passed by the State
Assemblies. Moreover, the requirement of an
explicit norm debarring Governors from
publicly expressing disagreements or differences
with the State Government, also need to be
laid down.
1.6 & 1.7 The Central Govt. should devolve
greater funds to the States so that they can decide
about further delegation of funds, functions &
functionaries to local bodies keeping in view
the local context. It is the State Govt. and the
local bodies who together should work out a
viable context in which developmental
programmes and interventions can take place.
Central Govt. on its part should not bypass state
Govt. in devolution of funds to local bodies.
Devolution of powers to local bodies can
become reality only when the funds are routed
1.3 Role of Governor
In the Constitutional scheme, the
Governor plays an important role
in the relations between the Centre
and States. Do you have any
comments/suggestions to make
regarding this role?
1.4 In the context of this role what
are your views regarding the
existing Provisions (alongwith
conventions, practices and judicial
pronouncements) relating to the
appointment, tenure and removal
of Governors?
1.5 The powers and functions
of the Governor under Articles
200 and 201 in respect of assent
to Bills have come for debate on
many occasions in the past. Please
give your views in the matter.
Constitutional scheme relating
to local Governments
1.6 With the passage of the 73
rd
and 74
th
Constitutional
Amendments, Panchayats and
Municipalities have been accorded
Constitutional status and
protection. However, the
Constitution leaves it to the State
legislature to further devolve to the
local bodies powers, functions,
funds, and functionaries. The
experience of the implementation
of these provisions varies widely
Himachal Pradesh
49
through the states and not straightaway to the
local bodies. Over dependence on NGOs also
needs to be avoided. There has been an
increasing tendency to entrust certain forms of
governance to NGOs which undermines the
autonomy of elected local bodies. District
Planning Committees should have elected
representatives on their board and should be
enabled to finalize the district plans and monitor
programmes so that they do not remain merely
consultative bodies.
1.8 to 1.10 The Central Govt. has been intruding
into the State subjects by not only transferring
them into concurrent list, as happened with
education, but also by having centrally
sponsored schemes for areas which are
exclusively in the domain of states. This has an
impact on the development priorities of the
States. Further the Central Govt. has ignored
the demand of the States to have residuary
powers in respect of subjects in the State List.
The residuary powers in respect of taxation in
the sphere of services has also been pre-empted
by the Central Govt.
from State to State. What steps
should be taken in your view to
make the devolution of powers
and functions to the Panchayats and
Municipalities and their
implementation more effective?
1.7 What has been your
experience in the functioning of
District Planning Committees and
Metropolitan Planning
Committees as envisaged under
Articles 243 ZD and 243 ZE
respectively of the Constitution?
What are your views on the steps
needed to be taken to effectively
promote the concept and practice
of independent planning and
budgeting at District and
Metropolitan levels?
1.8 Legislative Relations
In the course of the working of
the Constitution certain subjects/
entries in the Seventh Schedule
have been transferred from one
List to another. What in your view
should be the principles and
practices that may govern the
transfer of legislative items from
the State List to Union List/
Concurrent List or vice versa? Is
there any need for change of
procedure in this regard? Do you
have any suggestions on this issue?
1.9 What in your view has been
the impact on Centre-State relations
as a result of the changes that have
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
50
1.11 & 1.12 Article 256 requires every State to
comply with the laws made by parliament and
extends the executive power of the Union to
giving directions to the State. Article 257 requires
that States do not impede or prejudice the
exercise of the executive power of the Union.
These provisions are against the spirit of federal
structure of our polity and therefore need to
be reviewed.
1.13 All India Services are essential to preserve
and promote unity and integrity of the country
having so much diversity.
taken place with the transfer of
items from one List to another in
the Seventh Schedule? Please
provide specific instances of such
impacts
1.10 Are the existing processes
of prior consultation with the
States before undertaking any
legislation on a matter relating to
the Concurrent List effective? What
suggestions do you have in this
regard?
1.11 The Constitution makers seem
to have given predominance to the
Union vis--vis States in the matter
of administrative relations. In
view of past experience, does the
present system warrant any
change?
1.12 Articles 256 and 257 of the
Constitution confer powers to the
Union to give directions to the
States. How should these powers
be used in the best interest of good
governance and healthy Centre-
State relations?
1.13 The provisions relating to All
India Services under Article 312 are
a unique feature of Centre-State
relations in India. What measures
do you recommend for
promoting better governance and
harmonious Centre State relations
through these Services?
Himachal Pradesh
51
1.14 to 1.15 Consultation between the Union
and States is very much desirable in a Federation
to facilitate administrative coordination between
Centre and States. Realizing this several
institutional arrangements have been made
prominent of them being, National
Development Council, Planning Commission,
Finance Commission, Inter State Council, Zonal
Council, the National Integration Council etc.
National Development Council has to be
developed as an effective instrument for Centre-
State coordination on all financial and
development issues. Frequent meetings of NDC
are required to be held (at least two meetings in
a year) for detailed consultations with the State.
The Planning Commission has an important role
to get the five year plans approved by the
National Development Council. Discussions are
held by the Planning Commission every year
with the States individually to decide the size of
the Annual Year Plan. It has been noticed that
at present the Members and Experts of the
Planning Commission are all nominated by the
Union Government. The representation needs
to be given to each State / Union Territory in
the Planning Commission so that interests of
all States are watched properly. Moreover, there
is no provision of Planning Commission in
Constitution of India. This provision needs to
be made by way of amendment to the
Constitution.
The Central assistance is being provided to the
States by Planning Commission from 4
th
Five
Year Plan onward based on Gadgil Formula.
Special category States like Himachal Pradesh
are being allocated a lump sum Central assistance
based on the assessment of development needs
of these States.
1.14 Consultation between the
Union and the States is a common
practice in federations to facilitate
administrative coordination.
Several institutional arrangements
including the National
Development Council, the Inter-
State Council, Zonal Councils, the
National Integration Council exist
for the purpose of formal
consultations. Are you satisfied that
the objective of healthy and
meaningful consultation between
the Centre and the States is being
fully achieved through the existing
institutional arrangements? What
are the ways in which these
processes can be further
streamlined and made more
effective?
1.15 Apart from the Inter-State
Council several other institutions
have been created to promote
harmonization of policies and their
implementation among States.
Prominent among these are the
Zonal Councils. In addition, there
are a number of inter-State
consultative bodies e.g., National
Water Resource Council, Advisory
Council on Foodgrains
Management and Public
Distribution and the Mineral
Advisory Board. Then there are
Central Councils of Health, Local
Self Government and Family
Welfare, Transport Development,
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
52
The Planning Commission should take into
consideration the special problems of the Hill
States like Himachal Pradesh while devolving
Central Assistance to them.
The Finance Commission has a greater role
especially for bridging the revenue gaps of the
States like Himachal Pradesh by recommending
increased share in Central taxes and revenue
deficit grants. The Finance Commissions lay
down principles for vertical and horizontal
devolutions of tax collections made by the
Centre. Vertical imbalance in tax collections and
its appropriation arises because of centralization
of resources of revenue relative to that of
expenditure responsibilities. The Finance
Commission transfers must operate to correct
the imbalance in over all resource flows and
enable the development of peripheral and
backward region to achieve regional
development in the country. Therefore, a
formula for inter-se sharing must endeavor to
reduce the inequity among the States with respect
to their revenue raising capacity and standards
of public service.
In view of the increased responsibilities of the
States, it is suggested that the share of the States
in the sharable pool of taxes should be
progressively enhanced to 70%.
The Finance Commission can help the special
category states like Himachal Pradesh by
recommending 50% vertical devolution of
taxes to redress the vertical imbalance and
increase in States share in Central Taxes which
have been decreasing because of primacy given
to population and income criteria.
It has further been noticed that the States are
Himachal Pradesh
53
not consulted before the funds are passed to
the NGOs and the local bodies rather the funds
are devolved directly to them which is against
the federal principle.
Meetings of Inter State Council / Zonal
Councils are not held timely. Last meeting of
Inter State Council was held in June, 2005. The
decisions taken in the Inter State meetings remain
unresolved for years together. Most of the
recommendations of Sarkaria Commission
remain unimplemented. The decisions of the
Inter State Council therefore have to be made
binding on the Union Government through
appropriate Constitutional amendment. The
schedule of the Council has to be made
mandatory and all States should be adequately
represented.
The meeting of Zonal Councils is also erratic
and decisions taken in the meetings are rarely
translated into reality. The share of 7.19% of
Himachal Pradesh in Bhakara Power Project has
been raised in State / Zonal Council meetings
but remains denied till now. The issue of
rehabilitation of Pong Dam oustees has also
not been resolved fully. The State has also been
raising issue of generation tax on all power
produced in the States territory with Centre in
various forums. Further the State is asking for
compensation for the carbon credits. Himachal
has voluntarily given up exploitation of its forest
wealth in view of environment protection.
Himachal deserves to be compensated for
carbon reduction.
National Integration Council has a vital role in
strengthening the unity and integrity of the
country. Its relevance has increased all the more
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
54
in view of growing communal tension and
terrorist threats day in
and day out. But it has been seen its
meetings are not held regularly. A
meeting was held recently on 13
th
October 2008 after a gap of 3
years. The meeting should be held
at least twice in a year.
1.16 The Constitution should be
amended to make State legislative
approval mandatory for any
international treaty particularly when
the treaty has a bearing on the States.
1.17 Ideally it should be possible
to resolve disputes between Centre
& State as well as between states
by negotiations or by Central Govt.
performing an arbitrators role.
However it has been seen that
Centre does not always take a
judicious view in such matters.
Smaller states with less political
clout often suffer in such
negotiations. The example of H.P.
not getting its 7.19% due share in
BBMB projects is instance which
illustrates the point. The State Govt.
has been forced to move the
Supreme Court in the matter, where
the case is pending for 13 years.
Education, etc. What is your
appraisal of the working and
efficacy of these institutions/
arrangements in securing inter-
governmental cooperation? Do
you think they play a useful and
effective role in setting standards
and effective coordination of
policies in vital areas? What are your
suggestions in this regard?
1.16 Treaty making is a part of
the powers of the Union
Executive. In the process of
implementing these treaties some
obligations at times may be cast on
States also. What would you like
to propose to take care of the
concerns of the States?
1.17 In disputes leading to much
litigation between the Union and
the Central Government Public
Enterprises, the Supreme Court
had suggested an administrative
mechanism to resolve such
disputes through negotiations and
consultation. This mechanism has
helped to resolve many disputes
without having to go to Courts.
Do you think such an institutional
arrangement can work for
resolving administrative, financial
etc. disputes between the Union
and the entities of the States?
Himachal Pradesh
55
1.18 There is huge tendency of cases in Courts
and we all are aware that justice delayed is justice
denied. To meet the ends of speedy and
economic justice at large there is need to establish
additional Courts. Setting up of additional courts
in the following manner can be suggested.
(1) Setting up family courts for matrimonial
and other petty domestic issues.
(2) Fast track courts, atleast one per 10 lacs
population.
(3) Village Courts (Gram Nayalayas) in each
Panchayat.
1.19 Strong safeguard needs to be built in Article
356 and 355 through appropriate constitutional
Amendment in accordance with Supreme Court
Judgement in S.R. Bomai case. Apart from
external aggression or when there is serious
threat to national unity, article 355 & 356 should
not be invoked as it tantamount to subverting
the federal principle and rights of the State.
2.1 The reforms have been beneficial for the
states in having autonomy and taking need based
decision.
1.18 Article 247 contemplates
establishment of additional Courts
by Parliamentary legislation for
better administration of laws made
by Parliament with respect to
matters in the Union List.
However, the Constitution is not
so explicit in respect of
establishment of additional Courts
to better administer laws made by
Parliament with respect to matters
in the Concurrent List. What are
your suggestions in this regard?x
Emergency Provisions
1.19 A body of opinion holds
that safeguards corresponding to
Clauses 7 and 8 of Article 352 may
be incorporated in Article 356 to
enable Parliament to review
continuance of a proclamation
under Article 356(1). What is your
view on the subject?
Economic and Financial
Relations
Economic and Financial
Relations: General
2.1 In implementing the strategy
of planning adopted by India after
Independence, the Centre had
assumed the lead role in
formulating five-year plans with
controls and licensing to
implement them, and the States
were required to play a supporting
part. After economic liberalization
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
56
2.2 CSS are catering to missing gaps in State
Plan due to financial crunch and are desirable.
However States have to fund a share of
expenses before they become entitled to Central
share. States at times find it difficult to arrange
funds due to poor financial health. Further the
CSS become entire responsibility of State after
completion of duration of the scheme. State is
of the view that all CSS should be responsibility
of the Central Govt. till the objective of the
scheme is achieved.
Another problem with CSS is that a specific
component of staff is envisaged in the scheme,
which becomes the responsibility of the States
after the scheme is over. State has to find
resources to meet the additional burden on
account of staff.
2.3 The Planning Commission should take into
consideration the special problems of hill States.
The present system of having indicative five
year plans and realistic annual plans based on
the resources of the State is by and large alright.
many of the controls and licenses
have been largely done away with
and the States have regained much
of their economic policy making
space. Do you think the shift has
been adequate and beneficial? Can
you also highlight the specific areas
in which further reforms may be
required at the State level which can
improve governance in general and
the implementation of schemes and
programmes of the Government?
2.2 Although the States are now
expected to play an active role in
promoting economic growth and
poverty alleviation by providing
infrastructure, delivering basic
services efficiently and maintaining
law and order, it is alleged, that
most States have not kept pace
with the reform process. On the
other hand it is said that the
discretion and priorities of the
States, are affected by the
imposition of the Centres
priorities, inter alia, through
Centrally Sponsored Schemes.
What are your views in this regard?
2.3 It has been the practice of the
Planning Commission to get Five
Year Plans including the Approach
papers approved by the National
Development Council with a view
to ensuring involvement of the
Himachal Pradesh
57
2.4 National Development Council has to be
developed as on effective instrument for
Centre-State Coordination and all financial and
developmental issues. Frequent meetings of
NDC (at least two in a year) should be held to
ensure detailed consultations with the State.
Further at present the members and experts of
Planning Commission are nominated by the
Union Government. The representation needs
to be given to each state/ Union Territory in
the Planning Commission so that interests of
the State are watched in an effective manner.
2.5 The present system of transfer of funds is
generally working satisfactorily in case of
Himachal Pradesh. The Central assistance is
being provided to the State by Planning
Commission from 4
th
Five Year Plan onwards
based on Gadgil Formula. Special category
states like Himachal Pradesh are being allocated
a lump sum Central assistance based on the
States in the planning process.
Besides, discussions are held by the
Planning Commission every year
with the States individually, to
decide the size of their Annual
Plans and to accord approval. Do
you think that the current practice
is satisfactory or are any changes
called for in the interest of better
economic relations between the
Centre and the States?
2.4 The National Development
Council and the Inter-State
Council are among the fora
available for facilitating the
coordination of economic policy
making and its implementation.
However only limited use seems
to have been made of these
institutions for the purpose.
Coordination is achieved more
through interaction between the
Central Ministries and the States.
Do you think the present practice
is adequate for ensuring
harmonious economic relations?
System of Inter-Governmental
Transfers
2.5 To all appearances and also
from the Constituent Assembly
debates it seems the Finance
Commission was envisaged by the
Constitution to be the principal
channel for transfer of funds from
the Centre to the States including
those which were meant for
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
58
assessment of developments needs of these
States. Besides, on the basis of
recommendations of finance commission Inter
Government fiscal transfers serve to reduce
vertical as well as the horizontal imbalances in
our federal system. These transfers are mainly
in the form of revenue deficit grants and States
share in Central taxes. The Planning Commission
and the Finance Commissions need to take into
consideration the special problems of the Hill
States like Himachal Pradesh while devolving
Central Assistance to them. However, the
Finance Commission has a greater role
especially for bridging the revenue gaps of the
States like Himachal Pradesh by recommending
increased share in Central taxes and revenue
deficit grants.
2.6 The Finance Commissions have the
responsibility to lay down principles for vertical
and horizontal devolutions of tax collections
and its appropriation arises because of
centralization of resources of revenue, relative
to that of expenditure responsibilities. The
Finance Commission transfers must operate to
correct the imbalance in over all resource flows
and enable the development of peripheral and
backward region to achieve regional
development in the country. Therefore, a
formula for inter-se sharing must endeavour
to reduce the inequity among the States with
respect to their revenue raising capacity and
standards of public service. In view of the
increased responsibilities of the States, it is
suggested that the share of the states in the
sharable pool of taxes should be
progressively enhanced to 70%. The Finance
Commission can help the special category states
development purposes. However,
substantial transfers now take place
through other channels such as, the
Planning Commission and Central
Ministries so much so that it is now
said that such transfers have
significantly impacted on fiscal
federalism and the devolution of
financial resources. Do you think
that the present system of transfer
of funds is working satisfactorily?
Is there a need to restore the
centrality of the role of the Finance
Commission on devolution of
funds from the Centre to the
States?
2.6 Transfer of funds from the
Centre to the States through
revenue sharing and grants with the
mediation of a statutory body viz.,
the Finance Commission, was
envisaged by the Constitution
makers to redress the imbalances
in the finances of the States
resulting from an asymmetric
assignment of financial powers and
functions to the States the vertical
imbalance. The disparities in the
capacity of the State Governments
to provide basic public services at
a comparable level - horizontal
imbalance - it was believed would
also be alleviated through such
transfers. There have been twelve
Finance Commissions so far and
the thirteenth has since been
Himachal Pradesh
59
like Himachal Pradesh by recommending a 50%
vertical devolution of taxes to redress the vertical
imbalance and increase of primacy given to
population and income criteria.
2.7 From the Fourth Five Year Plan, the Central
assistance to the States is being provided on a
formula known as Gadgil Formula. This system
provides for a formula based Central Assistance
to the relatively developed States where as, the
special category backward states are being
allocated a lump sum Central assistance based
on the assessment of development needs of
these States. This assistance is transferred to
Special Category States as 90% grant. The
Gadgil formula is still useful as a guiding
principle. There is need to include present
problem based factors to make it more
effective.
2.8 The parameter be fixed for timely release
of funds to states linking it with achievement
of goal fixed. While fixing the goals, area based
problems should be taken into consideration
so that Hill States do not suffer in Centre
funding.
constituted. By and large the
institution of the Finance
Commission has come to be
regarded as a pillar of Indias
federal system. What is your
assessment of the role of the
Finance Commission and the
results achieved in ter ms of
redressal of vertical and horizontal
imbalances?
2.7 Transfers made by the Planning
Commission by way of assistance
for State plans are supposed to be
guided largely by the Gadgil
formula. Of late however the
proportion of formula based plan
transfers has come down. How do
you view this development and
what are your suggestions in this
regard?
2.8 There is widespread criticism
that the funds provided by the
Centre are not properly utilized by
the States and there are reports of
substantial leakages. In order to
provide incentives to the States for
better fiscal management and
efficient service delivery there is a
suggestion that all transfers to the
States should be subjected to
conditionalities and also tied to
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60
2.9 The CSS schemes are matching the missing
gaps in States plans. Hill States need to access
the CSS on 90% grant basis.
2.10 The funds should flow through State
machinery so that proper linkage can be framed
with State Plans. Releasing funds to local bodies
straight by the Centre will violate the principle
of decentralization or it would be faulty
decentralization.
2.11 Article 293 of the Constitution should be
amended to provide more flexibility and
autonomy to the States in regard to market
borrowing. The share of market borrowing of
the States should be increased from aobut 15%
currently to 50%.
2.12 There has been a positive impact.
2.13 It is suggested that it is time to give a fresh
look to entire scheme of assignment of tax
outcomes. States on the other
hand argue that in their experience
the funds are not released by the
Central Government in a timely
manner. What are your suggestions
on the subject?
2.9 Centrally Sponsored Schemes
have emerged as an important
instrument of the planning process.
There is a view that such schemes
may or may not be supplementing
the States own Plan schemes. What
are your suggestions in this regard?
2.10 Substantial funds are now
being transferred by the Centre
directly to Panchayats,
Municipalities and other agencies
bypassing the States on the ground
that the States have sometimes been
tardy in the devolution of funds
to these bodies. What is your view
on this practice?
2.11 The States power of
borrowing is regulated by Article
293 of the Constitution. What do
you suggest should be done further
to facilitate the States access to
borrowing while keeping in view
imperatives of fiscal discipline and
macro economic stability?
2.12 What has been in your view
the impact of the fiscal
responsibility laws in your State?
2.13 Do you think that in the
light of experience and the
Himachal Pradesh
61
devolutions to the States. As also recommended
by the 12
th
Finance Commission, despite the
88
th
Constitutional amendment relating the
service tax, the entire service tax proceeds must
form a part of the shareable pool of Central
Taxes for devolution of same share of service
tax to the States. Besides the service tax, it is
also suggested that the surcharges and cess
imposed by Central government should also
form a part of divisible pool of taxes and it
should be integrated with main tax so that the
States too benefit from this surcharge/cess
collection. It is suggested that share of states in
sharable part of taxes should be enhanced to
70% and 50% vertical devolution of taxes to
the states may be made to redress the vertical
imbalance. Similarly, it is also suggested that
Himachals share in central Taxes as percent of
devolution may be increased by giving due
considerations to its difficult terrain, larger 3D
geographical area and infrastructural
bottlenecks.
2.14 & 2.15 50% of the total pool of collection
of Central taxes should be devolved to the
States. The States should be allowed to tax certain
services including some services which are
currently being taxed by the Centre. Central
surcharges and cesses should be made a part
of the divisible pool. A suitable model for the
reposed Goods and Services Tax should be
evolved to ensure a fair share for the States,
especially keeping in mind the interests of the
Special Category States.
requirements of a modern
economy, it is time now to give a
fresh look to the entire scheme of
assignment of tax powers between
the Centre and the States? If so,
please give your suggestions with
detailed justification.
2.14 The system of domestic
trade taxes in India is set to
undergo a radical change with the
introduction of Tax on Goods
and Services (GST). Several
models are available for operating
the GST in a federal country. What
in your view would be the model
best suited for our country? You
may also like to suggest the
institutional arrangements that may
be needed to implement the
desired GST.
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
62
3.1 to 3.2 Article 301 to 304 of Constitution
of India mandate freedom of trade and
Commerce throughout the territory of the
country with reasonable restrictions imposed
in public interest. Article 303 mandates it very
clear that neither Parliament nor State legislature
shall have power to make any law giving
preference to one state over the other. Article
304 further empowers legislature of any State
to impose any tax on good imported from
other states or the UTs to which similar goods
manufactured or produced in that state are
subject to. However no State can discriminate
between goods imported and goods
manufactured within the State.
If the above provisions are implemented, in
letter and spirit, there will be no impediment in
the free flow of Trade and Commerce.
Regulatory and compensatory measures taken
by the States are as such not impediment in the
carrying out of free trade and commerce.
Rather these measures facilitate free flow of
goods besides ensuring sustainable development
of the State. The fiscal and non fiscal measures
like traffic regulations, licensing of vehicles toll
taxes, environment fee, price controls, excise
duties marketing and health regulations etc. are
very much desirable and do not violate the
provisions of the constitution.
However strong need is felt for harmonizing
the tax structures among states, inter-se.
Disparity in taxes need to be minimized so as
not to impede the flow of goods from one
state to the other.
2.15 Once GST is introduced will
there be a case for continuing with
taxes on production, such as excise
duty?
3.1 One of the major benefits of
a federation is to provide a
common market within the
country. In order to foster the
growth of the common market,
Article 301 of the Constitution
mandates that trade, commerce and
intercourse within the Indian Union
shall be free. However, it is
stipulated that restrictions on the
free movement of goods etc. may
be imposed in public interest
(Article 302). Invoking public
interest, both the Centre and the
States have imposed restrictions of
various kinds on the movement of
goods like food grains and so on.
Besides restrictions on the
movement of food grains, the
impediments to the operation of
a common market are imposed in
several other ways such as,
providing minimum price for
products namely cotton or
sugarcane and monopoly
procurement of commodities such
as cotton etc. While such actions
by a State require approvals by the
Centre, it is said that approvals have
been granted in many cases almost
as a matter of routine.
What in your view should be done
to ensure the operation of the
Himachal Pradesh
63
We feel that creation of Authority as envisaged
in article 307 of constitution will certainly help
in resolving the conflicts in inter State trade.
4.1 & 4.2
Though States have tried in their own way to
devolve curtain powers and responsibilities to
local bodies yet without sufficient resources with
them, the powers and responsibilities have more
or less remained on papers. Central Finance
Commission, while finalizing its
recommendations for states, should earmark
resources which have to be necessarily devolved
on the local bodies-urban & rural. The central
Govt. while preparing its schemes, may involve
the PRIs/Urban bodies in implementation. A
beginning in this direction has been made under
NREGA & JNURRM.
common market in the Indian
Union? How can the mandate
contained in Part XIII of the
Constitution be carried out
effectively?
3.2 Article 307 of the
Constitution provides for the
creation of an institution to oversee
the operation of the mandate of a
common market in the country.
What are your views on setting up
a Commission/Institution under
Article 307 for this purpose?
Local Gover nments and
Decentralized Governance
4.1 Even though fifteen years have
passed since the 73
rd
and 74
th
amendments of the Constitution,
the actual progress in the
devolution of powers and
responsibilities to local
Governments i.e. Panchayats and
Municipalities is said to be limited
and uneven. What steps in your
view need to be taken to ensure
better implementation of
devolution of powers as
contemplated in the 73
rd
and the
74
th
amendments so as to enable
Panchayats and Municipalities to
function as effective units of self
government?
4.2 Should greater autonomy be
given by the State governments to
Panchayats and Municipalities for
levying taxes, duties, tolls, fees etc.
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
64
4.3 The funds provided to the local bodies by
Centre/State Govts. Should be united and no
conditionalties should be attached.
4.4 The funds from the Centre must be routed
through the State for devolution to local bodies.
This would ensure proper utilization and
accountability. States should not be by passed
as this is against the spirit of a federal state.
in specific categories and
strengthening their own sources of
revenue? In this context, what are
your views for making the
implementation of
recommendations of the State
Finance Commissions more
effective?
4.3 A large number of
government schemes are
implemented by the Panchayats and
Municipalities which are operated
on the basis of various guidelines
issued by the Central and State line
departments. There is a view that
such common guidelines are rigid
and sometimes unsuited to local
conditions. Do you think there is a
case for making these guidelines
flexible, so as to allow scope for
local variations and innovations by
Panchayats and Municipalities
without impinging on core
stipulations?
4.4 There is an increasing number
of schemes of the Central
Government for which funds go
from the Centre directly to local
governments and other agencies.
The purpose of this is to ensure
that the targeted beneficiaries of
these schemes get the benefits
directly and quickly. Please
comment on the desirability and
effectiveness of the practice of
direct release of funds and the role
Himachal Pradesh
65
4.5 There is a need to build the capacity of
Panchayats & Municipal bodies to take on the
works as per 73
rd
& 74
th
amendment of the
Constitution. With the present level of
competency in these organizations the Central
Govt. / State Govt. departments do not feel
confident of using the local bodies for
implementing their schemes. We need to
empower these bodies & build synergy between
local self governing institutions and SHGs,
societies etc.
of the States in monitoring the
implementation of the schemes.
Do you have any other suggestions
in this regard?
4.5 In the spirit of the 73
rd
and
74
th
amendments to the
Constitution primacy was expected
to be accorded to Panchayats and
Municipalities in decentralized
planning, in decision making on
many local issues eg. public health,
school education, drinking water
supply, drainage and sewerage,
civic infrastructure, etc and in the
administration and implementation
of Government funded
developmental programmes,
schemes and projects. In practice,
however, many authorities, agencies
and other organizational entities
such as societies, missions, self help
groups etc. continue to function in
parallel and at times even in
competition and conflict. Concern
has been expressed by some
sections that these parallel
institutions are contrary to the
Constitutional vision and weaken
the role and effectiveness of the
Panchayats and Municipalities. On
the other hand, it is sometimes
argued that Panchayats and
Municipalities do not have the
capacity to plan, administer and
implement many programmes/
schemes/ projects requiring very
specialized technical and
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
66
4.6 The three tier system is essential for better
supervision and control, as the Zilla Parishad
would find it difficult to supervise the Gram
Panchayats. The system would work well in case
capacity building takes place & resources are
made available to the three levels.
4.7 There is no doubt that this is the right
approach. But these committees need to have
greater representation from PRIs and the
municipalities. Further these planning bodies
should not be merely consultative bodies but
should have the powers to supervise & monitor
the implementation of the plans.
managerial skills and resources.
What are your views in the matter?
What steps would you suggest to
streamline institutional
arrangements between such parallel
agencies and the Panchayats/
Municipalities to bring about more
effective and well coordinated
action congruent with the spirit of
the 73
rd
and 74
th
amendments?
4.6 A view is often expressed
that the three levels of the district,
intermediate and village Panchayats
within the Panchayat system clutter
up the system and give scope for
friction and discord amongst them.
What are the means by which an
organic linkage can be best
fostered between the Panchayats?
Are any changes in the three tier
system warranted?
4.7 Participative planning
especially spatial planning from the
grassroots level upwards to
culminate in a district plan is
emerging as the most potent
instrument for empowering
Panchayati Raj Institutions. Do you
think this is the right approach to
empower Panchayats? What are
your views on the role, functions
and composition of the District
and Metropolitan Planning
Committees?
Himachal Pradesh
67
4.8 Instances have been reported
where the State Governments have
held different or even conflicting
views to that of the local
Governments in respect of the
administration of devolved
subjects and vice versa. What
mechanisms do you suggest, other
than Courts, to help resolve such
disputes? What other measures
would you suggest to bring about
better linkages between elected
members of Panchayats and
Municipalities with the State
Legislatures? Is there a possible
room for representation of elected
Panchayats and Municipality
members in the Upper Houses/
Legislative Councils of the States,
where such Upper Houses exist?
4.9 What roles do you envisage
for the local Governments in
infrastructure creation specially
mega-projects which may involve
acquisition of land and
displacement of people in areas
under the jurisdiction of the local
Governments? Local
Governments should have a major
role to play in decision making on
issues relating to management of
land resources especially change of
land use from agricultural to urban
and industrial purposes, acquisition
of land for public purposes etc.,
to ensure greater stakeholder
participation and reduce
4.9 Acquisition of land for mega projects would
have to be decided by the State Government.
Local Government should however be
associated in identifying land keeping in view
the type of land & the likely displacement of
people. Local Govts. also need to be associated
with Relief & Rehabilitation works.
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
68
possibilities of conflict between
local, state and national interests.
What are your views in this regard?
4.10 Large urban agglomerations
and mega-cities pose very different
kind of challenges for governance
in a federal context. The
relationship between the
Governments of such large cities
and other levels of Government
is becoming increasingly complex.
What roles and responsibilities
would you like to see assigned to
each of the three levels of
Government for the better
management of mega/metro cities
including their security keeping in
view the specific nature of the
problems faced by them?
4.11 Many of the regions falling
in the scheduled areas (Schedules
V & VI) have traditional
institutions of governance
coexisting with or substituting
Panchayati Raj Institutions e.g.
Autonomous Hill Councils etc.
What are your views as to how
these institutions can be further
strengthened and be congruent
with the spirit of the 73
rd
and 74
th
amendments without undermining
their traditional character?
5.1 Article 355 of the Constitution
stipulates that it shall be the duty
of the Union to protect every State
against external aggression and
4.10 For mega cities there is a need to have an
administrative set up which will be exclusively
taking care of these urban agglomerations. The
mega cities will have to work within overall
control of the State Govt.
4.11 The traditional customs, rights traditions
of Scheduled Area have been protected and
coexist with local bodies. No conflict of interest
has been experienced in H.P.
5.1 & 5.2 Article 355 and 356 of the
Constitution should be amended, in order to
incorporate safeguards to prevent their misuse.
Unless there is external aggression or there is a
grave threat to the unity and integrity of the
Country, Article 355 and 356 should not be
invoked.
Himachal Pradesh
69
internal disturbance.
Although Public Order and Police
come within the State List,
Deployment of Central forces in
any State in aid of the civil powers
including jurisdiction, privileges and
liabilities of members of such
force while on such deployment
are subjects of the Union List. In
the context of recent developments
of prolonged extremist violence
and cross-border terrorism in
certain States, the role and
responsibility of the Central and
State Governments to contain such
disturbances have come up for
examination in meetings of the
Centre with the States.
This is an issue which has a vital
bearing on the life and security of
the people and deserves urgent
attention. Given the mandate of
Article 355 and the division of
powers in respect of internal and
national security, do you think the
role and responsibilities of the
Centre and States in the matter of
controlling internal disturbance
often spread over several States
require delineation through
supporting legislation?
5.2 By convention and in
practice, Central forces are
deployed to control internal
disturbance only when specific
requests are made to that effect by
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70
5.3 to 5.7 Under the federal scheme as given
in constitution, state is mainly responsible for
maintaining law & order and as such social and
communal conflicts need to be handled
primarily by the states. However where the
conflicts get escalated & states seek assistance
from the centre in terms of deployment of
force & materials, Centre needs to provide full
support. In case where there is an apprehension
at the Central Govt. level that the violence is
not being appropriately tackled by the State
Govt., dialogue at the senior most level needs
to be held by the Central Govt. with the State
Govts. Emergency Meeting of national
Integration Council should also be called to
discuss the specific issue. Media can also play a
constructive role in highlighting the social costs
of such communal sectarian violence.
However, media should behave responsibly &
not show gruesome scenes or damage to public
property or politicize the matter further.
individual State Governments.
Article 355 of the Constitution
enjoins the Union to protect States
against external aggression and
internal disturbances. What courses
of action you would recommend
for the Centre to effectively
discharge its obligations under
Article 355?
Social and Communal Conflicts
5.3 Maintenance of communal
harmony in the country is one of
the key responsibilities of both the
Union and the State Governments.
The Government is expected to
ensure that communal tensions and
communal violence are kept under
control at all times. What
according to you should be the
role, responsibility and jurisdiction
of the Centre vis--vis the States
(a) During major communal
tensions particularly the ones which
may lead to prolonged and
escalated violence? and;
(b) When such prolonged major
communal violence actually takes
place?
5.4 Likewise, what are your views
on prevention and control of
sectarian violence or any other
social conflicts that may lead to
prolonged and escalated violence?
5.5 In the light of the above
two questions, what according to
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71
5.8 to 5.10 Crimes against national security can
be handled effectively only when Central &
State agencies build an excellent network of
intelligence communication & sharing. The New
National Security Act passed in 2008 after 26/
11 Mumbai terrorist attack is an all pervasive
legislation which covers most activities against
national security as mentioned at 5.8. However
it has to be implemented with restraint only with
referring to crimes prescribed in para 5.8.
Moreover, the agencies of the Centre have to
work in complete coordination with the State
law & order machinery to get the best results.
you should be classified as a major
and prolonged act of violence?
What parameters would you like
to suggest in defining a major and
prolonged act of violence?
5.6 In the above context what
steps would you suggest for
making the role of the National
Integration Council more effective
in maintaining and sustaining social
and communal harmony in the
country?
5.7 How can the media in your
view play a constructive role in
preventing and containing
communal and sectarian violence?
Crimes affecting National
Security
5.8 Several expert committees
constituted by the Government
from time to time for reforming
criminal justice administration have
consistently recommended the
need for classifying crimes
threatening national security as a
separate category requiring
differential treatment. These are
crimes generally masterminded by
criminal syndicates across State and
National boundaries using
illegitimate or ostensibly legitimate
channels mostly with the support
of anti-national elements. This
category may include crimes such
as terrorist violence, economic
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
72
crimes like money laundering,
production and distribution of
fake currency and stock market
frauds, trans-national crimes like
drug trafficking, arms and
explosives smuggling etc..
Given the potential danger to the
security of the country arising from
such inter-state and trans-national
crimes, which crimes in your view
merit inclusion in such a category?
5.9 Given their characteristics as
mentioned in 5.8, inter-State and
transnational crimes do warrant
different procedures for
investigation and prosecution as
compared to other crimes. A
Central Agency with special
expertise and resources working in
co-ordination with international
security agencies on the one hand
and the State police on the other,
is the model recommended by
expert committees to tackle the
problem. What are your views in
this regard?
5.10 The Central Agency so
constituted as a result of issues
raised in 5.9 above would not be
able to operate effectively without
the cooperation and support of the
State law and order machinery.
What are your suggestions in this
regard?
Himachal Pradesh
73
6.1 The present system of resolving inter State
water disputes has not been effective. As a result
of which issues of sharing of riparian water
between states have not been settled for more
then 60 years. There has to be a finality about
the decision given by tribunals and no appeals
to judicial courts including Supreme Court
should be there. The decision of the Tribunals
have however to be judicious and should take
special case of the interests of smaller states,
which may not have political clout.
6.1 The Inter State River Water
Disputes Act, 1956, provides for
inter alia the constitution of a
tribunal by the Central
Government, if a dispute cannot
be settled by negotiations within a
time frame of one year after the
receipt of an application from a
disputant State; giving powers to
tribunals to requisition any data
from the State Governments, the
water management agencies etc; a
data bank and an information
system being maintained by the
Central Government at the national
level for each river basin;
empowerment of the Central
Government to verify data
supplied by the State Government;
a time frame for tribunals to give
an award and for the decision of
the tribunal after its publication in
the official gazette by the Central
Government to have the same
force as an order or decree of the
Supreme Court. Broad principles
for sharing of river waters are still
under discussion between the
Central Government and the
States.
Are you satisfied that the measures
taken so far have contributed
effectively to the resolution of
inter-State river water disputes?
What additional measures do you
suggest for strengthening the
implementation of the existing
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74
6.2 to 6.6 Water is a scarce and precious
resource. Drinking water security should be the
primary aim of water use both at National and
State level. Water resource management should
be accorded highest priority through rain water
harvesting and water shed development
schemes. Storage of water through
multipurpose projects can help solve the
problem of irrigation to a great extent. But
while conceiving multipurpose projects
rehabilitation of displaced persons should be
first and foremost priority of the Governments
and cleaning of rivers should be major thrust
areas. Cleaning campaigns can be more effective
when the discharge of chemicals, industrial
effluents and sewage is tackled/checked at
source. There should be deterrent punishment
for those indulging in polluting the rivers.
There is need to form a national water grid for
monitoring and transferring water from surplus
to deficit basins.
Constitutional provisions and other
laws? What in your view should be
the role of the Central Government
in implementing and monitoring
the existing inter-State water
sharing agreements and in ensuring
compliance and implementation
of the awards of tribunals, court
decisions and agreements/treaties?
6.2 Water as a resource,
particularly river waters, is an issue
of great complexity and sensitivity
in terms of ownership and control,
conser vation, optimal and
sustainable use, sharing and
distribution and it is apprehended
that this may result in serious tension
and possible civil strife in future.
Proper management of the
resource requires striking a balance
between national interests and the
interests of the States through
which the rivers flow. In this
context several proposals have
been considered including the
transfer of water from one river
basin to another, more prudent use
in intra-basin areas, sharper focus
on rain water harvesting and water
management strategies etc. What
are your views in the matter to
ensure better management of this
valuable resource keeping in view
both national interests and the
interests of individual States? Can
the concept of integrated planning
and management of river basins
Himachal Pradesh
75
under a joint authority be
introduced on a larger scale?
6.3 Continuing from the foregoing,
what in your view should be the
nature of Centre-State cooperation
in mitigating the effect of floods
and management of drainage and
irrigation particularly when these
issues have inter-State and
international implications?
6.4 Pollution of our rivers poses
a serious threat to the quality of
available water, biotic resources,
human health and safety and our
natural heritage. Adequate efforts
to tackle the problem through
technology oriented national and
state level programmes backed by
peoples participation have been
lacking. Even Missions such as
Ganga / Yamuna Action Plan(s)
and other river action plans have
yielded limited results. What steps
- legal, administrative,
technological, economic and
financial - would you suggest for
a resolution of the problem?
6.5 The subject of land
improvement figures at Entry 18
in List-II of the Seventh Schedule
under Article 246. Most of the
States have not taken sufficient
measures to optimally utilize the
nutrients present in the residue of
treated sewage or in the river
waters by way of sullage and
sewage flowing into them (part of
the solid waste settles at the river
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76
bottom and is retrievable during
the period of lean flow) and
recycling the available water
resource to improve the fertility of
soil and increase the productivity
of land.
In this context there is an
increasingly perceived need to
have in place a national strategy for
control, regulation and utilization
of sullage and wastewater to
improve the quality of soil, land
and other nutrients with the
objective of augmenting
agricultural yield, more so due to
mounting water scarcity and
changes in precipitation owing to
climatic changes. What are your
suggestions for countering the
resulting loss to the nation?
6.6 Storage or reservoir or dam
based projects are often conceived
as multi purpose projects
providing not only power but also
irrigation, navigation, drinking
water and flood control benefits.
At the same time such projects
have higher environmental and
social externalities. The issue of fair
sharing of social and
environmental costs and benefits
between downstream/command
areas and upstream/catchment
areas has been a major problem
leading to suboptimal utilization of
this valuable resource.
Himachal Pradesh
77
What role do you envisage for the
Central Government for achieving
greater cooperation among the
various stakeholders in developing
a consensus on such projects?
6.7 With the adoption of the
National Environment Policy 2006,
greater powers have been
delegated to the States to grant
environmental and forest
clearances for infrastructure and
industrial projects having
investment of upto a specified
limit. While one body of opinion
is of the view that it will have a
harmful effect on ecology and
disrupt the fragile equilibrium in
our environment, others look upon
this as a welcome initiative which
will facilitate timely
implementation of development
projects.
Do you think that the existing
arrangements are working
satisfactorily? How do you think
the conflicting interests of
development and environmental
conser vation can be better
reconciled?
6.8 There is a view that the
inadequacy of minimum
infrastructure facilities for forest
dwellers and general lack of
economic opportunities has greatly
contributed to the escalation of
dissatisfaction and alienation
6.7 The States have no power under the Forest
(Conservation) Act, 1980 to allow use of forest
land for any non forestry purpose without the
prior approval of the Govt. of India. The
general approval given to the States earlier for
allowing diversion of forest land limited to 1
ha for certain specific activities (schools &
hospitals) by the Govt. departments with certain
conditions was extended by the GOI upto
31.12.2008 or until the Scheduled Tribes and
other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition
of forest rights) Act, 2006 is brought into force,
whichever is earlier. Since this Act has already
come into force, therefore, the general approval
given by the GOI automatically stands revoked.
This limit of 1ha may be increased to 5 ha (as
already given to regional officers since the State
are extremely conscious of the environmental
issues. This will cut down delay and would
expedite time bound road works especially
under PMGSY and externally funded road
projects as well as schools and hospitals.
6.8 In this regard it is informed that the
Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest
Dwellers (Recognition of forest Rights Act, 2006
is being implemented by the Tribal Department.
Section 4 (6) of the Act provides recognition
of individual occupation on the forest land up
to a maximum limit of 4 hectares. This is subject
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
78
to the condition that such Scheduled Tribes or
tribal communities or other traditional forest
dwellers had occupied forest land before
13.12.2005. In the state of Himachal Pradesh,
we do not have many traditional forest dwellers.
However, the state Govt. has decided to
implement the provisions of the act in the Tribal
areas of the Pradesh and regularize the
possessions upto 4 hectares with the approval
of the Cabinet. The process of preparing the
cases is going on. It will surely help the tribals
living off forest land to get their livelihood from
these lands.
6.9 Himachal Pradesh always remained vigilant
for protection of forest and environment. Since
1986 Govt. of H.P. has imposed ban on felling
of trees keeping in view the national interest
Honble Supreme Court vide its order dated
12.12.1996 has imposed complete ban on green
felling of trees except T.D. grant and permission
granted under Forest Conservation Act 1980.
Due to ban on felling of trees, the Govt. of
H.P. has to bear loss of approximate Rs.500.00
crore every year. The economic value of all the
direct and indirect benefits derived from the
forest of HP in monetary terms have been
worked out. Indian Institute of Forest
Management, Bhopal has carried out a survey
on economic evaluation of Forests of HP as
part of Himachal Pradesh Forestry Sector
Review and Externally Aided Project funded
by Department for International Development
among them. This also raises
security concerns. The Scheduled
Tribes and Other Traditional Forest
Dwellers (Recognition of Forest
Tribes) Act, 2006 which confers
land ownership rights on
Scheduled Tribes and other
traditional forest dwellers in the
event of their being in occupation
of the said land as on 13
th
December, 2005 is perceived as a
major step towards containment
of unrest and tension. Do you
agree with this assessment? What
further steps can be taken to build
sustainable models of conservation
by involving tribal and other forest
dwelling communities?
6.9 Some of the States have
contended that they have to
maintain and conserve large tracts
of forests and green cover for
national and global benefit at the
cost of the economic interests of
the State. Similarly mountain States,
particularly those that are a part of
the Himalayan ecosystem have to
constrict the economic exploitation
potential of the region for the
benefit of the ecosystem as a
whole. In other words, these States
provide ecological ser vices
essential for the nation as a whole
as well as for the entire global
community. These States have
argued for compensation to them
and the communities who perform
Himachal Pradesh
79
the role of stewardship of these
valuable ecological assets. What are
your views in this regard?
6.10 Regulation of mineral
resources including hydrocarbons
comes within the competence of
the Centre by virtue of Entries 53,
and 54 and 55 of List I of the
Seventh Schedule. Entry 23 under
List II similarly empowers the
States to regulate the development
(DFID). The break up of the calculation is as
under:-
Watershed benefits - Rs.73,972 Crore
Micro Climatic Factor Rs.145 Crore
Carbon Sink Rs.17, 645 Crore
Bio-diversity Rs.7,137 Crore
Employment Generation Rs.25 Crore
Total Direct benefits Rs.98,924 Crore
The Govt. has imposed complete ban on felling
of trees keeping in view of national Interest.
So, revenue deficit of the state is required to be
compensated by the Govt. of India. For this
purpose Honble Chief Minister, HP vide his
D.O. letter No. PLG-FC(F)3-1/2008-09/Main
dated 8.2.2008 has requested to the Govt. of
India to provide increase in Plan Outlay for the
year 2008-09 to compensate the revenue deficit
being faced by the State due to complete ban
on felling of trees.
Govt. of H.P. has raised this issue with the
Finance Commission and requested that
keeping in view of national interest and to
protect ecological degradation in Hilly States
viz. (J&K), Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal)
necessary provision in the 13
th
Finance
Commission for Rs.1000 Crore be made.
6.10 In view of the inter-State competition over
mineral resources, there is a need to set some
common norms regarding extraction of
minerals.
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80
6.11 The issue of global warming and climate
change has to be tackled both at State and Centre
level. The States which make special efforts
towards carbon neutrality should be
compensated. For long term measures for
checking global warming & climate change the
Central Govt. would have to provide resources
to the States under greening India programme
as well as for micro water shed based
development especially for harvesting rain
water. The State Govts. have to take up such
programs in a planned manner. The
Municipalities and Panchayats have to be
sensitized for economical use of water as a
resource as well as for taking steps for its
conservation.
of mines and minerals subject to
the provisions of List I. The States
have been seeking a greater role in
the decision making processes
relating to the regulation of mineral
resources e.g. in the determination
of the royalty rates, periodicity of
rates revision etc. What steps, in
your view, should be taken to
evolve an integrated policy on the
subject that would reconcile the
interests of the States with the
sustainable exploitation of mineral
resources including hydrocarbons
in the national interest?
Ecosystems, Climate Change
and Natural Disasters
6.11 Indias vulnerability to the
projected impacts of climate
change is high, particularly with
regard to its effect on water
resources, power, agriculture,
forests, tourism, health and rural
livelihoods etc. Most of these
issues are dealt with primarily at the
State and local levels.
In view of the problems and
challenges posed by the
phenomenon of climate change,
how would you delineate the
respective roles and responsibilities
of the Centre, the States and the
Municipalities and Panchayats?
Infrastructure Development
and Mega Projects
Himachal Pradesh
81
7.1 to 7.3 For mega projects such as inter State
highways river inter linking, power projects the
main initiative should be taken by centre for
providing funds for investment as well as for
resolving inter state disputes of water share etc.
In mega projects such as national / Inter-State
highways, major irrigation works, multipurpose
power projects involve large scale acquisition
of land of people as a result of which there is
huge displacement of the people. Past
experience in Himachal Pradesh in case of
Bhakra Dam and Pong Dam oustees tells that
rehabilitation of displaced people still remains
unfulfilled. It is due to this reason that projects
do not find support and sympathy of people.
There is strong need of study of social-
economic impact and formulation of
rehabilitation scheme before the project is
implemented. Relief & Rehabilitation
committees should be largely represented by
the elected representatives of the people.
Employment to at least one member of the
displaced family should be provided in the
project.
7.1 Mega projects, such as
infrastructure projects related to
national/inter-State highways, river
interlinking major irrigation works,
large scale power generation, etc
are characterized by long gestation
periods, heavy capital investment
requirements and complex
ownership and management
structures involving multiple
stakeholders. These projects both
in their creation and operation are
dependent on smooth and well-
coordinated Centre-State and inter-
State relations. There are several
instances of such projects getting
thwarted or delayed or their
operations getting affected by
inter-State or Centre-State
problems at a heavy cost to society.
Please give your suggestions for
creating an enabling policy and
institutional framework, innovative
structures and mechanisms for
stakeholder participation and
systems and procedures for quick
reconciliation of conflicting
approaches so that national
interests prevail.
7.2 Mega projects involve large
scale acquisition of land and
consequential problems associated
with compensation, displacement
of people and their relief and
rehabilitation and resettlement.
Would you suggest any policy
changes in the existing processes of
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82
land acquisition and payment of
compensation thereof ? Likewise,
is there a need for bringing in any
changes in the rehabilitation and
resettlement policies in order to
minimize displacement, ensure fair
compensation for the project
affected people and provide them
commensurate livelihood security?
7.3 In the case of mega projects,
often actions and interventions in
one State impact on another. The
construction of a large dam in one
State, for instance, may lead to
large scale displacement of people
in another without commensurate
benefits accruing to that State.
What are your suggestions for
evolving a national consensus on
rehabilitation policies and strategies
and conflict resolution
mechanisms?
8.1 India is characterized by unity
in diversity consistent with a
pluralistic identity. Recent decades
have been marked by significant
increase of socio-political
mobilization around sectarian
identities. Fears have been
expressed that political
developments emanating from
such mobilization pose a threat to
the unity and integrity of the
country.
8.1 to 8.4: Emergence of regional &
secretarian Parties is unavoidable in pluralistic
society like ours. However, an effort can be
made in minimizing the same which can be
done if the interests of the States are watched
by the Centre in more democratic and
equitable manner.
Himachal Pradesh
83
Do you agree with this assessment
and if so what are your suggestions
for a long-term solution?
8.2 Another significant political
development has been the growth
and ascendancy of regional parties.
These parties have now come to
legitimately play a major role in
governance at the national level.
Given the possibility of this trend
continuing, what would you
suggest should be done to
harmonize national and regional
interests for better Centre-State
relations?
8.3 In contemporary federations,
different types of political
configurations exist with various
kinds of coalitions being formed
among political parties, other
groups and individuals. In India the
multi-party coalitions have
increasingly become the trend. In
this context, what measures would
you suggest to ensure that the
national vision and wider collective
purpose are always paramount and
do not get distorted.
8.4 With the passing of the 73
rd
and the 74
th
amendments to the
Constitution in 1992 more
empowered local level political
leadership has emerged. New areas
of political tensions and conflicts
among Central, State and
Panchayat/Municipal level
leaderships have consequently
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84
8.5 & 8.6: The problem of inter-state migration
can be tackled if employment could be
provided to people near their homes. The
implementation of NREGS has checked the
migration to some extent.
arisen. How can these conflicts be
resolved and their relationship
harmonized? Please give your
suggestions.
Social Developments
8.5 Socio-economic developments
have resulted in large scale
migration from the under
developed to the better developed
regions within the country. This has
sometimes affected the established
demographic patterns and has
tended to cause social tensions.
This development has serious
implications for Centre-State and
inter-State relations. With the free
movement of citizens guaranteed
by the Constitution, what measures
would you suggest to contain such
social tensions?
Public Policy and Governance
8.6 Article 37 of the Constitution
states that the principles laid down
in Part IV are fundamental in the
governance of the country and it
shall be the duty of the State to
apply these principles to making
laws.
(i) Have the Directives been
accorded due regard by the Centre
and the States in making laws and
in formulating policies and
programmes?
(ii) What are those Directives
Himachal Pradesh
85
which require more legislative
attention from (a) the Union
Parliament, and (b) the State
Legislatures?
8.7 What in your view are the
elements of good governance that
need to be addressed? What
parameters would you consider
appropriate in order to judge the
performance of a State? What are
your views about the existing
monitoring, review and evaluation
mechanisms to ensure delivery of
effective outputs and outcomes of
the schemes and programmes in
the field?
8.8 The task of governance is no
longer confined exclusively to
Governments, but includes a wide
range of stakeholders the
organized private sector, public-
private partnership institutions, civil
society organizations, user and
consumer groups, special interest
groups, associations of industry
and a variety of other non-state
organizations. In many spheres of
activity, earlier performed
primarily by Governments, eg.,
education, health care,
infrastructure creation and
management, such organisations
now play a very important role at
various levels. In view of their
growing significance these
organizations may have to be seen
8.7 & 8.8: Good governance, in our opinion,
can be judged on the basis of good law & order
prevailing in a state, better road connectivity,
100% water supply availability and 100 percent
electrification of villages. Apart from this
progress has to be made on human
development indicators such as literacy levels,
infant and maternal mortality rates. These are
very basic. At the higher level of development
the governance issues relate to better availability
of educational and employment opportunities,
secondary and tertiary health care etc.
The participation of NGOs, civil society
organizations in monitoring and evaluating
performance adds value to this activity.
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
86
as important players in a multi-level
federal order.
In the context of these
developments, what measures
would you suggest for the
participation of these emerging
stakeholders in the scheme of
governance to address the growing
challenges of ensuring good
governance for promoting the
welfare of the people?
8.9 In the context of the increased
role of many non state
organizations in the delivery of
public services, please give your
views on:
(a) What can be done to ensure that
such organizations take due
account of social responsibilities
and public good in their
functioning?
(b) How can the discipline of
human rights and the philosophy
of the Directive Principles be
brought into the scheme of such
organizations?
(c) How can the principle of
democratic accountability in the
delivery of public services be
extended to these organizations?
9.1 Development strategies,
particularly those aimed at
correcting regional imbalances,
often require looking at the region
8.9: The NGOs have to be selected in a
transparent manner and have to be involved at
the gross root level in better management of
some of the services, where the state is unable
to reach the public at large.
9.1: Regional imbalances in socio-economic
development have to be corrected.
Himachal Pradesh
87
9.2 There is much truth in the criticism that
Central sector and Centrally Sponsored Schemes
tend to lack flexibility. The schemes suit the
bigger and under developed States. Moreover,
a large component of manpower is paid for at
the cost of CSS for the duration of the scheme
after which it becomes the liability of the States.
The State favours a greater devolution of united
resources to the States. In case, Centrally
Sponsored Schemes have to be continued, a
greater flexibility needs to be given to the states
in implementation.
as a whole. Regions are often
defined by topographic, agro-
climatic, ethno-geographic and
social and cultural similarities and
may comprise two or more States.
There is merit in looking at the core
strengths of the entire region and
basing strategies on such strengths
irrespective of State boundaries.
This would require new forms of
inter-State cooperation for
synergistic development. What are
your suggestions for achieving such
cooperation?
9.2 One of the criticisms faced
by the central sector and Centrally
Sponsored Schemes is that they
tend to have a uniform
prescription for all situations
without adequate regard to
regional and local specificities and
suffer from lack of flexibility.
Do you think such criticism is
justified? If yes, what are your
suggestions to remove them? What
measures do you suggest for
customization of programmes and
schemes to suit the differentiated
needs of States and Local
Governments?
9.3 Quality of education at all levels
and in all fields has been a matter
of concern. There is need for
developing common acceptable
standards and having an effective
system of accreditation,
certification and quality assurance
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88
9.4 The Central Govt. should revitalize and
promote academic disciplines such as basic
sciences by setting up educational institutions
of higher learning in all regions of the country
so as to promote academic disciplines which
are getting marginalize due to socio-economic
developments.
9.5 Over the years the Planning Commission
has evolved standards for measuring poverty,
health and education status. However, the
difficulty comes due to changes being made
from time to time in measuring standards.
Further, there should be a detailed consultation
with the States before the new measuring
standards are adopted, since a lot of allocation
under Centrally Sponsored Schemes is based
on poverty ratios, educational backwardness etc.
There is another parameter which needs to be
considered at the Central Govt. level The so
called backward States tend to get higher
allocation of resources and it seems that
Government of India through its CSS is
incentivising backwardness.
systems and procedures. Given the
Constitutional provisions what
respective roles, according to you,
can the Centre and States play
individually or collectively in
working out a coordinated strategy
in this respect?
9.4 What steps can be undertaken
by the Centre and States in a
coordinated manner to preserve
and promote academic disciplines
which are getting marginalized by
a variety of socio-economic
developments?
9.5 One of the challenges faced
by policy planners in the country is
lack of uniform social and
economic measurement standards
(including poverty, health,
education etc.). This applies across
Central departments as well as
between States. This is an
important issue because these
measurements are utilized for the
allocation of resources to the States.
How can uniform national
standards for the measurement of
these indicators be formulated?
What are your suggestions with
respect to Centre-State
cooperation in the joint
formulation of these standards?
Karnataka
89
GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA
Response to the Questionnaire
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
90
Question
What are your views on the overall
framework and scheme of
relations between the Centre and
the States as contained in the
Constitution of India and as they
have evolved over time?
Reply from the Departments
Parliamentary Affairs & Legislature
The Indian Constitution contains a very elaborate
scheme of distribution of powers and
functions between the Center and the States. It
seeks to create three functional areas:
(i) an exclusive area for the Centre (Union list)
(ii) an exclusive area for the states (State list) and
(iii) a common or concurrent area in which both
the Centre and the State may operate
simultaneously, subject to the overall supremacy
of the Centre (concurrent list).
Though in normal times the distribution of
powers must be strictly maintained and neither
the State nor the Centre can encroach upon the
sphere allotted to the other by the Constitution,
yet in exceptional circumstances enumerated in
Articles 249,250,252,253,356, the above system
of distribution is either suspended or the powers
of the Union parliament are extended over the
subjects mentioned in the State list.
Thus from the scheme of distribution of
legislative powers between the Union and the
States, it is clear that the framers have given more
powers to the union parliament as against the
states. The states are not vested with exclusive
jurisdiction even over the subjects assigned to
them by the Constitution and thus it makes the
States to some extent subordinate to the Centre.
It is submitted that these provisions are merits
1.1
GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA
1. Constitional Scheme of Centre-State Relations
Karnataka
91
rather than demerits of the Indian Constitution
as they enable the Centre to legislate in
exceptional circumstances on the State subjects
without amending the Constitution and thus
introducing a certain amount of flexibility in
the scheme of distribution of powers.
CENTRAL CONTROL OVER STATE
LEGISLATION :- The following provisions
in the constitution prescribe assent of the
President before a Bill passed by the State
legislature can become legally effective, thereby
enabling the Centre to keep under its control
certain types of State legislation.
a) Article 31A(1) provides that a law
regarding acquisition of estates will not
be invalid even if it is in consistent with
Article 14 or 19. However under the
first proviso to Article 31A(1), the
exemptions granted to some categories
of accusatorial law from Articles 14 and
19 cannot be available unless the relevant
state law has been reserved for the
consideration of the President and has
received his assent.
(b) Art 31C gives over riding effect to the
Directive principles over fundamental
rights granted by Article 14 or Article 19
but a state law can claim this effect only
if the President gives his assent to it.
(c) Under the second proviso to Article 200
the Governor has been ordained not to
assent to but to reser ve for the
consideration of the President, any Bill
passed by a state legislature which, in his
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92
opinion would, if it became law so
derogate from the powers of the High
court as to endanger the position which
that court is by the Constitution designed
to fill.
(d) U/Proviso 288(2), a State law imposing
or authorizing imposition of, a tax in
respect of any water or electricity stored,
generated, consumed, distributed or sold
by any authority established by law made
by parliament for regulating or developing
any inter State river or river valley, has no
effect unless it has received the assent of
the President.
(e) U/p 304(b), a State legislature may
impose reasonable restriction in public
interest on the freedom of trade,
commerce or intercourse with or within
the state but no such bill is to be moved
in the State legislature without the
previous sanction of the President.
(f) There is Article 254(2) under which
repugnancy between a state law and a
central law with respect to a matter in the
concurrent list may be cured by the assent
of the president to the State legislation.
(g) When a proclamation of financial
emergency is in operation u/A 360(1), the
President can direct the States to reserve
all money bills or financial bills for the
Presidents consideration after they are
passed by the State legislature (Article
360(4)(a)(ii)).
Karnataka
93
From the above discussion, it is clear that even
in the sphere allotted to the States, the Centre
exercises appreciable control over their
legislation. It appears that the Centre is
circumspect in exercising its controlling powers
over the State legislation. The Central
Government has vested with vast powers
contained in the Union and the concurrent lists.
In addition, Centres power has been extended
by several devices adopted in the phraseology
of the entries.
Firstly, some of the entries in the union list are
so phrased that their scope can be expanded
by the Centre itself (Entries
52,53,54,56,62,63,64 and 67 in List I )
Secondly some of the entries in the state list
are subject to some of the entries in the Union
list (Entries 11,13,17,22,23,24,32 and 54, List
II) or the concurrent List (Entries 11,13,26,27
and 57, List II) or a law made by parliament
(Entries 12,37 and 50, List-II).
Thirdly, some entries in the concurrent List are
made subject to the entries in the Union List
(Entries 19,32 List III) or laws made by
parliament (Entries 31,33(a) and 40, List III).
Thus the dimensions of several entries in the
union list or the concurrent list are expansive.
Moreover, the residuary power has been left
with the Centre.
However, it will be wrong to suppose that the
states powers are insignificant Like other
federal countries, the Constitution of India
places the main responsibility for many primary
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
94
nation-building and social service activities on
the States e.g. pubic health falls within the State
sphere, the union having only limited powers
of an inter state nature (List I, entry 28, List II,
entry 6, List III, entry 29) housing agriculture
(List II, entry 14) and irrigation are exclusively
state functions. Therefore for many socio-
economic services, the Centre has no direct
responsibility as these lie within the exclusive
legislative sphere of the states.
Many matters of social security, social insurance,
relief and rehabilitation of displaced persons
fall within the concurrent List (List III entries
23,24 and 27) and therefore the States share the
burden along with the Centre in these areas. It
will also be seen that by the process of
interpretation, the Supreme Court has sought
to protect state powers from being over ridden
by the exercise of central powers.
Transfer of subjects from one list to another
list namely from State list to Union list and vice
versa is a major policy decision namely at the
level of union Government. The States have
been left with no choice other than accepting
the mandate of the central Government, in
respect of allocation of subjects in different
list. It is however, advisable to include certain
subjects in the concurrent list to allow the state
legislature to enact certain laws to suit the need
of each State. The recent subject of Right to
Information Act is a best example. Had the
subject been included in the concurrent list, the
state legislature could have enacted its own law
relating to right to information in order to
remove certain regional difficulties. Therefore
it is desirable to obtain the views of each State
Government when a matter relating to all states,
is involved.
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95
Parliamentary Affairs & Legislature
The Governor is formally appointed by the
President (Art.155). The President appoints
the State Governor on the advice of the Prime
Minister with whom, therefore, the effective
power lies in this regard.
The Constituent Assembly fully debated the
merits and demerits of an elected V/s
nominated Governor and finally opted for the
system of presidential nomination, rather than
direct election of the Governor because of
several reasons for e.g
1. A nominated Governor would
encourage centripetal tendencies and
thus, promote all- India unity on the
other hand, it was apprehended that
an elected Governor would to some
extent encourage that separatist
The framers of the Indian
Constitution envisaged a unique
scheme of Centre/State relations
in which there is predominance of
powers with the Center. In the
wake of developments that have
taken place since then, the growing
challenges and the emerging
opportunities, please give your
views whether any changes are
called for in that scheme. If so,
please suggest appropriate changes.
In the Constitutional scheme, the
Governor plays an important role
in the relations between the Center
and States. Do you have any
comments/suggestions to make
regarding this role?
In the context of this role what are
your views regarding the existing
Provisions (along with
conventions, practices and judicial
pronouncements) relating to the
appointment, tenure and removal
of Governors?
1.2
1.3
1.4
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
96
provincial tendency more than
otherwise there will be far fewer links
with the centre.
2. In a parliamentary system the head
should be impartial but a Governor
elected by the direct vote of the people
would have to be a party man. On this
point, it was stated in the Constituent
Assembly. He should be a more
detached figure acceptable to the
province, otherwise he could not
function and yet may not be a part of
the party machine of the province. On
the whole, it would probably be
desirable to have people from outside,
eminent in something, education or
other fields of life who would naturally
co-operate fully with the government
in carrying out the policy of the
Government and yet represent before
the public something above politics.
3. Conflicts might arise between the
Governor and the Chief Minister if
both were to be elected by the people,
for the former might claim to arrogate
power to himself on the plea of his
having been elected by the whole State
as against the latter who would be
elected only in a constituency which
would be a small part of the state.
4. The Governor being only a symbol, a
figure head, there would be no point in
spending money in having him elected.
The Constitution give a carte blanche to the
Karnataka
97
Centre in the matter of appointment of a State
Governor. The ultimate responsibility to
appoint the Governor rests with the Central
Government. It is felt that with a view to
ensuring the smooth functioning of the
Constitutional machinery in the state, it would
be best to consult the Chief Minister of the
state while appointing the Governor, and a
convention has thus grown accordingly.
So long as there was one party rule at the
Centre and in the States, the consultation was
merely a formality and no difficulty ever arose
in the matter of appointment of Governor.
But after the 4
th
general election held in Feb,
1967, when different political parties came into
power in the States and at the Centre, the
appointment of Governors became a some
what controversial matter. The state
apprehended that the Governor appointed by
the Central Government would function not
objectively but at the bidding of the Central
government to destabilize state Government.
These State claimed not only consultation, but
rather their concurrence, in the matter of
appointment of the Government. The Centre
has not accepted any such proposition. While
the Centre consults the Chief Minister. It is
not ready to concede a veto to him in the
matter of appointment of the Governor. The
Centre is not prepared to consult the State
cabinet as such and regards consultation with
the Chief Minister, as adequate.
A study team of the Administrative reforms
commission has suggested that though the
Chief Minister of the state should be consulted
before a Governor is appointed, yet this should
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
98
not dilute the primary responsibility of the
Centre to appoint a competent person as
Governor.
Although one of the reasons to have a
nominated Governor was to have an impartial
head of the state, in practice, however, persons
from political parties have been appointed
Governors leading to stresses and strains
between the Governor and the State legislature
as the Governor may belong to a party different
from that of the State Government. For
smooth sailing of the State government, it may
be advisable to have a non-political, non-party
man eminent in some walk of life as the
Governor.
The basic rule is that, a Governor holds his office
during the pleasure of the President (Art 156(1)).
Accordingly the central executive can remove
him on any ground as for e.g. bribery,
corruption, violation of the constitution etc.
Subject to this overall condition, a Governor
holds office for 5 years.
A Governor is a political appointee and when
an appointment is made by the Government
on political considerations, it can also be
terminated on political considerations.
A glaring example of the Centres absolute
power to recall the Governors was furnished
in December, 1989 when the President, on the
advice of the National front Prime Minister,
V.P. Singh, asked all the Governors to tender
their resignations, simply because they were
appointed by the previous Government
belonging to another political party.
Karnataka
99
In Surya Narain V/S UOI(AIR 1982 Raj .1)
the Rajasthan High court upheld the dismissal
of the governor of Rajasthan by the President.
The court pointed out that the Governor has
no security of tenure and no fixed term of
office. He is an appointee of the President
and expressly hold office during his pleasure.
In Hargovind Pant V/S Raghukul Tilak( AIR
1979 SC 1109) the Supreme Court has ruled
that the office of the Governor is not an
employment under the Government of India
and so it does not fall with in the prohibition
of Art 319(d). The Governor is not sub
ordinate or subservient or under the control
of Government of India.
What the Supreme Court observed is only
theoretical as the Governor being appointed
by the Centre, holds his office subject to its
pleasure and can be dismissed by it any time.
In India Muslim League V/S UOI (AIR 1998
Pat.156), the Patna High Court ruled that the
President is not bound to give reasons for
exercising his pleasure one way or other. A
Government servant cannot be dismissed with
out being given a right of being heard, the
Governor can be removed from office U/A
156(1) without being given a hearing, the
President is the best judge of when to
withdraw his pleasure from the office of the
Governor.
Recently the central Government recalled the
Governor of Tamil Nadu (Fatima Beevi an
ex judge of the supreme court) for having
appointed Jayalalita as the chief minister of
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
100
the state, even though she was not qualified at
the time to contest an election for the state
Legislative assembly. Later the supreme Court
ruled that the appointment was unconstitutional.
Thus it lies, within the power of the President
to terminate in his discretion the term of the
office of the Governor at his pleasure. The
Presidential pleasure is unjustifiable. It is not
regulated or controlled by the procedure laid
down in Art. 311. The Governor has no
security of tenure and no fixed term of office.
He may be removed by an expression of
Presidential displeasure. Therefore Art 156 of
the Constitution should be amended in such a
manner so as to provide security of tenure to
the Governor.
The exalted office of the Governor, who is
representative of the President in the States as
the protector of the constitution, should
normally go to persons of public eminence with
high status in society.
Defeated or discarded politicians should not
be appointed to this August Office as they
would only try to justify their choice by acting
as agents of the Central Government.
The Governors rarely act in their own judgment
independently of the Centres view. They usually
act either at the behest, or with the consent,
express or implied, of the Centre.
This practice cannot be regarded as being in
conformity with constitutional rectitude. Even
politically this practice is not sound because the
central and State Governments may belong to
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101
different political parties and the decision of
the Central Government in such a situation
may have political overtones. Therefore, it will
be best to leave the Governor who is the man
on the spot, free to decide as to how to
exercise his constitutional powers as and when
the situation arises.
Parliamentary Affairs & Legislature
Art 200 makes a general provision enabling
the State Governor to reserve a bill passed by
the State legislature for Presidential
consideration and assent.
No norms have been laid down in the
Constitution as to when the Governor can
exercise this power of when the President can
refuse to give his assent to a state bill. On its
face, it appears to give a blank cheque to the
Governor and he would exercise this power
in his discretion.
It needs to be said that the Governor should
exercise his discretionary power to reserve a
bill for Presidents assent not liberally but
exceptionally. If the Governor interprets his
power too liberally, it will result in too many
state bills being reserved for the Centres assent
and this will jeopardize the system of
parliamentary democracy in the state. Mere
policy differences between the Governor and
the state Government do not justify reservation
of the State bills by the Governor for
Presidents assent.
The powers and functions of the
Governor under Articles 200 and
201 in respect of assent to Bills
have come for debate on many
occasions in the past. Please give
your views in the matter.
1.5
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102
The first proviso to Art 200, Mandates the
Governor not to withhold his assent in respect
of the bill not being a money bill which been
reconsidered and passed again by the houses
of the State Legislature.
But under Article 201 no such Mandate has been
imposed on the President under the proviso to
Art 201, no Obligation is imposed on the
President to give his assent to the bill not being
a money bill which has been reconsidered by
the houses of the State Legislature on the
direction of the President.
Hence, Art. 201 has to be amended so that
President should not withhold assent for the
bill which has been passed by both houses of
the State Legislature for the second time within
their legislative competence.
With the passage of the 73
rd
and
74
th
Constitutional Amendments,
Panchayats and Municipalities
have been accorded Constitutional
status and protection. However,
the Constitution leaves it to the
State legislature to further devolve
to the local bodies powers,
functions, funds and functionaries.
The experience of the
implementation of these
provisions varies widely from
State to State. What steps should
be taken in your view to make
the devolution of powers and
functions to the Panchayats and
Municipalities and their
implementation more effective?
1.6
Karnataka
103
Planning Department
The object of District plan is to arrive at an
integrated, participatory coordinated idea of
development of a local area. An essential step
in this direction is to ensure that each of the
urban and rural local body is treated as a
planning unit and district plan is built up through
consolidation and integration of these plans
as well by considering development of district
as a whole.
2. As regards the preparation of district plans
the role would be preparing such plans in
accordance with the activity mapping and
overall co-ordination in planning, providing
capacity building and technical support to the
lower tiers of Panchayats. Presently, the plans
are formulated for a size determined at the
State level. The Programmes are categorized
in accordance with the activity mapping and
allocation of funds for various Programmes
will be decided in consultation with the district
administration and nodal departments. It is
essential that, the District plans also look into
several issues that may lie outside activity
mapping, but are critical to the overall
development of district as a whole. Therefore
issues that need to be addressed in the
Panchayat Plan and which are more relevant
to backward districts will have to be identified.
3. The present practice of preparing the action
plans of the programmes at different PRI levels
may result in overlapping of works,
beneficiaries etc. It is, therefore, felt that all
What has been your experience in
the functioning of District Planning
Committees and Metropolitan
Planning Committees as envisaged
under Articles 243 ZD and 243 ZE
respectively of the Constitution?
What are your views on the steps
needed to be taken to effectively
promote the concept and practice
of independent and decentralized
planning and budgeting at District
and Metropolitan levels?
1.7
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
104
action plans be prepared at one point taking
into cognizance, the felt needs of the people or
their representatives, politicians, subject experts,
officials at different levels of Panchayats and
integration of the same at the district level.
Allocation of Central funds for various centrally
sponsored schemes will have to decided at least
a year in advance enabling timely formulation
of action plans. Reinforcing planning machinery
through delegation of powers, setting up of
an effective grievance redressal system, creation
of necessary infrastructure, service conditions
need to be specifically addressed.
4. Between the Centre and the State
Government, the State is the driving force
behind district planning since guidelines for
preparing comprehensive district plans are to
be issued at the State level and the State
Government also has to see that the
components of district plans get reflected in its
State Plans.
5. In order to promote the concept of
independent planning at the district level, the
Centre could focus on strengthening institutions
of planning, capacity building of personnel,
providing adequated infrastructure support for
building up database/maps. A standard
Management Information System could also
be developed for monitoring and evaluation
of schemes. Above all, the Centre could also
suggest ways and arrangements for
convergence/integration of various
programmes since co-ordination is one of the
key concerns in planning as well as
implementation.
Karnataka
105
6. As regards debate on tied and untied grants
to States, although there is a case for untied
transfer to state Plan to permit the States to
devise schemes based on priorities outlined in
State policies, where the Central funds are
transferred as a share of CSS and Central
assistance in the form of schemes, sufficient
space should be allowed within the scheme
frame work for States to facilitate
customization as per local resources and
priorities. It should be realized that this
operational flexibility would result in better
outcome.
7. The Centre could consider setting up a
research institute at the National level exclusively
for overseeing planning process, project
appraisal, creating awareness among the
personnel and elected representatives,
monitoring & evaluation and capacity building. In the course of the working of
the Constitution certain subjects/
entries in the Seventh Schedule
have been transferred from one
List to another. What in your view
should be the principles and
practices that may govern the
transfer of legislative items from
the State List to Union List/
Concurrent List or vice versa? Is
there any need for change of
procedure in this regard? Do you
have any suggestions on this issue?
What in your view has been the
impact on Center-State relations as
a result of the changes that have
taken place with the transfer of
items from one List to another in
1.8
1.9
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
106
the Seventh Schedule? Please
provide specific instances of such
impacts.
Are the existing processes of
prior consultation with the States
before undertaking any legislation
on a matter relating to the
Concurrent List effective? What
suggestions do you have in this
regard?
The Constitution makers seem to
have given predominance to the
Union vis--vis States in the
matter of administrative relations.
In view of past experience, does
the present system warrant any
changes?
Articles 256 and 257 of the
Constitution confer powers to the
Union to give directions to the
States. How should these powers
be used in the best interest of
good governance and healthy
Center-State relations?
The provisions relating to All India
Services under Article 312 are a
unique feature of Center-State
relations in India. What measures
do you recommend for
promoting better governance and
harmonious Center State relations
through these Services?
Constitution between the Union
1.14
1.13
1.12
1.11
1.10
Karnataka
107
and the States is a common
practice in federations to facilitate
administrative co-ordinations.
Several institutional arrangements
including the National
Development Council, the Inter-
State Council, Zonal Councils, the
National Integration Council exist
for the purpose of formal
consultations. Are you satisfied that
the objective of healthy and
meaningful consultation between
the Center and the States is being
fully achieved through the existing
institutional arrangements? What
are the ways in which these
processes can be further
streamlined and made more
effective?
Apart from the Inter State Council
Several other institutions have been
created to promote harmonization
of policies and their
implementation among States.
Prominent among these are the
Zonal Councils. In addition, there
are a number of inter-State
consultative bodies e.g., National
Water Resource Council, Advisory
Council on Food grains
Management and Public
Distribution and the Mineral
Advisory Board. Then there are
Central Councils of Health, Local
Self Government and Family
Welfare, Transport Development,
Education, etc. What is your
1.15
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
108
appraisal of the working and
efficacy of these institutions/
arrangements in securing inter-
governmental cooperation? Do
you think they play a useful and
effective role in setting standards
and effective coordination of
policies in vital areas? What are
your suggestions in this regard?
Treaty making is a part of the
powers of the Union Executive.
In the process of implementing
these treaties some obligations at
times may be cast on States also.
What would you like to propose
to take care of the concerns of
the States?
In disputes leading to much
litigation between the Union and
the Central Government Public
Enterprises, the Supreme Court
had suggested an administrative
mechanism to resolve such
disputes through negotiations and
consultation. This mechanism has
helped to resolve many disputes
without having to go to Courts.
Do you think such an institutional
arrangement can work for
resolving administrative, financial
etc. disputes between the Union
and the entities of the States?
Article 247 contemplates
establishment of additional
Courts by Parliamentary
1.18
1.17
1.16
Karnataka
109
legislation for better administration
of laws made by parliament with
respect to matters in the Union
List. However, the Constitution is
not so explicit in respect of
establishment of additional Courts
to better administer laws made by
Parliament with respect to matters
in the Concurrent List. What are
your suggestions in this regard?
A body opinion holds that
safeguards corresponding to
Clauses 7 and 8 of Article 352 may
be incorporated in Article 356 to
enable Parliament to review
continuance of a proclamation
under Article 356(1). What is your
view on the subject?
In implementing the strategy of
planning adopted by India after
Independence, the Center had
assumed the lead role in
formulating five-year plans with
controls and licensing to
implement them, and the States
were required to play a supporting
part. After economic liberalization
many of the controls and licenses
have been largely done away with
and the States have regained much
of their economic policy making
space. Do you think the shift has
been adequate and beneficial? Can
you also highlight the specific areas
in which further reforms may be
2.1
1.19
ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL
RELATIONS
State Planning BoardSome of the specific areas
which require further reforms are:
(i) For States such as Karnataka which have
achieved a level of development, Centrally
Sponsored Schemes and Central Plan Schemes
should provide adequate flexibility so that the
State may bring in components under such
programmes which would help them in
addressing the deficits and customize it to their
needs, lending to the overall success of the
programmes;
(ii) For fiscally disciplined States such as
Karnataka, much greater say in market
borrowing should be given;
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
110
(iii) Local governments need to be recognized
as constitutional entities for district governance
and should be given untied funds (by GOI)
with proper conditionalities in such a way so
that they have the necessary flexibilities in
operation and implementation along with
attaining the goals and objectives of such fund
transfer.
(iv) Maximum allocation of resources through
the Finance Commission fora is welcome.
State Planning Board
Although it is recognized that flagship schemes
of the GOI helps States in moving in the
direction of satisfying the national objectives/
goals in each sector, it is felt that for a state like
Karnataka, it is felt that for the Centrally
Sponsored and Central Plan schemes there could
be a different model. The differentiation in
design of such schemes could be on the basis
of a scientific method, taking into account
indicators like collection of revenue, expenditure
on development, adhering to the FRBM and
others.
Schemes in the form of additional central
assistance like the JNNURM, RKVY etc.
provides a larger canvas and provides a lot more
flexibility. More of schemes in the nature ACA
are welcome. s
Above all it is felt that GOI intervention should
be in the form of big programmes avoiding
over-designing especially for those States who
can add value, so that the States can address the
deficits through the programmes.
required at the State level which
can improve governance in
general and the implementation
of schemes and programmes of
the Government?
Although the States are now
expected to play an active role in
promoting economic growth and
poverty alleviation by providing
infrastructure, delivering basic
services efficiently and maintaining
law and order, it is alleged, that
most States have not kept pace
with the reform process. On the
other hand it is said that the
discretion and priorities of the
States, are affected by the
imposition of the Centres
priorities, inter alia, through
Centrally Sponsored Schemes.
What are your views in this
regard?
2.2
Karnataka
111
It has been the practice of the
Planning Commission to get Five
Year Plans including the Approach
papers approved by the National
Development Council with a view
to ensuring involvement of the
States in the planning process.
Besides, discussions are held by the
Planning Commission every year
with the States individually, to
decide the size of their Annual
Plans and to accord approval. Do
you think that the current practice
is satisfactory or are any changes
called for in the interest of better
economic relations between the
Centre and the States?
The National Development
Council and the Inter-State
Council are among the fore
available for facilitating the
coordination of economic policy
making and its implementation.
However only limited use seems
to have been made of these
institutions for the purpose.
Coordination is achieved more
through interaction between the
Central Ministries and the States.
Do you think the present practice
is adequate for ensuring
harmonious economic relations?
STATE PLANNING BOARD
The practice of discussions being held at the
Planning Commission every year with the States
individually, to decide the size of their Annual
Plans and to accord approval to the same, gives
the States a scope of interaction with the
Planning Commission, GOI, to clarify about
progress of developmental projects/schemes
in various sectors, discuss problematic issues
and explain bottlenecks etc. This practice
therefore needs to be continued.
STATE PLANNING BOARD
The National Development Council and the
Inter State Council are time tested fora for
facilitating coordination of economic policy
making. Interactions through such fora are
beneficial since they facilitate deciding on
policies in a holistic manner.
2.3
2.4
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112
STATE PLANNING BOARD
Centrality of the role of Finance Commissions
on devolution of funds from the Centre to the
States should be established since such transfers
are based on established norms and horizontal
imbalances across States have not been
successfully addressed by dedicated grants.
To all appearances and also from
the Constituent Assembly debates
it seems the Finance Commission
was envisaged by the Constitution
to be the principal channel for
transfer of funds from the Centre
to the States including those which
were meant for development
purposes. However, substantial
transfers now take place through
other channels such as, the
Planning Commission and Central
Ministries so much so that it is
now said that such transfers have
significantly impacted on fiscal
federalism and the devolution of
financial resources. Do you think
that the present system of transfer
of funds is working satisfactorily?
Is there a need to restore the
centrality of the role of the
Finance Commission on
devolution of funds from the
Center to the States?
Transfer of funds from the
Centre to the States through
revenue sharing and grants with
the mediation of a statutory body
viz., the Finance Commission, was
envisaged by the Constitution
makers to redress the imbalances
in the finances of the States
resulting from an asymmetric
STATE PLANNING BOARD
Centrality of the role of Finance Commissions
on devolution of funds from the Centre to the
States should be established since such transfers
are based on established norms and horizontal
imbalances across States have not been
successfully addressed by dedicated grants.
2.5
2.6
Karnataka
113
assignment of financial powers and
functions to the States the vertical
imbalance. The disparities in the
capacity of the State Governments
to provide basic public services at
a comparable level horizontal
imbalance it was believed would
also be alleviated through such
transfers. There have been twelve
Finance Commissions so far and
the thirteenth has since been
constituted. By and large the
institution of the Finance
Commission has come to be
regarded as a pillar of Indias
federal system. What is your
assessment of the role of the
Finance Commission and the
results achieved in terms of
redressal of vertical and horizontal
imbalances?
2.7 Transfers made by the
Planning Commission by way of
assistance for State plans are
supposed to be guided largely by
the Gadgil formula. Of late
however the proportion of
formula based plan transfers has
come down. How do you view
this development and what are
your suggestions in this regard?
2.8 There is widespread criticism
that the funds provided by the
STATE PLANNING BOARD
For a State like Karnataka, where the Plan is
largely funded (about 85%) by the States own
resources, the formula based plan transfers (the
Normal Central Assistance) is not an important
component.
STATE PLANNING BOARD
Reply to be provided by Finance Department.
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
114
Centre are not properly utilized
by States and there are reports of
substantial leakages. In order to
provide incentives to the States
for better fiscal management and
efficient service delivery there is a
suggestion that all transfers to the
States should be subjected to
conditional ties and also tied to
outcomes. States on the other
hand argue that in their experience
the funds are not released by the
Central Government in a timely
manner. What are your
suggestions on the subject?
2.9 Centrally Sponsored
Schemes have emerged as an
important instrument of the
planning process. There is a view
that such schemes may not be
supplementing the States own
Plan schemes. What are your
suggestions in this regard?
2.10 Substantial funds are now
being transferred by the Center
directly to Panchayats,
Municipalities and other agencies
bypassing the States on the ground
that the States have sometimes
been tardy in the devolution of
funds to these bodies. What is
your view on this practice?
2.11 The States power of
borrowing is regulated by Article
It is felt that if Centrally Sponsored schemes
are provided with adequate flexibility in design,
then they can supplement State Plan schemes
and State Governments can address the existing
deficits in the respective sectors accordingly.
STATE PLANNING BOARD
Devolution to the Zilla Panchayats should not
be opposed by the State Governments since
decentralization is important, however the State
should also have better governance at the
District and the Zilla level.
STATE PLANNING BOARD
The resource position of Karnataka has
Karnataka
115
293 of the Constitution. What do
you suggest should be done further
to facilitate the States access to
borrowing while keeping in view
imperatives of fiscal discipline and
macro economic stability?
2.12 What has been in your
view the impact of the fiscal
responsibility laws in your State?
2.13 Do you think that in the
light of experience and the
requirements of a modern
economy, it is time now to give a
fresh look to the entire scheme of
assignment of tax powers between
the Center and the States? If so,
please give your suggestions with
detailed justification.
2.14 The system of domestic
trade taxes in India is set to
undergo a radical change with the
introduction of Tax on Goods
and Services (GST). Several
models are available for operating
the GST in a federal country. What
in your view would be the model
best suited for out country? You
may also like to suggest the
institutional arrangements that may
be needed to implement the
desired GST.
Once GST is introduced will there
be a case for continuing with taxes
on production, such as excise duty?
improved considerably. It has been attained
through greater fiscal discipline and
expenditure management. For States like
Karnataka, it is felt that they should have a
greater say on market borrowing.
Reply to be provided by Finance Department.
Reply to be provided by Finance Department.
Reply to be provided by Finance Department.
Reply to be provided by Finance Department.
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
116
3.1 One of the major benefits
of a federation is to provide a
common market within the
country. In order to foster the
growth of the common market,
Article 301 of the Constitution
mandates that trade, commerce
and intercourse within the Indian
Union shall be free. However, it
is stipulated that restrictions on the
free movement of goods etc.
may be imposed in Public
interest (Article 302). Invoking
public interest, both the Center
and the States have imposed
restrictions of various kinds on
the movement of goods like
food grains and so on. Besides
restrictions on the movement of
food grains, the impediments to
the operation of a common
market are imposed in several
other ways such as, providing
minimum price for products
namely cotton or sugarcane and
monopoly it is said that approvals
have been granted in many cases
almost as a matter of routine.
What in your view should be
done to ensure the operation of
the common market in the Indian
Union? How can the mandate
contained in Part XIII of the
Constitution be carried out
effectively?
3.2 Article 307 of the
Constitution provides for the
UNIFIED AND INTEGRATED
DOMESTIC MARKET
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117
4.1 Even though fifteen years
have passed since the 73
rd
and 74
th
amendments of the Constitution,
the actual progress in the
devolution of powers and
responsibilities to local
Governments i.e. Panchayats and
Municipalities is said to be limited
and uneven. What steps in your
view need to be taken to ensure
better implementation of
devolution of powers as
contemplated in the 73
rd
and the
74
th
amendments so as to enable
Panchayats and Municipalities to
function as effective units of self
government?
creation of an institution to oversee
the operation of the mandated of
a common market in the country.
What are your views on setting up
a Commission/Institution under
Article 307 for this purpose?
STATE PLANNING BOARD
For more effective delivery of services, local
government has to emerge as a strong unit,
empowered with adequate funds and fund
raising avenues, appropriately skilled employees
and adequate functional devolutions.
Karnataka has devolved all the 29 subjects as
envisaged in the 73
rd
amendment to the
Constitution. We have also set up the State
Finance Commission (presently the 3
rd
SFC is
examining the devolution index) to look in to
the distribution of State resources. The 2
nd
Finance Commission had recommended that
40% of the NLOGRR to the local bodies of
which 8% to ULBs and 32% to RLBs.
Whereas the amount indicated to the ULBs is
directly given to them as SFC grants the portion
earmarked for RLBs is apportioned among
the various departments. This anomaly needs
to be rectified so that effective devolution in
true spirit is achieved and the local self
governments are enabled to function effectively.
While a separate organization (PRIs) with
Constitutional status has been created, they have
not been given separate functions which results
in a constitutional anomaly with the State and
Local Bodies having overlapping functions/
jurisdictions. Constitutionally, the Departments
are responsible for rural water, education and
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
118
such other development programmes although
they are ZP subjects. The schemes to be
implemented at the ZP level are department
led and proposals for the same are designed by
the Head of Department at the State level. This
has been more or less been addressed in the
case of ULBs as they have independent
functions like water supply, drainage etc.
STATE PLANNING BOARD
Yes. Greater autonomy should be given to
Panchayats for levying taxes, duties, tolls, fees
in specific categories like licensing, development
taxes etc. But along with greater autonomy,
legal exclusiveness should also exist to avoid
reversal of functions and roles by giving them
excusive sphere of activity, probably limited to
4-5 functions such as primary health and
anganwadi, water supply, primary education
and sanitation.
In case of the ULBs, they generate their own
funds as well as get the 8% as SFC award,
whereas in the case of ZPs, they are dependent
on the State Government for their funds and
functions.
The recommendations of the State Finance
Commission can be made more effective by
devolving the funds recommended by the SFC
to the local bodies.
STATE PLANNING BOARD
Yes. The PRIs should be empowered to utilize
the scheme funds in accordance with local
requirements without impinging on the core
stipulations.
4.2 Should greater autonomy
be given by the State governments
to Panchayats and Municipalities
for levying taxes, duties, tolls, fees
etc. in specific categories and
strengthening their own sources
of revenue? In this context, what
are your views for making the
implementation of
recommendations of the state
Finance Commissions more
effective?
4.3 A large number of
Government schemes are
implemented by the Panchayats
and Municipalities which are
operated on the basis of various
Karnataka
119
guidelines issued by the Central
and State line departments. There
is a view that such common
guidelines are rigid and sometimes
unsuited to local conditions. Do
you think there is a case for making
these guidelines flexible, so as to
allow scope for local variations
and innovations by Panchayats and
Municipalities without impinging
on core stipulations?
4.4 There is an increasing
number of schemes of the Central
Government for which funds go
from the Centre directly to local
governments and other agencies.
The purpose of this is to ensure
that the targeted beneficiaries of
these schemes get the benefits
directly and quickly. Please
comment on the desirability and
effectiveness of the practice of
direct release of funds and the role
of the States in monitoring the
implementation of the schemes.
Do you have any other suggestions
in this regard?
4.5 In the spirit of the 73
rd
and
74
th
amendments to the
Constitution primacy was expected
to be accorded to Panchayats and
Municipalities in decentralized
planning, in decision making on
many local issues eg. Public health,
school education, drinking water
STATE PLANNING BOARD
It is desirable that the funds should be directly
released to the PRIs under intimation to the
State Government to ensure that the targeted
beneficiaries get the benefits directly and
quickly.For the purpose of proper monitoring
and implementation by the State Government,
the Central Government can keep the State
Government posted of all the releases.
STATE PLANNING BOARD
As rightly pointed out a number of parallel
bodies / agencies / societies / missions etc
have been set up in the guise of implementing
the various programmes with the sole objective
of keeping the same out of the purview of
the PRIs. This does not augur well for the
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120
supply, drainage and sewerage,
civil infrastructure, etc and in the
administration and
implementation of Government
funded developmental
programmes, schemes and
projects. In practice, however,
many authorities, agencies and
other organizational entities such
as societies, missions, self help
groups etc. continue to function
in parallel and at times even in
competition and conflict.
Concern has been expressed by
some sections that these parallel
institutions are contrary to the
Constitutional vision and weaken
the role and effectiveness of the
Panchayats and Municipalities. On
the other hand, it is sometimes
argued that Panchayats and
Municipalities do not have the
capacity to plan, administer and
implement many programmes/
schemes/projects requiring very
specialized technical and
management skills and resources.
What are your views in the matter?
What steps would you suggest to
streamline institutional
arrangements between such
parallel agencies and the
Panchayats/Municipalities to bring
about more effective and well
coordinated action congruent with
the spirit of the 73
rd
and 74
th
amendments?
local governance. As a matter of fact, the 73
rd
amendment specifically designates the Grama
Panchayats as the local government through
which all developmental activities needs to
be taken. The advocates of these parallels
agencies harp on the argument that the
Panchayats do not have the necessary skills /
capacity / resources which are indeed denied
to them by these very same agencies. Hence, in
the right earnest, the Panchayats should be
empowered and their capacities augmented to
enable them to function as true local
governments in the right spirit. The CEO of
the ZP should be a senior level officer,
experienced in administration. If such parallel
bodies are to coexist, then processes need to
be evolved so that there is proper information
sharing as well as for minimizing duplication
of efforts.
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121
4.6 A view is often expressed
that the three levels of the district,
intermediate and village Panchayats
within the Panchayat system clutter
up the system and give scope for
friction and discord amongst them.
What are the means by which an
organic linkage can be best
fostered between the Panchayats?
Are any changes in the three tier
system warranted?
STATE PLANNING BOARD
The organic linkages can be fostered between
the three tiers of panchayaths in the form of a
portion (about 20%) of the elected
representatives of the lower PRIs being
provided ex-officio membership in the
immediate higher level of PRI.
The administrative linkages are already available
in the form of the CEO and other Zilla
Panchayat officers empowered to visit, aid and
assist the TPs and GPs in the planning,
implementation and execution of their various
responsibilities. Similarly, the TPs level officers
are also empowered to guide and assist GPs.
There is a feeling that the intermediate tier of
PRIs (Taluka Panchayats) have become
superfluous. There is merit in the contention
that the intermediate tier should be abolished
and the earlier pattern (as under the Karnataka
Zilla Parishads/Mandal Panchayaths Act 1983)
could be reintroduced. A multi discipline team
of officers/experts at the Taluk level could
guide and provide expertise to the Grama
Panchayats in implementing the huge funds
devolved. This would strengthen the
monitoring and effective implementation of
the various schemes.
As per recommendations of the Second
Administrative Reforms Commission of GoI,
constitutions of District Councils can be
considered with representation of PRIs and
ULBs. The Council members could be either
nominated or elected.
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
122
STATE PLANNING BOARD.
Yes. This is one of the approaches to empower
the Panchayats. The District Planning
Committees should be equipped with an
independent Secretariat to assist it in drawing
up District Plans. Apart from the various elected
members in the District Planning Committee
provisions should be made to utilize the services
of experts in various disciplines to assist the
DPC in drawing up the District Plans.
In practice however, the intergovernmental
structure like the DPC is difficult to
operationalise. Hence, if a District Council is
constituted as proposed earlier, a Committee
under the District Council could be given the
responsibility for preparing District Plans.
STATE PLANNING BOARD
True. There is a conflict between the PRIs inter-
se and also between the State Legislature and
the PRIs. These conflicts are basically limited
to selection of locations / work-spots or
beneficiary selection.
The State Panchayat Council could be a forum
to help resolve any disputes between the various
tiers of the PRIs and the Legislators.
In Karnataka there are members in the
Legislative Council from the Local Body
Constituencies. Above all, it is felt that a High
Powered Committee could be constituted at
the National level, to re-examine the 73
rd
and
74
th
amendment to evolve an effective structure
of the local governments.
4.7 Participative planning
especially spatial planning from
the grassroots level upwards to
culminate in a district plan is
emerging as the most potent
instrument for empowering
Panchayati Raj Institutions. Do
you think this is the right approach
to empower Panchayats? What
are your views on the role,
functions and composition of the
District and Metropolitan
Planning Committees?
4.8 Instances have been reported
where the State Governments
have held different or even
conflicting views to that of the
local Governments in respect of
the administration of devolved
subjects and vice versa. What
mechanisms do you suggest,
other than Courts, to help resolve
such disputes? What other
measures would you suggest to
bring about better linkages
between elected members of
Panchayats and Municipalities with
the State Legislatures? Is there a
possible room for representation
of elected Panchayats and
Municipality members in the
Upper Houses/Legislative
Councils of the States, where such
Upper Houses exist?
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123
4.9 What roles do you envisage
for the local Governments in
infrastructure creation specially
mega-projects which may involve
acquisition of land and
displacement of people in areas
under the jurisdiction of the local
Governments? Local
Governments should have a major
role to play in decision making on
issues relating to management of
land resources especially change of
land use from agricultural to urban
and industrial purposes, acquisition
of land for public purposes etc.,
to ensure greater stakeholder
participation and reduce
possibilities of conflict between
local, state and national interests.
What are your views in this regard?
4.10 Large urban agglomerations
and mega-cities pose very different
kind of challenges for governance
in a federal context. The
relationship between the
Governments of such large cities
and other levels of Government
is becoming increasingly complex.
What roles and responsibilities
would you like to see assigned to
each of the three levels of
Government for the better
management of mega/metro cities
including their security keeping in
view the specific nature of the
problems faced by them?
STATE PLANNING BOARD
The views of the local Governments (PRIs)
must be considered and addressed as far as
possible. The Local Governments should be
taken into confidence right from the initiation
of such projects as ultimately the location mega
projects involves displacement of people at
the local level which would call for greater
participation of the local Governments.
STATE PLANNING BOARD
With the envisaged investments in urban
infrastructure, particularly water supply,
sewerage and solid waste management sectors,
there is an enormous responsibility for
appropriate capacity creation in the ULBs to
ensure proper operation and maintenance of
assets created. Appropriate institutional
mechanisms need to be developed by the State
as well as the ULBs including the development
of appropriate PPP models for ensuring
efficient delivery of urban services. A
concomitant requirement is skill development
at many levels to meet the demand for trained
personnel for different categories of urban
services. There is a need to give a strong thrust
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124
4.11 Many of the regions falling
in the scheduled areas (Schedules
V & VI) have traditional
institutions of governance
coexisting with or substituting
Panchayati Raj Institutions e.g.
Autonomous Hill Councils etc.
What are your views as to how
these institutions can be further
strengthened and be congruent
with the spirit of the 73
rd
and
74
th
amendments without
undermining their traditional
character?
5.1 Article 355 of the
Constitution stipulates that it shall
be the duty of the Union to
protect every State against
external aggression and internal
disturbance ....Although Public
Order and Police come within the
State List. Deployment of Central
forces in any State in aid of the
civil powers including jurisdiction,
privileges and liabilities of
members of such force while on
such deployment are subjects of
the Union List. In the context of
recent developments of
prolonged extremist violence and
to skill development through vocational training
to create a sizable cadre of trained youths in
small towns and cities as well as surrounding
rural areas.
In Karnataka the growth and spread of
Bangalore and its agglomeration has thrown
up interesting perspectives on the model of
governance structures that are amenable for
effective management of large metropolitan
areas. The Kasturirangan Committee appointed
in the wake of the formation of Greater
Bangalore (Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagar Palike)
has in its report given far reaching
recommendations on the re-orientation and re-
organization of the institutional framework for
effective governance of the Bangalore
Metropolitan Area, having regard to the tenets
of the 74th constitutional Amendment, which
could be considered for implementation. A
list of the recommendations is enclosed.
Not applicable to our State.
Karnataka
125
cross-border terrorism in certain
States, the role and responsibility
of the Central and State
Governments to contain such
disturbances have come up for
examination in meetings of the
Centre with the States. This is an
issue which has a vital bearing on
the life and security of the people
and deserves urgent attention.
Given the mandate of Article 355
and the division of powers in
respect of internal and national
security, do you think the role and
responsibilities of the Centre and
States in the matter of controlling
internal disturbance often spread
over several States require
delineation through supporting
legislation?
5.2 By convention and in
practice, Central forces are
deployed to control internal
disturbance only when specific
requests are made to that effect by
individual State Governments.
Article 355 of the Constitution
enjoins the Union to protect States
against external aggression and
internal disturbances. What courses
of action you would recommend
for the Centre to effectively
discharge its obligations under
Article 355?
5.3 Maintenance of communal
harmony in the country is one of
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
126
the key responsibilities of both
the Union and the State
Governments. The Government
is expected to ensure that
communal tensions and
communal violence are kept
under control at all times. What
according to you should be the
role, responsibility and jurisdiction
of the Centre vis-a-vis the States-
(a) During major
communal tensions particularly
the ones which may lead to
prolonged and escalated violence?
and;
(b) When such prolonged
major communal violence actually
takes place?
5.4 Likewise, what are your
views on prevention and control
of sectarian violence or any other
social conflicts that may lead to
prolonged and escalated violence?
5.5 In the light of the above
two questions, what according to
you should be classified as a major
and prolonged act of violence?
What parameters would you like
to suggest in defining a major and
prolonged act of violence?
5.6 In the above context what
steps would you suggest for
making the role of the National
Integration Council more
effective in maintaining and
sustaining social and communal
harmony in the country?
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127
5.7 How can the media in your
view play a constructive role in
preventing and containing
communal and sectarian violence?
5.8 Several expert committees
constituted by the Government
from time to time for reforming
criminal Justice administration have
consistently recommended the
need for classifying crimes
threatening national security as a
separate category requiring
differential treatment. These are
crimes generally masterminded by
criminal syndicates across state and
national boundaries using
illegitimate or ostensibly legitimate
channels mostly with the support
of anti-national elements. This
category may include crimes such
as terrorist violence, economic
crimes like money laundering,
production and distribution of
fake currency and stock market
frauds, transactional crimes like
drug trafficking, arms and
explosives smuggling etc., Given
the potential danger to the security
of the country arising from such
inter-State and transactional crimes,
which crimes in your view merit
inclusion in such a category?
5.9 Given their characteristics as
mentioned in 5.8, inter-State
transactional crimes do warrant
different procedures for
investigation and prosecution as
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
128
compared to other crimes. A
Central Agency with special
expertise and resources working
in co-ordination with international
security agencies on the one hand
and the State police on the other,
is the model recommended by
expert committees to tackle the
problem. What are your views in
this regard?
5.10 The Central Agency so
constituted as a result of issues
raised in 5.9 above would not be
able to operate effectively
without the cooperation and
support of the State law and
order machinery. What are your
suggestions in this regard?
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129
6.1 The Inter-State River Water
Disputes Act, 1956, provides for
inter alia the constitution of a
tribunal by the Central
Government, if a dispute cannot
be settled by negotiations within a
time frame of one year after the
receipt of an application from a
disputant State; giving powers to
tribunals to requisition any data
from the State Governments, the
water management agencies etc; a
data bank and an information
system being maintained by the
Central Government at the national
level for each river basin;
empowerment of the Central
Government to verify data
supplied by the State Government;
a time frame for tribunals to give
an award and for the decision of
the tribunal after its publication in
the official gazette by the Central
Government to have the same
force as an order or decree of the
Supreme Court. Broad principles
for sharing of river waters are still
under discussion between the
Central Government and the
States. Are your satisfied that the
measures taken so far have
contributed effectively to the
resolution of inter-state river water
disputes? What additional
measures do you suggest for
strengthening the implementation
of the existing Constitutional
provisions and other laws? What
STATE PLANNING BOARD
As an additional measure for strengthening the
implementation of the existing Constitutional
provisions and other laws in respect of inter
state river water dispute, a Joint Authority could
be established, comprising representatives of
the States concerned authorized to look into
problems and implementation of Tribunal
Awards. Therefore for integrated planning and
management of river basin constitution of joint
authority is desirable since:
(1) They would help to bring about
proper and optimum utilization of the
water resources of inter-state rivers.
(2) They would promote and operate
schemes for irrigation, water supply,
drainage, development, hydroelectric
power and flood control.
(3) They would decide a dispute which
may arise from any legislation, or
failure to implement the terms of any
agreement on the part of another
state.
The Tribunals consists mainly of Judges, who
decide awards based on evidence. The
Tribunals Acts just like Court and the process
of proving a point is totally judicial. However
it should be understood that the subject under
dispute is not purely a legal issue and technical
aspects related to geology, hydrology etc., are
important. Hence it is suggested that the
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130
Tribunal could be broad based to include
Technical Official Members as well. Under the
Interstate River Water Disputes Act appeals can
be made to the Supreme Court against a
Tribunal Award if there is any legal infirmity.
The Act could be amended for more
fundamental appeal to the Supreme Court.
Further, appeals to the Supreme Court against
a Tribunal Award should be time bound. In
this regard a separate mechanism could be
established e.g. having a separate Cell for speedy
disposal of appeals against Tribunal Awards.
STATE PLANNING BOARD
Intra basin transfer of water is a major issue.
During distress situation the law also fails and
therefore the provision of other facilities for
managing risks are required. For
implementation of the basic tenets of Tribunal
Award, a Joint Authority can be constituted,
however, micro management of water
resources should lie with the State. There could
be National Water Mission which could be
technical advisory body as opposed to a
management authority, who could advise the
States on implementation. However, the burden
of implementation could be left to the states
themselves.
in your view should be the role
of the Central Government in
implementing and monitoring the
existing inter-State water sharing
agreements and in ensuring
compliance and implementation
of the awards of tribunals, court
decisions and agreements/treaties?
6.2 Water as a resource,
particularly river waters, is an issue
of great complexity and sensitivity
in terms of ownership and
control, conservation, optimal
and sustainable use, sharing and
distribution and it is apprehended
that this may result in serious
tension and possible civil strife in
future. Proper management of
the resource requires striking a
balance between national interests
and the interests of the States
through which the rivers flow. In
this context several proposals
have been considered including
the transfer of water from one
river basin to another, through
which the rivers flow. In this
context several proposals have
been considered including the
transfer of water from one river
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131
basin to another, more prudent use
in intra-basin areas, sharper focus
on rain water harvesting and water
management strategies etc. What
are your views in the matter to
ensure better management of this
valuable resource keeping in view
both national interests and the
interests of individual States? Can
the concept of integrated planning
and management of river basins
under a joint authority be
introduced on a larger scale?
6.3 Continuing from the
foregoing, what in your view
should be the nature of Centre-
State cooperation in mitigating the
effect of floods and management
of drainage and irrigation
particularly when these issues have
inter-State and international
implications?
6.4 Pollution of our rivers
poses a serious threat to the quality
of available water, biotic
resources, human health and safety
and our natural heritage. Adequate
efforts to tackle the problem
through technology-oriented
national and state level
programmes backed by peoples
participation have been lacking.
Even Missions such as Ganga/
Yamuna Action Plan(s) and other
STATE PLANNING BOARD
Proper planning, supervision and management
of water resources, right from the water supply
catchment area, needs to be paid adequate
attention. Setting up of a formal mechanism
like Joint Bodies (with some teeth) could be
an answer which could look at the issues of
cropping pattern, drainage and flood control
and other related issues in a holistic manner.
STATE PLANNING BOARD
According to studies 75 to 80 percent of the
rivers pollution is the result of raw sewage,
combined with industrial run off and the
garbage thrown into the river, a quantity well
beyond the rivers capacity to assimilate. For
treatment of polluted river water, the
following could be focused upon:-
A) More innovative Public Private
Partnerships (PPP) could be
developed to not only dispose off the
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
132
waste but also find out whether money
could be earned from recycling mounds
of garbage.
B) Sewage treatment is a must and in
absence of uninterrupted power supply
in urban areas, even low cost
technologies are to be put in place to
treat sewage before letting it to rivers.
C) Considering the magnitude of sewage
generated and to be treated, especially
in urban and semi urban areas which
are close to rivers, central government
may consider providing financial
assistance for capital cost for
establishment of sewage treatment plant
and capacity building of the locals and
to create awareness. Issue of polluting
rivers, however is to be addressed
through preventive, legal, technological
and administrative measures.
Although there is a law against pollution with
adequate existing provision its enforcement is
weak. Municipalities have neither funds nor
capacities to take action accordingly. Incentives
and financial investments for River Action are
meagre. There are to be a large scale infusion
of technology, funds as-well-as training of
officials to build competence.
STATE PLANNING BOARD
Regulation and Utilisation of sullage and waste
water to improve the quality of soil is the
responsibility of the state. They can not be a
national strategy on the same since the problem
is the local one. However, it is felt that a scheme
river action plans have yielded
limited results. What steps legal,
administrative, technological,
economic and financial would
you suggest for a resolution of
the problem?
6.5 The subject of land
improvement figures at Entry 18
List-II of the Seventy Schedule
under Article 246. Most of the
States have not taken sufficient
measures to optimally utilize the
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133
nutrients present in the residue of
treated sewage or in the river
waters by way of salvage and
sewage flowing into them (part of
the solid waste settles at the river
bottom and is retrievable during
the period of lean flow) and
recycling the available water
resource to improve the fertility of
soil and increase the productivity
of land. In this context there is an
increasingly perceived need to
have in place a national strategy for
control, regulation and utilization
of selvage and wastewater to
improve the quality of soil, land
and other nutrients with the
objective of augmenting
agricultural yield, more so due to
mounting water scarcity and
changes in precipitation owing to
climatic changes. What are your
suggestions for countering the
resulting loss to the nation?
6.6 Storage or reservoir or
dam based projects are often
conceived as multi purpose
projects providing not only power
but also irrigation, navigation,
drinking water and flood control
benefits. At the same time such
projects have higher environmental
and social externalities. The issue
of fair sharing of social and
environmental costs and benefits
between downstream/command
areas and upstream/catchment
in the nature of an Additional Central
Assistance could be formulated by GoI for
assistance to the States in this regard.
STATE PLANNING BOARD
Implementation of dam base projects now
have to be implemented with pre-informed
decisions and environmental clearance
involving public hearing as stipulated under
Environment impact Assessment notification
dated 14.9.2006 issued by the MOEF, GoI
and that shall take care of the environmental
and social issues arising thereon.
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
134
areas has been a major problem
leading to sub optimal utilization
of this valuable resource. What
role do you envisage for the
Central Government for
achieving greater cooperation
among the various stakeholders
in developing a consensus on such
projects?
6.7. With the adoption of the
National Environment Policy
2006, greater powers have been
delegated to the States to grant
environmental and forest
clearances for infrastructure and
industrial projects having
investment of up to a specified
limit. While one body of opinion
is of the view that it will have a
harmful effect on ecology and
disrupt the fragile equilibrium in
our environment, others look
upon this as a welcome initiative
which will facilitate timely
implementation of development
projects. Do you think that the
FOREST, ENVIRONMENT &
ECOLOGY DEPARTMENT
The existing arrangements may be taken as
working satisfactorily. India being a developing
country conservation and development should
always go hand in hand. At least the smaller
projects which serve the immediate need of
the common man should be addressed locally.
The larger projects which have more deleterious
effect on the environment can be assessed
thoroughly by a body which has got better
competency and provisions. Since the smaller
projects are being cleared at the State level, this
is helping to win the co-operation of the
common man in implementing the
conservations laws. States may be given enough
flexibility to achieve the developmental goals
through relaxation of the same of the proisions
of the act policy 2006 where basic needs of
local community are to be met.
STATE PLANNING BOARD
The State Environment Impact Assessment
Authority for Karnataka constituted in 2007 is
discharging its statutory functions striking a
balance between development of projects and
environmental conser vation/safeguard
measures.
While according statutory environment
clearances for new construction projects,
concept of green building, water harvesting,
establishment of STP/ETP of required size and
type, energy efficiency device, with recharging
of ground water by way of percolation devices
and a mandatory provision of 33% of green
cover is being enforced. For industry projects,
establishment of co-generation and captive
Karnataka
135
existing arrangements are working
satisfactorily? How do you think
the conflicting interests of
development and environmental
conser vation can be better
reconciled?
power plants is encouraged. However, there
is a need to study the carrying capacity of the
region before establishments of a project for
environmental safeguards and to ensure
equitable distribution of natural
resources.Above all, it is felt that it is still an
evolving process and more passage of time is
required to assess the efficacy of the
procedures adopted for environmental and
forest clearances for infrastructure and
industrial projects.
FOREST, ENVIRONMENT &
ECOLOGY DEPARTMENT
It is a fact while declaring the reserve Forests
the rights and Privileges of the Tribals were
not considered for lack of proper documents.
With the enactment of Scheduled Tribe and
other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition
of Forest Tribes) Act, 2006 Act, it is certainly
an opportunity to consider the well deserved
rights and privileges of the deprived people.
Due care has to be taken to see that honey
combing of the vast stretch of forests is
avoided and proper wild life corridors are
maintained.
STATE PLANNING BOARD
It is a fact that while declaring the reserve
forests, the rights and privileges of the Tribals
were not considered or settled for lack of
proper documents. With the enactment of the
Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest
Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Tribes) Act,
2006, it is certainly an opportunity to consider
the well deserved rights and privileges of the
6.8 There is a view that the
inadequacy of minimum
infrastructure facilities for forest
dwellers and general lack of
economic opportunities has greatly
contributed to the escalation of
dissatisfaction and alienation
among them. This also raises
security concerns. The Scheduled
Tribes and Other Traditional Forest
Dwellers (Recognition of Forest
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136
Tribes) Act, 2006 which confers
land ownership rights on
scheduled tribes and other
traditional forest dwellers in the
event of their being in occupation
of the said land as on 13
th
December, 2005 is perceived as
a major step towards
containment of unrest and
tension. Do you agree with this
assessment? What further steps
can be taken to build sustainable
models of conser vation by
involving tribal and other forest
dwelling communities?
deprived people. However, due care has to be
taken to see that honey combing of the vast
stretches of forests should not be created and
proper wild life corridors have to be
maintained. The forest dwellers can be
constructively involved in management of forest
areas/protected areas.
ADDITIONAL REGIONAL
COMMISSIONER, GULBARGA
DIVISION, GULBARGA
1. The village forest Joint Management
Committees have to be strengthened in
these regions.
2. The SCP/TSP funds should give first
priority to this region to provide basic
minimum infrastructure like drinking
water, road to access health facilities.
3. Minor forest produce based processing
units should be given necessary linkages
through State & Central Level
Marketing Agencies.
DEPUTY COMMISSIONER,
CHIKMAGALORE DISTRICT
Yes, Special projects are required for providing
basic infrastructure facilities in the remote hilly
areas with additional funding through ITDP
projects.
FOREST, ENVIRONMENT &
ECOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Karnataka
137
Karnataka Forest Department is implementing
various District, State and Central sector
schemes with a aim to increase forest and tree
cover. The National Forest Policy (1988) aims
at covering at least 1/3
rd
of the geographical
area of the country under Forest and Tree
cover to ensure Ecological and Environmental
stability and to sustain socio economic
development. Government of India has fixed
a target of achieving 25% forest and tree cover
by 2007 and 33% by 2012. In order to achieve
this goal, Karnataka Forest Department has
planned to cover 66,336 ha of plantations as
against with the available funds from all the
schemes the target of 1,00,000 ha, fixed by
Government of India with a shortfall of
33,664 ha.
In order to reach the stipulated target of
1,00,000 ha of plantations, action has already
been taken to prepare action plan for additional
work such as advance earth work and raising
of seeding for planting in 2009 rains and
proposals submitted to Government for
approval various state and Central Sector
schemes is not sufficient to achieve the targets
fixed by Government of India. Hence if
sufficient funds are provided under various
state and central sector schemes it is possible
to meet the difference so as to achieve physical
target fixed by Government of India.
In the state of Karnataka there is ban on Green
Tree felling from the year 1988. Most of the
timber divisions are located in the Western
Ghats and as on the date all the all working
plans are written and they are in force. At
present only dead and wind fallen trees are
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
138
extracted annually as per the working plan
prescriptions. The old plantation areas which
are due for felling are extracted and the same
are planted up under various developmental
schemes. So to a greater extent the forest are
maintained for ecological status which gives a
greater indirect benefit to the people in the form
of micro climate, water to the rivers etc. such
being the case the forest of western Ghats
should receive special attention for not
extracting any green trees from the forest areas.
Adequate compensation should be give for
maintaining these forests for the well being of
society at large. The Government of India
should think of compensating heavily to the
betterment of the western Ghats, which are
listed as one of the hot spots in the world for
its greater bio-diversity in the region. States who
have most forest cover than the National
average can be given incentives to maintain them
without diverting them to developmental needs.
STATE PLANNING BOARD
States those who conserve their forests/green
cover which are rendering number of ecological
services are to be adequately compensated while
allocating central grants for development. This
shall even become an incentive to the state /
communities who conserve their ecological
resources. A matrix may even be developed to
calculate the amount of compensation based
on conservation and increase of green cover in
6.9 Some of the states have
contended that they have to
maintain and conserve large tracts
of forests and green cover for
national and global benefit at the
cost of the economic interests of
the state. Similarly mountain states,
particularly those that are a part
of the Himalayan ecosystem have
to constrict the economic
exploitation potential of the
region for the benefit of the
ecosystem as a whole. In other
words, these States provide
ecological services essential for the
nation as a whole as well as for
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139
the state. Environmental costs are to be taken
into account while calculating the
compensation.
COMMERCE & INDUSTRIES
DEPARTMENT
a) As per MM (D&R) Act 1957 Section 9,
Government of India has the power to fix
and revise the royalty rates and rate of dead
rent for major minerals, which is reflected in
2
nd
Schedule of the Act. These rates have last
been revised vide Notification No. GSR.
677(E) dated 14.10.2004. As per Section
9(3)of the MM (D&R) Act 1957, the Central
Government cannot enhance the rate of
royalty in respect of any mineral more than
once during any period of 3 years
b) While the royalty for some minerals are on
the basis of a certain percentage of sale prices
on ad-valorem basis, for some others it is
based on tonnage basis. The royalty for iron
ore ranges from Rs. 2.50 per tonne to Rs. 21.50
per tonne depending upon the Fe content. For
other minerals like bauxite, dolomite, limestone,
manganese which the State is endowed with
the royalty rate is based on tonnage. A letter
has been written to Honble Union Minister
for Mines requesting for fixing royalty rates
on ad valorem basis. If this proposal is
accepted the revenue received from iron ore
the entire global community. These
States have argued for
compensation to them and the
communities who perform the
role of stewardship of these
valuable ecological assets. What are
your views in this regard?
6.10 Regulation of mineral
resources including hydrocarbons
comes within the competence of
the Centre by virtue of Entries 53,
and 54 and 55 of List 1 of the
Seventh Schedule. Entry 23 under
List II similarly empowers the
States to regulate the development
of mines and minerals subject to
the provisions of List 1. The States
have been seeking a greater role in
the decision making processes
relating to the regulation of mineral
resources e.g. in the determination
of the royalty rates, periodicity of
rates revision etc. What steps, in
your view, should be taken to
evolve an integrated policy on the
subject that would reconcile the
interests of the States with the
sustainable exploitation of mineral
resources including hydrocarbons
in the national interest?
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
140
mineral alone will enhance from Rs. 80 crores
to Rs. 960 crores at 10% of the sale price. It is
pointed out in the letter that the rate of royalty
fixed by the Government of India are not
commensurate with the present market value.
There is a huge difference between the cost of
extraction of the minerals including royalty and
the market price of the mineral as a result of
which the Government is losing out on huge
potential revenues by way of royalty.
(c) Lot of damage is being caused to the roads
due to transportation of minerals, the general
health of the people has been affected and
agricultural production in the mining areas has
also depleted. The ecology and environment
of the mining areas has also suffered. To make
good these things it is very much necessary to
fix the royalty rates on ad valorem basis, which
would fetch substantial revenues to the State.
In respect of iron ore it was recommended to
enhance the royalty rate to 10% of the sale price.
It was also suggested to enhance the dead rent
from the present Rs. 100/- per hectare for the
first 2 years of lease and Rs. 400/- per hectare
from 3
rd
year onwards to Rs. 200/- and Rs.
800/- respectively. Copy of the letters written
to Government of India is enclosed along with
note.
(d) It is worthwhile to mention here that export
duty at the rate of 15% of the sale price is being
charged by the Government of India. While all
this revenue goes to the Central Government
the State Government is not given any share. A
note has been sent to F.C. Cell of Finance
Department for taking up the matter with
Government of India by making this a part of
Karnataka
141
Government of Karnatakas submission to 13
th
Finance Commission.
(e) Even in the National Mineral Policy, 2008,
reference has been made to Infrastructure
Development. It is pointed out that in so far
as public funding of infrastructure is concerned
a much greater thrust will be given to
development of health, education, drinking
water, road and other related facilities and
infrastructure in mineral bearing areas, so that
an integrated approach emerges encompassing
mineral development, regional development
and the social and economic well being of the
local population.
STATE PLANNING BOARD
While the royalty for some minerals are on the
basis of a certain percentage of sale prices on
ad-valorem basis, for some others it is based
on tonnage basis. The State Government has
requested the Ministry of Mines for fixing the
royalty based on ad-valorem basis since the
rate of royalty fixed by GoI is not
commensurate with the present market value.
There is a huge difference between the cost
of extraction of the minerals including the
royalty and the market price of the mineral as
a result of which the State Govt is losing out
on huge potential revenue by way of royalty.
In view of the meager royalty received, the
State Govt is finding it difficult to provide
good infrastructure in the areas of the major
minerals activities especially with regard to the
maintenance of roads, welfare of labour in
the mines, effective steps to mitigate
environmental degradation, etc. Royalty rates
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142
are therefore to be visited regularly, keeping in
view the market trends. The export duty at
the rate of 15% of the sale price on mineral
export. This revenue goes to the Central
Government and the State Government is not
given any share. It is strongly felt that GoI should
share export duty with the State. Sharing of
royalty and export duty on minerals should be
more equitable between the GoI and the State
Governments. The matter of mineral exports
requires a wider national debate and need to be
restricted as and when necessary. Exploitation
of minerals as to be need based for captive
units. Minerals should not be exported at the
cost of environmental degradation. Unscientific
extraction of minerals causes environmental
degradation, therefore it is necessary to check
proliferations of mines especially in forest areas
which are rendering irreversible ecological
services. It is felt that a national consensus in
the form of a National Policy on mineral
exploitation is essential.
STATE PLANNING BOARD
The National Action Plan on Climate Change,
outlines polices and programme to be adopted
addressing climate change mitigation and
adaptation. The following eight key missions
are included in the Action Plan.
1) National Solar Mission.
2) National Mission for Enhanced
Energy Efficiency.
3) National Mission on Sustainable
Habitat.
4) National Water Mission.
6.11 Indias vulnerability to the
projected impact of climate
change is high, particularly with
regard to its effect on water
resources, power, agriculture,
forests, tourism, health and rural
livelihoods etc. Most of these
issues are dealt with primarily at
the State and local levels. In view
of the problems and challenges
posed by the phenomenon of
climate change, how would you
delineate the respective roles and
responsibilities of the Centre, the
states and the Municipalities and
Panchayats?
Karnataka
143
5) National Mission for Sustaining the
Himalayan Ecosystem.
6) National Mission for Green India.
7) National Mission for Sustainable
Agriculture
.8) National Mission on Strategic
Knowledge for Climate Change.
The object is that these missions will draw
appropriate policies and ensure their
expeditious implementation.
Addressing challenges of climate change,
requires good scientific understanding as well
as coordinated action at all level. Building the
capacity for societies to adapt to climate change
is a key challenge for all communities and
government. As a part of responding to the
challenge that is reducing emission of these
green house gases to a level that will not result
in dangerous climate change governments,
multilateral institutions, scientists, civil society,
NGOs, businesses and others have to take
measures at Global, Regional, National, State
and grass root levels. The most effective way
to address climate change is to adopt a
sustainable pathway by shifting to
environmentally sustainable technologies and
promotion of energy efficiency, renewable
energy, forest conservation, reforestation and
water conservation. In this context following
action plan is desirable to be implanted by the
State and local bodies.
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
144
1) Creating awareness about the
consequences of global warming so
that people come forward voluntarily
to take mitigatory measures.
2) Capacity building of locals through
training, education, workshops and
research programme.
3) Promotion of Organic cultivation,
crop selection and scientific irrigation.
4) Increase in green cover, protection and
conservation of forest areas, soil and
water conservation, protection of
watersheds and catchment areas,
recharge of ground water.
5) Efficient use of surface and ground
water, rainwater harvesting, waste
water treatment, recycling and reuse.
6) Promotion of renewable energy and
efficient management of energy.
7) Adoption of green technology, energy
efficient technologies.
8) Scientific management of solid waste,
recycling, waste to energy.
9) Mandatory blending of petroleum fuel
with Bio-fuels, introduction of CNG
in commercial vehicles.
10) Improvement of mass transport
system, road network, grade separator,
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145
policy on phasing out of old vehicles
and registration of vehicle especially
in metros.
The mission setup under the National Action
Plan of the climate change need to be
implemented wholeheartedly for which
Centrally assistance in the form of Technical
input and resources would be needed by the
states.
COMMERCE & INDUSTRIES
DEPARTMENT
It is suggested that the Empowered
Committee involving Centre, State and
neighbouring states may be constituted with
the following structure:-
i) Centre, State and neighbouring state
Principal Secretaries of Government
of India and Chief Secretaries,
Principal Secretaries of State
Government;
ii) Environmentalist and other high placed
social Organization office bearers;
iii) NGOs of affected areas
iv) State level organizations/Local bodies
Non-official office bearers;
Since these projects involve long gestation
periods, the important highlights/benefits of
the project should be widely publicized in and
around the project area and with the affected
populations;
7.1 Mega projects, such as
infrastructure projects related to
national/inter-State highways, river
interlinking major irrigation works,
large scale power generation, etc
are characterized by long gestation
periods, heavy capital investment
requirements and complex
ownership and management
structures involving multiple
stakeholders. These projects both
in their creation and operation are
dependent on smooth and well-
coordinated Centre-State and inter-
State relations. There are several
instances of such projects getting
thwarted or delayed or their
operations getting affected by
inter-State or Centre-State
problems at a heavy cost to society.
Please give your suggestions for
creating an enabling policy and
institutional framework, innovative
structures and mechanisms for
stakeholder participation and
systems and procedures for quick
reconciliation of conflicting
approaches so that national
interests prevail.
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
146
i) The projects importance in the economic
activity in project is to be made known;
ii) The role of the project in socio economic
development of State/National level.
STATE PLANNING BOARD
For mega projects a model policy is essential,
since quite a number of projects are to be
executed by the Government. There should
be consistency in policy, with built in clauses for
modifications if circumstances so warrant.
Consistency of decision taking and approval is
also essential.
As for institutional framework an unitary
mechanism for managing mega projects at the
State/National level also. For managing and
administering mega projects there should be
proper focus on capacity building among
officials on project management.
Presently, many complex infrastructural projects
are being implemented on PPP model. The
huge gap in tax : GDP in India (20% when
compared to over 30% in development
countries) gives substantial space for undertaking
projects on PPP model. However, a holistic
view has to be taken in respect of the number
of projects and the quantum of user charges
that would be taken up at any point of time
(there would be limits of tolerance on the part
of users to pay user charges).
The policy has to address:
a) the type of projects;
b) User fees transparent process of
determination;
Karnataka
147
c) Period of user fee levy;
d) Governmental inputs consistency of
policy;
e) Institutional Framework (i) legal conflict
resolution; (ii) managerial (iii) failure measures.
Managerial:
The success in projects depends on the
following constraints:
a) Performance requirement.
b) Scope
c) Cost
d) Time
The management of a project requires an inter-
institutional framework skilled personnel
(tasks/processes tools, systems, personnel)
(who could formulate an RFQ / RFP
documents, etc): While the technical feasibility
determination could be primarily looked after
by the technical wing of the Govt which
initiates the proposal, other aspects like
contractual and legal issues have to be handled
very carefully. Similarly, the service delivery
clauses ie, the levels and quality of service that
is to be delivered and the necessary monitoring
system to interface with the PPP service
provider has to be worked out. As these major
infrastructural projects could be essentially
placing the States Function in the hands of a
private partner in some cases, there shall be a
mechanism to address the users (citizens)
queries, satisfaction, etc, which requires formal
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
148
periodical interface with the service provider.
In view of the fact that the State function is to
be performed under PPP model, the State
cannot take an arms length detachment from
the project.
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
DEPARTMENT
Mega Projects affected by Central State
Relations: Infrastructure sectors like Airport,
Railway line including the commuters rail
system, Ports etc falls in the Union List I Schedule
to the Constitution of India as such the Central
Govt. owns these infrastructure assets. In a
number of cases state (GoK) provides free land
as well as project support (in case of railway
projects) by sharing the cost (50:50, 2/3 etc) to
help execute and complete projects within in a
given timeline. However, the priorities of
GoI and GoK do not coincide as to which
projects need to be taken. Projects which meets
the aspirations of the State should also be given
priority by the Centre.
However for smooth and better coordination
between Centre and States, States should be
incentivised. For instance by way of revenue
sharing.
Participation of State Govt. in Mega Projects
should be made mandatory because not only
State Govt. has to provides free land, electricity,
water and exemption from local taxes, cess and
levies but also has a stake in the use of the facility.
This could be well structured through a SPV as
done in case of Hassan-Mangalore Rail
Development Corporation (HMRDC),
Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation (DMRCL),
Bangalore International Airport Ltd. (BIAL).
Karnataka
149
Though Stake Holders participation is expected
right from the inception of the project, this does
not happen. Invariably issues regarding
existence of the project itself are raised at the
time of completion or post completion.
There is a general dissatisfaction questioning
the approach itself. These issues that rise during
the execution of the projects or post completion
could be dealt with through a mechanism of
ombudsman. The ombudsman as in the case
of Banking Sector, should be suitably
empowered to decide and enforce compliance.
DEPUTY COMMISSIONER,
CHIKMAGALORE DISTRICT
The population which is to be relocated from
the lands acquired for the major projects have
to be included in the profit sharing of such
projects.
COMMERCE & INDUSTRIES
DEPARTMENT
During the land acquisition process, the
Government should involve the active
participation of Taluk Panchayats, Zilla
panchayat, Deputy Commissioner office and
local public and farmers to work them together
resulting in case of approval process. There
should be clear-cut and simple land acquisition
policy to be involved in consultation with
farmers and industries. Further while issuing
notification, lands wherein temples, crematoria,
schools, playground and residential houses are
located shall be excluded. The policy has to
ensure in offering an adequate relief and
rehabilitation package to the land losers. The
7.2 Mega projects involve large
scale acquisition of land and
consequential problems associated
with compensation, displacement
of people and their relief and
rehabilitation and resettlement.
Would you suggest any policy
changes in the existing processes of
land acquisition and payment of
compensation thereof? Likewise,
is there a need for bringing in any
changes in the rehabilitation and
resettlement polices in order to
minimize displacement, ensure fair
compensation for the project
affected people and provide them
commensurate livelihood security?
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
150
policy should have provision to take land loser
as partner in the project by offering certain
equity to them. Also, land loser should be
offered adequate compensation based on the
set guidelines.
The land loser except in case of acquisition of
single unit case and infrastructural projects
should have an option to get 20% of the
developed land by the Government owned
industrial area development board in lieu of
specified compensation. Provisions should be
made for the land loser, to be free to use to this
portion of land for residential, commercial and
industrial purposes. Appropriate legislative
clause should be there in the policy to ensure
that the land is developed within the stipulated
time frame and project is implemented as per
the declared scheduled.
STATE PLANNING BOARD
Land acquisition and Rehabilitation:
The following rehabilitation norms may be
adopted:
I. Compensation:
Determination of market price for the land by
experts;
(a) Determination of replacement value
of structures by experts;
(b) Determination of stability of
structures by structural engineers (to
help in demonstrating structures);
II. Rehabilitation: providing
(i) dislocation allowances;
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151
(ii) allocation of proportional assets
land / shops, etc.
(iii) share in the new project;
In addition to the land costs, displacing people
also involves social costs, which should be taken
into account while compensating. Dislocation
compensation could also be in the form of (i)
extending employment opportunities (ii) the
affected farmer could be made an equity
partner along with adequate compensation (e.g.
either market value of the land or 40% value
of developed area or a mix of both); so that
the farmer is made a partner in progress. It is
also essential to have a Third Party Assessment
of the land value.
Section 11 of the Karnataka Land Acquisition
Act, 1894 deals with award for compensation,
however the Act does not specify the
maximum limit, or the procedure for exact
determination of the value. This results in a
number litigation in Courts. The Act could be
amended laying down a procedure for fair
determination of the compensation, in such a
way that it is not contestable. An example
could be the clause specified in the KIADB
Act through constituting a Committee under
a competent authority involving landowners,
acquiring body, representatives of the
government department, and the amount need
be disbursed within a fixed period of six
months.
REVENUE DEPARTMENT (LAND
A C Q U I S I T I O N - 2 &
REHABILITATION)
The time limit prescribed for publishing 6(1)
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152
Notification is one year from the date of 4(1)
Notification. Similarly, award has to be
approved within 2 years from the date of 6(1)
Notification. The duration is too long. In order
to make timely acquisition of land and early
payment of compensation to the landowners,
this shall be reduced to 2 years i.e. one year
from 4(1) to 6(1) Notifications and 1 year from
6(1) to award. The present national policy on
Rehabilitation and Resettlement is sufficient to
deal with the problem of project displaced
persons.
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
DEPARTMENT
Minimum displacement option is not available
any more, because infrastructure projects now
have to compete with demands placed by
Urbanisation, Agriculture Forest and
Environmental issues. Invariably infrastructure
projects would cause a great deal of
displacement. The Gujarat Model for land
acquisition by allocating share in the
development rights could possibly address
compensation & other issues.
National Rehabilitation Policy should be
applicable to all projects
ADDITIONAL REGIONAL
COMMISSIONER, GULBARGA
DIVISION, GULBARGA
Displacement of farmers is the biggest trauma
caused due to Land Acquisition Act for Mega
Projects. The rehabilitation package should
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153
mandatorily include sustainable economic
rehabilitation by providing alternate livelihood
training/infrastructure & marketing linkages.
DEPUTY COMMISSIONER,
CHIKMAGALORE DISTRICT
The rehabilitation cost has to go beyond the
cost of the properties acquired from those
people.
COMMERCE & INDUSTRIES
DEPARTMENT
The mega projects involve large-scale
displacement of people, which requires
permanent and transparent rehabilitation
policies and one person in each family should
be provided a permanent employment in the
proposed project or in the alternative
organization for smooth implementation of
the mega projects.
STATE PLANNING BOARD
Impact beyond statesFor mega projects which
involve more than one State, e.g. projects in
border areas, extended discussions with all
stakeholders involved is a pre-requisite. The
State has to engage:
a) in dialogue with neighbours
b) dialogue with internal stakeholders
c) frame work to contain
d) nationhood
REVENUE DEPARTMENT (LAND
ACQUISITION-2 &
7.3 In the case of mega projects,
often actions and interventions in
one State impact on another. The
construction of a large dam in one
State, for instance, may lead to
large scale displacement of people
in another without commensurate
benefits accruing to that State.
What are your suggestions for
evolving a national consensus on
rehabilitation policies and strategies
and conflict resolution
mechanisms?
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
154
REHABILITATION)
Inter-State discussion shall be held to sort out
the disputes among States. The beneficiary state
shall be asked to bear the cost of Rehabilitation
and Resettlement of project-displaced families
in the other
S TA T E . I NF R A S T R U C T U R E
DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT
Mega Projects impacting in more than one State
should be executed by a suitable empowered
SPV under the Central Government to ensure
that there a single authority deals with entire
gamut of issues faced during implementation.
For example The Tungabhadra Board was set
up to addressing the issues of large-scale
displacement in the Karnataka and water sharing.
DEPUTY COMMISSIONER,
CHIKMAGALORE DISTRICT
Conflicts can not happen if the states involved
come out of regionalism. In case of conflicts
arbitration can help.
8.1 India is characterized by
unity in diversity consistent with
a pluralistic identity. Recent
decades have been marked by
significant increase of socio-
political mobilization around
sectarian identities. Fears have
been expressed that political
developments emanating from
such mobilization pose a threat to
the unity and integrity of the
country. Do you agree with this
assessment and if so what are
your suggestions for a long-term
solution?
Karnataka
155
8.2 Another significant political
development has been the growth
and ascendancy of regional parties.
These parties have now come to
legitimately play a major role in
governance at the national level.
Given the possibility of this trend
continuing, what would you
suggest should be done to
harmonize national and regional
interests for better Centre-State
relations?
8.3 In contemporary federations,
different types of political
configurations exist with various
kinds of coalitions being formed
among political parties, other
groups and individuals. In India the
multi-party coalitions have
increasingly become the trend. In
this context, what measures would
you suggest to ensure that the
national vision and wider collective
purpose are always paramount and
do not get distorted.
8.4 With the passing of the 73
rd
and the 74
th
amendments to the
Constitution in 1992 more
empowered local level political
leadership has emerged. New areas
of political tensions and conflicts
among Central, State and
Panchayat/Municipal level
leaderships have consequently
arisen. How can these conflicts be
resolved and their relationship
harmonized? Please give your
suggestions.
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
156
8.5 Socio-economic
developments have resulted in
large scale migration from the
under developed to the better
developed regions within the
country. This has sometimes
affected the established
demographic patterns and has
tended to cause social tensions.
This development has serious
implications for Centre-State and
inter-State relations. With the free
movement of citizens guaranteed
by the Constitution, what
measures would you suggest to
contain such social tensions?
ADDITIONAL REGIONAL
COMMISSIONER, GULBARGA
DIVISION, GULBARGA
In the absence of unique is for each citizen, there
is an overlap or extention gap in reaching out
of government schemes & programmes. The
centre maintains separate data base for
Government of India Scheme & access at Micro
level is denied or is partial eg. census details or
NREG or BPL survey details. There is a need
to provide common data base management
platform through NIC for ensuring focussed
development plans.
DEPUTY COMMISSIONER,
CHIKMAGALORE DISTRICT
A mechanism can be evolved to rationalize
per capita income of population in different
regions. Large scale acquisition of fertile land
& watershed areas for building, industries &
projects has to be avoided.
DEPUTY COMMISSIONER,
CHIKMAGALORE DISTRICT
Not Satisfactory
Directives pertaining to social reforms
8.6 Article 37 of the
Constitution states that the
principles laid down in Part-IV are
fundamental in the governance of
the country and it shall be the duty
of the State to apply these
principles to making laws.
(i) Have the Directives been
accorded due regard by
the Centre and the States
in making laws and in
formulating policies and
programmes?
Karnataka
157
(ii) What are those Directives
which require more
legislative attention from
(a) the Union Parliament,
and (b) the State
Legislatures?
8.7 What in your view are the
elements of good governance that
need to be addressed? What
parameters would you consider
appropriate in order to judge the
performance of a State? What are
your views about the existing
monitoring, review and evaluation
mechanisms to ensure delivery of
effective outputs and outcomes of
the schemes and programmes in
the field?
8.8 The task of governance is no
longer confined exclusively to
Governments, but includes a wide
range of stakeholders the
organized private sector, public-
private partnership institutions, civil
society organizations, user and
consumer groups, special interest
groups, associations of industry
and a variety of other non-state
organizations. In many spheres of
ADDITIONAL REGIONAL
COMMISSIONER, GULBARGA
DIVISION, GULBARGA
Good governance should basically include
peoples participation in their own
development. Best practices in different parts
of the country should be upscaled across the
country with regional modifications.
DEPUTY COMMISSIONER,
CHIKMAGALORE DISTRICT
Instead of rending the schemes and projects
through Government Departments, experts
and NGOs can be commissioned to successful
implementation of the projects with a specific
time frame. Social audit is a must in such an
effort.
DEPUTY COMMISSIONER,
CHIKMAGALORE DISTRICT
In every project specific areas be demarcated
and all stale holders other than Government
department be given a definite roll while
formulating the policies and programs those
social experts be consulted through a
consultancy mechanism.
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
158
activity, earlier performed
primarily by Governments, eg.,
education, health care,
infrastructure creation and
management, such organisations
now play a very important role at
various multi-level federal order.
In the context of these
developments, what measures
would you suggest for the
participation of these emerging
stakeholders in the scheme of
governance to address the
growing challenges of ensuring
good governance for promoting
the welfare of the people?
8.9 In the context of the
increased role of many non-State
organizations in the delivery of
public services, Please give your
views on;(a) What can be done
to ensure that such organizations
take due account of social
responsibilities and public good
in their functioning?(b) How can
the discipline of human rights and
the philosophy of the Directive
Principles be brought into the
scheme of such organizations?(c)
How can the principle of
democratic accountability in the
delivery of public services be
extended to these organizations?
DEPUTY COMMISSIONER,
CHIKMAGALORE DISTRICT
NGOs can be made to perform through social
audit and monitoring systems.
Karnataka
159
STATE PLANNING BOARD
Inter State machinery for cooperation in
respect of macro level projects/programmes
for social and human development, especially
in the areas of health, law and order, education
etc. need to be evolved. Cooperation in the
cases of emergencies like epidemics (human
as well in animals) is vital for which DHOs
and health officials of adjoining districts across
neighbouring States should be streamlined. In
the case of medical facilities, the medical plans
of States should permit treatment in hospitals
located in the adjoining State, if it is the nearest
hospital. Similarly, educational concerns, e.g.
having bilingual schools in border areas should
be addressed.
GoI could also appoint Nodal Officers for
identified regions having similar problems who
could monitor interventions from the State
and Centre, both.
There is also no uniformity in the approach
of the GoI of addressing development
strategies aimed at correcting regional
imbalances. An example which can be cited is
that of Raichur district in Karnataka. Although
Raichur falls in the Hyderabad Karnataka
region (i.e. the erstwhile areas under the
Nizam), the provision of Article 371 in respect
of providing special reservation in education
and jobs for people of backward regions, does
not apply in Karnataka, although it is applicable
in the adjoining areas in Andhra Pradesh.
9.1 Development strategies,
particularly those aimed at
correcting regional imbalances,
often require looking at the region
as a whole. Regions are often
defined by topographic, agro-
climatic, ethno-geographic and
social and cultural similarities and
may comprise two or more States.
There is merit in looking at the core
strengths of the entire region and
basing strategies on such strengths
irrespective of State boundaries.
This would require new forms of
inter-State cooperation for
synergistic development. What are
your suggestions for achieving such
cooperation?
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
160
9.2 One of the criticisms faced
by the central sector and Centrally
Sponsored Schemes is that they
tend to have a unifor m
prescription for all situations
without adequate regard to
regional and local specificities and
suffer from lack of flexibility. Do
you think such criticism is justified?
If yes, what are your suggestions
to remove them? What measures
do you suggest for customisation
of programmes and schemes to
suit the differentiated needs of
States and Local Governments?
9.3 Quality of education at all
levels and in all fields has been a
matter of concern. There is need
for developing common
acceptable standards and having
an effective system of
accreditation, certification and
quality assurance systems and
procedures. Given the
Constitutional provisions what
respective roles, according to you,
can the Center and States play
individually or collectively in
working out a coordinated
strategy in this respect?
STATE PLANNING BOARD
The fundamental norms of Centrally Sponsored
Schemes which relate to the basic objective of
the scheme need be universal, however certain
design flexibility and sufficient space should be
allowed within the scheme framework for States
to facilitate customization as per local resources
and priorities. This operational flexibility would
result in better outcomes. For example
components like medicine procurement should
not be centralized.
The approach followed in the case of Additional
Central Assistance (NRHM, RKVY) is perhaps
a better one since although funds are tied, design
flexibility is permitted.
Strengthening PRIs should also be undertaken
so that they could be given untied funds along
with professional assistance to fulfill felt needs.
Functioning of regulatory authorities like the
MCI and AICTE should be more transparent.
STATE PLANNING BOARD
Quality of education should not only restrict
itself to curricula but it should address the issues
of undue stress on children, lack of applicability
and vocational orientation available as per
present set up Centre should give uniformity
by prescribing practical curriculum and training
the trainer inputs and states should focus on
qualitative implementation, evaluation and
feedback to the Centre.
There should be national minimum standards
set for health and education. Acceptable
Karnataka
161
standards are to be adopted especially for
teachers, doctors, health workers, ie. in respect
of professionals in ser vice deliver y.
Independent accreditation (by third parties)
could be considered, this can be discussed
between GoI and State Governments so that
an agreed system of management of
accreditation could be adopted.
STATE PLANNING BOARD
It needs to be found out why some academic
disciplines are getting marginalized and
accordingly the curriculum needs to be
redesigned. The methods and pedagogy of
teaching basic science also needs to be
modified, to make it more interesting for the
students.
Monitoring of teachers effectiveness and
constant up-gradation of their skills could be
done by State and Centre in coordination with
each other.
STATE PLANNING BOARD
National measurement standards are required
for socio-economic indicators. But, an agreed
criteria of national standards (between GoI
and State Governments) needs to be evolved
for such standards, especially because they are
utilized as indicators for the allocation of
resources to the States.
Like the survey undertaken under the
Guidelines of the Ministry of Rural
Development by States for extending facilities
to BPL families as per standardized scales,
9.4 What steps can be undertaken
by the Center and States in a
coordinated manner to preserve
and promote academic disciplines
which are getting marginalized by
a variety of socio-economic
development?
9.5 One of the challenges faced
by policy planners in the country is
lack of uniform social and
economic measurement standards
(including poverty, health,
education etc.). This applies across
Central Departments as well as
between States. This is an
important issue because these
measurements are utilized for the
allocation of resources to the States.
How can unifor m national
standards for the measurement of
these indicators be formulated?
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
162
national database of each household should be
maintained and upgraded with any benefit given
by State or Centre. This would give a cumulative
picture of status of each household and avoid
duplication/leakages.
What are your suggestions with
respect to Centre-State
Cooperation in the joint
formulation of these standards?
10.1 Para4 (iii) of the notification
relating to the Terms of Reference
of this Commission (annexed)
states that the Commission while
examining and making
recommendations may not limit its
mandate to these. While the
Commission has tried to make the
Questionnaire as comprehensive as
possible, there may still be
additional issues which the
respondents may like to highlight.
In case it is felt that submissions on
such additional issues are required,
these can be added alongside the
responses to the questions.
Kerala
163
GOVERNMENT OF KERALA
Response to the Questionnaire
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
164
P R E F A C E
The Government of India, by its Resolution of 27thApril, 2007 had constituted a
Commission chaired by Justice M.M. Punchhi, former Chief Justice of India to look into the
issues of Centre-State Relations keeping in view of the change that has taken place in the
polity and economy of India since the Sarkaria Commission had last looked at the issue
over two decades ago.
At the onset, the Commission invited the initial views of the State Government
on the major issues and current problems, which have a vital bearing on the Centre-State
Relations, keeping in view the Terms of Reference of the Commission. The details thereon,
as far as, the State Government of Kerala is concerned, were forwarded to the Commission
vide Government letter No.67042/SS3/07/GAD dated 09.06.2008.
Then the Commission invited views/suggestions on the Draft Questionnaire, to be
able to add to the questions and to refine, modify and reformulate them before framing
the Final Questionnaire. The Views comments of the State Government on the Draft
Questionnaire were forwarded to them vide Government letter No.67042/SS3/07/GAD
dated 28.11.2008.
Finally the commission has forwarded a Final Questionnaire, calling upon the
considered and substantive response from the States on all questions therein. The views/
suggestions/proposals of the State Government of Kerala are furnished herewith in the
following pages, for the Consideration of the Commission.
Kerala
165
GOVERNMENT OF KERALA
Points Views/Suggestions/ Proposals
1. Constitutional Scheme of Centre-State Relations
Conceptual
Framework
1.1 & 1.2
The Constitution of India is federal in character. The term
federal set up itself means two levels of Governance ie. Central
Government and State Government. A Constitutional division
of powers has been made between the Centre and the States.
The sphere of control of the Central Government and its extent
has to be clearly defined for the smooth functioning of Centre-
State relations. It is the very foundation of the federal set up.
Of course, there is nothing wrong in the Central Government
being given a strong role in those matters which affect national
security and entail measures to combat terrorism etc, as the
integrity of the country itself is involved. All residuary powers
however are vested in the Centre. At least some of the powers
need to be delegated to the states for welfare and progress of the
people. Moreover, in other fields such as taxation, development,
health, education etc. control should be given to the States. The
strengthening of the federal system is necessary for meeting the
aspirations of the people who are governed through State
Governments and for preserving the unity of India. If
Constituent States enjoy only little power, it would make them
dependent on the Central Government, restricting their
development. The contradiction between the Centre and the
States has seemingly grown in the past and it is needed to be
resolved.
The power of the State is already very limited by virtue of
the existing provisions of the Constitution. For instance, the power
of taxation of the State Governments is very limited. The power
of the State to borrow from outside the State in case of financial
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
166
difficulty is subject to the Centers oversight under Article 293.
The State has to depend on Finance Commissions awards which
are constituted by the Central Government for its revenue.
For instance, in areas like education and health, the State should
be armed with more powers to meet the growing challenges
faced by its citizens. The Central Government should not be
allowed to scuttle the progress of development projects initiated
by the State by refusing sanction on flimsy and untenable
grounds. For instance, as far as Kerala is concerned, the
clearance for the Vallarpadom Project was delayed and for
Vizhinjam Port Project it was refused by the Central
Government. The State Government should be allowed to plan
independently on its own all these development projects where
the financial commitment of the Central Government is
negligible. The power of the Central Government to impose
emergency and put the State under the Presidents rule can be
misused by the Central Government. The power of the Centre
to put a State under the Presidents rule has to be curbed or at
least the power should be reduced to a great extent in order to
avoid any misuse.
Any misuse by the Centre of the provisions of Art.356 of
the Constitution to dismiss State Governments and dissolve State
Assemblies can easily subvert the federal principle and the rights
of the States. In view of the Supreme Court Judgment in the
S.R. Bommai Case, there is an urgent need to build in strong
safeguards in Art.356 and 365 through appropriate amendments
of the Constitution. The ingredients of Art 355 need to be
clarified. The term internal disturbance in Art.355 is related to
public order, which is the first entry in the State list. The
proposal for Central deployment of central paramilitary forces
in a State in a situation which the Centre would consider as
internal disturbance without the States concurrence is
unacceptable. Art.355 should be amended on these lines. Apart
from external aggression, serious threat to National unity, or an
Kerala
167
assault on the secular principle can also be taken cognizance of.
There must be strong safeguard against the abuse of Art.356. This
must be done through Constitutional amendments so that Art.356
is not used except in cases of serious threat to the secular fabric of
the country.
The Governor may be appointed by the President with the
concurrence of the State concerned. He should be a person who
has not taken active part in politics generally and particularly in the
recent past. In selecting a Governor, persons belonging to the
minority groups may be given chances.
Under Article 200, the Governor may or may not assent to
the Bills passed by the Legislature of State, or may reserve it for
consideration of the President. After returning it to the legislature
for further consideration, the Governor may not withhold assent, if
it is again presented for his or her signature by the legislature. The
Governor is given the discretionary power to reserve any Bill for
the Presidents signature. The President may assent, or withhold
his assent. When President directs the Governor that the Bill be
referred back to the State Legislative Assembly, the accompanying
message of the President must be considered by the Assembly within
6 months after its receipt. If the Assembly passes the Bill once
again it shall be presented to the President for his signature. Under
Art. 201 it is not clear as to whether the President can withhold
assent or will have to assent to the Bill in such a case Therefore, the
matter needs to be clarified. There should also be a time limit with
regard to Governors assent to Bills passed by the State Assemblies.
Through Constitutional Amendments, Panchayats and
Municipalities have been accorded Constitutional status and
protection. The development of the country is dependent on the
development of its rural areas. Hence the powers and economic
sources of the local self Governments are needed to be increased
by amending Art.243 H of the Constitution and the Union has to
Role of the
Governor
1.3, 1.4 & 1.5
Constitutional
S c h e m e
r e l a t i n g
t o L o c a l
Government
1.6 & 1.7
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
168
contribute more amounts to the development of the rural area.
A minimum level of local self Government expenditure
and combined Government expenditure (Center and State) is
needed to be set by the Finance Commission. Funds devolved to
the local bodies should mandatorily be routed through the State
Government. Involvement of private groups in governance at the
local level is to be avoided. Improving accountability and
transparency in governance through greater participation of
common people in policy planning and their implementation should
be explored.
More funds shall be allotted to the Panchayats and all the
items which can be implemented at Panchayat Level shall be
transferred to them, so that Grama Panchayats become more
autonomous. Further Planning and budgeting at District level is
to be made more and more autonomous for effective planning.
Planning and budgeting activities, which require expert opinion,
are to be strengthened by the Government with more budgetary
allocation.
The concurrent list gives power to Union as well as the
States to legislate on the same subject. In case of conflict and
inconsistency the rule of repugnancy, as contained in Art. 254,
upholds the principle of Union power. This reduces the powers
of State to enact Laws. In view of this, suitable amendment may
be made in art.246 of the Constitution. Moreover, it is suggested
that certain items in the central list may be deleted and entered
into the concurrent list. Trade and commerce with foreign
countries, import and export across customs frontier; agencies and
institutions for (a) professional, vocational and technical training
including the training of Police Officers (b) the Promotion of
Special studies or research (c) scientific or technical assistance in
the investigation or detection of crime are needed to be included
in the Concurrent List. (Item No.41 and 65 of Central list).
Legisl ative
Relations
1.8, 1.9
& 1.10
Kerala
169
Apart from this, in the sphere of legislation, it is fundamental
that the State cannot legislate on a subject included in the Union
list. But there are instances where the State has to bear the brunt
for failure of the Central Government to enact necessary laws or
frame rules, thereunder. The most obvious example use relates to
the protection of the livelihoods of thousands of practitioners of
traditional medicine (Ayurveda) and crafts in the new IPR regime.
While Kerala has been advocating for some time a framework for
such protection, the Union Government, within whose jurisdiction
IPR falls, has done nothing in the matter because of which traditional
knowledge is increasingly in danger of being privately appropriated.
There are other instances too of such inactivity. In the matter of
Arbitration & Conciliation Act, 1996, by virtue of Section 84 of the
Act, the Central Government is vested with the power to frame the
rules. But the Central Government is yet to frame the rules with
regard to the remuneration that can be claimed by arbitrators. As a
result of which the arbitrators often, fix high amounts as their fee.
This results in financial loss to the Government. In order to tackle
these situations, necessary provisions need to be introduced in the
Constitution enabling the State to frame necessary rules to protect
its interest, wherever the Central Government fails to discharge its
duties of framing necessary rules.
The Central Schemes on the State subjects contain rigid
guidelines. There is also an urgent need to review the impact of the
transfer of legislative items from the State to the Union/concurrent
list. Moreover, there is no formal institutional structure that requires
mandatory consultation between the Center and State in the areas
of legislation under concurrent list.
The Constitution should also provide that items may be
transferred from the State list to Union list/ concurrent list or vice
versa, depending upon the need of the time, after due consultations
between the States and the Union.
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
170
The Union of India symbolizes our Nation and States are
like the limbs of the Union which must be healthy and strong to
ensure that the Nation is strong. There can be no dichotomy
between a strong Union and a strong State. Both need to be strong.
The relationship of Union and State is a relationship between the
whole body and its parts. For the body to be healthy it is necessary
that its parts are strong. It is felt that the real source of many of
our problem is the tendency towards centralization of powers and
misuse of authority, which in turn produces in opposite in the
form of fissiparous tendencies.
The framers of our Constitution established a Federal
System of Government having a National Government with its
own governmental agencies, exercising powers entrusted to it by
the Constitution, and State Governments equipped with powers
entrusted to it by the Constitution. Each of these sets of
Government in its own sphere is autonomous and independent,
not encroaching upon the other. The directions given by the Centre
to the States should be based on facts and should be objective and
judicious.
It is also suggested that minor changes may be made in
Art.312 of constitution. All India Services are under the exclusive
domain of the Centre. Some of the powers may be shared with
the States. The State Governments should especially have a greater
role in the administration of the Rules and Regulations of All
India Services.
The National Development Council (N.D.C) has to be
developed as an effective instrument for Centre-State Co-
ordination, and it should be given a Constitutional status. The
meetings of the NDC should be more frequent. Each issue should
be discussed by the NDC very seriously with written Notes from
the Centre and the State and decisions should be taken
democratically and implemented expeditiously. The Planning
Commission of India may act as an executive wing of NDC. In
NDC also there should be an adequate representation of States
among its members and experts.
Administrative
Relations 1.11,
1.12 & 1.13
Mechanisms for
I n t e r -
Gover nmental
Consultation1.14,
1.15, 1.16, 1.17, &
1.18
Kerala
171
All major issues involving Centre - State relations including
legislation under the concurrent list, should be discussed and decided
by the Inter State Council. The Secretariat of the Inter-State Council
should have better representation from the States.
The Zonal Councils are high-level advisory bodies chaired
by the Union Home Minister and the members are the State Chief
Ministers and two ministers nominated by the respective member
states. Definitely, they have a useful and effective role in ensuing
effective co-ordination of policies in vital areas. The Zonal Councils
may be toned up to provide a common meeting ground in each zone
for the resolution of inter-state problems, fostering balanced regional
development and building harmonious Centre-State relations.
Even though Institutional bodies mentioned in 1.13 and 1.14
of the Questionnaire are related to Centre-State relations, these
bodies have functioned only ceremonially and almost as an extension
of the Union Government. There should be a change in this and
these institutional arrangements should be developed into vibrant
bodies with appropriate statutory backing.
The appointment of even of Constitutional bodies like the
Finance Commission is at present done entirely by the Union
Government which under mines the very character of such bodies.
Such appointments should be made by the ISC, or by the NDC (if it
is given a Constitutional Status as suggested above).
Entering into treaties and agreement with foreign countries/
institutions is one of the attributers of State sovereignty. No state
can insulate itself from the rest of the world, particularly in the
matters of foreign relation, trade, commerce, economy,
communication, environment etc. The advent of globalization and
the enormous advances made in the field of Information &
Communication Technology have rendered independent States more
interdependent. But international agreements entered into by the
Union Government at present require neither legislative ratification,
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
172
nor any consultation with States, even when, as in the case of the
WTO agreement or the recent Indio-ASEAN FTA, they impinge
heavily on the States and concerned with issues belonging to the
State List. Several jurists believe that the Indian Constitution, even
as it stands, requires legislative ratification of international treaties.
But in any case such ratification in all cases, and consultations
with States in cases affecting them must be explicitly written into
the Constitution. It is a good suggestion that the disputes between
Union and States should to be resolved through negotiation and
consultation. By appropriate statutory backing conciliation officers
or arbitrators may be appointed for this purpose, which will help
States and Union to prevent financial loss and time.
Under the Development Councils mentioned in para 1.14,
subject specific councils may also be constituted. The Advisory
Boards and Councils are not up to the standards and need effective
Co-ordination. Members from Academic Bodies/Experts may also
be included in such Boards. While making treaties by the Centre
the concerns of the States also should be taken into account. The
purview of the Courts established for better administration of laws
is extended to those items mentioned in the concurrent list also.
Article 355 and 356 of the Constitution should be amended
in order to incorporate safeguard to prevent the misuse. Further
review of the constitution on the proclamation under Article 356
(1) is necessary.
1.19
Kerala
173
After the introduction of policies of economic liberalization, fiscal
conservatism and deregulation, there has been considerable
weakening of the fiscal condition of State Governments and
consequent erosion of their policy making space. This has happened
through a combination of factors. There has been a slowdown in
genuine decentralization and an undermining of federalism, with
inadequate devolution of finances and powers. The States autonomy
to formulate policies in areas falling within their constitutional
jurisdiction has in fact narrowed down.
Central policies have played the most significant role in
weakening the fiscal health of the States on theone hand and forcing
centrally-determined policies on the States on the other.
Such policies of the Centre fall under seven categories:
i. falling resource mobilization and tax effort by the Centre
ii. centralization of resources;
iii. increasing discretion with the Centre in deciding transfers to
the states;
iv. conversion of statutory transfers to conditionality-linked
transfers;
v. declining devolution and failure to meet Finance Commission
commitments to state finances;
vi. escalating committed expenditure on interest and salaries
and pension due to the Pay Commission recommendations;
and
vii. Proliferating Centrally Sponsored Schemes, with rigid
centrally determined designs in terms of technique,
institutions, outcome, etc.
2. Economic and Financial Relations
2.1
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
174
(i) Role of Finance Commissions
The 11th Finance Commission began the process of
enforcing fiscal reforms on State Governments, which has been
taken forward by the 12
th
Finance Commission also, both imposing
high and extra-constitutional conditionalities on States.
The 11
th
FC and the 12
th
FC have aggressively pushed
reforms by converting statutory transfers into conditional funds,
using debt relief as leverage. For example, on the basis of
recommendation of the 11th FC, 15 per cent of the States
entitlement of revenue deficit grant was to be withheld unless until
the States had complied with the reduction of 5 per cent of revenue
deficit as a proportion of revenue receipts in every year over the
period 2000-2005 and implemented public sector enterprises
reforms, power sector reforms, phasing out subsidies, etc. through
the Medium-Term Fiscal Reform Programme. This was despite
strong protests from the States, and serious dissent within the 11th
FC itself, expressed even in the form of a strong Dissent Note, on
the very constitutionality of such a move.
The spheres of responsibility delineated in the Constitution
under the federal system still warrant more economic policy making
freedom at the State level. The Fiscal Restructuring regime into
which the State Governments are forced by the Centre, adversely
affects optimal resource allocation by the States. Finance
Commissions also tend to, in the name of normative approach, fix
non plan revenue expenditure at less than the required level and
require the States to mop up resources by fixing States own revenue
at growth rates that may not be achievable. While it is imperative
for the Centre and the States to be fiscally prudent in spending and
augmenting resources thorough strengthening of tax administration
mechanism for pursuing the path of economic development,
restrictive policies of pre-empting public expenditure by the States
needed for providing public goods and services to the common
man will lead to continual backwardness in the States in terms of
Kerala
175
inadequate provision for education, health, physical infrastructure
etc. The Centre appears insensitive when it comes to the policy of
providing for the poor in the area of food security, housing, direct
intervention for social security since it insists on targeting even while
having an inordinately conservative estimate of the BPL. Taxation
of the services should be left to the States. Transfer of more resources
to the States through the Constitutional mechanism of Finance
Commission and reassertion of transfer of central plan assistance to
the States plans through Gadgil linked formula have to be ensured
at the expense of discretionary transfers which have been burgeoning
of late. The Centers policy of straight-jacketing the State
expenditure on providing merit goods, unless looked into seriously,
will prevent the sustenance of gains made by some States in the
areas of education, health and social security by their own efforts
and resource. Fiscal restructuring should be associated with
sustenance of gains already made. The need for State intervention
on behalf of the needy and for addressing newly emerging problems
like energy security, environment protection, disease control, etc.,
can be fulfilled only through additional policy measures at the State
level. The Commission may undertake a study of economic policies
of other Federal Systems, and compare effectiveness and
achievements in terms of economic policy making freedom given to
the States.
There are two types of Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS)
from the point of view of the States budget: the traditional and the
functional CSSs which go through the State Budget and the
Additional Plan Assistance (APA) and Special Plan Assistance
(SPA) CSSs that completely bypass the State Budget and go
directly to the para-state agencies and local bodies. The second
type of CSSs is proliferating most rapidly.
Not only has the earlier transfer of State subjects, like
education, to the Concurrent List not been reversed but even further
intrusions have been made into the State List through
proliferation of the so-called CSSs. The resources for CSS are
2.2
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
176
acquired through taxes which should be a part of the common
pool and whose use should not be left to the sole discretion of
the Centre. A decision to transfer all CSS with funds to the
States if they were in areas under the State list was already
taken in 1996 at the Conference of Chief Ministers convened
by the Prime Minister on May 4, 1996. Although several
exercises have been carried out in this regard from time to time,
there has been no effective resolution of this issue. In fact,
more and more CSSs, are being introduced by the Central
Government.
While over the years Central transfer to the States as a
proportion of the Centres revenue receipt has fallen, the
proportion of transfer of funds with conditionalities in the form
of Grants-in-Aid has increased from 40.9% in 1980-81 to nearly
49.3% in 2005-06 (RE). The Budget documents of 2007-08
show total resource flow from the Centre to the states as 7.26
per cent of GDP. Compared to this, the quantum of resources
going directly to districts and other implementing agencies is
very high at 1.22 per cent of GDP, more than any other head
of transfers, and amounting to 37.5 per cent of tax devolution
to the states in 2006-07.
The existing practice of CSSs has diluted the fiscal transfer
system, to a point where normal assistance for state plans, which
is devolved according to the Gadgil formula, has fallen to less
than 48 per cent of the total state plan size. Under the present
regime, grants have become primarily purpose-specific or tied with
a host of conditionalities imposed by different central ministries,
reducing the States and Panchayats to mere agencies of the central
ministries.
By imposing CSS schemes on the States, the Central
Government is encroaching upon the already shrunken financial
spectrum of the States. Given the divergent problems faced by
different States, the Central Government cannot possibly tailor-
Kerala
177
make schemes suited to all States. And the committed liability on
account of CSS after each plan period is shifted to the States, to be
met from their own resources. This restricts the financial freedom
of State Governments. Over the years the number and magnitude
of CSS has grown exponentially. In the Central Budget of 2008-09,
out of the total Central Assistance of nearly Rs.60,000 crore, Normal
Central Assistance based on Gadgil formula is only Rs.18,000 crore.
Assistance for Centrally Sponsored and Central Sector Schemes and
direct release under Central plan to State/District level autonomous
bodies adds up to Rs.83,303 crore. This may be viewed against the
NDC decision at the time of the Fourth Five Year Plan that assistance
through Centrally Sponsored Schemes should not exceed one-sixth
of the total Central assistance to States. A comprehensive re-look
of the CSS and strengthening of Gadgil formula based assistance
are the need of the hour. The Government of Kerala is of the view
that all Centrally Sponsored Schemes, which come under the domain
of States, should be transferred to States along with funds, to be
integrated with state plans. The States can thus decide the allocation
of resources in a manner conducive to their specific needs.
The guidelines now framed for Centrally Sponsored Schemes
are general in nature, applicable to the whole country. But we may
suggest that the Centrally Sponsored Schemes should be State
specific. The conditions for CRF suitable for Northern States, cannot
be replicated in a densely populated state like Kerala. Hence there
should be some flexibility in the conditions, that allow for the
specificities of the States.
The current practice is to decide plan size for the entire five
year plan period as well as for each Annual Plan. Estimates for five
years based on the level of taxation achievable and expenditure
forecast for five year period are made and then for each Annual
Plan revised estimates are prepared taking into account factors
relevant for a period of one year. The present system may
continue in respect of fixing the plan size.
2.3
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
178
Furthermore, the Constitutional agency for determining
vertical and horizontal transfers, the Finance Commission, has got
relegated to determining the sharing of lesser and lesser resources.
The Planning Commission has made serious inroads into the Finance
Commission space. Even though the earlier discretion in the
quantity of plan assistance and loan-grant components was replaced
in 1969 with the adoption of the National Development Council
(NDC) (Gadgil) formula, discretionary transfers were re-introduced
through the initiation of several schemes by Central ministries and
the CSSs. This was sought to be legitimized by referring to the
States own inability to assign adequate resources for important
social and economic services. But the supposed cure has taken a
toll that is no less than that of the disease itself.
The constitution of the Inter-State Council under Article
263 of the Constitution in 1990 was a long overdue step taken
with the hope of resolving the major issues in Centre-State relations.
Since then, ten meetings of the Inter-State Council have been held
and an equal number of meetings of the Standing Committee of
the Council have taken place. Despite this, not only that the major
problems have not been resolved, but new problems have also
emerged. Recently, the UPA Government has set up this
Commission of Centre-State relations in April 2007. However,
the States were not consulted prior to the formation of this
Commission. Therefore, neither the Terms of Reference (ToR) nor
the composition of the Commission reflect the pressing needs and
aspirations of the States. Even when the 13
th
Finance Commission
was constituted, these fora were not used to have a consultation
with States on its composition or ToRs. This has resulted in a
paternalistic relationship between the Centre and the States, with
the Centre as the senior partner rather than one that recognizes
the greater functional responsibility of the States in socio-economic
development with lower own resources.
2.4
Kerala
179
Therefore, the present practice is far from adequate not only
for ensuring harmonious economic relations, but more importantly,
for delivering development to vast sections of our people. The State
must have a far greater role in determining policy and in the setting
up of bodies on fiscal and other issues, through the NDC and the
ISC, as suggested earlier.
The institutions of Finance Commission and Planning
Commission need to recommend transfer of funds from the Centre
to the states having regard to the needs and requirements of each
State. The main channel of funds to states annual plans by Planning
Commission is block assistance. Over the years, central and centrally
sponsored schemes have multiplied enormously at the cost of
Normal Central Assistance (NCA). These schemes are formulated
without considering the priorities of states and are heavily loaded
with rigid conditions by central ministries. When it comes to
implementation, these projects do not materialize fully.
In some of the CSSs, the share of the States financial burden
is also being unilaterally increased. For instance, despite repeated
objections by all the Chief Minister, the Centre has taken a unilateral
decision to increase the share of the States in the Sarva Shiksha
Abhiyan Programme from 25% steadily to 50% under the Eleventh
Five year Plan. Many States are frequently unable to provide the
matching shares and consequently forced to forego attendant central
transfers which are subsequently reallocated to relatively better-off
States as additional allocation, worsening horizontal imbalances. The
State Governments are not consulted at the stage of conception,
design and rule making. States are therefore compelled to commit
resources for straight-jacketed schemes which do not reflect their
priorities or cannot be effectively implemented, as they are rigid and
out of sync with local realities. Such specific-purpose transfers have
tended to reduce the states to mere implementing agencies with rigid
guidelines that deny location-specificity and local initiative.
2.5
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
180
Not only this, even the conditionalities of schemes
frequently encroach upon the legislative autonomy of the States.
A case in point is the JNNURM, which requires the State to reduce
Stamp Duty rates to at most 5 per cent, a rate which can only be
prescribed by the Legislative Assembly. This represents the
intrusion of the executive into the space of the legislature, which
is as problematical as centralization. In the past two decades, the
legislature is repeatedly receiving diktats on legislation from the
Judiciary, the Executive, semi-judicial bodies like the 12 FC and
multi-lateral and bi-lateral agencies.
Since 2002-03, a considerable percentage of transfers is
sent directly to autonomous agencies bypassing the State
Governments, despite the fact that in many CSSs the States too
are required to make matching contributions. Local officials tend
to ignore the State Government on these Schemes since they have
to co-ordinate directly with New Delhi.
It is important to conduit transfers to autonomous agencies
(local bodies, parastatals, DRDA etc) strictly through the States.
The Centre and States should work out an accountable and speedy
mechanism for fund transfer to district, PRI and other agencies,
and the federal character of our fiscal and political economy
should not be undermined. The States have to intermediate
between agencies at lower levels and the Centre.
This increasing funding of CSS to the tune of about 60 per
cent of the Central Assistance is resulting in an expanding role of
the Centre in the State sector, by sidestepping the States and placing
district functionaries directly under the control of the concerned
central ministries. Over half the Central Assistance is given as
Additional Central Assistance, which is not within the purview
of the Gadgil formula (or FC criteria) and allows a great deal of
discretion to the concerned central ministries in matter of
allocation and disbursement.
To the extent that Central expenditure on CSS is a unilateral
Kerala
181
withdrawal from the sharable pool, thereby, reducing the size of the
pie, these should be transferred, with funds to the States. There can
be broad guidelines worked out for Central Schemes on the basis of
discussions between the Centre and the States, allowing for flexibility
in design and implementation. An appropriate periodic joint Centre-
State review may be worked out. (The only exception to this could
be the Schemes backed by Central legislation for which the Centre
contributes over 80 percent, as in the case of the National Rural
Employment Guarantee Act). This will not only promote
decentralization and uphold federalism, but would also be more cost-
efficient and goal fulfilling, since it would allow location-specificity
in design and be better suited to meet socio-economic objectives.
The Constitutional agency for determining vertical and
horizontal transfers, the Finance Commission, has got relegated to
determining the sharing of lesser and lesser resources. The Planning
Commission has made serious inroads into the Finance Commission
space.
States have broadly six sources of finance to fund their
revenue and capital expenditure: (1) Statutory unconditional transfers
recommended by the Finance Commission on the basis of objective
and transparent criteria; (2) Rule based fiscal transfers by FCs that
link the transfer to numerical indicators of state level fiscal discipline
initiated for the first time by the 11 FC; (3) Planning Commissions
normal plan assistance on the basis of the revised Gadgil formula in
an objective, transparent and unconditional manner to be used as
per the priorities and specificities of the States. Even though the
Planning Commission itself is an extra-constitutional body, the
normal plan assistance has acquired the stature of statutory transfers
(4) Discretionary and conditional grants/transfers controlled and
disbursed by Central ministries sent directly to district authorities,
parastatals and societies as Centrally Sponsored Schemes, bypassing
the state budgets. (5)Multilateral and bilateral lending institutions
influence state level fiscal policy through reforms-linked sectoral
2.6
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
182
and structural adjustment lending (6) Loans and borrowings from
the Central Government, the nationalized banks and the National
Small Savings Fund, besides ways and means advances from RBI
on terms and quantities determined strictly by the RBI and Central
government.
Kerala has a preference for FC transfers, since these are
Statutory transfers and hence reflect the States constitutional right.
Unfortunately, the mandate of the Constitution has been eroded
by the 11
th
FC and 12
th
FC by adding conditions to the transfers,
tying them to pre-determined use and to specific schemes. Kerala
Government, therefore, strongly recommends that the bulk of the
resources be brought under transfers from the sharable pool by the
Finance Commission, without attaching conditionalities that erode
the autonomy of the States. The assistance for State plans too
must be formula driven in an objective and transparent manner
without there being withdrawals from this pool towards CSS and
other funds (JNNURM, AIBM, etc).
The only fair principle for sharing of Central taxes, market
borrowings, etc. with the States can be the following:
The ratio of Central taxes net of transfer to the States and
the State taxes including the share of Central taxes should be equal
to the ratio of the needed development expenditure of the Centre
and that of the States. On this formula the States share of Central
tax revenue and of market borrowings should be at least 50 per
cent. Given the fact the States have been meeting over half the
expenditure of the combined government sector in keeping with
their constitutional obligations and functions, the states must
receive at least 50 per cent share in taxes (including cesses,
surcharges and excise) and borrowings. The 29 to 30 per cent
maximum limit set by the FCs on the tax-share of the States is
both unrealistic and unfair.
Kerala
183
The FC should also fix a minimum guaranteed devolution
of central taxes from the Centre to the States in absolute terms, on
the basis of expected revenue and percentage share for vertical
devolution. Any resource mobilization over and above this should
be shared in the recommended ratio.
There has been a trend of decline in fiscal federalism over
the last 40 years. The trend of weakening federalism has been evident
not only in the vertical relationship of the two levels of governance-
Centre and States but also in the horizontal distribution of financial
resources. Successive Finance Commission have considered this a
major goal of revenue transfer from Centre to States. The well-
intentioned zeal of Finance Commissions in this respect has created
a problem for States which have managed their economies relatively
better. Huge differences have emerged in the per capita devolution
of Central taxes to different States. For instance, in the
recommendations of the Twelfth Finance Commission, among non-
special category States the per capita devolution (1971 population)
of Central taxes for the State which gets the lowest share is Rs.5861
and the per capita devolution of the State which gets the highest
share is Rs.19864 i.e. nearly 3 times that of the lowest. (if special
category States are also included, the difference is fantastic, nearly
12 times.) The role of the Finance Commission is to achieve that
degree of subtle balancing whereby the needs of the weaker States
are met without making the others feel let down. The Government
of Kerala feels that Finance Commission is the only constitutional
body that can initiate a reversal of this trend. This correction should
be on the following lines:
(i) Primacy of Finance Commission in steering Centre-State
financial relations should be restored. The share of Cen-
tral taxes to be devolved to States may be increased to the
level of 50 percent of the divisible pool. This will be the
most effective way to ensure that States right to get a
reasonable share of Central taxes is not indirectly circum-
vented through other kinds of transfer of resources which
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
184
can be subject to Centres discretion. It will rectify the
vertical imbalance in resource mobilization to a great
extent. If the increase in States share of Central taxes
from 30.5 percent to 50 percent cannot be achieved in
one years time, we suggest that it may be spread over
the period of the XIII Finance Commission. That way,
the impact of the increase on Centres revenue account
will not be sudden. Gradual increase over a five year
period can be absorbed with suitable realignment of the
different components of Central transfer to States, con-
sistent with the spirit of fiscal federalism.
(ii) As Finance Commission transfer is the manifestation of
a Constitutional right of States to get a share of Central
revenues, it should not be loaded with conditions to be
administered by Central Ministers.
(iii) Primacy of the State Plan (and Gadgil formula assis-
tance) should be reasserted as the vehicle for develop-
ment. All priority areas and problems special to each
State, should largely be tackled through the State Plan.
(iv) Central plan should not intrude into areas coming
within the duties and responsibilities of State under
the Constitution. Development schemes in such ar-
eas should be mostly left to be tackled by State Plans.
(v) To achieve this, the size of State Plans should be
increased. To enable States to do this, more Central
revenue should be given as Gadgil formula grants
(Central assistance should have no Central loan
component except back to back external aid).
As already mentioned over the years, the size of the formula
based Central Assistance has come down sharply. This space has
been taken over by the CSS or other centrally assisted schemes
reflecting the unwillingness of the Centre to decentralize power.
In the Central budget for the year 2008-09, out of the total Central
2.7
Kerala
185
assistance of nearly Rs.60,000 crore, only an amount of Rs.18,000
crore represents normal assistance, presumably based on the revised
Gadgil formula. It is necessary not only to arrest this trend but also
to reverse it. Out of the total Central assistance to State plans 5/6
th
portion should be through the Gadgil based formula as was decided
by NDC at the time of the fourth five year plan. This will imply
drastically reducing the number of CSS schemes by way of
transferring to states or discontinuance, wherever possible.
There has been a growing tendency to impose one size fits
all schemes uniformly on states heavily loaded with conditions by
Central Ministries. These schemes are formulated without proper
consultation with the States and without any regard to the
requirements of States. Most of the schemes are not relevant to
respective states priorities. For instance, Central Schemes on
Education and Health do not help much the state of Kerala which
has achieved very high standards in these sectors, whereas many
schemes address the elementary needs of these sectors. Should
Kerala be allowed to suffer for its performance in these areas?
The Government of Kerala has been taking a number of pre-
emptive steps to guard against non-utilization and leakages of
Central funds through its administrative reform process. Instead
of imposing schemes on States to be administered by Central
Ministries, States should be given the freedom and flexibility to
formulate schemes according to the specificities of each state.
The guidelines issued by Government of India for various
Centrally Sponsored Schemes may not be strictly applicable in the
States due to various socio-economic reasons. The wage rates as
provided in the central schemes and the wage rates approved as per
Minimum Wages Act are found to be different in Kerala. Therefore,
the State Government should be given freedom to pay wages as per
2.8
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
186
the statutory minimum wage rates while implementing centrally
sponsored schemes. And this should be supported from the funds
earmarked by the centre for such schemes.
As a result of the shrinking of the fiscal space left for the
states, the states have become dependent on the Centrally
Sponsored Schemes (CSS). If this trend is allowed to continue,
the CSS and the matching grant provided by the State Government
will overtake the states own autonomous plan programmes. It
would reduce the autonomy of States in deciding upon their
development priorities. The States should be allowed to introduce
flexibilities in the norms to match regional specificities. Ideally,
the CSS should insist only on broad objectives of the programme
and the details may be left to be formulated at the state level. For
instance, the available centrally sponsored programmes in the area
of health are not sensitive enough to the problem of aging, which
has assumed great importance in Kerala.
Further, the Centrally Sponsored Schemes in case of Forest
Department contribute to 25% - 30% of the total Annual Plan of
the Department. Though they are supplementing the States Plan
schemes to some extent, the total allocation to the sector is quite
insufficient. During the last 4-5 years, the plan allocation of the
department is only around 0.7 - 0.8% of the States Plan. As
resources of the State are limited, it will be useful, if the
contribution of the Centrally Sponsored Schemes is increased
substantially.
The Kerala model of decentralization has been well known.
Huge funds are being transferred to Local Bodies as per the
recommendation of the 3
rd
State Finance Commission. Direct
release of funds to autonomous institutions bypassing State
Governments is not a sound fiscal practice. The States have a
right to be fully associated with this process. Proper utilization of
funds has to be ensured. Proper oversight mechanism has to be in
place. Assets being created out of funds have to be accounted for.
2.9
2.10
Kerala
187
Hence this aspect needs to be reviewed and funds should be released
to Local Bodies only through the State Governments.
In the name of stabilization in the 1990s, interest rates on
loans from the Centre remained very high. While market rates
plunged downwards, the state governments, unlike the Central
Government, did not benefit from this decline. The State
Governments paid far higher rates than the Central Government,
with the former effectively subsidizing the latters retirement of high
interest debt. The interest rates on the loan component of Central
Plan Assistance, international multilateral agency loans, small savings
that are collected by the States themselves, market borrowings from
banks remained high and were all administered by the Central
Government. This centrally controlled high interest rate regime
resulted in a spiraling debt burden on states.
The Reserve Bank of India restrains State Governments
flexibility in market borrowing in a number of ways. It denies access
to the market for resources beyond limits set by the Bank, ranging
from 5 to 35 percent of gross borrowings, depending on the fiscal
indicators of the state. State finances are in doldrums largely on
account of high interest-debt from the Central Government. Low-
cost borrowing to finance capital investment or even swap high
interest debt alone can improve States fiscal health. The Bank
has undermined State Government guarantees by stating that these
should not be a key consideration in loans to the public sector.
The Centre also sets the share of total market borrowings
for the States and this has fallen from near equality in the 1950s to
only about 15 percent currently with the Centre garnering the major
chunk of 85 percent. In keeping with the development
responsibilities of the States, the share of market borrowings of the
2.11
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
188
States should be increased from the paltry figure of 15 per cent to
50 per cent immediately, at interest rates not exceeding 6 per cent.
The XII Finance Commission had suggested overall annual
limits for borrowing from all sources to be supervised by Loan
Council with representatives from the MoF, Planning Commission,
RBI and State Governments. The Council would decide on the
borrowing limits each year for each State taking into account
sustainability consideration. The Government of Kerala fully
endorses this idea. The Government of India should immediately
set up this mechanism.
Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Acts
require bringing out annual reduction targets of revenue deficit
and fiscal deficit with total elimination of revenue deficit to zero
by 2008-09. This is a very restrictive condition, imposed uniformly
without regard to the initial conditions of the States. In addition,
it suffers from a mechanical and inadequate understanding of the
components of revenue expenditure. According to the accounting
principles laid down by the Comptroller and Auditor General of
India, all grants to the local bodies (ie. Panchayats, Municipalities),
to the aided schools and colleges, expenditure on account of salaries
of doctors, medicines, etc. are classified as revenue expenditure.
If the States are to make an effort to achieve the targets of FRBM
Act, then there may not be much fiscal space left for them for
development expenditure. This would amount to withdrawal of
the welfare and development role of the States. It has also resulted
in the paradoxical situation of States holding onto large cash
balances and yet being prevented from undertaking development
activities due the impractical and arbitrary limitations on deficits.
This mechanical neo-liberal conditionality has also started showing
signs of design failure. The uniform prescription was oblivious of
2.12
Kerala
189
2.13
the widely different problems, and magnitudes of the proportions
of revenue deficit to revenue receipts among the States, and it has
created an anomalous situation.
The State and the Central Government should jointly
constitute the Finance Commission and select its Members through
the ISC. The TORs must be drawn up jointly by both parties through
consultation and ratification by the ISC in line with the mandate
already provided by the Constitution. The Constitutional position
of equivalence and neutrality between the Central Government and
the State must be maintained. The Government of Kerala does not
agree to the stipulation of uniform fiscal target for all states as
mandated by the XII Finance Commission. It is not only unfair and
irrational but does not even make any economic sense. Besides, in
periods like the current one, when the economy needs a fiscal
stimulus, rigid adherence to any FRBM target can be counter-
productive.
While there can be no dispute that wasteful expenditure has
to be eliminated and unproductive expenditure curtailed, the spending
priorities are unique to each State depending upon the regional
requirements and policy goals. As such, States should be free to
pursue their own self-determined fiscal correction path, keeping in
view their primary duty of public welfare. The ultimate purpose of
public finance management, like in any other aspect of
administration, is public interest. So controlling revenue account
deficit or managing fiscal deficit in a manner detrimental to public
interest should not be considered a desirable goal.
There was severe pre-existing financial vertical imbalance
between the States and the Centre. The States annual development
expenditure is estimated to be 50% more than the Centers but more
that 60% of the total revenue collected by the Centre and the States
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
190
is in the hands of Centre. Hence, there is a significant centralization
of the resources in the hands of the Centre whereas the states
have grossly inadequate availability of resources compared to their
expenditure requirements and development needs. The Central
transfers to the States as a percentage of GSDP (combined) have
declined steadily from more than 7% of GSDP in 1986-87 to a
little more than 4% of GSDP in 2007-08.
One of the most disturbing recent trends in fiscal federalism
is the exclusion of growing sources of revenue from the sharable
pool. The specified share is not that of gross tax revenue but is
exclusive of Cesses and Surcharges and the cost of collection. In
recent years, the Centre has increasingly resorted to frequent and
prolonged imposition of Cesses and Surcharges to raise revenue,
and therefore their exclusion from the shareable pool of Central
Taxes causes a substantive denial of resources to the States. During
1995-2000, Cesses and Surcharges were nearly 3 per cent of gross
tax revenue, falling marginally to 2.7 per cent by 2002. The 12
th
FC
estimated the share of Cesses and Surcharges to rise to 12 percent
during its award period. The Central propensity to put a sizable
part of Central tax revenue beyond the reach of the States must be
checked. Even if the Central Government has justifiable reasons
for levying cesses and surcharges, they should, without exception,
become part of the divisible pool. The 10
th
FC took the correct
position when it recommended that the gross proceeds should
be shared between the Centre and the States. But the Eightieth
Amendment restricted the divisible pool to only net proceeds,
adding to the vertical imbalance between the Centre and the States.
The gross proceeds and not the net proceeds should be
distributed between the Centre and the States through necessary
Amendment of the Constitution.
Recent trends in Indias growth pattern clearly show the
much faster growth of the service sector as compared to industry
and agriculture. Quick to commandeer the taxation of the
exceedingly profitable and rapidly growing service sector, the Centre
Kerala
191
has regretably usurped the entire power to levy service taxes through
a Constitutional Amendment. The 88
th
Constitutional Amendment
Act excludes taxes on services levied by the Centre under Article
270 from the common pool. Clearly, given the higher income growth
in the services sector, this is a potentially more buoyant and expanding
source of revenue, over which the Centre has exclusive discretion.
The State Governments are far better positioned to maximize revenue
from the service tax, due to their proximity and reach. At least
some service taxes may be earmarked and transferred to the State
Government.
The States have for long and with good reason argued in
favour of transfer of at least residuary powers under the Constitution,
especially residuary powers of taxation of services, to the States.
The States should be given residuary powers and, at the very least,
the concurrent powers of taxation of all services.
The Union has also not fully operated Article 268 and 269
which could have allowed the States an access to their resources.
At several points of time, additional surcharge on income tax and
additional duties of excise have become mechanisms for
withholding resources from the States. All such measures that
help the Union withhold resources from the States must be
discouraged.
In inter-state relations there is the issue of undercutting of
tax rates by Puducherry - Mahe which affects Keralas tax revenues
adversely. In our view the following is needed to be considered.
There ought to be a provisions to deal with such aberrations
so that revenues rightly due to the States are not competed away.
Perhaps there could be a body, which legally can force the erring
States/Union Territories to correct such aberrations. Another issue
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
192
is the inter-state transportation by the Railways. From all accounts
the Railways are liberalizing procedures for carriage of goods even
further. While this in itself is welcome, the Railways should be
pressurized to render accurate details to the States concerned about
the cargo so moved, so that tax revenue rightly due to the States
does get collected by them. Similarly, the databases of the Customs
Department and the Income Tax Department should be linked with
those of the States so that the States are able to get their rightful
revenue on items imported into the country and sold in the States.
The Centre is promoting the GST as the next big thing after
VAT. However, this should not be used as a tool for furthering the
dependence of the States on the Centre; in other words the
percentage of revenues raised by the States under GST should
be higher than that under VAT because services would be
brought under the tax net now.
The GST should not be used as a tool to subsume taxes
like Stamp Duty and Registration Fees, Motor Vehicles Tax, State
Excise on Liquor, etc and reduce the autonomy of the States
even further.
The Centre should desist from levying taxes that compete
with taxes being levied by other tiers of Government, as in the
case of levy of Service Tax on Commercial Rents introduced from
01.06.2007, which will limit the ability of Local Self Governments
to levy Property Tax, and Service Tax on Cable Network etc, which
competes with Entertainment Tax by the Local Bodies?
The GST will clearly have wide-ranging consequences on
the resource position of the Centre and States, and the design of
the system must be simple, fair and easy to administer while
preserving fiscal autonomy and revenue neutrality of all the states;
without a further deterioration in vertical fiscal imbalances. This
is an extremely difficult task, and must be worked out separately
by the Centre and States, not through the FC. The tax rate (with
the possibility of different rates) charged by each level of
2.14
Kerala
193
2.15
government must be left to the particular government and is a matter
that lies outside the purview of the FC. The Empowered Committee
of Finance Minister of States is already seized of the matter and is
likely to make recommendations on the same. These
recommendations should be discussed in the ISC and NDC and
approved by the States. This matter cannot be resolved by the Union
Government alone.
The FC of course needs to reckon with the impact of the
rate structure and design of the GST on the level of vertical
imbalance. This is especially the case in a unified GST regime,
since a Task Force has already recommended a rate structure of 12
percent for the Centre and 8 percent for the States. Even if one
agrees that the GST will indeed widen the tax base, if States have to
reduce rates of tax levy from current levels and with regard to the
Central rates, this is bound to worsen vertical imbalance in a situation
of equal or higher expenditure burden of the States.
It is not necessary to invoke Article 307 at the moment to
set up any Commission/ Institution. The ISC and the NDC may
consider invocation of the Article through consensus, as and
when required, but such a step should not be taken by an
executive order.
In this context, the Empowered Committee of State Finance
Ministers has already resolved most of the relevant issues in designing
and implementing the Value Added Tax and is in the midst of handling
these issues in the context of Goods and Services Tax. This
Committee may work clearly with all the States, the concerned Union
Ministers, the NDC and Inter-State Council in working out a balanced
solution to the issue of integrated domestic market in the federal
structure.
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
194
There is no restriction on free inter-state movements of
foodgrains in the open market. Since ours is a consumer state and
the bulk of our foodgrains requirements is met by inter-state trade,
there is need to establish some measure to watch the movement of
foodgrains to the state in order to maintain steady price level and
sufficient supply of foodgrains in the state. The state government
should be given adequate powers to control the inter-state
movements of foodgrains.
3. Unified and Integrated Domestic Market
3.1 & 3.2
Kerala
195
Government of Kerala has devolved almost all the subjects
laid down in Eleventh and Twelfth Schedule as part of 73
rd
& 74
th
Amendments to Indian Constitution. Kerala has also taken
necessary steps for strengthening the devolution of powers to the
different tiers of Panchayats and Urban Local Bodies. Kerala has
devolved functions, functionaries and finance. Kerala has given
freedom to formulate development programmes by drastically
reducing the government control. It has attempted to define the
functional domain of the local governments by listing out
development areas where the local governments have a role in
planning for economic development and social justice. The
institutions and functionaries from the line departments are
deployed to the local governments, without disturbing their cadre.
Kerala took a bold financial decision to earmark about a third of
its plan size to be planned for and implemented by local
governments. To operationalize decentralization, Kerala chose the
path of participatory local level planning through Peoples Plan
Campaign. Such decentralization has created powerful fora for
local governance. However, through incentives, the Panchayati Raj
System can be pushed further. These include :
(i) Implementing large Centrally Sponsored Schemes only
through Panchayats and Urban Local Governments.
(ii) All parallel bodies created at the instance of
Government of India should be done away with and
their functionaries integrated with the Local
Government system.
(iii) Planning Commission should support provision of
professional support to the District Planning
Committees.
4. Local Governments and Decentralized Governance
4.1
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
196
(iv) In keeping with the spirit of the Constitution the Cen-
tral Finance Commission needs to enhance financial flow
from the Central Government to Local Governments.
The Gramasabhas should be given importance as a basic
functional unit. However the role of Gramasabha is limited under
the prevailing conditions.
It is necessary to demarcate a probable own fiscal domain of
Local Government, both urban and rural. In India, there has not
been any agreement at the academic or policy level on the kinds of
revenue which Local Government can access, especially in the case
of PRIs. Therefore, there is need for high quality policy research on
the subject. For making the recommendations of the State Finance
Commission more effective, the following suggestions are made:
(1) Fix a time limit for submission of recommendations and
for acting upon them
(2) Provide technical support to SFCs both through accred-
ited national level institutions and through central assis-
tance in setting up expert cells in the State to generate
data and conduct studies for the SFC.
It is high time that Centrally Sponsored Schemes in the
functional area of Local Governments were made flexible. The key
objectives and financial parameters should be laid down and
participatory plan prepared from below. The guidelines issued for
the implementations of various schemes by the centre are often not
suited to the local needs of the State or Panchayat. So Flexibility in
the norms to suit the local needs be given as an alternative.
In the context of fiscal federalism it is not proper to route
funds directly to Local Governments. Funds should pass through
the States Consolidated Fund. Whenever the funds are transferred
by the Centre directly to the States, the fact may be intimated
prior to the transfer for the monitoring of its implementation.
However, in the interest of rapid pass through of Funds clear
guidelines can be issued.
4.2
4.3
4.4
Kerala
197
A detailed note on parallel bodies is enclosed. As a
beginning all the parallel bodies in respect of health, water supply,
sanitation, rural development agriculture, fisheries etc., could be
integrated into DPC set up. The professional component of such
bodies could help in setting up technical cells of the DPC. Further,
there can be a co-ordination committee at different levels with
village, block, district and state level to observe any duplication of
works and to co-ordinate the various agencies implementing similar
schemes in a given area. Curbing the parallel activities and utilizing
their resources can lead to effective implementation of schemes.
A clear division of responsibilities has to be prepared for
the three tiers of Panchayats. Overlapping functions among the
PRIs or between the PRIs and the State Government should be
avoided as far as possible. This is best done through allocation of
funds only to Local Governments in respect of the functions
devolved to them.
As regards organic linkages the heads of the Local Government at
one level can be made ex-officio members of the Local Government
at the next higher level. Not all States may require a three-tier PRI
system. For example a State like Kerala finds it difficult to assign
a meaningful role to the intermediate tier. Further, what Kerala
needs is a District level Local Government covering both urban
and rural areas.
Participatory planning starting from the grassroots, is the
right approach. Planning and implementation of schemes, which
require expertise, should be undertaken by the District Planning
Committees (DPC). Participatory planning is an effective entry
point for empowering PRIs. Kerala has an excellent experience
in participatory planning. A booklet on the experience of the
pilot project is enclosed. Probably Kerala has the most active
DPCs in the country. A note on their composition and
functioning is enclosed.
In the State of Kerala, there are following independent
institutions to oversee the functioning of Panchayats have been
set up.
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
198
(i) Ombudsman
(ii) Appellate Tribunals
(iii) State Development Council on the Lines of National
Development Council.
The State-Local Governments relations can be improved
through the formation of State Development Council (SDC) as set
up in Kerala. Also, the State Level Co-ordination Committee system
that exists in Kerala has to be established in all States to ensure an
integration between Local Governments and different line
departments.
An essential principle behind a Local Government Project
or Programme is that the benefits from the Project/Programme
should largely be confined to the Local Government. This principle
should decide the allocation of projects to Local Governments for
planning and implementation. However Local Governments,
especially those at the cutting edge have a representative role. In
this capacity they can intermediate between people and the State/
Central Government in acquiring land for public purposes. A similar
role is possible in deciding land use changes also.
It is true that mega cities and large urban agglomerations
pose severe challenges to governance. In most places City Councils
are not fully empowered and they do not have the required skilled
staff. Therefore, it may be necessary to learn lessons on city
governance both from developed countries and developing countries.
The traditional institutions especially in tribal areas need to
be integrated with the Local Government set up.
Traditional Institutions have to be harmonized in a legal and
administrative sense with institutions of Panchayati Raj like Grama/
Palli Sabha, Functional Committees, Advisory Committees etc. It
is necessary to codify the powers and functions of the traditional
bodies vis-a-vis the elected Panchayats.
4.9
4.10
4.11
Kerala
199
Remarks of the State Government on these points will be
furnished soon.
Major and prolonged communal violence will be those which
continue unabated for more than a day. The general parameters for
categorizing incidents as a part of prolonged major violence are
number and frequency of such incidents, quantum of property lost,
injuries and casualties to human lives, escalation of such incidents,
to more areas, use of deadly weapons in such incidents etc.
In the event of a prolonged and escalated violence during
communal clash, it should be the responsibly of the Central
Government to provide, within 24 hours, sufficient CPMF on a
specific request from the State Government. No fee should be
charged by the Central Government for deployment of such forces.
For prevention and control of Sectarian violence or any other
Social conflicts that may lead to prolonged and escalated violence,
the recommendations of the National Integration Council on the
failures of any State Government in dealing effectively with
Communal situations should be examined carefully by the Central
and State Governments and appropriate follow-up action taken
accordingly. The State and Central Government Machinery should
take it seriously to implement the recommendations of the National
Integration Council. Whenever there are grievous incidents following
communal violence, a few members of the National Integration
Council should be sent for having a meticulous study of the situations
prevailing in the violence hit areas and for issuing suitable
recommendation/suggestions to the authorities concerned.
The Media can play a constructive role in preventing and
containing Communal and Sectarian violence. On the contrary, Media
is often found spreading exaggerated and unreal versions regarding
5. Criminal Justice, National Security and
Centre-State Co-operation
5.1, 5.2, 5.4,
5.5, 5.6 & 5.7
5.3
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
200
violence on Communal issues which often escalate tension among
people. The Media should be deterred from spreading rumors and
hearsay information about matters which promote Communal
feelings. The Press Council of India should see that the media
persons do not cross the limits of propriety in reporting matters
that are bound to have communal ramifications. It would have
been proper if there was a Model Code of Conduct imposed by the
Press Council of India on the Media, to be observed while reporting
incidents of communal violence and matters.
These questions become no more valid with the creation of
National Investigation Agency (NIA), provided the NIA should
like cases only on the recommendations of the State Governments.
Crimes affecting national security may be dealt with the National
Investigation. Agency Crimes registered in connection with Terrorist
attacks, communal violence of un-abatable nature, trans-natural
drug trafficking, hawala transactions, money laundering having
international ramifications. ArmsExplosive smuggling may be
transfered to the Central Agency for Investigation. The State
Government should give all logistical support to the Central Agency
to achieve its objectives.
5.8, 5.9 &
5.10
Kerala
201
6. Natural Resources, Environment,
Land and Agriculture
The measures so far taken in solving the inter-state water
disputes are not satisfactory. The Tribunals so far constituted for
the above purpose have miserably failed in finally solving these issues
effectively within a reasonable period of time. A better solution
appears to be to incorporate specific principles and norms in
sharing of inter-state river waters under the Constitution itself
and make laws and rules to take decisions.
In an inter-state river dispute the basin states shall make a
concerted effort, if necessary, with the assistance and guidance of
the Central Government to arrive at an amicable settlement. If this
attempt fails the Central Government shall formulate a proposal for
apportionment on the principles and guidelines enunciated in the
Constitution. The agreement so executed either through consensus
among the basin States or through the proposal of the Central
Government may be reviewed, based on the experience gained during
the period, if all the basin states agree.
The waters in inter-state rivers shall be shared and utilised
by the basin States themselves through discussions based on the
Constitutional provisions mentioned above. The Central
Government may intervene on a unanimous request from the
basin States if they have failed in arriving at an agreeable
apportionment.
Integrated planning and management necessarily ensures
State/regional balance in water availability, but the ultimate aim of
water security and assured supply to citizens can be achieved only
through micro level planning resorting to conjunctive use, water
harvesting etc. also. In a democracy, the local bodies, state level
basin authorities and ultimately the state in that order shall be
made responsible for the right of citizens for safe water for
drinking and other domestic purposes.
6.1
6.2
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
202
The issues like inter-linking of rivers and watershed
management have been deliberated in past at various levels.
Scientific monitoring of the river basins ranging from catchment
condition to usage in the command areas needs to be ensured at
intra-basin levels and such information on various river basins need
to be studied in holistic perspective. However, most of the actions
related to conservation and use of these resources are spread across
the landscapes and any centralized management prescription in this
regard is likely to have implications across various sectors including
agriculture, health and nutrition, land management, sanitation and
environment. In the circumstances, concept of a Joint Authority
at national level may not be feasible. A possibility of river basin
level Joint Authorities may be considered with the representation
of the states sharing the physical area of the basin. For inter-basin
possibilities of action, scientific set up at the National Water
Commission level may be considered.
The issue is too broad-based to be susceptible to any
guidelines or rules. The problem and solutions are different from
basin to basin and are required to be dealt with on case to case
basis. The Centre-State Co-operation in this regard can of course
be subject to the existing Constitutional provisions on inter-state
relations. Further for those with international ramifications, it will
be advisable to have a mechanism of consultation with the
stakeholder States before finalizing a national approach for
international dialogues. This mechanism can be in the form of
Working Groups on specific aspects, with representatives of
stakeholder States, with a provision for deliberations on their views
at the national platforms for deciding on the national approach.
It needs to be understood that the river pollution results
basically from the following two causes. Firstly, the rivers have
been considered as Drains for waste and excess water and the
approach to deal with pollution has never been oriented towards
minimizing the waste and promoting its recycling and disposal.
Second cause relates to conservation of water resources through
6.3
6.4
Kerala
203
6.6
catchment treatment and water harvesting systems. The combination
of legal, administrative and programmatic (technological and
financial) measures should be designed to ensure that (1) Urban/
rural civic bodies take responsibility of ensuring adequate
arrangements of minimizing waste and maximizing the treatment,
recycling, usage and disposal of waste water, totally avoiding its
drainage into the rivers in untreated form; (2) enforcement of
industrial pollution control provisions is ensured by strengthening
the existing administrative systems; (3) States are empowered to
enact their own laws and rules related to pollution within the national
framework and (4) natural resource management programs have the
first focus on improving the state of the resources.
Further, public awareness should be created among the
masses, of the ill effects of polluting the rivers. Associations can be
formed primarily for the purpose of educating the masses. Legislation
need be done and fines imposed as in other Countries. Proper
patrolling should be done around water bodies. Some kind of
environment tax must be levied to make the people responsible
and accountable citizens.
In the paragraph 6.4 above, it is clarified that the
responsibility of the local civic bodies should be extended to take
up treatment and recycling of waste water which includes this
concept also. In case of environment resources like rivers, the
locations of actions and impacts are often different. However,
measures like augmenting the catchments, management of waste
water, treatment of industrial effluents etc. being location specific,
the actions are to be ensured through the efforts of state/local
administration. In such situation, with a holistic approach, local
action plans need to be formulated and implemented. Any
national strategy needs to be in form of a central programme,
oriented towards strengthening the local governments for
undertaking local action plans.
The issue has been highlighted in comments on para 6.2
above. The most important aspect of inter-state deliberations is the
6.5
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
204
scientific information back up on the aspects which are likely to
result into differences of opinion among the stakeholder states.
The information back up can facilitate decision making for equitable
sharing of benefits as well as responsibilities. Thus Central
Government could not only take the responsibility of providing
relevant scientific information on the impact of the programs, but
also of facilitating the consensus among the stakeholders. Central
contribution in such projects needs to be primarily for addressing
the social and environmental externalities by way of ensuring
rehabilitation of displaced and mitigation of negative impacts.
Further The guidelines on PIM may be complied with so as to
balance the social and environmental costs and benefits upstream
and down stream.
Existing arrangements on environment and forest clearance
basically aim at simplification of the process pertaining to the cases
of small magnitude. Considering the fact that local actions have
environmental consequences, it is essential that environmental
concerns are internalized in the local developmental planning. Thus
efficient environmental governance should be the objective rather
than clearance system. This may require actions like inclusion of
should be the objective rather than clearance system. This may
require actions like inclusion of Environment in list III of the
Seventh Schedule, and institution building at state level and local
bodies in environmental governance. This will facilitate
consideration of environmental concerns in the smaller
development activities also, which at times have more profound
impact on environment than larger projects, governed by
environmental clearance systems with appropriate safeguards.
The Schedule Tribes and other Traditional Forest Dwellers
and Recognition of Forest Rights Act, 2006 confers right of
ownership over the land cultivated by the Tribals. However,
unless the land for which the right is given to them is made in-
alienable, there is a danger that the ownership of the land goes into
the hands of the non-tribals in no time. Many of the tribals are not
6.7
6.8
Kerala
205
cultivators and even if they are given rights over land, the land right
still come to be cultivated by non-tribals. Sufficient safeguards have
to be taken against alienation of tribal lands, and an institutional
mechanism set up to help the tribal population to benefit from the
land without any danger of land alienation. Otherwise they may
become landless once again, leaving a large chunk of forests in the
hand of non-tribals. Government of India should provide funds for
increasing the human resources of the Forest Department and for
the erection of appropriate institutional structures to help the tribal
population.
It may be emphasized that the ecological as well as socio
economic benefits from forests are fully available to the forest rich
States and that too on more sustainable terms than forest deficient
States. However, considering the global nature of forest resources,
adequate incentives and resources should be available to the states
for conservation and sustainable use of forests. For example,
the performance of States in conservation can be duly taken into
consideration by the Centre for devolution of central resources
to the States.
Further the State Governments like Kerala, Arunachal
Pradesh and Union Territory like Andaman Nicobar islands should
totally safeguard the invaluable heritage of the bio-diversity rich
tropical evergreen forests of our country. Kerala has discontinued
clear felling and selection felling in natural forests. 80% of the total
forest area in Kerala is under natural forests, half of which is
tropical rain forests. The rich bio-diversity is protected by the
State Government, spending huge amounts from the State
Exchequer without deriving any revenue. While Government
of India provides funds for afforestation as well as re-generation
of degraded forests no incentives are given to the States which
are conserving the natural forests without deriving revenue.
Therefore a scheme for incentivising conservation of forests by
institutionalizing a fund called Green Dividend on the lines of
carbon credits, may be considered. The green dividend to a State
6.9
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
206
shall be commensurate with the ecological services and bio-diversity
values rendered by the natural forests conserved by the State
Government.
Since the State Governments have to control, grant
permission for extraction of mineral resources and realize royalty,
various powers vested with the Centre create hurdles in the
implementation of the Act and Rules made thereunder. Again
wide protest from the public in the extraction and processing
of mineral resources and the provisions for reputations are vested
with the Centre creates inconveniences to the States in the
implementation of Act & Rules. Under these circumstances,
the following suggestions are put forward for making necessary
amendments in Mines and Minerals (Development &
Regulation) Act 1957.
1) The provision under Section 5(1)(b) of the Mines
and Minerals (Development & Regulation) Act 1957
makes considerable delay in the grant of mineral
concessions for the grant of Reconnaissance permit,
prospecting license, mining lease and hence this
provision may be deleted.
2) Explanation under Section 5 may be modified as per
the present mineral policy of the Government of
India.
3) In Section 6 a new provision, empowering State
Governments to reduce the areas applied for
Reconnaissance permit, prospecting license, mining
lease is essential because the State like Kerala with a
limited extent of land and mineral reserves have to
face monopoly by agencies who acquires more areas
for prospecting and mining.
4) The power to fix royalty of major minerals should be
delegated to the State Governments as the states which
have limited mineral resources have to get more rev-
enue from their available resources.
6.10
Kerala
207
5) Amendments in Section 11 restricting preferential right
is essential to the effect that the owner of the land get
first preference for obtaining Reconnaissance permit,
prospecting license, mining lease. The State Govern-
ment should have the right to grant/renew or not to
grant/renew mineral concessions.
6) Section 21(2) may be modified to the following ex-
tent. Any penalties for offences in the Rules made
under the Act shall not exceed the penalties provided
under section 21(1).
7) As per Rule 34 of the Mineral Concession and Devel-
opment Rules 1988, the holder of a mineral conces-
sion shall reclaim and rehabilitate the mined area. In
order to reclaim and rehabilitate the mines as provided
in the rule, exploitation of hills and other mineral re-
sources becomes necessary and in turn creates fur-
ther environmental problems and results in public
agitation. In this case, the State Government shall have
the authority to decide the mode of reclamation or
utility of mine pit by other means.
While most of the sectors related to potential impact of
climate change are dealt with at State and local bodies level, the
impact can be monitored and trends can be understood only at the
national level. Some of the factors determining these impacts
include industrial growth, transport, infrastructure, power,
agricultural growth and most importantly, market/fiscal policies
driving these sectors. As most of these policy matters are dealt
largely at national level, national policy orientation towards
development needs should take into account the issues of climate
change also. Thus, the vital roles of the Centre and States should
be in directing the policies towards sustainable growth and building
capacity of the implementing agencies, while the role of States and
local bodies will have to be in developing and implementing
sustainable development plans with inbuilt concerns on environment.
6.11
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
208
7. Infrastructure Development and Mega Projects
In mega projects, local participants may be encouraged.
Acquisition of private property leading to involuntary
displacement of people can have traumatic, psychological and socio-
cultural consequences on the affected populations. When a large
scale acquisition for a project becomes necessary, then the requisition
authorities should take steps to create an idea in the mind of the
people about the project treating them as stakeholders. The services
of the NGOs can be utilised for the purpose.
When we compare the land value fixed on the basis of the
LA Act and Rules with the existing market rates, the compensation
awarded is often lower than the market rate. The displaced parties
approach court for higher rate through reference cases. This can be
avoided by fixing the land value more realistically, after a comparison
of prevailing real market rate. The notification of fair value can
help in doing so, however, the primary reason for the basis value of
land being low is the under-valuation of documents on sale. This
needs to be stopped. Necessary changes may be carried out for this
purpose in Act and Rules, where possible. There is however an
additional factor here. Even when the landowners are compensated
adequately on the basis of existing land values, the very prospects
of a mega project coming up pushes up these values within a short
time, so that the landowners feel retrospectively cheated. One way
of overcoming this feeling could be to offer them equity in the project.
Then they may develop a stance in the project and get some capital
gains through equity ownership.
Additional benefits beyond monetary compensation have to
be provided to the displaced persons. A suitable rehabilitation and
Resettlement package must be declared at the time of issuing the
Government Order and the implementation of such package
should be before starting the acquisition work. The R & R benefits
may be provided to displaced families as detailed below.
7.1
7.2
Kerala
209
1. Any affected family owning house which has been
acquired, may be allotted free of cost house site in
the vicinity of the acquired land. This will ensure
that the displaced person gets benefit of land value
appreciation and feel ownership for the project.
2. Each affected family owning agricultural land which
has been acquired, maybe allotted agricultural land
or cultivable wasteland, if Government land is avail-
able in the resettlement area.
3. Adequate financial assistance shall be given for shift-
ing, for developing the agricultural land, for con-
struction of cattle shed, for construction of work
shop etc.
4. The requisitioning body may provide employment
to at least one person of the affected family, subject
to the availability of vacancies and suitability of af-
fected persons for employment.
5. The requisitioning body shall give preference to the
affected persons, in the allotment of outsourced
contracts, shops, other economic opportunities in
and around the project site and engaging labour in
the project during the construction phase.
6. A monthly subsistence allowance may be paid to
each affected family for a period of one year from
the date of displacement.
7. The requisitioning body shall carry out the devel-
opmental activity of the resettlement area.AR and
R Committee shall be constituted in each district
under the chairmanship of District Collector.
In the case of mega projects, if implementation of any
project in the State affects another State (Large scale displacement
of people in the neighbouring state) without commensurate
7.3
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
210
benefits accruing to that state, the R&R package shall be prepared
by that State and the project implementing State should bear the
cost of Rehabilitation and Resettlement Package of the affected
people in the neighbouring State.
Kerala
211
8. Socio-Political Developments, Public Policy
and Governance
The assessment to a certain extent is correct. Long-term
solution lies in the identification of the underlying thread of unity
in such a manifest diversity, and also in understanding the process
of weakening of those unifying forces. The unity of modern India
is the outcome of the long struggle against colonial rule. Sixty
years of independence unfortunately could not do away with the
inherited social, regional, economic and linguistic imbalances of
our country. Our failure to achieve the directive goals set out in
our Constitution is exploited by vested interests to undermine our
unity. So, the long-term solution lies in fighting out the threats that
disturb social, regional, economic and linguistic balance.
Regionalism emanates from the feeling of being left out by
a section and pampering of another section. The following curative
steps are suggested.
(i) Setting up of a permanent Centre-State Council with
representatives from State Legislatures, Loksabha,
Ministers, artists and literates to deal with the issues
related to Centre-State disputes.
(ii) Formation of a separate Division Bench of the
Supreme Court for matters concerned with Centre-
State disputes.
(iii) Possible disqualification of parties and elected
representatives who cash in on parochialism and
divisive tendencies.
(iv) Use of force to quell regional outbursts shall be
resorted to only after all other possible measures are
exhausted.
The Election Commission can force the coalitions to declare
Common Programmes, which will not affect the integrity of the
nation, action contrary to which should warrant disqualification.
8.1
8.2
8.3
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212
The pattern suggested in 8.2 can be extended to this area
also.
Uncertainty of settled life of the Indian Villages, which
constitutes the major chunk of our population consequent to the
disturbances in the traditional agricultural sector, is the major
cause of the large-scale migration. Unemployment among the
rural poor drives them to adjoining cities and States. So the real
solution lies in generating rural employment. Pumping of money
in rural sector and consequent multiplier effect in the rural
economy will ultimately contain migration.
Directive Principles laid down in the constitution are the
corner stones of governance. The State Government, as far as
possible, tries to meet these principles and no circumvention is
attempted.
Government intervention must at all times be guided by the
social objectives in the Constitution, in particular the overcoming
of caste, class and gender oppression.
Organized private sector, though it may have a facade of
social responsibility, is essentially oriented towards profit. Public-
Private Partnership (PPP) institutions therefore are not considered
by this Government to be a particularly preferable option. In
education, health care, infrastructure or any related field, the
experience with private sector participation in the State, has not
been a happy affair. Of course, since private entrepreneurship
in these spheres in Kerala is less than a decade old the possibility
that it may evolve to better ways in future cannot be ruled out,
but the prospects are bleak.
a) Social obligation may be made a part of their area of
operation.
b) Legislation alone will be the option.
c) However hard we try the collective bargaining and lob-
bying of the class will defeat them. It may also not be
feasible in the current world scene.
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
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213
9. Social, Economic and Human Development
Inter State Council may look in to the issues in relevant
cases.
The Centrally Sponsored Schemes have been criticized by
State Governments for a long time. The very assumption behind
having such Schemes is that the Centre knows better than the
State Governments what the priority sectors for social
expenditure are. Since the State Governments are democratically
elected entities, as much as the Central Government is, such an
assumption is out of place. And since the conditions vary
considerably across states, the one-size-fits-all philosophy of
Centralized Sponsored Scheme is quite counter-productive. It
is much better if the funds earmarked for Centrally Sponsored
Schemes are put into a common pool, which is distributed across
states according to some clear criteria, for expenditure on certain
specified areas of the social sector in accordance with the states
own priorities. Further The draft centrally sponsored schemes
be sent to the States concerned for approval before its launching
or there may be provision for arrangements to suit the needs of
the States and Local Self Governments.
Remarks will be furnished later.
There shall be centre of excellence for different disciplines.
There can be large-scale student exchange Programme with other
states.
There need not be uniform standards on an all India basis.
Standards can be on a State wise or a region wise basis. Centre-
State Co-ordination committees may be formed to prepare
measurement standards considering the regional differences. For
example, the State of Kerala has done remarkably well in Health,
Social Welfare and Education sectors because of historical
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
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214
reasons, high literacy, metaphorical system, drastic land reforms and
equitable distribution of income. It is difficult to sustain these
developments without financial assistance from Central Government.
Kerala State has to depend on Central Government for additional
resources in all these sectors to continue with the human resources
development and to sustain them in the years to come.
The high density of population in Kerala has made it very
difficult to provide land for large institutions and industrial houses
for economic development. The high literacy rate has opened deep
employment opportunities outside the State and caused migration
out of Kerala. The demographic transition of the State however
shows a steady rise of ageing population in the years to come,
which will make heavy demands on the resources of the State
Government for geriatric care and rise of non-communicable
diseases. Therefore, the State requires a special consideration,
being made available, in terms of resources to sustain the high
degree of achievement in Health, Education, and Social Welfare
sectors.
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10. Miscellaneous
Education, which was originally in the State list, was shifted
to the concurrent list at a later date. At the same time, the major
share of the expenses on education continues to be the
responsibility of the States. There are no binding guidelines on
the transfer of funds from the Centre to the State in respect of
education. Kerala has been a victim of its own achievements in
education. Schemes tailored to the needs of educationally
backward states dot not benefit the state. It is important to
bring up this aspect for the consideration of the Punchhi
Commission. Education should be included under the terms of
reference.
10.1
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GOVERNMENT OF MADHYA PRADESH
Response to the Questionnaire
Madhya Pradesh
217
1.1 The Constitution of India envisages two-
tiers of Government, one at the level of the
Union and the other at the level of the States.
From functional standpoint, such a Constitution
is not a static format but a dynamic process.
Within this process, the interplay of centrifugal
and centripetal forces, influenced by the changing
social, economic and political environment,
constantly strives to find a new balance. The
very dynamism of the system, with all its checks
and balances, brings in its wake new problems
and conflicts in the working of Union-State
relations. IN the last 59 years, the Constitution
has proved to be dynamic enough to balance
power sharing between the Union and the States.
But it is necessary to review it from time to
time in the light of past experiences in the
evolution of Union-State arrangements, not
only for the purpose of identifying persistent
problems and seeking their solutions, but also
to attune the system to the changing times.
1.2 On the one hand, a number of factors
primarily the centripetal economic forces have
strengthened impulses of centralization,
modernization, growth and development. On
the other hand, strong centrifugal forces have
been unleashed on account of breakup of
political order, split of national parties, intense
rise in anti-national separatist activities and
fissiparous activities dividing the country in the
Conceptual framework
1.1 What are your views on the overall
framework and scheme of relations between
the Centre and the States as contained in the
Constitution of India and as they have evolved
over time?
1.2 The framers of the Indian Constitution
envisaged a unique scheme of Centre-State
relations in which there is predominance of
powers with the Centre. In the wake of
developments that have taken place since then,
the growing challenges and the emerging
opportunities, please give your views whether
any changes are called for in that scheme. If so,
please suggest appropriate changes.
GOVERNMENT OF MADHYA PRADESH
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name of religion, caste etc. In the wake of these
developments, there have been growing
challenges. Some suggestions for changes in the
Constitution are as follows:-
(i) In the last 59 years, the Union has occupied
most of the concurrent field leaving little for
the States and by indiscriminately making
declarations of public interest or national
importance has taken over many linked entries
of the State. Revision of Union and Concurrent
list may be undertaken and more items should
be included in the State List. Legislation by the
Union on the matters not in the Union list
should be undertaken only after consultation in
Inter-State Council (ISC) and preferably after
concurrence of the States.
(ii) The resources of the State have not grown
at a rate commensurate with the growth in their
responsibilities. More resources should be
included in the shareable pool, if necessary, by
amending the Constitution. The role of the
Finance Commission (FC) as defined in the
Constitution needs to be redefined so that its
role is not limited to only channelizing revenue
transfers.
(iii) The Planning Commission (PC) has
essentially become subjugated to the Union
Government. It should be restructured through
Constitutional amendment to limit the scope
of the Unions interference in the areas reserved
for the States.
Madhya Pradesh
219
(iv) In the matters of dispute between the Union
and a State Government, the former should
not be both the disputant and the judge but
should get the case examined by an independent
assessor before taking a decision. The
Constitution should be amended to provide for
such an agency/authority which can sort out
problems arising in the working of inter-
governmental relations.
1.3 In the Constitutional Scheme, the Governor
plays and important role in the relations between
the Union and the States. In the event of dispute
between the two, the Governor is responsible
to settle the disputes in a judicious manner
without being politically motivated and in the
interest of common citizens.
1.4 In the process of appointment of
Governor, a panel of three names should be
forwarded to the concerning State Government
in the appointment of Governor should
invariably be adhered to. Constitutional
restriction should be imposed on the Governor
that after leaving the office of the Governor,
he/she will not be permitted to take up any
organizational post in any political party.
1.5 The Governor, has an important role in
passing of Bills. Sometimes it is experienced that
important Bills are left undecided for a long
time. To avoid such situation, it may be provided
that Bills for the assent of the Governor would
Role of Governor
1.3 In the Constitutional scheme, the
Governor plays an important role in the
relations between the Centre and States. Do you
have any comments/suggestions to make
regarding this role?
1.4 In the context of this role what are
your views regarding the existing Provisions
(alongwith conventions, practices and judicial
pronouncements) relating to the appointment,
tenure and removal of Governors?
1.5 The powers and functions of the
Governor under Articles 200 and 201 in respect
of assent to Bills have come for debate on many
occasions in the past. Please give your views in
the matter.
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not be pending with the Governor for more
than one month. In case of Bills returned for
reconsideration under Article 200 and 201 of
the Constitution, the time limit may be extended
to two months. This will avoid undue delay in
passing of Bills. A similar time schedule may be
fixed for Ordinances also.
1.6 The State of MP has effectively undertaken
devolution of powers, functions, funds and
functionaries in consonance with 73
rd
and 74
th
Constitutional Amendments. Efforts of MP in
this regard have been applauded at the national
level. It is true that some States have not
undertaken devolution of powers to local
bodies to the extent others have undertaken.
No uniform prescription can be made in this
regard as socio-economic situations for
devolution of powers differ among the States.
The Union should only act as a facilitator for
the states to undertake more devolution of
powers to local bodies.
1.7 MP has constituted District Planning
Committees (DPCs) as per Article 243 ZD in
each district. There is no Metropolitan Planning
Committee in the State. The experience of
DPCs in the State has been encouraging. The
problem with District Planning is that the
planning process even at the National level is
top-down. The States have not been able to
fully adopt the bottom-up planning process
Constitutional scheme relating to local
Governments
1.6 With the passage of the 73
rd
and 74
th
Constitutional Amendments, Panchayats and
Municipalities have been accorded Constitutional
status and protection. However, the Constitution
leaves it to the State legislature to further devolve
to the local bodies powers, functions, funds,
and functionaries. The experience of the
implementation of these provisions varies
widely from State to State. What steps should
be taken in your view to make the devolution
of powers and functions to the Panchayats and
Municipalities and their implementation more
effective?
1.7 What has been your experience in the
functioning of District Planning Committees
and Metropolitan Planning Committees as
envisaged under Articles 243 ZD and 243 ZE
respectively of the Constitution? What are your
views on the steps needed to be taken to
effectively promote the concept and practice
of independent planning and budgeting at
District and Metropolitan levels?
Madhya Pradesh
221
which is a pre-requisite for District Planning.
Following steps may be undertaken to promote
the concept and practice of planning and
budgeting at the District Level.
(i) The DPCs should be empowered to integrate
Panchayat Plans and Municipal Plans along with
funds available under District Plan. The States
may be made additional allocations by the
Union for purpose of allocating them to DPCs.
(ii) Certain powers and functions of the State,
not devolved to Panchayats/Municipalities, may
be devolved to DPCs.
(iii) Intense capacity building of members of
DPCs, district heads of departments and CEO/
CMOs of local bodies.
(iv) Functional control of certain departmental
functionaries may be handed over to DPCs by
giving them powers to transfer such
functionaries within the district.
(v) DPCs may be given powers to monitor
and supervise some of the welfare/
development schemes/programmes/projects.
1.8 Distribution of legislative powers between
the Union and the States is the most important
characteristic of a federal constitution. The
changes in the entries of three lists viz. Union,
State and Concurrent should only be done
through constitutional amendment (with the
process laid down in the Constitution) after
Legislative Relations
1.8 In the course of the working of the
Constitution certain subjects/ entries in the
Seventh Schedule have been transferred from
one List to another. What in your view should
be the principles and practices that may govern
the transfer of legislative items from the State
List to Union List/Concurrent List or vice
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consultation and concurrence in the Inter-State
Council.
1.9 True federalism mandates that arbitrary
changes or those dictated by specific exigencies
should be avoided to the maximum extent and
the constitutional balance should be left
undisturbed. But most constitutional
amendments have either transferred items from
List II (State List) to List III (Concurrent List)
or from List III to List I (Union List), thus
making the constitution more unitary than
federal. There are several matters in the Union
List which have an interface with those in the
State List. The Union may leave the
administration of laws with respect to these
matters to the States, subject to the formers
direction. To elaborate Constitution (42
nd
Amendment) Act, 1976 omitted entry 11 (State
List) and included it in entry 25 (Concurrent
List). The said provision is Education, including
Technical Education, Medical Education and
Universities subject to the provisions of entries
63, 64, 65 and 66 (Union List). Primary
education should not have been taken away
from State List to Concurrent List as every State
is more capable to fine-tune its primary
education to the aspirations and felt needs of
its populace. After 42
nd
Amendment, the State
governments cannot legislate on its own in the
matters pertaining to primary education.
Similarly, under Entry 52 of Union List, the
Parliament has passed the Industries
versa? Is there any need for change of procedure
in this regard? Do you have any suggestions on
this issue?
1.9 What in your view has been the impact on
Centre-State relations as a result of the changes
that have taken place with the transfer of items
from one List to another in the Seventh
Schedule? Please provide specific instances of
such impacts.
Madhya Pradesh
223
(Development and Regulation) Act, 1951. As a
result, the Union now controls a very large
number of industries surpassing and curtailing
the power of the State legislatures with respect
to the subject of industries under Entry 24
of the State List. Similarly, the Parliament has,
by making the requisite declaration of public
interest under entry 54 of the Union List, enacted
the Mines and Minerals (Development and
Regulation) Act, 1957, thus curtailing and
trespassing the legislative powers of the State
Legislature under Entry 23 of the State List.
1.10 The existing processes of prior
consultation with the States before undertaking
any legislation on a matter relating to Concurrent
List have to be improved. Consultation and
concurrence of the States should be taken
preferably in ISC.
1.11 In the matters of administrative relations,
predominance has been given to the Union vis-
-vis States. Administrative Relations are
contained in Articles 256, 257, 258, 258A, 260
and 261 of Constitution. Articles 262 (Disputes
relating to waters) and 263 (coordination
between States) have also been placed in the
same chapter. Also, there are special provisions
in Articles 353(a) and 360(3) which, in the event
of an Emergency, extend the executive authority
of the Union to the State. Article 356 enables
the President to assume functions of the
Government of the State and the powers vested
in or exercisable by the Governor or
1.10 Are the existing processes of prior
consultation with the States before undertaking
any legislation on a matter relating to the
Concurrent List effective? What suggestions do
you have in this regard?
Administrative Relations
1.11 The Constitution makers seem to have given
predominance to the Union vis--vis States in
the matter of administrative relations. In view
of past experience, does the present system
warrant any change?
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Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
subordinate authorities. Administration of
several matters in the Union List and most
matters in the Concurrent List and enforcement
of Union Laws relating to them is secured
through the machinery of the States. Maters like
Defence, Foreign Affairs, Foreign Exchange, Post
and Telegraph, All India Radio and Television,
Airways, Railways, Currency, Customs, Central
Excise, Income Tax etc. are administered by
the Union directly through its own agencies. As
Federalism is more a functional arrangement for
cooperative action than a static institutional
concept, therefore more extensive and generous
use of Article 258 (under which the Constitution
enables the Union to entrust functions to the
State or its agencies) should be made than has
hitherto been done for progressive
decentralization.
1.12 Article 256 provides that the executive
power of every State shall be exercised so as to
ensure compliance with the laws made by
Parliament and any existing laws which apply in
that State, and the executive power of the Union
shall extend to giving of such directions to a
State as may appear to the Government of
India to be necessary for that purpose. Article
257 (1) provides The executive power of every
State shall be so exercised as not to impede or
prejudice the exercise of the executive power
of the Union shall extend to the giving of such
directions to a State as may appear to the
Government of India to be necessary for that
purpose. Article 257 (2) specifically extends the
1.12 Articles 256 and 257 of the Constitution
confer powers to the Union to give directions
to the States. How should these powers be used
in the best interest of good governance and
healthy Centre-State relations?
Madhya Pradesh
225
executive power of the Union to giving of
directions to a State as to the construction and
maintenance of means of communication
declared in the direction to be of national or
military importance. Article 257 (3) expressly
extends the executive power of the Union to
the giving of directions to a State as to the
measures to be taken for the protection of the
railways within the State. The State Government
realizes the need for provisions contained in
Articles 256 and 257. However, while using the
provisions,
(i) If any directive is to be issued to the States
under Article 256 or Article 257, the Union
should issue it only after adequate consultation
with and concurrence of the States in the ISC.
(ii) Government of India should fulfill its
constitutional obligations as provided in Article
257 (4) to pay to the State for carrying out any
direction given to a State under Article 257 (2)
and 257(3) which the State may incur as extra
costs.
1.13 The All India Services have, by and large,
fulfilled the expectations of the Constitution-
framers. The All India Services should be further
strengthened and greater emphasis be given on
the role expected to be played by them. This
can be achieved through well-planned by them.
This can be achieved through well planned
improvements in selection, training, deployment,
development and promotion policies and
1.13 The provisions relating to All India Services
under Article 312 are a unique feature of Centre-
State relations in India. What measures do you
recommend for promoting better governance
and harmonious Centre State relations through
these Services?
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Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
methods. Following measures are recommended
for promoting better governance and
harmonious Centre-State relations through these
Services:-
(i) Strict observance of the tenure principle
should be followed by the Union Government
so that the services of the best among the All
India Service officers are not monopolized by
the Union Government but are also readily
available to the State Government to whose
cadres they belong.
(ii) More precise criteria have to be evolved
for encadrement of posts which will ensure fair
promotional prospects for the other State
Services and at the same time prevent undue
expansion and consequent dilution of quality
of the All India Services.
(iii) While examining an appeal against
suspension of an All India Service Officer, the
Union Government should invariably consult
the UPSC and accept its advice. Such a provision
may be included in the AIS(Discipline and
Appeal) Rules, 1969.
1.14 Normal way of resolving problems and
coordinating policy and action in a democratic
two-tier policy is through collective thinking,
discussion and persuasion between the political
executives of the Union and the States. For this
purpose, institutional arrangements like the
National Development Council (NDC), ISC,
Mechanisms for Inter-Governmental
Consultation
1.14 Consultation between the Union and the
States is a common practice in federations to
facilitate administrative coordination. Several
institutional arrangements including the National
Development Council, the Inter-State Council,
Zonal Councils, the National Integration Council
exist for the purpose of formal consultations.
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227
Zonal Councils and National Integration
Council (NIC) exist for formal consultations.
The ISC is basically an advisory and consensus
seeking body. It can inquire into and advise in
inter-state disputes but cannot be authorized to
adjudicate such disputes. To further streamline
the process and make it more effective, the
following are the suggestions:-
(i) Article 263 be amended and reformulated
so as to ensure that the Council has a wider role
including that of an appellate forum against the
decisions of the Union aftecting one or more
States.
(ii) The Council should be consulted with
respect to several other matters such as
finalization of criteria for appointment of
Governor.
(iii) Only matters of national importance
relating to subject of common interest should
be brought up before the Council would fall
within the ambit of clauses (b) and (c) of Article
263.
(iv) The formation of Standing Committees
to investigate special matters should be done
after consensus in the Council about the Terms
of Reference and their composition.
(v) NDC constituted under an executive order,
instead of Article 263, may be abolished. Its
functions could be undertaken by the ISC or
PC.
1.15 Numerous Inter-State consultative bodies,
eg: National Water Resource Council, Advisory
Council on Food Grains Management and
Are you satisfied that the objective of healthy
and meaningful consultation between the Centre
and the States is being fully achieved through
the existing institutional arrangements? What are
the ways in which these processes can be further
streamlined and made more effective?
1.15 Apart from the Inter-State Council several
other institutions have been created to promote
har monization of policies and their
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Public Distribution and Mineral Advisory Board
have been constituted for limited and specific
issues. These organizations are fulfilling their
limited functions. But the five Zonal Councils
have not been able to fulfill their aims and
objectives. There is need to strengthen and
empower these Councils for which following
suggestions are submitted:-
(i) The Zonal Councils should be constituted
afresh under Article 263 by the same order by
which the ISC is established.
(ii) Regular and frequent meetings should be
held for Zonal Councils, preferably twice in a
year. The Zonal Councils should provide the
first level of discussion of most if not all of
regional and Inter-State issues. Every effort
should be made to sort out as many issues as
possible in the Zonal Councils.
1.16 In implementing international treaties
whenever some obligations are cast on the States,
prior concurrence should be taken by the Union
in the ISC.
1.17 The administrative mechanism to resolve
disputes through negotiations and consultations
as suggested by Supreme Court has proved to
be effective. This informal mechanism should
be formalized. And institutional arrangement
could be worked out. In fact, Supreme Court
had urged the Union Government in 1990 in
Dabar India Ltd Vs State of UP case to consider
implementation among States. Prominent among
these are the Zonal Councils. In addition, there
are a number of inter-State consultative bodies
e.g., National Water Resource Council, Advisory
Council on Food grains Management and Public
Distribution and the Mineral Advisory Board.
Then there are Central Councils of Health, Local
Self Government and Family Welfare, Transport
Development, Education, etc. What is your
appraisal of the working and efficacy of these
institutions/arrangements in securing inter-
governmental cooperation? Do you think they
play a useful and effective role in setting
standards and effective coordination of policies
in vital areas? What are your suggestions in this
regard?
1.16 Treaty making is a part of the powers of
the Union Executive. In the process of
implementing these treaties some obligations at
times may be cast on States also. What would
you like to propose to take care of the concerns
of the States?
1.17 In disputes leading to much litigation
between the Union and the Central Government
Public Enterprises, the Supreme Court had
suggested an administrative mechanism to
resolve such disputes through negotiations and
consultation. This mechanism has helped to
resolve many disputes without having to go to
Courts. Do you think such an institutional
Madhya Pradesh
229
the feasibility of setting up a Council under
Article 263 to adjudicate and adjust the dues of
respective Government.
1.18 As per Article 247, the Constitution is
explicit in this regard in case of Union List but
is not so explicit in case of Concurrent List.
The Union should take concurrence of two-
third of the States before establishing additional
courts to better administer laws made by
Parliament with respect to matters in the
Concurrent List.
1.19 Provisions in Article 352 relate to
emergency proclamation under which the
President can proclaim emergency when the
security of India or of any part of the territory
is threatened. Clause 7 and 8 in Article 352
enable the Parliament to review discontinuance
of such proclamation. Similar clauses could be
included by amendment in Article 356 so as to
enable Parliament to review continuance of
proclamation under Article 356.
2.1 The Centre has assumed the lead role in
defining the priorities and the contours of the
Five Year Plans and in fixing the national target
as also their State-specific break-up in respect
of various parameters. 73
rd
and 74
th
Constitution Amendment Acts have added a
new dimension in this regard. Accordingly,
Article 243G and Article 243W, which define
arrangement can work for resolving
administrative, financial etc. disputes between
the Union and the entities of the States?
1.18 Article 247 contemplates establishment
of additional Courts by Parliamentary legislation
for better administration of laws made by
Parliament with respect to matters in the Union
List. However, the Constitution is not so explicit
in respect of establishment of additional Courts
to better administer laws made by Parliament
with respect to matters in the Concurrent List.
What are your suggestions in this regard?
Emergency Provisions
1.19 A body of opinion holds that safeguards
corresponding to Clauses 7 and 8 of Article
352 may be incorporated in Article 356 to enable
Parliament to review continuance of a
proclamation under Article 356(1). What is your
view on the subject?
Economic and Financial Relations: General
2.1 In implementing the strategy of
planning adopted by India after Independence,
the Centre had assumed the lead role in
formulating five-year plans with controls and
licensing to implement them, and the States were
required to play a supporting part. After
economic liberalization many of the controls
and licenses have been largely done away with
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Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
the powers, authority and responsibilities of the
Panchayats and the Municipalities respectively
have explicitly entrusted to them the preparation
of plans for economic development and social
justice.
rid of many controls and licenses and afforded
considerable economic space to State
Governments. However, the Fiscal
Responsibility and Budget Management
legislation has curtailed their freedom in
determining the expenditure priority. Also, in
the wake of globalization, it has become
imperative that in many areas the national
functions as a unified market. Accordingly,
critical reforms in respect of land and labour,
in particular, have encountered constraints at the
State level and these do not appear to have
progressed uniformly across the States.
2.2 There is extreme imbalance between
revenue raising powers and development
responsibilities of the States. For example, as
per RBI statistics on Indian Economy during
2005-06, while revenue collection between the
Centre and the States was in the ratio of 62:38,
the burden of annual development expenditure
during 2004-05 was borne in the inverse ratio
of 39:61. Increasing share of CSS is another
manifestation of concentration of resources in
the hands of the Centre whereby it is in a
position to impose its priorities. Besides, it may
be possible for the Centre to enforce other
conditionalities while providing funds. For
example under Jawaharlal Nehru National
and the States have regained much of their
economic policy making space. Do you think
the shift has been adequate and beneficial? Can
you also highlight the specific areas in which
Economic liberalization has resulted in getting
further reforms may be required at the State
level which can improve governance in general
and the implementation of schemes and
programmes of the Government?
2.2 Although the States are now expected to
play an active role in promoting economic
growth and poverty alleviation by providing
infrastructure, delivering basic services efficiently
and maintaining law and order, it is alleged, that
most States have not kept pace with the reform
process. On the other hand it is said that the
discretion and priorities of the States, are
affected by the imposition of the Centres
priorities, inter alia, through Centrally Sponsored
Schemes. What are your views in this regard?
Madhya Pradesh
231
Urban Renewal Mission, a CSS, the State
Governments have been asked unilaterally to
bring down the Stamp Duty within 5 years to a
level not exceeding 5%. This would impact
resource mobilization of the States, and is also
an intrusion into a subject in the State List.
2.3 The consultative process between the
Planning Commission (PC) and the States needs
to be strengthened to add value to formulation
of plans at various levels, design of economic
policies and their implementation. Somehow,
the PC is perceived as being too concerned with
according routine approvals. The States have to
be enthused that the PC is an expert body and
is a repository and clearing house of
information and knowledge with whom
continuous dialogue would benefit them.
2.4 The NDC and ISC are concerned with
formulation of policy in broad macro-
economic aggregates and their ratification at the
apex level of decision making. The
implementation issues in specific contexts at the
micro level are discussed and decided through
frequent interaction between the Central
Ministries and the States. In general, the present
practice has ensured harmonious economic
relations. However, inter-state issues and other
contentious subjects that transcend the economic
realm prove intractable under the existing
dispensation.
2.3 It has been the practice of the Planning
Commission to get Five Year Plans including
the Approach papers approved by the National
Development Council with a view to ensuring
involvement of the States in the planning process.
Besides, discussions are held by the Planning
Commission every year with the States
individually, to decide the size of their Annual
Plans and to accord approval. Do you think
that the current practice is satisfactory or are
any changes called for in the interest of better
economic relations between the Centre and the
States?
2.4 The National Development Council
and the Inter-State Council are among the fora
available for facilitating the coordination of
economic policy making and its implementation.
However only limited use seems to have been
made of these institutions for the purpose.
Coordination is achieved more through
interaction between the Central Ministries and
the States. Do you think the present practice is
adequate for ensuring harmonious economic
relations?
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2.5 The present system of inter-governmental
transfers has evolved over a period of time and
it represents a delicate balance between the
Constitutional provisions, pragmatism and
practice based on precedence. Accordingly, the
institutional processes in this regard have
developed in keeping with the requirement of
not merely economic rationality but also the
imperatives of national security and the external
environment. Therefore, explicit aberrations, if
any, especially with regard to proliferation of
the CSS, which impinge on the autonomy of
the State, may be rectified as per the deliberations
of the NDC. Besides, the practice surrounding
the FC recommending one off transfers every
five years without a corresponding monitoring
mechanism in place may not be conducive to
the effective utilization of the non-plan
expenditure. Also, in this context, the dichotomy
between the plan and non-plan expenditure may
need effective resolution. In many instances,
while non-plan expenditure may be
misrepresented as plan expenditure, plan
schemes, which have been completed and
commissioned, may not be booked under non-
plan budget. Such misrepresentation leads to
improper estimation of genuine requirements.
In the altered development context, the role of
FC and the PC may require a re-look.
However, formula based transfers, whether by
FC or by PC, are sensitive to the underlying
System of Inter-Governmental Transfers
2.5 To all appearances and also from the
Constituent Assembly debates it seems the
Finance Commission was envisaged by the
Constitution to be the principal channel for
transfer of funds from the Centre to the States
including those which were meant for
development purposes. However, substantial
transfers now take place through other channels
such as, the Planning Commission and Central
Ministries so much so that it is now said that
such transfers have significantly impacted on
fiscal federalism and the devolution of financial
resources. Do you think that the present system
of transfer of funds is working satisfactorily?
Is there a need to restore the centrality of the
role of the Finance Commission on devolution
of funds from the Centre to the States?
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233
parameters and may entail a trade-off in the
transfer of resources among the States. Thus,
for example, in terms of recommendation of
the 10
th
FC, the inter-se share of MP in the
divisible pool was 8.290%, which increased to
8.83% during the period of the 11
th
FC. Also,
during the period of the 11
th
FC, its share in
the Expenditure Tax and Service Tax was
8.954%. However, as per recommendation of
the 12
th
FC, the share of MP in the net proceeds
of all shareable Union Taxes (excluding Service
Tax) and Service Tax has declined to 6.711%
and 6.799% respectively.
2.6 In a federal setup, the implicit premise of
FC is to ensure that sufficient resources are
devolved to each State so that poorer regions
catch up with living standards in richer regions
and they are also enabled to provide minimum
level of public services. Accordingly, all FCs have
been guided by consideration of strengthening
fiscal capacity of States consistent with minimum
spending norms. However, the scope of
successive FCs has progressively widened and
apart from recommending optimum share of
the States in the divisible pool of Central taxes
and grants, the gamut has included local
government finances and also non-statutory
transfers. Thus, the 13
th
FC has the most
comprehensive mandate yet in that its domain
covers additional aspects as varied as the impact
of the proposed implementation of Goods &
Services Tax (GST) with effect from 1
st
April
2010 including its impact on the countrys foreign
trade to the need to manage ecology,
2.6 Transfer of funds from the Centre to
the States through revenue sharing and grants
with the mediation of a statutory body viz., the
Finance Commission, was envisaged by the
Constitution makers to redress the imbalances
in the finances of the States resulting from an
asymmetric assignment of financial powers and
functions to the States the vertical imbalance.
The disparities in the capacity of the State
Governments to provide basic public services
at a comparable level - horizontal imbalance - it
was believed would also be alleviated through
such transfers. There have been twelve Finance
Commissions so far and the thirteenth has since
been constituted. By and large the institution of
the Finance Commission has come to be
regarded as a pillar of Indias federal system.
What is your assessment of the role of the
Finance Commission and the results achieved
in terms of redressal of vertical and horizontal
imbalances?
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environment and climate change consistent with
sustainable development. However, increasing
level of devolution by successive FCs
notwithstanding, the inter-state disparities appear
to have widened over the years. Besides, the
overall fiscal dependence of the States on the
Centre has tended to increase.
The 12
th
FC adopted the concept of
equalization, which neutralized deficiency in
fiscal capacity but not in revenue effort as a
guiding principle for fiscal transfers. Under such
and approach, transfers are determined on a
normative basis instead of merely filling up gaps
arising from the projections of revenues and
expenditures based on historical trends.
Accordingly, based on assessment of needs and
developmental concerns of the States, the 12
th
FC has provided grants-in-aid of the revenues
of the States for specific purposes. Since the
amount of transfer required for full application
of the equalization approach would be too
large, the 12
th
FC decided to focus on two
critical areas of deficiencies viz., Education and
Health to compensate for shortfall in
counterpart funding by the States. Thus, in
respect of MP, transfer to Health and Education
sector is Rs.181.64 cr. and Rs.459.56 cr.
respectively. A full application of such
equalization approach may be warranted as a
long term goal.
2.7 The Normal Central Assistance (NCA),
which is determined as per Gadgil Mukherjee
formula is provided to General Category States
2.7 Transfers made by the Planning
Commission by way of assistance for State plans
are supposed to be guided largely by the Gadgil
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235
(GCS) as loan and grant in the ratio of 70:30.
However, NCA may not ensure transfer of
resources as per specific needs of the States in
individual sectors. Besides, the declining share
of NCA in Annual Plan of GCS continues to
be a cause of concern. Therefore, it is necessary
that quantum of NCA to GCS is enhanced
substantially. Also, its distribution as per the
Gadgil Mukherjee formula may be made more
equitable by appropriate amendments in the
formula. For example, in the formula, weight
of 60% to population and only 25% to per
capita income does not adequately address the
concern of the economically backward states
regarding horizontal equity. Additionally, in view
of the pressing requirements of the States to
enhance their plan expenditure, it is necessary
that proportion of grant the NCA is enhanced
to 70%. Besides, relevant information pertaining
to criteria and the percentage that determine
the inter-se entitlement of the States as per the
Gadgil Mukherjee formula as also the basis of
actual release of NCA is not revealed to the
States. Therefore, the mechanism of transfer of
resources from the Centre to the States may be
made more transparent.
2.8 Funds provided by the Centre comprise
100% grant by way of CSS or in the form of
additional Central Assistance where proportion
of grant may vary across different schemes.
Also, the share of States may vary. The
parameters of the schemes are designed and
determined by the Centre and the funds are
tied. Therefore, in the absence of flexibility to
formula. Of late however the proportion of
formula based plan transfers has come down.
How do you view this development and what
are your suggestions in this regard?
2.8 There is widespread criticism that the
funds provided by the Centre are not properly
utilized by the States and there are reports of
substantial leakages. In order to provide
incentives to the States for better fiscal
management and efficient service delivery there
is a suggestion that all transfers to the States
should be subjected to conditionalities and also
tied to outcomes. States on the other hand
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Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
account for local variations, there may be
genuine problems in effective implementation
of the schemes. There is need and scope for
enhancing overall efficiency by better designing
of the schemes and improving utilization of
funds so as to ensure outcomes. Many times
implementation of the schemes suffers also
because substantial funds from the Centre are
released during the last quarter of the financial
year and the States may not get sufficient time
to spend them. Therefore, this mismatch may
be rectified and timely availability of funds
ensured. Besides, insistence by the Centre on
furnishing the Utilization Certificates prior to
releasing subsequent installments may adversely
impact implementation of such schemes where
certain categories of work may be carried out
only during specific period of the year.
2.9 There has been a proliferation of the CSS
in State subjects and without regard to the
priorities of the States. Therefore, the policies
underlying such schemes which impose a
particular reform agenda and impinge on the
States autonomy may conflict with the federal
spirit of the Constitution and go contrary to
the basic principles of fiscal federalism. Besides,
unilateral decision with regard to the State share
e.g., under the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, where
the State share has been increased from 25% to
50%, it has resulted in preemption of the States
resources. Also, it is significant that Terms of
Reference of the 13
th
FC explicitly include the
Gross Budgetary Support, which comprises
primarily the CSS as the committed expenditure
argue that in their experience the funds are not
released by the Central Government in a timely
manner. What are your suggestions on the
subject?
2.9 Centrally Sponsored Schemes have emerged
as an important instrument of the planning
process. There is a view that such schemes may
or may not be supplementing the States own
Plan schemes. What are your suggestions in this
regard?
Madhya Pradesh
237
of the Centre. Therefore, in the emerging
dispensation, the States apprehend that the
statutory transfers to the States viz., devolution
and deficit grants may be determined residually
after accounting for the CSS. It would be
appropriate if within the broad objectives, all
CSS in respect of the subjects in the State List
are transferred to the States along with
corresponding funds and flexibility in
implementation.
2.10 Substantial funds are being transferred
by the Centre directly to the Panchayats,
Municipalities and other agencies bypassing the
State Government. Since such funds are not
transferred to the Consolidated Fund of the
State, these do not reflect in the State budget
and remain outside the purview of the
Legislative Assembly. Besides, the monitoring
mechanisms at the local level may not be well
developed. However, the State Government
may be expected to oversee these activities and
also furnish the Utilization Certificates in this
regard which may lead to an anomalous
situation.
2.11 The borrowings of the Government are
governed by Article 293 (1) and Article 293 (3)
respectively of the Constitution. Also, in terms
of Article 292 of the Constitution, the executive
power of the Union extends to borrowing upon
the security of the Consolidated Fund of India
within the limits, if any, as may from time to
time be fixed by Parliament and to giving of
2.10 Substantial funds are now being
transferred by the Centre directly to Panchayats,
Municipalities and other agencies bypassing the
States on the ground that the States have
sometimes been tardy in the devolution of funds
to these bodies. What is your view on this
practice?
2.11 The States power of borrowing is
regulated by Article 293 of the Constitution.
What do you suggest should be done further
to facilitate the States access to borrowing while
keeping in view imperatives of fiscal discipline
and macro economic stability?
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Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
guarantees within such limits, if any, as may be
fixed.
Government of India enacted the FRBM Act
in the year 2003. Accordingly, the Medium Term
Fiscal Policy Statement (MTFPS) (2007-08) of
GOI had set the Revenue Deficit (RD) target at
2% for 2006-07 (RE), 1.5% for 2007-08 (BE)
and zero for 2008-09. However, the MTFPS
(2008-09) has revised the RD target at 1% for
2008-09 (BE) and 0 for 2009-10. Thus, the
target of eliminating RD has been postponed
from 2008-09 to 2009-10.
Also, significantly, the Terms of Reference of
the 13
th
FC do not include the objective of
reducing fiscal deficit, which aspect was explicitly
entrusted to the 12
th
FC. Besides, having regard
to the need to bring the liabilities of the Central
Government on account of oil, food and
fertilizer bonds into fiscal accounting and the
impact of various other obligations of the
Central Government on the deficit targets, the
13
th
FC has been asked to review the roadmap
for fiscal adjustments and suggest a suitably
revised roadmap with a view to maintaining
the gains of fiscal consolidation through 2010-
2015.
The increased borrowing by the Centre reflects
in increase in its Charged Expenditure in the
Budget, the proportion adversely impact the
availability of resources to the States. Besides,
Ministry of Finance unilaterally imposes annual
borrowing caps on the States, the basis of which
is not known to the States. Moreover, the
recommendation of 12
th
FC to have a Loan
Madhya Pradesh
239
Council has not been accepted. Therefore, it is
necessary that the process with regard to the
determination of the borrowing cap is made
more transparent and the underlying criteria are
informed to the States.
Also, in the wake of recommendations of 12
th
FC, the States have to raise increasing proportion
of resources from market through non-SLR
route. This requires continuous improvement
in the States finances for which requisite support
from the Centre may be necessary. Moreover,
the debt relief package in respect of Central
loans recommended by 12
th
FC has specifically
excluded from its purview NSSF loans from
1999-2000 onwards. Accordingly, the main
problem of the Central loan burden on the
States has not been fully resolved.
2.12 The Madhya Pradesh Fiscal Responsibility
Act 2005 and the Madhya Pradesh Fiscal
Responsibility Rules 2006 came into force on
1
st
January 2006 and 30
th
January 2006
respectively. Accordingly, since 2006-07,
Government of Madhya Pradesh has complied
with legal requirements in this regard and it has
been successful also in adhering to prescribed
fiscal target. The fiscal indicators, as per 2008-
09 (BE), are as follows:
(in percentage)
Sl.NoINDICATOR2006-07(Account)2007-08
( R E ) 2 0 0 8 - 0 9 ( B E ) 1 . R S /
G S D P 2 . 6 0 2 . 3 6 1 . 8 0 2 . F D /
G S D P 2 . 2 0 3 . 1 6 3 . 0 0 3 . T O L /
2.12 What has been in your view the impact
of the fiscal responsibility laws in your State?
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Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
GSDP46.5744.443.65
[RS: Revenue Surplus; FD: Fiscal Deficit; TOL:
Total Outstanding Liabilities; GSDP: Gross
State Domestic Product]
MP has achieved the target of eliminating
Revenue Deficit (RD) ahead of schedule. Also,
it may achieve the targeted reduction in FD.
However, it may be too early to make an
assessment of the impact of fiscal responsibility
laws in the State.
In the light of recent developments, especially
with regard to the recommendations of the
Sixth Central Pay Commission as also the slow-
down in the economy, on pragmatic
consideration, there appears need to revisit the
normative ceiling on FD as stipulated by FRBM
Act. Also, it may be necessary to ensure identical
dispensation for the Centre and the States in
respect of their obligations and liabilities.
However, having regard to wide variation in
the level of development among the States and
consequent inter-state disparities, a differentiated
approach may be adopted so that the scope
for raising resources necessary for development
on the part of the States is not constrained
arbitrarily.
Besides, adoption of mechanical conditionality
with regard to reduction in revenue expenditure
may lead to general curtailment of development
expenditure and particularly efforts to
decentralize development grants through PRIs
and ULBs.
Madhya Pradesh
241
2.13 The scheme of tax assignment may not
necessarily undergo a change. However, there
must be a fair principle for tax sharing between
the Centre and the States. Thus, the States share
of Central taxes may be enhanced from 30.5%
to 50%. Also, it may be pertinent to mention
here that the Central tax exemptions granted in
certain areas for industrial investment have
distorted the overall tax structure since the States
have often been forced to provide matching
State tax concessions and forego their tax
revenue. Therefore, instead of such exemptions,
direct development grants may be provided to
the concerned States.
Various cess e.g., on Education and Diesel have
become a regular source of revenue for the
Centre and are now in the nature of tax.
Therefore, 90% of such revenue may be
transferred to States. It is necessary because the
basic activity in respect of primary education
and road transport occurs in States, which have
to undertake and provide for their maintenance.
Besides, the revision of royalty on coal and other
minerals is much delayed and it is applied in a
discriminatory manner. Therefore, the need for
fixing the rate on ad-valorem basis and applying
the latest rate without discrimination among the
States may not be overemphasized. Moreover,
the license fee on Telecom and the proceeds
from auction of spectrum, which also partake
of the characteristics of royalty, may be shared
by the Center with the States.
Scheme of Tax Assignment
2.13 Do you think that in the light of
experience and the requirements of a modern
economy, it is time now to give a fresh look to
the entire scheme of assignment of tax powers
between the Centre and the States? If so, please
give your suggestions with detailed justification.
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2.14 The Goods & Services Tax (GST) to be
implemented w.e.f. April 01, 2010 is transaction
driven and is applicable on provision of taxable
supplies. A separate legislation for levy of GST
along with service tax classification code would
be necessary. However, GST should not increase
vertical imbalance inherent in the system. It may,
therefore, be essential to make long-term
assessment of probable economic impact of
GST on the States. Also, the uncertainty
surrounding the base, the rate(s) and the input
tax credit mechanism may have to be removed.
The States may be given concurrent powers of
taxation of all services. However, GST should
not undermine the resource raising powers of
States and result in increasing the vertical
imbalance. Also, given the wide variation in
structural composition of the economy of the
States and consequent differential in the service
sector base, it may be ensured that the States
with a weak base in this regard are not placed
in a disadvantageous situation.
2.15 Ideally, GST should subsume all indirect
taxes on supply of goods or services. This
would include Central excise duties and
additional excise duties, additional customs duty
in the nature of countervailing duties, CVD and
other domestic taxes imposed on imports to
achieve a level-playing field, cesses and
surcharges levied by the union. However, these
levies are earmarked for specific purposes, do
not form part of the Cen VAT chain and are
imposed under independent Acts. Therefore,
Domestic Trade Tax reform: Introduction
of Tax on Goods and Services (GST)
2.14 The system of domestic trade taxes in
India is set to undergo a radical change with the
introduction of Tax on Goods and Services
(GST). Several models are available for
operating the GST in a federal country. What
in your view would be the model best suited
for our country? You may also like to suggest
the institutional arrangements that may be
needed to implement the desired GST.
2.15 Once GST is introduced will there be a
case for continuing with taxes on production,
such as excise duty?
Madhya Pradesh
243
in the given context, a case exists for exclusion
of these levies from purview of GST. Similarly,
the state excise duty, apart from being an
important source of revenue for the States falls
in the category of sumptuary excises and is an
instrument to achieve objective of prohibition
as enunciated in directive principles of state
policy.
Besides, taxes on petroleum crude and its
products contribute significantly to states
exchequer and these have been kept out of VAT.
Therefore, on similar consideration, these may
be kept outside GST.
3.1 Article 301 mandates that trade, commerce
and intercourse within the Indian Union shall
be free. Article 302 says Parliament by law
impose such restrictions on the freedom of
trade, commerce or intercourse between one
state and another or within any part of the
territory of India as may be required in the
public interest. Instances of central legislations
framed under Article 302 are Essential
Commodities Act, 1955 and Orders made
thereunder, Defence of India Act, 1962 and
the Rules made thereunder, Central Sales Tax
Act, 1956 and Mines & Minerals (Regulation
and Development) Act, 1957. The State
Government does not restrict movements of
any goods which are not included in the above
legislations. The operation of common market
in the Indian Union may be carved out for all
commodities except those which are declared
essential commodities as per law and which are
3.1 One of the major benefits of a
federation is to provide a common market
within the country. In order to foster the growth
of the common market, Article 301 of the
Constitution mandates that trade, commerce
and intercourse within the Indian Union shall
be free. However, it is stipulated that restrictions
on the free movement of goods etc. may be
imposed in public interest (Article 302).
Invoking public interest, both the Centre and
the States have imposed restrictions of various
kinds on the movement of goods like food
grains and so on. Besides restrictions on the
movement of food grains, the impediments to
the operation of a common market are imposed
in several other ways such as, providing
minimum price for products namely cotton or
sugarcane and monopoly procurement of
commodities such as cotton etc. While such
actions by a State require approvals by the
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Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
scarce commodities. Even for other
commodities, regulatory mechanisms should be
evolved so that hoarding/black marketing/
artificial scarcity do not arise jeopardizing Indian
economy and public good.
Department of Farmer Welfare and Agriculture,
Government of MP is of the view that a unified
national market is in larger and long term interest
of farmers. It is observed that various barriers
to free movement of agricultural goods have
led to depressed prices for primary
commodities at the market yards as well as
higher prices at the consumer end. The roots
of the present agrarian crisis in the country can
be traced to this fragmented market which
retards capital accumulation in the agricultural
sector. In a scenario where producers of
industrial goods and services are able to sell their
products freely within and outside the country,
restricting movement of agricultural
commodities is without any justification.
In this context it becomes incumbent on Central
Government to invoke its powers under article
301 of Constitution and legislate creation of a
national market. This law will be binding on all
states rendering contrary state legislation
infructuous. Free movement of agricultural
goods within the country must be recognized
as fundamental right of farmers. Of course,
we must also create an independent and legally
enabled market regulatory mechanism to
overseen functioning of a national agricultural
Centre, it is said that approvals have been granted
in many cases almost as a matter of routine.
What in your view should be done to ensure
the operation of the common market in the
Indian Union? How can the mandate contained
in Part XIII of the Constitution be carried out
effectively?
Madhya Pradesh
245
goods market so that concerns of food security,
consumer interest, monopoly, unfair trade
practices and above all farmer welfare can be
addressed.
3.2 Article 307 says Parliament may by law
appoint such authority as it considers
appropriate for carrying out purposes of
Articles 301 to 304, and confer on the authority
so appointed such powers and such duties as it
thinks necessary. Such a Commission/
Authority/Institution may be appointed by the
Parliament as per the Constitutional provisions.
In compliance of provisions of 73
rd
CAA, the
State Government has transferred all powers
and authorities listed in 11
th
Schedule to
Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs). 23
Departments have transferred 65 activities &
264 functions to PRIs. Many CSS & state
schemes are executed by Gram Panchayats
(GPs). Currently GPs in MP are poorly staffed.
They have only one employee called Gram
Panchayat Sachiv. For proper implementation
of functions devolved on GPs, it is necessary
to strengthen the staff position at GPs
commensurate with their enhanced
responsibilities. As substantial funds are routed
through GPs, it is also imperative to have a
strong accounting system at GPs level. In
compliance of provisions of 74
th
CAA, the
State Government has transferred most powers
and responsibilities listed in 12
th
Schedule to
Urban Local Bodies (ULBs).
3.2 Article 307 of the Constitution provides
for the creation of an institution to oversee the
operation of the mandate of a common market
in the country. What are your views on setting
up a Commission/Institution under Article 307
for this purpose?
4.1 Even though fifteen years have passed
since the 73
rd
and 74
th
amendments of the
Constitution, the actual progress in the
devolution of powers and responsibilities to
local Governments i.e. Panchayats and
Municipalities is said to be limited and uneven.
What steps in your view need to be taken to
ensure better implementation of devolution of
powers as contemplated in the 73
rd
and the 74
th
amendments so as to enable Panchayats and
Municipalities to function as effective units of
self government?
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Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
4.2 The State Government has accepted most
of recommendations of SFC. The State
Panchayat Act already provides for levy of taxes,
duties, tolls, fees etc. by PRIs.
In compliance of 74
th
CAA, powers for levying
taxes, duties, tolls, fees etc. have been devolved
on Municipalities.
There is a need to provide flexibility in guidelines
of schemes to cater for local variations and
innovations.
In implementation of govt. schemes by
Municipalities, no difficulty has been experienced
in M.P. in regard to rigidity of guidelines etc.
issued by the Central and State Govt.
Department of Panchayat & Rural
Development Govt. of MP is in agreement with
the views expressed in this para. The practice
of direct release of funds has been found to be
desirable and effective.
Regarding Urban Development, all funds
released by Central Government are being
transferred to ULBs through State Government.
The State Government has designated State
Level Nodal Agency for implementation of
JNNURM, IHSDP and UIDSSMT. Since the
State Government is made accountable for
4.2 Should greater autonomy be given by the
State governments to Panchayats and
Municipalities for levying taxes, duties, tolls, fees
etc. in specific categories and strengthening their
own sources of revenue? In this context, what
are your views for making the implementation
of recommendations of the State Finance
Commissions more effective?
4.3 A large number of government schemes
are implemented by the Panchayats and
Municipalities which are operated on the basis
of various guidelines issued by the Central and
State line departments. There is a view that such
common guidelines are rigid and sometimes
unsuited to local conditions. Do you think there
is a case for making these guidelines flexible, so
as to allow scope for local variations and
innovations by Panchayats and Municipalities
without impinging on core stipulations?
4.4 There is an increasing number of schemes
of the Central Government for which funds
go from the Centre directly to local
governments and other agencies. The purpose
of this is to ensure that the targeted beneficiaries
of these schemes get the benefits directly and
quickly. Please comment on the desirability and
effectiveness of the practice of direct release
of funds and the role of the States in monitoring
the implementation of the schemes. Do you
have any other suggestions in this regard?
Madhya Pradesh
247
utilization of funds released to ULBs, it would
not be appropriate to release central funds
directly to ULBs. Such decision may cause
difficulties at the State Level in monitoring and
submission of UCs.
Special agencies are needed for effective and
time bound implementation of schemes of
national importance such as Sarva Siksha
Abhiyan, National Rural Health Mission and
Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak importance such
as Sarva Siksha Abhiyan, National Rural Health
Mission and Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak
Yojana. Better coordination with PRIs for
planning, monitoring, supervision and evaluation
of these schemes would greatly enhance the
quality of outcome of these schemes.
In regard to Municipalities, there are certain areas
such as public health, school education where
expertise and managerial skills are not available
with ULBs. It is, therefore, necessary to keep
these subjects under direct supervision and
control of State Government and their agencies
at the field level. ULBs may be made responsible
for coordination and overall supervision of these
issues at the local level. Issues like drinking water
supply, drainage and sewerage, civic
infrastructure etc. may be fully transferred to
ULBs and if necessary, State Governments
should undertake capacity building of ULBs in
order to make them competent to handle these
issues. It should also be left to ULBs to take
appropriate decisions regarding utilizing
expertise of any mission, societies, SHGs etc.
4.5 In the spirit of the 73
rd
and 74
th
amendments to the Constitution primacy was
expected to be accorded to Panchayats and
Municipalities in decentralized planning, in
decision making on many local issues eg. public
health, school education, drinking water supply,
drainage and sewerage, civic infrastructure, etc
and in the administration and implementation
of Government funded developmental
programmes, schemes and projects. In practice,
however, many authorities, agencies and other
organizational entities such as societies, missions,
self help groups etc. continue to function in
parallel and at times even in competition and
conflict. Concern has been expressed by some
sections that these parallel institutions are contrary
to the Constitutional vision and weaken the role
and effectiveness of the Panchayats and
Municipalities. On the other hand, it is sometimes
argued that Panchayats and Municipalities do
not have the capacity to plan, administer and
implement many programmes/ schemes/
projects requiring very specialized technical and
managerial skills and resources. What are your
views in the matter? What steps would you
suggest to streamline institutional arrangements
between such parallel agencies and the
Panchayats/Municipalities to bring about more
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and there should be parallel status of these
agencies in exercise of powers, duties and
functions that have been vested in ULBs under
the Constitution. As regards execution of various
infrastructure schemes and projects, parastatal
bodies like Development Authorities may be
involved. In such case, such agencies would be
made fully accountable to ULBs for such works.
A common civil service for the three tiers of
PRIs can be a good means for fostering organic
linkage among them.
The State Government agrees with the views
expressed in this para. The view of the State
Government on the role, functions and
compositions of DPCs as laid down in the
Constitution is that the current provisions are
sufficient.
Metropolitan Planning Committees (MPCs)
have not been constituted in MP so far.
A body comprising of representatives of State
Government and PRIs may be constituted at
the state level to periodically meet and discuss
matters of common interest and resolve
effective and well coordinated action congruent
with the spirit of the 73
rd
and 74
th
amendments?
4.6 A view is often expressed that the three
levels of the district, intermediate and village
Panchayats within the Panchayat system clutter
up the system and give scope for friction and
discord amongst them. What are the means by
which an organic linkage can be best fostered
between the Panchayats? Are any changes in the
three tier system warranted?
4.7 Participative planning especially spatial
planning from the grassroots level upwards to
culminate in a district plan is emerging as the
most potent instrument for empowering
Panchayati Raj Institutions. Do you think this is
the right approach to empower Panchayats?
What are your views on the role, functions and
composition of the District and Metropolitan
Planning Committees?
4.8 Instances have been reported where the
State Governments have held different or even
conflicting views to that of the local
Governments in respect of the administration
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249
disputes. MLAs and MPs are ex officio
members of Zila and Janpad Panchayats and
DPCs. In MP, the State legislature does not have
Upper House.
In MP, there have not been instances of conflict
between State Govt. and ULBs in respect of
administration of devolved subjects. In isolated
cases, where such difficulties arise, we really
cannot think of any mechanism other than the
courts to resolve them.
The PRIs should pay a major role in decision
making on issues relating to land acquisition and
management of land resources.
Under Urban Development, it is necessary to
keep ULBs in lead role in implementing projects
relating to creation of infrastructure including
mega projects. ULBs should also be made
responsible to take policy decisions with regard
to management of land in their jurisdiction. In
MP, ULBs have been empowered to acquire
private land for purposes of public interest.
However, the final authority for passing land
acquisition orders vests in revenue officers. It is
urgently required to authorized ULBs to take
decisions pertaining to compulsory acquisition
of land for public purposes.
Spatial area planning is required to ensure
systematic and planned development of urban
agglomeration involving different levels of
Government.
of devolved subjects and vice versa. What
mechanisms do you suggest, other than Courts,
to help resolve such disputes? What other
measures would you suggest to bring about
better linkages between elected members of
Panchayats and Municipalities with the State
Legislatures? Is there a possible room for
representation of elected Panchayats and
Municipality members in the Upper Houses/
Legislative Councils of the States, where such
Upper Houses exist?
4.9 What roles do you envisage for the local
Governments in infrastructure creation specially
mega-projects which may involve acquisition of
land and displacement of people in areas under
the jurisdiction of the local Governments? Local
Governments should have a major role to play
in decision making on issues relating to
management of land resources especially change
of land use from agricultural to urban and
industrial purposes, acquisition of land for
public purposes etc., to ensure greater
stakeholder participation and reduce possibilities
of conflict between local, state and national
interests. What are your views in this regard?
4.10 Large urban agglomerations and mega-
cities pose very different kind of challenges for
governance in a federal context. The relationship
between the Governments of such large cities
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ULBs should be made fully accountable to
undertake functions vested with them as per
Schedule 12
th
of 74
th
CAA in mega cities and
large urban agglomerations. If there are more
than one ULBs, an agency such as Metropolitan
Planning Committee (MPC) under
administrative department should be constituted
to ensure coordination between such ULBs. The
coordinating agency should be fully empowered
to take decisions on inter-departmental issues.
The security of mega/metro cities should
continue to be with State Govt.
The State has scheduled areas under Schedule
V of the Constitution. The scheduled areas in
the State have been administered congruently
with the spirit of 73
rd
CAA. The Panchayat
Extension to Scheduled Areas Act (PESA), 1996
has tried to tackle apprehensions of conflicts
between PRIs and traditional tribal institutions.
To observe the spirit of the PESA, special
provisions for Panchayat in Special area was
included as Chapter XIV-Section 129A to 129E
in Madhya Pradesh Panchayat Raj and Gram
Swaraj Adhiniyam 1993 in the year 1999 which
has a special provision for traditional institutions
of governance.
5.1 Constitution of India clearly defines Public
Order and Police in the State List. There is no
reason for the Union Government to trespass
in this territory of State List. It is true that
prolonged extremist violence and cross-border
and other levels of Government is becoming
increasingly complex. What roles and
responsibilities would you like to see assigned
to each of the three levels of Government for
the better management of mega/metro cities
including their security keeping in view the
specific nature of the problems faced by them?
4.11 Many of the regions falling in the
scheduled areas (Schedules V & VI) have
traditional institutions of governance coexisting
with or substituting Panchayati Raj Institutions
e.g. Autonomous Hill Councils etc. What are
your views as to how these institutions can be
further strengthened and be congruent with the
spirit of the 73
rd
and 74
th
amendments without
undermining their traditional character?
Role of the Union in the matter of Internal
and National Security
5.1 Article 355 of the Constitution stipulates
that it shall be the duty of the Union to protect
every State against external aggression and
internal disturbance. Although Public
Order and Police come within the State List,
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251
terrorism in certain states has taken demonical
proportions. For this purpose, the Union
Government has to essentially empower and
strengthen the states to address these challenges.
Following measures are suggested
:(i) May think about constitutional amendment
to include Terror Activities in the Union List.
The Terror Activities so included should be
clearly defined leaving no space for any
ambiguity causing conflicting situation between
the Union and the State.
(ii) A National Legislation needs to be enacted
immediately in place of POTA. Without
enabling and stringent legislative apparatus as
stern as POTA, any interventions either by the
Union or the State agencies will not prove to
be effective against terrorism and extremism.
(iii) Modernization of Police needs to be given
more importance. The Union should increase
allocations to the States for modernization of
Police and should include all requisites needed
for modernizing its police forces by the States.
(iv) The Union should create training facilities
for training of State Police Service officers to
make them capable to provide middle level
leadership to police forces effectively and
efficiently. Government of MP has offered to
provide 400 acres of land free of cost near
Bhopal for such national level facility.
(v) The Union should act as a catalyst in giving
Deployment of Central forces in any State in
aid of the civil powers including jurisdiction,
privileges and liabilities of members of such
force while on such deployment are subjects
of the Union List. In the context of recent
developments of prolonged extremist violence
and cross-border terrorism in certain States, the
role and responsibility of the Central and State
Governments to contain such disturbances have
come up for examination in meetings of the
Centre with the States.
This is an issue which has a vital bearing on the
life and security of the people and deserves
urgent attention. Given the mandate of Article
355 and the division of powers in respect of
internal and national security, do you think the
role and responsibilities of the Centre and States
in the matter of controlling internal disturbance
often spread over several States require
delineation through supporting legislation?
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assent to legislations prepared by the State
Governments to combat challenges like
organized crimes, extremist and terrorist
activities. Presently, the Union is creating
hindrances in giving assent to a similar legislation
prepared and sent to the Union by the
Government of MP. Also, National
Investigation Agency has been created by the
Union in haste without taking States into
confidence. Suggestions of States should be
incorporated so that the nodal agency to
combat terrorism could prove successful in
fulfilling its objectives.
(v) Police Reforms by the States through Model
Police Acts should be monitored and facilitated
by the Union.
5.2 To enable the Centre to effectively discharge
its obligations under Article 355 of Indian
Constitution there must be a provision that in
case of internal disturbances, as soon as a specific
request is made from the State Government,
Central forces be deployed to control internal
disturbances immediately. The present setup to
deploy central forces by the Union on the
requests of the states is time consuming. In the
matters of external aggression or internal
disturbance of catastrophic proportions, the
deployment of central forces (Defence forces
or CPMF) should be immediate and without
delay. In the last decade, two incidents which
scarred the psyche of the nation the most were
hijack of Indian Airlines plane and 26/11
terrorist activity in Mumbai. In the first instance,
5.2 By convention and in practice, Central
forces are deployed to control internal
disturbance only when specific requests are
made to that effect by individual State
Governments. Article 355 of the Constitution
enjoins the Union to protect States against
external aggression and internal disturbances.
What courses of action you would recommend
for the Centre to effectively discharge its
obligations under Article 355?
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253
delayed deployment of CPMF/armed units at
Amritsar Airport failed to stop the hijacked plane
on the airport and in the second instance, hours
were lost in deployment of Indian Navy/NSG
commandoes. The Union should clearly define
Code Red in which the State Government could
be empowered to order immediate
deployment of Defence forces/CPMFs
directly. In matters which could be defined in
Code Orange the present system of deployment
of Defence forces/CPMF after the assent of
the Union can continue.
5.3 to 5.7
1. Better coordination between the Central and
State intelligence agencies regarding sharing of
intelligence in regard to communal/caste
violence or any other social conflict.
2. Special intelligence units should be established
at the State level.
3. Centre should provide separate funds to
establish special intelligence in sensitive and
hyper-sensitive districts.
4. Centre should provide separate financial aid
to the State on its request for relief and
rehabilitation work.
5. Central Govt. shouldnt interfere in the
working of the State Govt. in containing
communal situation. Thus the centre should
reinforce the State Govts. Efforts on its request
by deployment of Central forces.
Social and Communal Conflicts
5.3 Maintenance of communal harmony in
the country is one of the key responsibilities of
both the Union and the State Governments. The
Government is expected to ensure that
communal tensions and communal violence are
kept under control at all times. What according
to you should be the role, responsibility and
jurisdiction of the Centre vis--vis the States
(a) During major communal tensions particularly
the ones which may lead to prolonged and
escalated violence? and;
(b) When such prolonged major communal
violence actually takes place?
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Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
6. Effective control of Ministry of
Information and Broadcasting over the
broadcast/telecast of news which may have the
potential to create communal tension.
7. Parallel Commission of Enquiry into incidents
of communal violence in any state by the Central
Government should be restricted.
8. Special package should be given by the Centre
for socio economic development and town
planning for communally sensitive districts and
areas.
9. Law & order and police are state subject
and suo moto deployment of central forces by
the Centre in any State will be undesirable and
against the federal structure of our Union.
5.4 Likewise, what are your views on
prevention and control of sectarian violence or
any other social conflicts that may lead to
prolonged and escalated violence?
5.5 In the light of the above two questions,
what according to you should be classified as a
major and prolonged act of violence? What
parameters would you like to suggest in defining
a major and prolonged act of violence?
5.6 In the above context what steps would
you suggest for making the role of the National
Integration Council more effective in
maintaining and sustaining social and communal
harmony in the country?
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255
5.8 So far as the need for classifying crimes
threatening national security as a separate
category requiring differential treatment is
concerned, this seems to be acceptable. We agree
with the rest part of the question.
5.9 The recommendation is acceptable.
5.7 How can the media in your view play a
constructive role in preventing and containing
communal and sectarian violence?
Crimes affecting National Security
5.8 Several expert committees constituted by
the Government from time to time for
reforming criminal justice administration have
consistently recommended the need for
classifying crimes threatening national security
as a separate category requiring differential
treatment. These are crimes generally
masterminded by criminal syndicates across
State and National boundaries using illegitimate
or ostensibly legitimate channels mostly with the
support of anti-national elements. This category
may include crimes such as terrorist violence,
economic crimes like money laundering,
production and distribution of fake currency
and stock market frauds, trans-national crimes
like drug trafficking, arms and explosives
smuggling etc..
Given the potential danger to the security of
the country arising from such inter-state and
trans-national crimes, which crimes in your view
merit inclusion in such a category?
5.9 Given their characteristics as
mentioned in 5.8, inter-State and transnational
crimes do warrant different procedures for
investigation and prosecution as compared to
other crimes. A Central Agency with special
expertise and resources working in co-ordination
with international security agencies on the one
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5.10 In the event of an offence, which can be
categorized as terror activity and has
proportion or implication affecting national
security, a FIR would be registered at the local
police station. The case could be taken over by
National Investigation Agency if according to
the agency it fulfills the pre-defined parameters.
Otherwise the case will be investigated and
prosecuted by the State Government.
Comprehensive checks and balances should be
defined and ambiguity in definition of cases to
be taken over by National Investigation Agency
should be nullified so as to avoid conflicts arising
between the Centre and the State.
6.1 The delay in resolving inter-state water
disputes leads to cost escalation of the project
as well as social unrest. Sometimes half-baked
information is exploited by vested interest
groups. Hence, strict time frame for resolving
disputes and well informed debate of
stakeholders would be useful.
hand and the State police on the other, is the
model recommended by expert committees to
tackle the problem. What are your views in
this regard?
5.10 The Central Agency so constituted as a
result of issues raised in 5.9 above would not
be able to operate effectively without the
cooperation and support of the State law and
order machinery. What are your suggestions in
this regard?
Water Resources
6.1 The Inter State River Water Disputes
Act, 1956, provides for inter alia the constitution
of a tribunal by the Central Government, if a
dispute cannot be settled by negotiations within
a time frame of one year after the receipt of an
application from a disputant State; giving powers
to tribunals to requisition any data from the State
Governments, the water management agencies
etc; a data bank and an information system being
maintained by the Central Government at the
national level for each river basin; empowerment
of the Central Government to verify data
supplied by the State Government; a time frame
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257
6.2 Water resources of the country should be
used judiciously. Besides, more inter basin
transfer of water may be considered. This way,
there will be no wastage of water. Integrated
planning and management of river basins under
a joint authority may be introduced. Central
Govt. can play a major role in getting
cooperation between various stakeholders/
States.
for tribunals to give an award and for the
decision of the tribunal after its publication in
the official gazette by the Central Government
to have the same force as an order or decree
of the Supreme Court. Broad principles for
sharing of river waters are still under discussion
between the Central Government and the States.
Are you satisfied that the measures taken so far
have contributed effectively to the resolution
of inter-State river water disputes? What
additional measures do you suggest for
strengthening the implementation of the existing
Constitutional provisions and other laws? What
in your view should be the role of the Central
Government in implementing and monitoring
the existing inter-State water sharing agreements
and in ensuring compliance and implementation
of the awards of tribunals, court decisions and
agreements/treaties?
6.2 Water as a resource, particularly river
waters, is an issue of great complexity and
sensitivity in terms of ownership and control,
conservation, optimal and sustainable use,
sharing and distribution and it is apprehended
that this may result in serious tension and possible
civil strife in future. Proper management of the
resource requires striking a balance between
national interests and the interests of the States
through which the rivers flow. In this context
several proposals have been considered
including the transfer of water from one river
basin to another, more prudent use in intra-basin
areas, sharper focus on rain water harvesting
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6.3 Strengthening the decentralized system for
ground water augmentation and conjunctive use
of surface and ground water is the time tested
approach. This may be built-in into the formal
administrative/management system.
6.4 There is need to have regular budget
provision for local bodies for conservation of
water bodies in a pattern similar to that of Solid
Waste Management.
6.5 There is need to develop use of treated
sewage primarily for non-edible crops. Besides,
traditional systems of desilting of water bodies
for nutrient enrichment of crop land is a time
tested approach. These may be revived as part
of rural development projects.
and water management strategies etc. What are
your views in the matter to ensure better
management of this valuable resource keeping
in view both national interests and the interests
of individual States? Can the concept of
integrated planning and management of river
basins under a joint authority be introduced on
a larger scale?
6.3 Continuing from the foregoing, what
in your view should be the nature of Centre-
State cooperation in mitigating the effect of
floods and management of drainage and
irrigation particularly when these issues have inter-
State and international implications?
6.4 Pollution of our rivers poses a serious
threat to the quality of available water, biotic
resources, human health and safety and our
natural heritage. Adequate efforts to tackle the
problem through technology oriented national
and state level programmes backed by peoples
participation have been lacking. Even Missions
such as Ganga / Yamuna Action Plan(s) and
other river action plans have yielded limited
results. What steps - legal, administrative,
technological, economic and financial - would
you suggest for a resolution of the problem?
6.5 The subject of land improvement figures
at Entry 18 in List-II of the Seventh Schedule
under Article 246. Most of the States have not
taken sufficient measures to optimally utilize the
nutrients present in the residue of treated sewage
or in the river waters by way of sullage and
sewage flowing into them (part of the solid
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6.6 The issue of fair sharing of social and
environmental cost and benefits between
downstream/command area and upstream/
catchment area of reservoirs, this is a major
problem leading to sub-optimal utilization of
this valuable resource. This may be addressed
by expanding arena of compensation from
barely economic to broad spectrum of natural
resource management.
waste settles at the river bottom and is retrievable
during the period of lean flow) and recycling
the available water resource to improve the
fertility of soil and increase the productivity of
land.
In this context there is an increasingly
perceived need to have in place a national
strategy for control, regulation and utilization
of sullage and wastewater to improve the quality
of soil, land and other nutrients with the
objective of augmenting agricultural yield, more
so due to mounting water scarcity and changes
in precipitation owing to climatic changes. What
are your suggestions for countering the resulting
loss to the nation?
6.6 Storage or reservoir or dam based projects
are often conceived as multi purpose projects
providing not only power but also irrigation,
navigation, drinking water and flood control
benefits. At the same time such projects have
higher environmental and social externalities. The
issue of fair sharing of social and environmental
costs and benefits between downstream/
command areas and upstream/catchment areas
has been a major problem leading to suboptimal
utilization of this valuable resource.
What role do you envisage for the Central
Government for achieving greater cooperation
among the various stakeholders in developing
a consensus on such projects?
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6.7 The powers under National Environment
Policy 2006 have been given to states very
recently and the results are not yet sufficient to
make conclusive comments. More powers
should be given to the States to grant
environmental and forest clearances for
infrastructure projects with clear guidelines so
that such projects are not delayed. The States,
which are maintaining and conserving larger
forest areas, may be compensated by providing
additional Central grants.
6.8 Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional
Forest (Recognition of Forest Tribes) Act 2006
needs to percolate down through large scale
grass root awareness campaign. Social
engineering on pattern of JFM might be useful
to avoid unrest and tension.
Forests, Land and Agriculture
6.7 With the adoption of the National
Environment Policy 2006, greater powers have
been delegated to the States to grant
environmental and forest clearances for
infrastructure and industrial projects having
investment of upto a specified limit. While one
body of opinion is of the view that it will have
a harmful effect on ecology and disrupt the
fragile equilibrium in our environment, others
look upon this as a welcome initiative which
will facilitate timely implementation of
development projects.
Do you think that the existing arrangements
are working satisfactorily? How do you think
the conflicting interests of development and
environmental conservation can be better
reconciled?
6.8 There is a view that the inadequacy of
minimum infrastructure facilities for forest
dwellers and general lack of economic
opportunities has greatly contributed to the
escalation of dissatisfaction and alienation among
them. This also raises security concerns. The
Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest
Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Tribes) Act,
2006 which confers land ownership rights on
Scheduled Tribes and other traditional forest
dwellers in the event of their being in occupation
of the said land as on 13
th
December, 2005 is
perceived as a major step towards containment
of unrest and tension. Do you agree with this
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6.9 The claim for compensation to such States
and communities who perform the role of
stewardship of valuable ecological assets is
strongly supported
6.10 There is need to provide for environmental
compensation to States which suffer exploitation
of mineral resources including Hydrocarbon.
assessment? What further steps can be taken to
build sustainable models of conservation by
involving tribal and other forest dwelling
communities?
6.9 Some of the States have contended that
they have to maintain and conserve large tracts
of forests and green cover for national and
global benefit at the cost of the economic
interests of the State. Similarly mountain States,
particularly those that are a part of the
Himalayan ecosystem have to constrict the
economic exploitation potential of the region
for the benefit of the ecosystem as a whole. In
other words, these States provide ecological
services essential for the nation as a whole as
well as for the entire global community. These
States have argued for compensation to them
and the communities who perform the role of
stewardship of these valuable ecological assets.
What are your views in this regard?
Mineral Resources including
Hydrocarbons
6.10 Regulation of mineral resources
including hydrocarbons comes within the
competence of the Centre by virtue of Entries
53, and 54 and 55 of List I of the Seventh
Schedule. Entry 23 under List II similarly
empowers the States to regulate the
development of mines and minerals subject to
the provisions of List I. The States have been
seeking a greater role in the decision making
processes relating to the regulation of mineral
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6.11 Beside helping the states in term of
capacity building for climate change adaptation
and projectization for CDM, there is a need
for large scale grass root awareness to ensure
minimization of individual input in global
warming.
7.1 The methodology adopted in allocating
power from Ultra Mega projects has created
problems in designing power evacuation system
as well as sharing of transmission charges from
these projects. Therefore, policy for allocation
of power from Ultra Mega Projects may be
reviewed; requirement of State/region in which
Mega Projects are situated must be fulfilled first
and thereafter requirement of other States/
regions should be considered. This will simplify
sharing of transmission charges for evacuation
of power by various beneficiaries.
resources e.g. in the determination of the royalty
rates, periodicity of rates revision etc. What steps,
in your view, should be taken to evolve an
integrated policy on the subject that would
reconcile the interests of the States with the
sustainable exploitation of mineral resources
including hydrocarbons in the national interest?
Ecosystems, Climate Change and Natural
Disasters
6.11 Indias vulnerability to the projected
impacts of climate change is high, particularly
with regard to its effect on water resources,
power, agriculture, forests, tourism, health and
rural livelihoods etc. Most of these issues are
dealt with primarily at the State and local levels.
In view of the problems and challenges
posed by the phenomenon of climate change,
how would you delineate the respective roles
andm responsibilities of the Centre, the States
and the Municipalities and Panchayats?
7.1 Mega projects, such as infrastructure
projects related to national/inter-State highways,
river interlinking major irrigation works, large
scale power generation, etc are characterized by
long gestation periods, heavy capital investment
requirements and complex ownership and
management structures involving multiple
stakeholders. These projects both in their creation
and operation are dependent on smooth and
well-coordinated Centre-State and inter-State
relations. There are several instances of such
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So far as large scale mining activity to support
mineral based industries is concerned, there is
problem of land acquisition and rehabilitation
of persons so displaced. It should be made
mandatory in acquisition and rehabilitation
package to provide employment to displaced
persons and the land compensation package
should be awarded at market rates for different
types of land.
Under the projects on basic amenities like
national highways and inter state roads,
construction and maintenance of these roads
to the tune of full length is done by the
concerned State through which the road passes.
No change in this system seems necessary.
7.2 Many mega projects in States have faced
huge delays due to obsolescence of Land
Acquisition Act. Hence, this Act needs to be
amended.
Similarly, rehabilitation and resettlement policies
should minimize displacement, ensure fair
compensation for project affected people (PAP)
and provide them commensurate livelihood.
R&R policy formulated and implemented by
MP for Narmada Valley Development projects
could be treated as a model for purpose of
evolving a national policy in this area.
7.3 If a State does not get any benefit from a
large dam in an adjoining State, suitable
compensation for rehabilitation of persons and
facilitates should be made by the State getting
benefits. This compensation can be channelized
through the Central Govt.
projects getting thwarted or delayed or their
operations getting affected by inter-State or
Centre-State problems at a heavy cost to society.
Please give your suggestions for creating an
enabling policy and institutional framework,
innovative structures and mechanisms for
stakeholder participation and systems and
procedures for quick reconciliation of
conflicting approaches so that national interests
prevail.
7.2 Mega projects involve large scale acquisition
of land and consequential problems associated
with compensation, displacement of people and
their relief and rehabilitation and resettlement.
Would you suggest any policy changes in the
existing processes of land acquisition and
payment of compensation thereof ? Likewise,
is there a need for bringing in any changes in the
rehabilitation and resettlement policies in order
to minimize displacement, ensure fair
compensation for the project affected people
and provide them commensurate livelihood
security?
7.3 In the case of mega projects, often
actions and interventions in one State impact
on another. The construction of a large dam in
one State, for instance, may lead to large scale
displacement of people in another without
commensurate benefits accruing to that State.
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Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
8.1 In recent years, there has been alarming
increase in socio-political mobilization around
sectarian identities which has severely damaged
inclusive architecture of India as a federal State.
The country should take effective steps in
addressing this issue. Following suggestions are
made in this regard:-
(i) Empowering and imparting more
autonomy to conflict-resolution institutions.
(ii) Implementation of constitutional
provisions in maintaining rule of law in such
matters.
(iii) Constitutional provisions to debar
political parties, which are found indulging in
such divisive activities, from contesting any
election.
(iv) Code of conduct for print/electronic
media for covering such socio-political
mobilizations.
(v) Revising school curriculum to
emphasize Nation-Building and National
Integration.
(vi) Strengthening All India institutions in
defence, administration, media etc.
(vii) More emphatic poverty alleviation and
area development programmes in poverty-
stricken areas and regions of the country.
What are your suggestions for evolving a national
consensus on rehabilitation policies and
strategies and conflict resolution mechanisms?
Political Developments
8.1 India is characterized by unity in diversity
consistent with a pluralistic identity. Recent
decades have been marked by significant
increase of socio-political mobilization around
sectarian identities. Fears have been expressed
that political developments emanating from
such mobilization pose a threat to the unity and
integrity of the country.
Do you agree with this assessment and if so
what are your suggestions for a long-term
solution?
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265
8.2 There has been a clear rise in growth
of regional parties and consequent new
paradigm of coalition governments both at
national and state levels. But in many cases,
coalition governments have enhanced
democratic legitimacy, representativeness and
national unity. Major policy shifts like neo-liberal
economic reforms, federal decentralization are
largely due to coalitional governance.
8.3 The Centre-State relationship and
federal structure of the Constitution have been
put to tests by advent of coalition governments
at the Centre and the States in the last 3 decades.
The coalitions governments have intensified
demands for more legislative and executive
powers and more financial allocations to States
from the Union. It is important that federalism
is perpetuated without making the Union weak.
The Constitution has numerous provisions about
creation of mechanisms/institutions/bodies
which can be used to fulfill the aspirations of
coalition partners without losing focus on
national issues.
8.4 With 73
rd
and 74
th
amendments, more
empowered local political leadership has
resulted. But, it has also generated new political
tensions and conflicts at grass-roots. Three-tiers
of panchayat and urban local bodies have to
be integrated within the ambit of the State
Government. There has been a recent tendency
for the national government to provide direct
funds to the local bodies. This should be
curtailed. The State Governments should be
8.2 Another significant political development
has been the growth and ascendancy of regional
parties. These parties have now come to
legitimately play a major role in governance at
the national level. Given the possibility of this
trend continuing, what would you suggest
should be done to harmonize national and
regional interests for better Centre-State
relations?
8.3 In contemporary federations, different
types of political configurations exist with
various kinds of coalitions being formed among
political parties, other groups and individuals.
In India the multi-party coalitions have
increasingly become the trend. In this context,
what measures would you suggest to ensure
that the national vision and wider collective
purpose are always paramount and do not get
distorted.
8.4 With the passing of the 73
rd
and the 74
th
amendments to the Constitution in 1992 more
empowered local level political leadership has
emerged. New areas of political tensions and
conflicts among Central, State and Panchayat/
Municipal level leaderships have consequently
arisen. How can these conflicts be resolved and
their relationship harmonized? Please give your
suggestions.
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Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
encouraged to devolve powers to the local
bodies and provide them direction and vision.
The representatives in local bodies should be
made accountable through social audit and
power of the electorate to recall them. Similarly,
aspirations of local bodies and their
representatives should be adequately reflected
in decentralized district planning process.
8.5 Free movement of citizens from on
state to another is a fundamental right bestowed
in Constitution of India. Provision of basic civic
amenities and employment in rural and semi-
urban areas will have a long term impact on
such migrations. NREGS has proved to be
successful in this regard to some extent. But,
more training and financial assistance for self-
employment is required. Unique Id No. and ID
cards to each citizen will also help to ameliorate
social tensions due to migration. Internal security
should be strengthened so that screening of anti-
social and anti-national elements traveling from
one place to another is possible.
Computerization and networking of criminal
cases and records will also assist in keeping a
check on elements who could create conflicts
and tensions by migrating to new places.
8.6 In general, the Centre and the States
have a accorded due regard to the principles
laid down in Part IV in making laws and
formulating policies and programmes. The
Central Government should take immediate
Social Developments
8.5 Socio-economic developments have
resulted in large scale migration from the under
developed to the better developed regions
within the country. This has sometimes affected
the established demographic patterns and has
tended to cause social tensions. This
development has serious implications for
Centre-State and inter-State relations. With the
free movement of citizens guaranteed by the
Constitution, what measures would you suggest
to contain such social tensions?
Public Policy and Governance
8.6 Article 37 of the Constitution states that
the principles laid down in Part IV are
fundamental in the governance of the country
and it shall be the duty of the State to apply
these principles to making laws.(i) Have the
Madhya Pradesh
267
steps to fulfill certain principles of the policy as
enshrined in Article 37-51 of Constitution of
India, namely:-
(i) Article 44:- The State shall
endeavour to secure for the citizen a uniform
civil code throughout the territory of India.
(ii) Article 43 A:- The State shall take
steps, by suitable legislation or in any other way,
to secure participation of workers in the
management of undertakings, establishments or
other organizations engaged in any industry.
(iii) Article 48:- The State shall take
steps for preserving and improving the breeds
and prohibiting the slaughter, of cows and calves
and other milch and draught cattle.
8.7 Good governance is about providing
an efficient and effective administration
committed to improving the quality of life of
the people. There are four main component of
Good governance viz. Accountability,
Participation, Sustainability and Transparency.
There are following main tenets of good
governance:-
(i) Improved delivery system of services.
(ii) Increasing simplicity and accessibility of
systems and procedures.
(iii) Increased fiscal responsibility and
efficiency of expenditures through sound
financial management.
Directives been accorded due regard by the
Centre and the States in making laws and in
formulating policies and programmes?(ii)
What are those Directives which require more
legislative attention from (a) the Union
Parliament, and (b) the State Legislatures?
8.7 What in your view are the elements of
good governance that need to be addressed?
What parameters would you consider
appropriate in order to judge the performance
of a State? What are your views about the
existing monitoring, review and evaluation
mechanisms to ensure delivery of effective
outputs and outcomes of the schemes and
programmes in the field?
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Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
(iv) Higher levels of accountability and
transparency in governance
(v) Stringent anti-corruption measures.
There are no standard parameters or indicators
for good governance. Some International
agencies have developed parameters for human
development, but these alone can not be taken
as parameters for good governance. Reduction
in infant-mortality, improvement in literacy rates,
reduction in poverty levels may reflect success
of a government in its policies and
implementation. However, these alone do not
completely capture the qualitative aspects of
good governance. Fiscal performance and audit,
maintenance of law and order, increase in per
capita income, improvement in physical quality
of life index, decentralization of power,
infrastructure development, political stability etc.
can also be included as parameters of good
governance.
8.8 All these stakeholders have grown their
activities in various spheres which were earlier
performed primarily by Governments. The
Governments should evolve mechanisms
through which such organizations can actively
participate in formulation of policies and
implementation and monitoring/supervision of
projects/programmes. This will ensure
utilization of their financial resources,
engagement of their human resource expertise
and their improved involvement in government
policies/projects/programmes. A
8.8 The task of governance is no longer
confined exclusively to Governments, but
includes a wide range of stakeholders the
organized private sector, public-private
partnership institutions, civil society
organizations, user and consumer groups, special
interest groups, associations of industry and a
variety of other non-state organizations. In
many spheres of activity, earlier performed
primarily by Governments, eg., education, health
care, infrastructure creation and management,
such organisations now play a very important
Madhya Pradesh
269
comprehensive policy by the Union may be
prepared for creating such sustainable
partnership. Presently, the Union and the State
Governments are adopting diverse mechanisms
to ensure this. The success rates of such
experimentations, in the absence of well-defined
comprehensive national polity, have been
questioned on most occasions. The Union should
formulate a national policy for creating
sustainable partnerships between governments
and such organizations/ institutions.
8.9 (i) Such organizations should develop a
joint vehicle with the government in which
governments representative is adequately
represented. (ii) Such organizations should be
empowered through capacity building with
support of the governments so as to imbibe
social responsibilities and public good in their
functioning. (iii) Tax benefits may be provided
to such organizations which are functioning in
partnership with governments in notified areas
of public services. (iv) The principle of
democratic accountability in delivery of public
services can not be automatically extended to
such organizations as those will always primarily
remain with democratically elected governments.
However, such organizations should function
under check-and-balance mechanism of the
government so that it does not flounder on its
democratic accountability in delivery of public
services.
9.1 Inter-State cooperation for synergizing
development strategies for topographic areas,
role at various levels. In view of their growing
significance these organizations may have to be
seen as important players in a multi-level federal
order.
In the context of these developments, what
measures would you suggest for the participation
of these emerging stakeholders in the scheme
of governance to address the growing challenges
of ensuring good governance for promoting
the welfare of the people?
8.9 In the context of the increased role
of many non state organizations in the delivery
of public services, please give your views on:
(a) What can be done to ensure that such
organizations take due account of social
responsibilities and public good in their
functioning?(b) How can the discipline of
human rights and the philosophy of the
Directive Principles be brought into the scheme
of such organizations?(c) How can the principle
of democratic accountability in the delivery of
public ser vices be extended to these
organizations?
9.1 Development strategies, particularly
those aimed at correcting regional imbalances,
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Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
agro-climatic zones or ethno-geographic regions
is important. The present structure of
governance apparatus of States does not
facilitates such inter-state cooperation. In fact,
there is lot to be done in inter-state cooperation
in implementing inter-state irrigation mega
projects or in combating inter-state crimes/
extremism/terrorism. Realizing the inadequacies
of the existing apparatus, such inter-state
development strategies should essentially have
more participation of stakeholder use group.
Only through democratizing such development
strategies, satisfactory results could be possible.
9.2 The criticism faced by the central sector
and centrally sponsored schemes is that they tend
to make uniform prescription for all situations
without adequate regard to regional and local
specificities and suffer from lack of flexibility.
These schemes are very straight jacketed without
any flexibility or scope for innovations left for
the State Governments. These could be easily
made more attuned to local needs by converting
them into untied funds for each sector for each
State for specified and need-based action plans
prepared by the State and sanctioned by the
Centre if they fall within the parameters of
guidelines issued by the Centre. This will allow
States to formulate projects in its action plan
which fulfill the aspirations of the people and
complete the gaps in that particular sector in
the State.
9.3 Education at all levels needs to have an
effective system of accreditation, certification
often require looking at the region as a whole.
Regions are often defined by topographic, agro-
climatic, ethno-geographic and social and
cultural similarities and may comprise two or
more States. There is merit in looking at the
core strengths of the entire region and basing
strategies on such strengths irrespective of State
boundaries. This would require new forms of
inter-State cooperation for synergistic
development. What are your suggestions for
achieving such cooperation?
9.2 One of the criticisms faced by the central
sector and Centrally Sponsored Schemes is that
they tend to have a uniform prescription for all
situations without adequate regard to regional
and local specificities and suffer from lack of
flexibility.
Do you think such criticism is justified? If yes,
what are your suggestions to remove them?
What measures do you suggest for
customization of programmes and schemes to
suit the differentiated needs of States and Local
Governments?
9.3 Quality of education at all levels and in
all fields has been a matter of concern. There is
Madhya Pradesh
271
and quality assurance. To some extent, such
systems exist in medical and engineering
education. But it is missing in other higher
education and school education. As education
figures in List-III (Concurrent List), the Union
and States should collectively work out
coordinated strategy in this respect and
implement and supervise such devised systems
of accreditation, certification and quality
assurance in education (including higher
education).
9.4 Certain academic disciplines are getting
marginalized by a variety of socio-economic
developments. Such academic disciplines like
AYUSH, Archaeology, Anthropology etc.
should be supported by the Union through
grants to States/Universities to carry out such
disciplines. The post reform market driven
growth, partial opening of technical education
has achieved the goal of making education job
oriented. But this has also marginalized higher
learning in basic sciences and humanities. Thus
there is a need to create centres of excellence in
these areas. The role of Central Government
shall be to create better opportunities for youth
in national research and development
organizations.
9.5 There is lack of uniform social and
economic measurement standards in the country.
Such standards should have been finalized
decades ago. The Union should take a lead role
in involving States to formulate these standards
in socio-economic fields. Only mutually agreed
need for developing common acceptable
standards and having an effective system of
accreditation, certification and quality assurance
systems and procedures. Given the
Constitutional provisions what respective roles,
according to you, can the Centre and States play
individually or collectively in working out a
coordinated strategy in this respect?
9.4 What steps can be undertaken by the Centre
and States in a coordinated manner to preserve
and promote academic disciplines which are
getting marginalized by a variety of socio-
economic developments ?
9.5 One of the challenges faced by policy
planners in the country is lack of uniform social
and economic measurement standards
(including poverty, health, education etc.). This
applies across Central departments as well as
between States. This is an important issue
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Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
because these measurements are utilized for the
allocation of resources to the States. How can
uniform national standards for the measurement
of these indicators be formulated? What are
your suggestions with respect to Centre-State
cooperation in the joint formulation of these
standards?
upon parameters/indicators should be used in
future for allocation of resources between the
Union and the States and between the States
and the local bodies.
There is long felt need to have universally
accepted indicators relating to socio-economic
development. The following steps may be
taken: Develop consensus at national level
through dialogue on socio-economic data, sex
and related indicators necessary to capture
trends. Create convergence between all sectors
in the States and the Centre to have common
platform of database. All data collection shall
be decentralized but processing, storage and
dissemination shall be centralized by deploying
information and communication technologies.
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273
GOVERNMENT OF MEGHALAYA
Response to the Questionnaire
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
274
Questions
1. CONSTITUTIONAL SCHEME OF
CENTRE-STATE RELATIONS
Conceptual framework
1.1 What are your views on the overall frame-
work and scheme of relations between the
Centre and the States as contained in the Con-
stitution of India and as they have evolved over
time?
1.2 The framers of the Indian Constitution en-
visaged a unique scheme of Centre-State rela-
tions in which there is predominance of pow-
ers with the Centre. In the wake of develop-
ments that have taken place since then, the grow-
ing challenges and the emerging opportunities,
please give your views whether any changes
are called for in that scheme. If so, please sug-
gest appropriate changes.
Role of Governor
1.3 In the Constitutional scheme, the Gov-
ernor plays an important role in the relations
between the Centre and States. Do you have
any comments/suggestions to make regarding
this role?
1.4 In the context of this role what are
your views regarding the existing Provisions
(alongwith conventions, practices and judicial
GOVERNMENT OF MEGHALAYA
Replies
Meghalaya
275
pronouncements) relating to the appointment,
tenure and removal of Governors?
1.5 The powers and functions of the Gover-
nor under Articles 200 and 201 in respect of
assent to Bills have come for debate on many
occasions in the past. Please give your views in
the matter.
Constitutional scheme relating to local
Governments
1.6 With the passage of the 73
rd
and 74
th
Con-
stitutional Amendments, Panchayats and Mu-
nicipalities have been accorded Constitutional
status and protection. However, the Constitu-
tion leaves it to the State legislature to further
devolve to the local bodies powers, functions,
funds, and functionaries. The experience of the
implementation of these provisions varies
widely from State to State. What steps should
be taken in your view to make the devolution
of powers and functions to the Panchayats and
Municipalities and their implementation more
effective?
1.7 What has been your experience in the
functioning of District Planning Committees
and Metropolitan Planning Committees as en-
visaged under Articles 243 ZD and 243 ZE
respectively of the Constitution? What are your
views on the steps needed to be taken to ef-
fectively promote the concept and practice of
independent planning and budgeting at Dis-
trict and Metropolitan levels?
The Governor in giving his assent to any Bill as
passed by the Legislature should not be acted
in his own discretion and withhold any bill from
his assent is not advisable.
The 73
rd
and 74
th
Constitutional Amendments
are not applicable to the Sixth Scheduled areas
such as the State of Meghalaya.
In the specific content of Meghalaya, there may
be a case for recognizing its traditional institu-
tions as representative bodies, equal in status to
elected Municipalities and Panchayts.
The DPCs as envisaged under Articles 243 ZD
and 243 ZE are not applicable in the State, it
being a Sixth Scheduled State. A District Plan-
ning & Development Council is constituted on
nomination basis in which MLAs, CEMs, etc.
are also represented (A copy of the sample
notification is enclosed herewith for ready ref-
erence). An attempt is being made to broad
base this body. However, this would further
required to dovetailed in the framework as
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
276
mentioned in Para 1.6 on restructuring and re-
organization. For RD programmes, there ex-
ists nominated bodies of Block Development
& Monitoring and Block Selection Commit-
tees.
While predominance to the Union is unex-
ceptionable, in view of the federal polity char-
acterized by diversity and sometimes fissiparius
tendencies, the need to use this predominance
with utmost care and judiciousness cannot be
overemphasized.
In line with what is stated above, the onus for
good governance and healthy Centre-State re-
Legislative Relations
1.8 In the course of the working of the Consti-
tution certain subjects/entries in the Seventh
Schedule have been transferred from one List
to another. What in your view should be the
principles and practices that may govern the
transfer of legislative items from the State List
to Union List/Concurrent List or vice versa? Is
there any need for change of procedure in this
regard? Do you have any suggestions on this
issue?
1.9 What in your view has been the impact on
Centre-State relations as a result of the changes
that have taken place with the transfer of items
from one List to another in the Seventh Sched-
ule? Please provide specific instances of such
impacts.
1.10 Are the existing processes of prior consul-
tation with the States before undertaking any
legislation on a matter relating to the Concur-
rent List effective? What suggestions do you
have in this regard?
Administrative Relations
1.11 The Constitution makers seem to have given
predominance to the Union vis--vis States in
the matter of administrative relations. In view
of past experience, does the present system
warrant any change?
1.12 Articles 256 and 257 of the Constitution
confer powers to the Union to give directions
Meghalaya
277
lations must lie with the Union. It must avoid
the pitfalls of assumed elder brotherly attitude
and should therefore resort to consultations and
consensus building.
All India Services must be strengthened to act
as the bridge that they were intended to be by
the Constitution makers, between the Centre
and the States. Their professionalism, objectiv-
ity and impartiality must be protected. For this,
the Union was to be more pro-active and this
must not only be there, but be seen to be there.
1.14 1.18Existing mechanisms and institutional
arrangements have facilitated inter-government
of consultation. These need to be strengthened.
Administrative mechanisms such as the one that
currently exists for resolving disputes between
the Union and CPSUs may be useful in settling
disputes between the Union and the States.
to the States. How should these powers be
used in the best interest of good governance
and healthy Centre-State relations?
1.13 The provisions relating to All India Ser-
vices under Article 312 are a unique feature of
Centre-State relations in India. What measures
do you recommend for promoting better
governance and harmonious Centre State re-
lations through these Services?
Mechanisms for Inter-Governmental Con-
sultation
1.14 Consultation between the Union and
the States is a common practice in federations
to facilitate administrative coordination. Sev-
eral institutional arrangements including the
National Development Council, the Inter-State
Council, Zonal Councils, the National Integra-
tion Council exist for the purpose of formal
consultations. Are you satisfied that the objec-
tive of healthy and meaningful consultation
between the Centre and the States is being fully
achieved through the existing institutional ar-
rangements? What are the ways in which these
processes can be further streamlined and made
more effective?
1.15 Apart from the Inter-State Council sev-
eral other institutions have been created to pro-
mote harmonization of policies and their
implementation among States. Prominent
among these are the Zonal Councils. In addi-
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
278
tion, there are a number of inter-State consul-
tative bodies e.g., National Water Resource
Council, Advisory Council on Foodgrains Man-
agement and Public Distribution and the Min-
eral Advisory Board. Then there are Central
Councils of Health, Local Self Government and
Family Welfare, Transport Development, Edu-
cation, etc. What is your appraisal of the work-
ing and efficacy of these institutions/arrange-
ments in securing inter-governmental coopera-
tion? Do you think they play a useful and effec-
tive role in setting standards and effective coor-
dination of policies in vital areas? What are your
suggestions in this regard?
1.16 Treaty making is a part of the powers of
the Union Executive. In the process of imple-
menting these treaties some obligations at times
may be cast on States also. What would you like
to propose to take care of the concerns of the
States?
1.17 In disputes leading to much litigation
between the Union and the Central Govern-
ment Public Enterprises, the Supreme Court had
suggested an administrative mechanism to re-
solve such disputes through negotiations and
consultation. This mechanism has helped to re-
solve many disputes without having to go to
Courts. Do you think such an institutional ar-
rangement can work for resolving administra-
tive, financial etc. disputes between the Union
and the entities of the States?
1.18 Article 247 contemplates establishment of
additional Courts by Parliamentary legislation
Litigations in courts are long drawn. There-
fore institution to settle dispute between Cen-
tral and State to ADR is suggested.
Meghalaya
279
for better administration of laws made by Par-
liament with respect to matters in the Union
List. However, the Constitution is not so ex-
plicit in respect of establishment of additional
Courts to better administer laws made by Par-
liament with respect to matters in the Concur-
rent List. What are your suggestions in this re-
gard?
Emergency Provisions
1.19 A body of opinion holds that safeguards
corresponding to Clauses 7 and 8 of Article
352 may be incorporated in Article 356 to en-
able Parliament to review continuance of a
proclamation under Article 356(1). What is
your view on the subject?
Economic and Financial Relations: General
General
2.1 In implementing the strategy of plan-
ning adopted by India after Independence, the
Centre had assumed the lead role in formulat-
ing five-year plans with controls and licensing
to implement them, and the States were re-
quired to play a supporting part. After eco-
nomic liberalization many of the controls and
licenses have been largely done away with and
the States have regained much of their eco-
nomic policy making space. Do you think the
shift has been adequate and beneficial? Can you
also highlight the specific areas in which fur-
ther reforms may be required at the State level
which can improve governance in general and
the implementation of schemes and
programmes of the Government?
The shift has been beneficial. Further decentrali-
zation and delegation of powers needed for
quick implementation. States may be empow-
ered to decide and sanction schemes under spe-
cial programmes like Special Plan Assistance.
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
280
2.2 Although the States are now expected
to play an active role in promoting economic
growth and poverty alleviation by providing
infrastructure, delivering basic services efficiently
and maintaining law and order, it is alleged, that
most States have not kept pace with the reform
process. On the other hand it is said that the
discretion and priorities of the States, are af-
fected by the imposition of the Centres priori-
ties, inter alia, through Centrally Sponsored
Schemes. What are your views in this regard?
2.3 It has been the practice of the Planning
Commission to get Five Year Plans including
the Approach papers approved by the National
Development Council with a view to ensuring
involvement of the States in the planning pro-
cess. Besides, discussions are held by the Plan-
ning Commission every year with the States in-
dividually, to decide the size of their Annual
Plans and to accord approval. Do you think
that the current practice is satisfactory or are
any changes called for in the interest of better
economic relations between the Centre and the
States?
2.4 The National Development Council
and the Inter-State Council are among the fora
available for facilitating the coordination of eco-
nomic policy making and its implementation.
However only limited use seems to have been
made of these institutions for the purpose.
Coordination is achieved more through inter-
action between the Central Ministries and the
States. Do you think the present practice is ad-
equate for ensuring harmonious economic re-
lations?
States may be given greater autonomy to
modify Central Schemes to meet their needs
and circumstances. Especially true of NE States.
The current practice is satisfactory.
By and large, the present practice is adequate.
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281
System of Inter-Governmental Transfers
2.5 To all appearances and also from the
Constituent Assembly debates it seems the Fi-
nance Commission was envisaged by the Con-
stitution to be the principal channel for trans-
fer of funds from the Centre to the States in-
cluding those which were meant for develop-
ment purposes. However, substantial transfers
now take place through other channels such
as, the Planning Commission and Central Min-
istries so much so that it is now said that such
transfers have significantly impacted on fiscal
federalism and the devolution of financial re-
sources. Do you think that the present system
of transfer of funds is working satisfactorily?
Is there a need to restore the centrality of the
role of the Finance Commission on devolu-
tion of funds from the Centre to the States?
2.6 Transfer of funds from the Centre to
the States through revenue sharing and grants
with the mediation of a statutory body viz.,
the Finance Commission, was envisaged by the
Constitution makers to redress the imbalances
in the finances of the States resulting from an
asymmetric assignment of financial powers and
functions to the States the vertical imbalance.
The disparities in the capacity of the State
Governments to provide basic public services
at a comparable level - horizontal imbalance -
it was believed would also be alleviated through
such transfers. There have been twelve Finance
Commissions so far and the thirteenth has since
been constituted. By and large the institution
of the Finance Commission has come to be
Centrality of the Finance Commission is desir-
able with power to the States to decide within
the awards.
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
282
regarded as a pillar of Indias federal system.
What is your assessment of the role of the Fi-
nance Commission and the results achieved in
terms of redressal of vertical and horizontal
imbalances?
2.7 Transfers made by the Planning Com-
mission by way of assistance for State plans are
supposed to be guided largely by the Gadgil
formula. Of late however the proportion of
formula based plan transfers has come down.
How do you view this development and what
are your suggestions in this regard?
2.8 There is widespread criticism that the
funds provided by the Centre are not properly
utilized by the States and there are reports of
substantial leakages. In order to provide incen-
tives to the States for better fiscal management
and efficient service delivery there is a sugges-
tion that all transfers to the States should be
subjected to conditionalities and also tied to out-
comes. States on the other hand argue that in
their experience the funds are not released by
the Central Government in a timely manner.
What are your suggestions on the subject?
2.9 Centrally Sponsored Schemes have emerged
as an important instrument of the planning pro-
cess. There is a view that such schemes may or
may not be supplementing the States own Plan
schemes. What are your suggestions in this re-
gard?
The allocation of funds should be made strictly
in terms of the modified Gadgil Formula
(1991) to avoid erosion in the transfer of funds
to the States under State Plans.
Release of funds to the States with heavy rain-
fall like Meghalaya should be made on sector
wise and seasonal need basis. For instance, all
funds relating to Agriculture should be made
available in the early part of April of the given
financial year. Similarly, all funds relating to
PWD, PHED and other departments under-
taking project implementation should be made
available to the States in the month of Sep-
tember of the financial year as the working
season is limited between the months of No-
vember and May of that year and the begin-
ning of the next year. A suitable (flexible) bud-
geting system should be designed for the pur-
pose.
If Centrally Sponsored Schemes do not
supplement the States own Plan schemes, the
States can be given powers to modify the Cen-
trally Sponsored Schemes within fixed param-
eters.
Meghalaya
283
2.10 Substantial funds are now being trans-
ferred by the Centre directly to Panchayats,
Municipalities and other agencies bypassing the
States on the ground that the States have some-
times been tardy in the devolution of funds to
these bodies. What is your view on this prac-
tice?
2.11 The States power of borrowing is regu-
lated by Article 293 of the Constitution. What
do you suggest should be done further to fa-
cilitate the States access to borrowing while
keeping in view imperatives of fiscal discipline
and macro economic stability?
2.12 What has been in your view the impact
of the fiscal responsibility laws in your State?
Scheme of Tax Assignment
2.13 Do you think that in the light of experi-
ence and the requirements of a modern
economy, it is time now to give a fresh look to
the entire scheme of assignment of tax pow-
ers between the Centre and the States? If so,
please give your suggestions with detailed jus-
tification.
Domestic Trade Tax reform: Introduction
of Tax on Goods and Services (GST)
2.14 The system of domestic trade taxes in
India is set to undergo a radical change with
the introduction of Tax on Goods and Ser-
vices (GST). Several models are available for
operating the GST in a federal country. What
in your view would be the model best suited
for our country? You may also like to suggest
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
284
The economic logic of progressing towards a
truly integrated and unified domestic market
is compelling. Indeed, the gains from internal
liberalization have as yet to be fully tapped even
as the country has made rapid strides in exter-
nal liberalization and global integration.
While the goal is clear, the path to achieving it
may be debated constructively in various ex-
isting for a such as the NDC, with a view to
consensus building. Establishing an indepen-
dent Authority for the purpose of Article 301,
as expressly envisaged in the Article 307, may
be an option but only after it has been agreed
to by all the States in the consensus building
process. In the absence of sucxxxxxxx
An unified and integrated domestic market will
have obvious advantages for a hilly, landlocked
state such as Meghalaya, permitting it to ex-
ploit its minerals resources and minerals based
industries as well as some niche agricultural and
horticultural products for exports to other
states while benefiting from the cheaper im-
ports of all manner of goods and services
from the rest of the country.
the institutional arrangements that may be
needed to implement the desired GST.
2.15 Once GST is introduced will there be a
case for continuing with taxes on production,
such as excise duty?
3. Unified and Integrated Domestic Mar-
ket
3.1 One of the major benefits of a fed-
eration is to provide a common market within
the country. In order to foster the growth of
the common market, Article 301 of the Con-
stitution mandates that trade, commerce and
intercourse within the Indian Union shall be free.
However, it is stipulated that restrictions on the
free movement of goods etc. may be imposed
in public interest (Article 302). Invoking pub-
lic interest, both the Centre and the States have
imposed restrictions of various kinds on the
movement of goods like food grains and so
on. Besides restrictions on the movement of
food grains, the impediments to the operation
of a common market are imposed in several
other ways such as, providing minimum price
for products namely cotton or sugarcane and
monopoly procurement of commodities such
as cotton etc. While such actions by a State re-
quire approvals by the Centre, it is said that ap-
provals have been granted in many cases almost
as a matter of routine.
What in your view should be done to ensure
the operation of the common market in the
Indian Union? How can the mandate contained
in Part XIII of the Constitution be carried out
effectively?
Meghalaya
285
3.2 Article 307 of the Constitution provides
for the creation of an institution to oversee
the operation of the mandate of a common
market in the country. What are your views on
setting up a Commission/Institution under
Article 307 for this purpose?
4. Local Governments and Decentral-
ized Governance
4.1 Even though fifteen years have passed
since the 73
rd
and 74
th
amendments of the
Constitution, the actual progress in the devo-
lution of powers and responsibilities to local
Governments i.e. Panchayats and Municipali-
ties is said to be limited and uneven. What steps
in your view need to be taken to ensure better
implementation of devolution of powers as
contemplated in the 73
rd
and the 74
th
amend-
ments so as to enable Panchayats and Munici-
palities to function as effective units of self
government?
4.2 Should greater autonomy be given by the
State governments to Panchayats and Munici-
palities for levying taxes, duties, tolls, fees etc.
in specific categories and strengthening their
own sources of revenue? In this context, what
are your views for making the implementa-
tion of recommendations of the State Finance
Commissions more effective?
Indeed, the Experience with devolution of
powers and responsibilities post the 73
rd
and
74
th
Constitutional amendments have been dif-
ference in different States.
Meghalaya, a VIth Schedule state, has not as yet
made much headway in internalizing the ethos
and philosophy of elected municipalities and
Panchayati Raj institutions.
While this is not hard to understand, given that
the Constitution itself recognizes the special tribal
status of Meghalaya, and the society is still, in a
significant manner, governed by its traditional
institutions, in the cities as well as villages, it does
mean that Meghalaya is not able to carry out
basic urban and rural reforms necessary to take
full advantage of national schemes such as the
JNNURM. This does pose problems for the
future of Meghalayas economic growth and
development.
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
286
4.3 A large number of government schemes
are implemented by the Panchayats and Mu-
nicipalities which are operated on the basis of
various guidelines issued by the Central and State
line departments. There is a view that such com-
mon guidelines are rigid and sometimes unsuited
to local conditions. Do you think there is a case
for making these guidelines flexible, so as to
allow scope for local variations and innovations
by Panchayats and Municipalities without im-
pinging on core stipulations?
4.4 There is an increasing number of schemes
of the Central Government for which funds
go from the Centre directly to local govern-
ments and other agencies. The purpose of this
is to ensure that the targeted beneficiaries of
these schemes get the benefits directly and
quickly. Please comment on the desirability and
effectiveness of the practice of direct release
of funds and the role of the States in monitor-
ing the implementation of the schemes. Do you
have any other suggestions in this regard?
4.5 In the spirit of the 73
rd
and 74
th
amend-
ments to the Constitution primacy was expected
to be accorded to Panchayats and Municipali-
ties in decentralized planning, in decision mak-
ing on many local issues eg. public health, school
education, drinking water supply, drainage and
sewerage, civic infrastructure, etc and in the ad-
ministration and implementation of Govern-
ment funded developmental programmes,
schemes and projects. In practice, however,
many authorities, agencies and other organiza-
tional entities such as societies, missions, self help
Meghalaya
287
groups etc. continue to function in parallel and
at times even in competition and conflict. Con-
cern has been expressed by some sections that
these parallel institutions are contrary to the
Constitutional vision and weaken the role and
effectiveness of the Panchayats and Munici-
palities. On the other hand, it is sometimes ar-
gued that Panchayats and Municipalities do not
have the capacity to plan, administer and imple-
ment many programmes/schemes/projects
requiring very specialized technical and mana-
gerial skills and resources. What are your views
in the matter? What steps would you suggest
to streamline institutional arrangements be-
tween such parallel agencies and the
Panchayats/Municipalities to bring about more
effective and well coordinated action congru-
ent with the spirit of the 73
rd
and 74
th
amend-
ments?
4.6 A view is often expressed that the three
levels of the district, intermediate and village
Panchayats within the Panchayat system clutter
up the system and give scope for friction and
discord amongst them. What are the means
by which an organic linkage can be best fos-
tered between the Panchayats? Are any changes
in the three tier system warranted?
4.7 Participative planning especially spatial
planning from the grassroots level upwards to
culminate in a district plan is emerging as the
most potent instrument for empowering
Panchayati Raj Institutions. Do you think this is
the right approach to empower Panchayats?
What are your views on the role, functions and
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
288
composition of the District and Metropolitan
Planning Committees?
4.8 Instances have been reported where the
State Governments have held different or even
conflicting views to that of the local Govern-
ments in respect of the administration of de-
volved subjects and vice versa. What mecha-
nisms do you suggest, other than Courts, to
help resolve such disputes? What other mea-
sures would you suggest to bring about better
linkages between elected members of
Panchayats and Municipalities with the State
Legislatures? Is there a possible room for rep-
resentation of elected Panchayats and Munici-
pality members in the Upper Houses/Legisla-
tive Councils of the States, where such Upper
Houses exist?
4.9 What roles do you envisage for the local
Governments in infrastructure creation specially
mega-projects which may involve acquisition of
land and displacement of people in areas un-
der the jurisdiction of the local Governments?
Local Governments should have a major role
to play in decision making on issues relating to
management of land resources especially change
of land use from agricultural to urban and in-
dustrial purposes, acquisition of land for pub-
lic purposes etc., to ensure greater stakeholder
participation and reduce possibilities of con-
flict between local, state and national interests.
What are your views in this regard?
4.10 Large urban agglomerations and mega-
cities pose very different kind of challenges for
governance in a federal context. The relation-
Meghalaya
289
ship between the Governments of such large
cities and other levels of Government is be-
coming increasingly complex. What roles and
responsibilities would you like to see assigned
to each of the three levels of Government for
the better management of mega/metro cities
including their security keeping in view the spe-
cific nature of the problems faced by them?
4.11 Many of the regions falling in the sched-
uled areas (Schedules V & VI) have traditional
institutions of governance coexisting with or
substituting Panchayati Raj Institutions e.g. Au-
tonomous Hill Councils etc. What are your
views as to how these institutions can be fur-
ther strengthened and be congruent with the
spirit of the 73
rd
and 74
th
amendments with-
out undermining their traditional character?
Criminal Justice, National Security and
Centre-State Cooperation
5.1 Article 355 of the Constitution stipulates
that it shall be the duty of the Union to pro-
tect every State against external aggression and
internal disturbance. Although Public
Order and Police come within the State List,
Deployment of Central forces in any State in
aid of the civil powers including jurisdiction,
privileges and liabilities of members of such
force while on such deployment are subjects
of the Union List. In the context of recent
developments of prolonged extremist violence
and cross-border terrorism in certain States,
the role and responsibility of the Central and
State Governments to contain such distur-
1. Under the Armed Forces (Special Powers)
Act, 1958 certain special powers are conferred
upon members of the armed forces in dis-
turbed areas in the State of Arunachal Pradesh,
Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram,
Nagaland and Tripura. If the Governor of such
state considers that for a disturbed or danger-
ous condition, the use of armed forces in aid
of the civil power is necessary. On the other
hand, examples also exist that for apprehend-
ing forest brigand Veerapan, the States of
Karnataka and Tamil Nadu constituted their
respective task forces. Against the State of J&K
has the heavy deployment of the Army and
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
290
bances have come up for examination in meet-
ings of the Centre with the States.
This is an issue which has a vital bearing on the
life and security of the people and deserves
urgent attention. Given the mandate of Article
355 and the division of powers in respect of
internal and national security, do you think the
role and responsibilities of the Centre and States
in the matter of controlling internal disturbance
often spread over several States require delin-
eation through supporting legislation?
5.2 By convention and in practice, Central
forces are deployed to control internal distur-
bance only when specific requests are made to
that effect by individual State Governments.
Article 355 of the Constitution enjoins the Union
to protect States against external aggression and
internal disturbances. What courses of action
you would recommend for the Centre to ef-
fectively discharge its obligations under Article
355?
Social and Communal Conflicts
5.3 Maintenance of communal harmony in
the country is one of the key responsibilities of
both the Union and the State Governments. The
Government is expected to ensure that com-
munal tensions and communal violence are kept
under control at all times. What according to
you should be the role, responsibility and juris-
diction of the Centre vis--vis the States
(a) During major communal tensions particu-
larly the ones which may lead to prolonged and
escalated violence? and;
CMPFs to deal with prolonged cross border
terrorism. Similarly in Assam the army has been
deployed to deal with prolonged insurgency.
These examples amply show that one State spe-
cific deployment of CMPFs and the army on
case to case basis is operationally practicable.
A common legislation empowering the Cen-
tre to send forces to deal with prolonged ter-
rorism and communal disturbances will not
be practical at the field level as cases need to
be investigated by the Police Station concerned.
It is also seen that forces acting in more than
one States create problems of command and
control as the commanders of such deploy-
ment try to take over the local Police and civil
administration and create disorder.
In view of the above Central Forces should
be deployed to control internal disturbance
only when specific request are made to that
effect by individuals States Government.
2. There are number of crimes that effect
National Security. The following heinous crimes
are resorted by anti national elements and they
should form a separate category of crimes to
be specially dealt with:-
(i) Terrorist disruptive acts of violence.
(ii) Economic offence like money laundering,
Manufacturing and distribution of fake Indian
currency notes
(iii) Stock Market frauds.
Meghalaya
291
(b) When such prolonged major communal
violence actually takes place?
5.4 Likewise, what are your views on preven-
tion and control of sectarian violence or any
other social conflicts that may lead to pro-
longed and escalated violence?
5.5 In the light of the above two questions,
what according to you should be classified as
a major and prolonged act of violence? What
parameters would you like to suggest in de-
fining a major and prolonged act of violence?
5.6 In the above context what steps would
you suggest for making the role of the Na-
tional Integration Council more effective in
maintaining and sustaining social and commu-
nal harmony in the country?
5.7 How can the media in your view play a
constructive role in preventing and containing
communal and sectarian violence?
Crimes affecting National Security
5.8 Several expert committees constituted by
the Government from time to time for re-
forming criminal justice administration have
consistently recommended the need for classi-
fying crimes threatening national security as a
separate category requiring differential treat-
ment. These are crimes generally master-
minded by criminal syndicates across State and
National boundaries using illegitimate or os-
(iv) Drug and Arms and explosives trafficking.
(v) Human trafficking.
(vi) Cyber Crimes.
Inter-State and transnational crimes to warrant
different procedures for investigation and pros-
ecution as compared to other crimes. A Central
Agency with special expertise and resources
working in co-ordination with international se-
curity agencies on the one hand and the State
Police on the other is the model recommended
by expert committees to tackle the problem.
Hence, a central agency with special expertise
and resources working in co-ordination with
international security agencies on the one hand
and the state Police on the other, is the model
recommended by expert committees to tackle
such problems. However, the states should be
encouraged and also their capacity built to take
up such cases for investigation of such cases
which have bearing on national security. It also
and exceptional cases that on the recommen-
dation of the state D.G.P. should a cases be
handed over to such central investigative agency.
Cooperation and support of the concerned state
Law and Order machinery need to be extended
to such central agency once the state Govern-
ments hands over a case to such agency to tackle
it.
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
292
tensibly legitimate channels mostly with the
support of anti-national elements. This category
may include crimes such as terrorist violence,
economic crimes like money laundering, pro-
duction and distribution of fake currency and
stock market frauds, trans-national crimes like
drug trafficking, arms and explosives smug-
gling etc..
Given the potential danger to the security of
the country arising from such inter-state and
trans-national crimes, which crimes in your view
merit inclusion in such a category?
5.9 Given their characteristics as men-
tioned in 5.8, inter-State and transnational
crimes do warrant different procedures for
investigation and prosecution as compared to
other crimes. A Central Agency with special
expertise and resources working in co-ordina-
tion with international security agencies on the
one hand and the State police on the other, is
the model recommended by expert commit-
tees to tackle the problem. What are your
views in this regard?
5.10 The Central Agency so constituted as a
result of issues raised in 5.9 above would not
be able to operate effectively without the co-
operation and support of the State law and
order machinery. What are your suggestions in
this regard?
6. Natural Resources, Environment, Land
and AgricultureWater Resources
6.1 The Inter State River Water Disputes No Comments
Meghalaya
293
Act, 1956, provides for inter alia the constitu-
tion of a tribunal by the Central Government,
if a dispute cannot be settled by negotiations
within a time frame of one year after the re-
ceipt of an application from a disputant State;
giving powers to tribunals to requisition any
data from the State Governments, the water
management agencies etc; a data bank and an
information system being maintained by the
Central Government at the national level for
each river basin; empowerment of the Cen-
tral Government to verify data supplied by
the State Government; a time frame for tribu-
nals to give an award and for the decision of
the tribunal after its publication in the official
gazette by the Central Government to have
the same force as an order or decree of the
Supreme Court. Broad principles for sharing
of river waters are still under discussion be-
tween the Central Government and the States.
Are you satisfied that the measures taken so
far have contributed effectively to the resolu-
tion of inter-State river water disputes? What
additional measures do you suggest for
strengthening the implementation of the exist-
ing Constitutional provisions and other laws?
What in your view should be the role of the
Central Government in implementing and
monitoring the existing inter-State water shar-
ing agreements and in ensuring compliance and
implementation of the awards of tribunals,
court decisions and agreements/treaties?
6.2 Water as a resource, particularly river
waters, is an issue of great complexity and sen-
No Comments
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
294
Pollution of rivers and water bodies poses an
alarming threat to eco-system, human health
and agriculture. The efforts of the Centre have
so far been confined to the major rivers that
flow across States, especially the GAP and the
YAP. The States in particular the smaller States
and the Hill States do not have the resources -
and in many cases the technical capacities and
access to technology that would enable them
to begin to carry out this task. The Centre
should play the role, in these cases of i) pro-
viding funds and technical support to carry out
assessment and preparation of actionable plans
and ii) providing incremental funds to enable
States to implement these programmes.
sitivity in terms of ownership and control, con-
servation, optimal and sustainable use, sharing
and distribution and it is apprehended that this
may result in serious tension and possible civil
strife in future. Proper management of the re-
source requires striking a balance between na-
tional interests and the interests of the States
through which the rivers flow. In this context
several proposals have been considered includ-
ing the transfer of water from one river basin
to another, more prudent use in intra-basin ar-
eas, sharper focus on rain water harvesting and
water management strategies etc. What are your
views in the matter to ensure better manage-
ment of this valuable resource keeping in view
both national interests and the interests of indi-
vidual States? Can the concept of integrated
planning and management of river basins un-
der a joint authority be introduced on a larger
scale?
6.3 Continuing from the foregoing, what
in your view should be the nature of Centre-
State cooperation in mitigating the effect of
floods and management of drainage and irri-
gation particularly when these issues have inter-
State and international implications?
Meghalaya
295
It would be beneficial to have national approach
towards regulation and utilization sullage and
waste water; the element of control should
however be left to the States.
Pollution of rivers and water bodies poses an
alarming threat to eco-system, human health and
agriculture. The efforts of the Centre have so
far been confined to the major rivers that flow
across States, especially the GAP and the YAP.
The States, in particular the smaller States and
the Hill States do not have the resources - and
in many cases the technical capacities and access
to technology that would enable them to be-
gin to carry out this task. The Centre should
play the role, in these cases of i) providing funds
and technical support to carry out assessment
and preparation of actionable plans and ii) pro-
viding incremental funds to enable States to
implement these programmes.
It would be beneficial to have national approach
towards regulation and utilization of sullage and
waste water; the element of control should
however be left to the States.
6.4 Pollution of our rivers poses a seri-
ous threat to the quality of available water, bi-
otic resources, human health and safety and
our natural heritage. Adequate efforts to tackle
the problem through technology oriented na-
tional and state level programmes backed by
peoples participation have been lacking. Even
Missions such as Ganga / Yamuna Action
Plan(s) and other river action plans have yielded
limited results. What steps - legal, administra-
tive, technological, economic and financial -
would you suggest for a resolution of the
problem?
6.5 The subject of land improvement figures
at Entry 18 in List-II of the Seventh Schedule
under Article 246. Most of the States have
not taken sufficient measures to optimally uti-
lize the nutrients present in the residue of treated
sewage or in the river waters by way of sul-
lage and sewage flowing into them (part of
the solid waste settles at the river bottom and
is retrievable during the period of lean flow)
and recycling the available water resource to
improve the fertility of soil and increase the
productivity of land.
In this context there is an increasingly perceived
need to have in place a national strategy for
control, regulation and utilization of sullage and
wastewater to improve the quality of soil, land
and other nutrients with the objective of aug-
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
296
menting agricultural yield, more so due to
mounting water scarcity and changes in precipi-
tation owing to climatic changes. What are your
suggestions for countering the resulting loss to
the nation?
6.6 Storage or reservoir or dam based
projects are often conceived as multi purpose
projects providing not only power but also ir-
rigation, navigation, drinking water and flood
control benefits. At the same time such projects
have higher environmental and social externali-
ties. The issue of fair sharing of social and envi-
ronmental costs and benefits between down-
stream/command areas and upstream/catch-
ment areas has been a major problem leading
to suboptimal utilization of this valuable re-
source.
What role do you envisage for the Central Gov-
ernment for achieving greater cooperation
among the various stakeholders in developing
a consensus on such projects?
Forests, Land and Agriculture
6.7 With the adoption of the National En-
vironment Policy 2006, greater powers have
been delegated to the States to grant environ-
mental and forest clearances for infrastructure
and industrial projects having investment of upto
a specified limit. While one body of opinion is
of the view that it will have a harmful effect on
ecology and disrupt the fragile equilibrium in
our environment, others look upon this as a
welcome initiative which will facilitate timely
implementation of development projects.
No comments.
There is a strong case for review of the Forest
Conservation Act, and in particular its opera-
tion.
Meghalaya
297
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
298
essential for the nation as a whole as well as for
the entire global community. These States have
argued for compensation to them and the com-
munities who perform the role of stewardship
of these valuable ecological assets. What are your
views in this regard?
Mineral Resources including Hydrocar-
bons
6.10 Regulation of mineral resources includ-
ing hydrocarbons comes within the competence
of the Centre by virtue of Entries 53, and 54
and 55 of List I of the Seventh Schedule. Entry
23 under List II similarly empowers the States
to regulate the development of mines and min-
erals subject to the provisions of List I. The
States have been seeking a greater role in the
decision making processes relating to the regu-
lation of mineral resources e.g. in the determi-
nation of the royalty rates, periodicity of rates
revision etc. What steps, in your view, should be
taken to evolve an integrated policy on the sub-
ject that would reconcile the interests of the
States with the sustainable exploitation of min-
eral resources including hydrocarbons in the
national interest?
Ecosystems, Climate Change and Natural
Disasters
6.11 Indias vulnerability to the projected im-
pacts of climate change is high, particularly with
regard to its effect on water resources, power,
agriculture, forests, tourism, health and rural live-
lihoods etc. Most of these issues are dealt with
primarily at the State and local levels.
(from Mining and Geology Department)
No comment.
Meghalaya
299
In view of the problems and challenges posed
by the phenomenon of climate change, how
would you delineate the respective roles and
responsibilities of the Centre, the States and
the Municipalities and Panchayats?
7. Infrastructure Development and Mega
Projects
7.1 Mega projects, such as infrastructure
projects related to national/inter-State high-
ways, river interlinking major irrigation works,
large scale power generation, etc are charac-
terized by long gestation periods, heavy capi-
tal investment requirements and complex own-
ership and management structures involving
multiple stakeholders. These projects both in
their creation and operation are dependent on
smooth and well-coordinated Centre-State and
inter-State relations. There are several instances
of such projects getting thwarted or delayed
or their operations getting affected by inter-
State or Centre-State problems at a heavy cost
to society. Please give your suggestions for cre-
ating an enabling policy and institutional frame-
work, innovative structures and mechanisms
for stakeholder participation and systems and
procedures for quick reconciliation of con-
flicting approaches so that national interests
prevail.
7.2 Mega projects involve large scale acquisi-
tion of land and consequential problems as-
sociated with compensation, displacement of
people and their relief and rehabilitation and
resettlement. Would you suggest any policy
Infrastructure projects, of a national/inter-state
character, are best with all kinds of problems
as the Commission has correctly noted. Equally,
their public goods character argues for their
most speedy and expeditious implementation,
the economic returns far outweighing and com-
mercial short term consideration. In this per-
spective, the need to have and enabling policy
and institutional framework, to harmonize con-
flicting approaches and interest, cannot be over-
emphasized.
First, the overarching policy framework may
be developed by the Centre, in its various infra-
structures related Ministries. It would be desir-
able, however, to do so in consultation with the
States, even if it means some delay. The em-
phasis here has to be on evolving a consensus in
policy in order that the future may not be vis-
ited again by similar problems. Time spent in
doing so would be well worth it in terms of
time that must inform policy making. It is easy
mechanisms for stakeholder participation can
be on a need basis, within the policies and policy
framework laid down. There requirements of
different projects, different states and different
societies can be addressed in a flexible manner
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
300
changes in the existing processes of land acqui-
sition and payment of compensation thereof?
Likewise, is there a need for bringing in any
changes in the rehabilitation and resettlement
policies in order to minimize displacement, en-
sure fair compensation for the project affected
people and provide them commensurate liveli-
hood security?
7.3 In the case of mega projects, often ac-
tions and interventions in one State impact on
another. The construction of a large dam in one
State, for instance, may lead to large scale dis-
placement of people in another without com-
mensurate benefits accruing to that State. What
are your suggestions for evolving a national
consensus on rehabilitation policies and strate-
gies and conflict resolution mechanisms?
8. Socio-Political Developments, Public
Policy and Governance
Political Developments
8.1 India is characterized by unity in diversity
consistent with a pluralistic identity. Recent de-
cades have been marked by significant increase
of socio-political mobilization around sectar-
ian identities. Fears have been expressed that
as permitted by the agreed policy. Any attempt
to seek or impose uniformity by laying down
rigid structures and mechanisms are unlikely
to succeed. In fine, a policy arrived at after
extensive consultations must allow for flexibility
in the matter of all local factors, be they tradi-
tional institutions, local bodies of various hues
of Panchayati raj institution. The driver must
be the perceived benefits of the Project for
all.
Third, the issue of land acquisition. Coercive
land acquisition has not been an uniformly
happy experience. Learning lessons from this,
emphasis has to be on a package addressing
livelihood concerns. Even an overly generous
monetary compensation can lead to unintended
and undesirable consequences. While the pack-
age would always be project and area specific,
care must be taken to have an approach that
the addresses the longer term issue of enabling
the affected population in becoming better off
than would have been possible in the absence
of the Project. In other words, the landhold-
ers must be persuaded to part with their land
voluntarily, on the basis of demonstrable sus-
tainable benefits accruing to them.
While Indias diversity is also its wealth, the
constituents of the diversity survive on an es-
sential sense of identity, besides other reasons.
The identity of Indias different ethnic groups
needs to be preserved and an assurance to-
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301
political developments emanating from such
mobilization pose a threat to the unity and in-
tegrity of the country.
Do you agree with this assessment and if so
what are your suggestions for a long-term so-
lution?
8.2 Another significant political development
has been the growth and ascendancy of re-
gional parties. These parties have now come
to legitimately play a major role in governance
at the national level. Given the possibility of
this trend continuing, what would you suggest
should be done to harmonize national and re-
gional interests for better Centre-State relations?
8.3 In contemporary federations, different
types of political configurations exist with vari-
ous kinds of coalitions being formed among
political parties, other groups and individuals.
In India the multi-party coalitions have increas-
ingly become the trend. In this context, what
measures would you suggest to ensure that the
national vision and wider collective purpose
are always paramount and do not get distorted.
8.4 With the passing of the 73
rd
and the 74
th
amendments to the Constitution in 1992 more
empowered local level political leadership has
emerged. New areas of political tensions and
conflicts among Central, State and Panchayat/
Municipal level leaderships have consequently
arisen. How can these conflicts be resolved and
their relationship harmonized? Please give your
suggestions.
wards that has to be given and policies framed
towards it. The diversity of the groups needs
to be recognized and respected.
The emergency of regional parties does not
appear to be a threat towards harmonization
of nationals and regional interests and does not
threaten Centre-States relations. This supposed
threat should instead be used as an opportunity.
In multi-party coalitions, the interest of the dif-
ferent parties will automatically get priority. The
wider national vision will have to grow within
the limitations of diverse party interests.
The amendments were made with a view to
decentralize power and to involve grassroots in
the whole process. Conflicts will gradually be
resolved by more empowerment and incapaci-
tation of the common citizen, both rural and
urban.
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
302
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303
8.7 What in your view are the elements
of good governance that need to be addressed?
What parameters would you consider appro-
priate in order to judge the performance of a
State? What are your views about the existing
monitoring, review and evaluation mechanisms
to ensure delivery of effective outputs and out-
comes of the schemes and programmes in the
field?
Elements of good governance:- Peace,
discipline, respect for human dignity, equal
treatment.
Parameters to judge performance:-
(i) The Satisfaction of citizens,
(ii) low or near absent corruption,
(iii) near non-existence of extreme
poverty,
(iv) availability of basic education to
all,
(v) health facilities for all,
(vi) basic services like water supply for
all, etc.,
The criteria for evaluation and monitor-
ing should not be oriented towards ex-
penditure but more towards expenditure
but more towards actual and physical
benefits accrued.
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
304
T h e n e w s t a k e h o l d e r s n e e d t o b e g i v e n o p -
p o r t u n i t i e s t o d e l i v e r i n t h e i r a r e a s . H o w e v e r ,
t h e r e m u s t b e s a f e g u a r d s a s m a n y o f t h e s e
p l a y e r s a r e d r i v e n b y c a p i t a l i s t i c m o t i v e s w h e r e
s e r v i c e s l i k e h e a l t h a n d e d u c a t i o n a r e i n v o l v e d .
A s y s t e m s h o u l d e v o l v e w h e r e t h e w e a k e r s e c -
t i o n s o f s o c i e t y a r e a l s o g i v e n t h e o p p o r t u n i -
t i e s t o r e c e i v e t h e s e r v i c e s w i t h o u t w h i c h d i s -
p a r i t y w i l l g r o w l e a d i n g t o f r u s t r a t i o n . T h e s e
n e w p l a y e r s c a n s u p p l e m e n t m u c h o f t h e
g o v e r n m e n t s e f f o r t a n d a l l o w t h e G o v e r n -
m e n t t o g i v e a d e q u a t e a t t e n t i o n t o i t s p r i m a r y
r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i n a r e a s o f g o v e r n a n c e l i k e l a w
a n d o r d e r , t a x a t i o n a n d v a r i o u s r e g u l a t i o n s .
T h e s e n o n - S t a t e o r g a n i z a t i o n s m u s t f o l l o w
s t r i c t r u l e s a n d i f t h e s e r u l e s a r e n o t f o l l o w e d ,
t h e y m u s t f a c e s e v e r e p e n a l t i e s . V e r y g o o d i n -
c e n t i v e s c a n a l s o b e g i v e n f o r t h o s e w h o f o l -
l o w r e g u l a t i o n s a n d a c h i e v e g o v e r n m e n t o b -
j e c t i v e s .
T h e v a l u e s o f t h e I n d i a d e m o c r a t i c s y s t e m c a n
b e e n s u r e d b y s t r i c t l a w s a s i n ( a ) a b o v e .
8 . 8 T h e t a s k o f g o v e r n a n c e i s n o l o n g e r c o n -
f i n e d e x c l u s i v e l y t o G o v e r n m e n t s , b u t i n c l u d e s
a w i d e r a n g e o f s t a k e h o l d e r s t h e o r g a n i z e d
p r i v a t e s e c t o r , p u b l i c - p r i v a t e p a r t n e r s h i p i n s t i -
t u t i o n s , c i v i l s o c i e t y o r g a n i z a t i o n s , u s e r a n d c o n -
s u m e r g r o u p s , s p e c i a l i n t e r e s t g r o u p s , a s s o c i a -
t i o n s o f i n d u s t r y a n d a v a r i e t y o f o t h e r n o n -
s t a t e o r g a n i z a t i o n s . I n m a n y s p h e r e s o f a c t i v i t y ,
e a r l i e r p e r f o r m e d p r i m a r i l y b y G o v e r n m e n t s ,
e g . , e d u c a t i o n , h e a l t h c a r e , i n f r a s t r u c t u r e c r e a t i o n
a n d m a n a g e m e n t , s u c h o r g a n i s a t i o n s n o w p l a y
a v e r y i m p o r t a n t r o l e a t v a r i o u s l e v e l s . I n v i e w
o f t h e i r g r o w i n g s i g n i f i c a n c e t h e s e o r g a n i z a t i o n s
m a y h a v e t o b e s e e n a s i m p o r t a n t p l a y e r s i n a
m u l t i - l e v e l f e d e r a l o r d e r .
I n t h e c o n t e x t o f t h e s e d e v e l o p m e n t s , w h a t
m e a s u r e s w o u l d y o u s u g g e s t f o r t h e p a r t i c i p a -
t i o n o f t h e s e e m e r g i n g s t a k e h o l d e r s i n t h e
s c h e m e o f g o v e r n a n c e t o a d d r e s s t h e g r o w i n g
c h a l l e n g e s o f e n s u r i n g g o o d g o v e r n a n c e f o r
p r o m o t i n g t h e w e l f a r e o f t h e p e o p l e ?
8 . 9 I n t h e c o n t e x t o f t h e i n c r e a s e d r o l e
o f m a n y n o n s t a t e o r g a n i z a t i o n s i n t h e d e l i v e r y
o f p u b l i c s e r v i c e s , p l e a s e g i v e y o u r v i e w s o n :
( a ) W h a t c a n b e d o n e t o e n s u r e t h a t s u c h
o r g a n i z a t i o n s t a k e d u e a c c o u n t o f s o c i a l r e s p o n -
s i b i l i t i e s a n d p u b l i c g o o d i n t h e i r f u n c t i o n i n g ?
( b ) H o w c a n t h e d i s c i p l i n e o f h u m a n
r i g h t s a n d t h e p h i l o s o p h y o f t h e D i r e c t i v e P r i n -
Meghalaya
305
D e m o c r a t i c a c c o u n t a b i l i t y i n t h e d e l i v e r y o f
G o v e r n m e n t s e r v i c e s c a n b e e x t e n d e d b y a n
a u d i t i n g p r o c e s s w h i c h c o v e r s b o t h f i n a n c i a l a n d
s o c i a l p a r a m e t e r s . T h e w h o l e p r o c e s s m u s t b e
p u b l i c l y t r a n s p a r e n t .
M e g h a l a y a s h a r e s t o p o g r a p h i c , a g r o - c l i m a t i c ,
e t h n o - g e o g r a p h i c a n d s o c i a l a n d c u l t u r a l s i m i -
l a r i t i e s w i t h o t h e r s e v e n s t a t e s I t h e r e g i o n . H o w -
e v e r , t h e s i m i l a r i t i e s a r e s o m e t i m e s s u p e r f i c i a l
a n d o f t e n t h e r e e x i s t s i g n i f i c a n t d i s s i m i l a r i t i e s
b e t w e e n t h e s e s t a t e s a n d a s o l u t i o n w h i c h w o r k s
f o r o n e s t a t e m a y n o t n e c e s s a r i l y w o r k f o r t h e
o t h e r s i n t h e r e g i o n . I n f a c e e x c e p t f o r t h e t w o
h i l l d i s t r i c t s o f K a r b i A n g l o n g a n d N o r t h C a c h a r
H i l l s , t h e r e i s n o s i m i l a r i t y b e t w e e n M e g h a l a y a
a n d A s s a m i n t e r m s o f t o p o g r a p h y , e t h n i c i t y
a n d a g r o - c l i m a t e p a r a m e t e r s . T h e s a m e c a n a l s o
b e s a i d a b o u t t h e S t a t e o f T r i p u r a v i s - - v i s
M e g h a l a y a . E v e n i n l i t e r a c y w h e r e t h e p e r c e p -
t i o n i s t h a t t h e N o r t h E a s t e n j o y s a g e n e r a l l y
h i g h e r p e r c e n t a g e t h a n t h e r e s t o f t h e c o u n t r y ,
t h e f a c t i s t h a t w e h a v e t w o S t a t e s i n t h e r e g i o n
n a m e l y , A r u n a c h a l P r a d e s h w i t h 5 4 . 7 % l i t e r a c y
w h i c h r a n k s 3 2
n d
a m o n g t h e s t a t e s w h i c h c o n -
t r a s t s w i t h M i z o r a m w h i c h r a n k s 2
n d
a f t e r K e r a l a
w i t h 8 8 . 5 % l i t e r a c y . N e v e r t h e l e s s , a p a r t f r o m
t h e s e t w o e x t r e m e s , t h e o t h e r f i v e N E E d u c a -
t i o n M i n i s t e r h a v e b e e n m e e t i n g r e g u l a r l y i n a
c o m m o n p l a t f o r m w h e r e t h e y e x c e p t t o b e n -
e f i t f r o m e a c h o t h e r s e x p e r i e n c e . I n o r d e r t o
c i p l e s b e b r o u g h t i n t o t h e s c h e m e o f s u c h o r -
g a n i z a t i o n s ?
( c ) H o w c a n t h e p r i n c i p l e o f d e m o c r a t i c
a c c o u n t a b i l i t y i n t h e d e l i v e r y o f p u b l i c s e r v i c e s
b e e x t e n d e d t o t h e s e o r g a n i z a t i o n s ?
9 . S o c i a l , E c o n o m i c a n d H u m a n D e v e l -
o p m e n t
9 . 1 D e v e l o p m e n t s t r a t e g i e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y
t h o s e a i m e d a t c o r r e c t i n g r e g i o n a l i m b a l a n c e s ,
o f t e n r e q u i r e l o o k i n g a t t h e r e g i o n a s a w h o l e .
R e g i o n s a r e o f t e n d e f i n e d b y t o p o g r a p h i c ,
a g r o - c l i m a t i c , e t h n o - g e o g r a p h i c a n d s o c i a l a n d
c u l t u r a l s i m i l a r i t i e s a n d m a y c o m p r i s e t w o o r
m o r e S t a t e s . T h e r e i s m e r i t i n l o o k i n g a t t h e
c o r e s t r e n g t h s o f t h e e n t i r e r e g i o n a n d b a s i n g
s t r a t e g i e s o n s u c h s t r e n g t h s i r r e s p e c t i v e o f S t a t e
b o u n d a r i e s . T h i s w o u l d r e q u i r e n e w f o r m s o f
i n t e r - S t a t e c o o p e r a t i o n f o r s y n e r g i s t i c d e v e l -
o p m e n t . W h a t a r e y o u r s u g g e s t i o n s f o r a c h i e v -
i n g s u c h c o o p e r a t i o n ?
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e f f e c t a s y n e r g y f o r e d u c a t i o n a l d e v e l o p m e n t ,
t h e N E E d u c a t i o n M i n i s t e r s F o r u m h a v e r e -
s o l v e d t o i n t e n s i f y i n t e r - s t a t e c o o p e r a t i o n , i n -
t e r a c t i o n a n d e x c h a n g e v i s i t s t o p r o m o t e t h e
p r o c e s s o f e x c h a n g e o f i d e a s a n d e x p e r i e n c e
f o r m u t u a l b e n e f i t o f a l l c o n c e r n e d . T h i s i s
o n e w a y t o a c h i e v e i n t e r - s t a t e c o o p e r a t i o n i n
t h e r e g i o n .
T h e s u c c e s s o f c o m m u n i c a t i o n i n N a g a l a n d
w a s a l s o d i s c u s s e d i n r e c e n t c o n c l a v e s o f t h e
N E E d u c a t i o n M i n i s t e r s . G i v e n t h e s i m i l a r i -
t i e s i n t e r m s o f a c l o s k n o t t r i b a l s o c i e t y b e -
t w e e n N a g a l a n d a n d t h e h i l l t r i b a l S t a t e s , e s p e -
c i a l l y i n t h e r u r a l a r e a s , i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e
c o m m u n i z a t i o n c a n b e r e p l i c a t e d b y t h e o t h e r
s t a t e s a n d t h a t a s i m i l a r s u c c e s s c a n b e a c h i e v e d
t r a n s l a t i n g i n t o m o r e e f f e c t i v e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n s
o f e d u c a t i o n s c h e m e s .
T h i s f o r u m a l s o p r o v i d e s a p l a t f o r m t o d i s -
c u s s t h e i s s u e s w h i c h a r e c o m m o n i n n a t u r e i n
t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f d i f f e r e n t C e n t r a l S e c -
t o r a n d C e n t r a l l y S p o n s o r e d S c h e m e s a n d e n -
a b l e s t h e S t a t e i n t h e R e g i o n t o m a k e a p p r o -
p r i a t e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s t o t h e C e n t r e f o r e f -
f e c t i n g s m o o t h e r i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f s u c h
s c h e m e .
I n t h i s r e g a r d , t h e N o r t h E a s t e r R e g i o n a l E d u -
c a t i o n C o u n c i l ( N E R C E C ) f o r m e d u n d e r t h e
a u s p i c e s o f t h e N o r t h E a s t e r n C o u n c i l ( N E C )
h a s p l a y e d a s i g n i f i c a n t r o l e i n c o r r e c t i n g r e -
g i o n a l i m b a l a n c e s e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e f i e l d o f
t e a c h e r t r a i n i n g . H o w e v e r , N E C m a y p l a y a
m o r e p r o a c t i v e r o l e a s s u g g e s t e d b e l o w : -
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F o r s y n e r g i s t i c d e v e l o p m e n t , t h e N E C
m a y s e t u p a n e t w o r k f o r i n i t i a t i n g t h e r e q u i r e d
t h r u s t o n t h e g r e e n r e v o l u t i o n w h i c h h a s l e f t
N E R l a r g e l y u n t o u c h e d b e c a u s e o f d i s i n t e r e s t
o f t h e e d u c a t e d y o u t h i n t a k i n g t o a g r i c u l t u r e
a s a c a r e e r a n d t h e i r p r e f e r e n c e f o r a w h i t c o l l a r
j o b .
T h e p r e s e n t s i n g l e - t r a c k e d u c a t i o n a l
s y s t e m d o e s n o t p r o v i d e f o r a l t e r n a t i v e r o u t e s
t o t h e s t u d e n t a t d i f f e r e n t s t a g e s a n d d o e s n o t
e q u i p h i m w i t h r e l e v a n t k n o w - h o w i n a r e a s o f
h i s / h e r i n t e r e s t . I n o t h e r w o r d s , a s t u d e n t n e e d s
t o b e t r a i n e d i n t h e v o c a t i o n s / p r o f e s s i o n s t h a t
a r e r e l e v a n t t o t h e r e g i o n a n d a l s o t h e l i n k i n g .
T h i s w o u l d b r i n g a b o u t a n o p t i m a l u t i l i z a t i o n
o f a v a i l a b l e p h y s i c a l a n d h u m a n r e s o u r c e d f o r
e x c e l l e n c e i n e d u c a t i o n a n d a l s o a d d r e s s t h e
p r o b l e m o f l a r g e s c a l e e d u c a t e d u n e m p l o y -
m e n t .
G o a l s o f e d u c a t i o n i n t h e c o n t e x t o f
N E R e c o n o m y w i l l r e l a t e b r o a d l y t o t h e f o l -
l o w i n g : -
( a ) A g r i c u l t u r e a n d a l l i e d s e c t o r s i n c l u d i n g
f o r e s t r y , f i s h e r i e s , a n i m a l h u s b a n d r y a n d s u c h
l i k e ;
( b ) V o c a t i o n a l s t r e a m s o f t h e n e w
e c o n o m y e . g . , e l e c t r i c i a n s , e l e c t r o n i c s , m o t o r -
m e c h a n i c s , c o m p u t e r / m o b i l e t e c h n i c i a n s , e t c .
( c ) H i g h e r p r o f e s s i o n a l s t r e a m s i n c l u d i n g
I T , e n g i n e e r i n g , m e d i c i n e , m i n i n g , m a n a g e m e n t ,
e t c . a n d
( d ) H u m a n i t i e s , s o c i a l s c i e n c e s , p h y s i c a l s c i -
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e n c e s , b i o l o g i c a l s c i e n c e s , l i b e r a l a r t s a n d s u c h
l i k e .
T h e c r i t i c i s m l e v e l e d a t t h e C e n t r a l S e c t o r a n d
C e n t r a l l y S p o n s o r e d S c h e m e s i s t h a t t h e y t e n d
t o h a v e a u n i f o r m p r e s c r i p t i o n f o r a l l s i t u a -
t i o n s w i t h o u t a d e q u a t e r e g a r d t o r e g i o n a l a n d
l o c a l s p e c i f i c i t i e s a n d t h a t t h e y s u f f e r f r o m l a c k
o f f l e x i b i l i t y s e e m s t o b e j u s t i f i e d t o a c e r t a i n
e x t e n d . T h e p o s i t i v e t h i n g s i s t h a t C e n t r a l M i n -
i s t r i e s d o r e c o g n i z e d t h i s f a c t a n d h a v e o v e r
t h e y e a r s b u i l t i n a c e r t a i n a m o u n t o f f l e x i b i l -
i t y i n t e r m s o f p a t t e r n s o f f u n d i n g e t c . T h i s i s
a m p l y b o r n e o u t b y t h e f a c t t h a t m o s t C e n -
t r a l l y s p o n s o r e d s c h e m e s n o w h a v e a 9 0 : 1 0
f u n d i n g p a t t e r n a s a g a i n s t a 7 5 : 2 5 o r 5 0 : 5 0
p a t t e r n a p p l i c a b l e t o o t h e r s t a t e s . H o w e v e r , w e
s u g g e s t t h a t t h e f o l l o w i n g m e a s u r e s m a y a l s o
h e l p : -
( a ) B e f o r e t h e l a u n c h o f a n y C e n t r a l S e c -
t o r o r C e n t r a l l y S p o n s o r e d S c h e m e , t h e g u i d e -
l i n e s a n d c o m p o n e n t s m a y b e c i r c u l a t e d t o a l l
t h e S t a t e s f o r t h e i r s u g g e s t i o n s t o e n s u r e a c -
c e p t a b i l i t y , s u i t a b i l i t y a n d f l e x i b i l i t y .
( b ) T h e R e g i o n a l O f f i c e o f t h e C e n t r a l
G o v e r n m e n t w h i c h a r e a l r e a d y e s t a b l i s h e d i n
t h e N E R c a n b e u t i l i z e d t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e
p r o b l e m s o f t h e R e g i o n a n d r e c o m m e n d a c -
c o r d i n g l y f o r a n y s p e c i f i c c h a n g e s o r d e v i a -
t i o n s t h a t m a y b e r e q u i r e d f o r t h e r e g i o n .
( c ) A n o t h e r o p t i o n w o u l d b e t o i m p l e -
m e n t s c h e m e s o n a p i l o t b a s i s a t f i r s t a n d t o
t r y t o m o d i f y t h e i r c o n t o u r s t o s u i t l o c a l s p e c i -
f i c i t i e s a n d t h e r e b y e n s u r e a c c e p t a b i l i t y o f s a i d
9 . 2 O n e o f t h e c r i t i c i s m s f a c e d b y t h e c e n t r a l
s e c t o r a n d C e n t r a l l y S p o n s o r e d S c h e m e s i s t h a t
t h e y t e n d t o h a v e a u n i f o r m p r e s c r i p t i o n f o r a l l
s i t u a t i o n s w i t h o u t a d e q u a t e r e g a r d t o r e g i o n a l
a n d l o c a l s p e c i f i c i t i e s a n d s u f f e r f r o m l a c k o f
f l e x i b i l i t y .
D o y o u t h i n k s u c h c r i t i c i s m i s j u s t i f i e d ? I f y e s ,
w h a t a r e y o u r s u g g e s t i o n s t o r e m o v e t h e m ?
W h a t m e a s u r e s d o y o u s u g g e s t f o r
c u s t o m i z a t i o n o f p r o g r a m m e s a n d s c h e m e s t o
s u i t t h e d i f f e r e n t i a t e d n e e d s o f S t a t e s a n d L o -
c a l G o v e r n m e n t s ?
Meghalaya
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9 . 3 Q u a l i t y o f e d u c a t i o n a t a l l l e v e l s a n d
i n a l l f i e l d s h a s b e e n a m a t t e r o f c o n c e r n . T h e r e
i s n e e d f o r d e v e l o p i n g c o m m o n a c c e p t a b l e
s t a n d a r d s a n d h a v i n g a n e f f e c t i v e s y s t e m o f
a c c r e d i t a t i o n , c e r t i f i c a t i o n a n d q u a l i t y a s s u r a n c e
s y s t e m s a n d p r o c e d u r e s . G i v e n t h e C o n s t i t u -
t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n s w h a t r e s p e c t i v e r o l e s , a c c o r d -
i n g t o y o u , c a n t h e C e n t r e a n d S t a t e s p l a y i n d i -
v i d u a l l y o r c o l l e c t i v e l y i n w o r k i n g o u t a c o o r -
d i n a t e d s t r a t e g y i n t h i s r e s p e c t ?
9 . 4 W h a t s t e p s c a n b e u n d e r t a k e n b y t h e
C e n t r e a n d S t a t e s i n a c o o r d i n a t e d m a n n e r t o
p r e s e r v e a n d p r o m o t e a c a d e m i c d i s c i p l i n e s
w h i c h a r e g e t t i n g m a r g i n a l i z e d b y a v a r i e t y o f
s o c i o - e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t s ?
s c h e m e s i n t h e r e g i o n . T h e c r i t i c i s m s a s p o i n t e d
a t 9 . 2 a r e f o u n d j u s t i f i e d a n d i n o r d e r t o r e -
m o v e t h e m t h e r e s h o u l d b e m u t u a l d i s c u s s i o n
w i t h l o c a l s e l f G o v e r n m e n t , S t a t e G o v e r n m e n t
a n d G o v e r n m e n t o f I n d i a . C u s t o m i z e d s c h e m e
c a n b e f r a m e t h r o u g h d i s c u s s i o n .
T h e C o n s t i t u t i o n p r o v i d e s f o r c o n c u r r e n t j u r i s -
d i c t i o n i n t h e f i e l d o f e d u c a t i o n f o r t h e C e n t r e
a n d t h e S t a t e s . H o w e v e r , i t m a y n o t b e p o s s i b l e
t o h a v e a c o m m o n a c c e p t a b l e s t a n d a r d f o r a l l
t h e S t a t e s i n t h e c o u n t r y , e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e E l -
e m e n t a r y E d u c a t i o n S e c t o r . T h e s y s t e m o f
N a t i o n a l a c c r e d i t a t i o n , c e r t i f i c a t i o n a n d q u a l i t y
a s s u r a n c e m a y b e m a d e c o m p u l s o r y o n l y i n r e -
s p e c t o f i n s t i t u t i o n s o f h i g h e r l e a r n i n g i n c l u d -
i n g c o l l e g e s , u n i v e r s i t i e s a n d i n s t i t u t i o n s o f f e r -
i n g t e c h n i c a l c o u r s e s . Q u a l i t y o f e d u c a t i o n a r t
a l l l e v e l s a n d a l l f i e l d s h a s b e e n a m a t t e r o f c o n -
c e r n . T h e r e i s n e e d f o r d e v e l o p i n g c o m m o n
a c c e p t a b l e s t a n d a r d s a n d h a v i n g a n d e f f e c t i v e
s y s t e m s o f a c c r e d i t a t i o n , c e r t i f i c a t e a n d q u a l i t y
a s s u r a n c e s y s t e m a n d p r o c e d u r e s . G i v e n t h e
c o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n s w h a t r e s p e c t i v e r o l e s
a c c o r d i n g t o y o u , c a n t h e c e n t r e a n d S t a t e s p l a y
i n d i v i d u a l l y o r c o l l e c t i v e l y i n w o r k i n g o u t a c o -
o r d i n a t e s t r a t e g y i n t h i s r e s p e c t .
R e p l y : C o l l e c t i v e l y
A p a r t f r o m t h e s u g g e s t i o n a t 9 . 1 a b o v e , t e a c h -
i n g s o f l a n g u a g e s o f t h e N E R s t a t e s w o u l d b e
c r u c i a l i n v i e w o f t h e a n t i c i p a t e d
o p e r a t i o n a l i z a t i o n o f t h e L o o k E a s t P o l i c y o f
t h e G o v e r n m e n t o f I n d i a a n d t h e N E S t a t e s .
A l o n g s i d e , l e a r n i n g o f H i n d i / S a n s k r i t w o u l d
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
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9 . 5 O n e o f t h e c h a l l e n g e s f a c e d b y p o l i c y
p l a n n e r s i n t h e c o u n t r y i s l a c k o f u n i f o r m s o -
c i a l a n d e c o n o m i c m e a s u r e m e n t s t a n d a r d s ( i n -
c l u d i n g p o v e r t y , h e a l t h , e d u c a t i o n e t c . ) . T h i s
a p p l i e s a c r o s s C e n t r a l d e p a r t m e n t s a s w e l l a s
b e t w e e n S t a t e s . T h i s i s a n i m p o r t a n t i s s u e b e -
c a u s e t h e s e m e a s u r e m e n t s a r e u t i l i z e d f o r t h e
a l l o c a t i o n o f r e s o u r c e s t o t h e S t a t e s .
H o w c a n u n i f o r m n a t i o n a l s t a n d a r d s f o r t h e
m e a s u r e m e n t o f t h e s e i n d i c a t o r s b e f o r m u -
l a t e d ? W h a t a r e y o u r s u g g e s t i o n s w i t h r e s p e c t
t o C e n t r e - S t a t e c o o p e r a t i o n i n t h e j o i n t f o r -
m u l a t i o n o f t h e s e s t a n d a r d s ?
1 0 M i s c e l l a n e o u s
1 0 . 1 P a r a 4 ( i i i ) o f t h e n o t i f i c a t i o n r e l a t i n g t o
t h e T e r m s o f R e f e r e n c e o f t h i s C o m m i s s i o n
( a n n e x e d ) S t a t e s t h a t t h e C o m m i s s i o n w h i l e
e x a m i n i n g a n d m a k i n g r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s m a y
n o t l i m i t i t s m a n d a t e t o t h e s e . W h i l e t h e C o m -
m i s s i o n h a s t r i e d t o m a k e t h e Q u e s t i o n n a i r e a s
c o m p r e h e n s i v e a s p o s s i b l e , t h e r e m a y s t i l l b e
a d d i t i o n a l i s s u e s w h i c h t h e r e s p o n d e n t s m a y
l i k e t o h i g h l i g h t . I n c a s e i t i s f e l t t h a t s u b m i s -
s i o n s o n s u c h a d d i t i o n a l i s s u e s a r e r e q u i r e d ,
t h e s e c a n b e a d d e d a l o n g s i d e t h e r e s p o n s e s t o
t h e q u e s t i o n s .
a l s o c o n t r i b u t e t o n a t i o n a l i n t e g r a t i o n , d e v e l o p
a n a t i o n a l i s t i c a n d s e c u l a r o u t l o o k a n d w o u l d
r e q u i r e i m p e t u s t o I n t e r - S t a t e t r a d e a n d c o m -
m e r c e .
R e p l y : T h r o u g h d i s c u s s i o n o n s p e c i f i c i s s u e s .
I n s o f a r a s e d u c a t i o n i s c o n c e r n e d , o u r u n d e r -
s t a n d i n g i s t h a t t h e m e a s u r e m e n t s t a n d a r d s a r e
u n i f o r m i n t h e s e n s e t h a t t h e s t a n d a r d s f o r m e a -
s u r i n g l i t e r a c y , e n r o l l m e n t r a t i o s , d r o p o u t r a t e s ,
l e v e l s o f l e a r n i n g h a v e b e e n c l e a r l y s p e l t o u t .
H o w e v e r , i f t h e r e i s n e e d f o r r e f o r m u l a t i o n o f
t h e n a t i o n a l s t a t e c a n b e t a k e n i n t o c o n f i d e n c e
f o r t h e j o i n t r e f o r m u l a t i o n o f t h e s e s t a n d a r d s .
A s f o r a s H e a l t h D e p a r t m e n t i s c o n c e r n e d a l -
m o s t a l l t h e p a r a m e t e r s l i k e i n f a n t m o r a l i t y r a t e
( I M R ) , m a t e r n a l m o r a l i t y r a t e ( M M R ) , t o t a l f e r -
t i l i t y r a t e ( T F R ) , I m m u n i z a t i o n p e r c e n t a g e , e t c . ,
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L o c a l G o v e r n m e n t s a n d D e c e n t r a l i s e d G o v e r n a n c e
I n d e e d , t h e E x p e r i e n c e w i t h d e v o l u t i o n o f p o w e r s a n d r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s p o s t t h e 7 3
r d
a n d 7 4
t h
C o n s t i t u t i o n a l a m e n d m e n t s h a v e b e e n d i f f e r e n c e i n d i f f e r e n t S t a t e s .
M e g h a l a y a , a V I t h S c h e d u l e s t a t e , h a s n o t a s y e t m a d e m u c h h e a d w a y i n i n t e r n a l i z i n g
t h e e t h o s a n d p h i l o s o p h y o f e l e c t e d m u n i c i p a l i t i e s a n d P a n c h a y a t i R a j i n s t i t u t i o n s .
W h i l e t h i s i s n o t h a r d t o u n d e r s t a n d , g i v e n t h a t t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n i t s e l f r e c o g n i z e s t h e
s p e c i a l t r i b a l s t a t u s o f M e g h a l a y a , a n d t h e s o c i e t y i s s t i l l , i n a s i g n i f i c a n t m a n n e r , g o v -
e r n e d b y i t s t r a d i t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s , i n t h e c i t i e s a s w e l l a s v i l l a g e s , i t d o e s m e a n t h a t
M e g h a l a y a i s n o t a b l e t o c a r r y o u t b a s i c u r b a n a n d r u r a l r e f o r m s n e c e s s a r y t o t a k e f u l l
a d v a n t a g e o f n a t i o n a l s c h e m e s s u c h a s t h e J N N U R M . T h i s d o e s p o s e p r o b l e m s f o r
t h e f u t u r e o f M e g h a l a y a s e c o n o m i c g r o w t h a n d d e v e l o p m e n t .
T w o a p p r o a c h e s s u g g e s t t h e m s e l v e s .
O n e , t h e a c c e p t a n c e a n d v a l i d a t i o n o f t r a d i t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s i n t h e p o l i c y f r a m e w o r k
i t s e l f i n o r d e r t h a t i t b e c o m e s p o s s i b l e t o t h i n k i n t e r m s o f t r a d i t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s a s
r e p r e s e n t a t i v e b o d i e s , a b l e a n d c o m p e t e n t t o u n d e r t a k e v a r i o u s p l a n n e d d e v e l o p -
m e n t a l a c t i v i t i e s . T h e p o l i c y g o a l o r e x p e c t a t i o n i n t h i s a p p r o a c h w o u l d b e a g r a d u a l
m o v e b y t h e t r a d i t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s t h e m s e l v e s , o v e r a p e r i o d o f t i m e , t o w a r d s a d o p t -
i n g m o d e r n e l e c t o r a l s y s t e m s , u n d e r p r e s s u r e g e n e r a t e d f r o m t h e f o r c e s r e l e a s e d a s
t h e b e n e f i t s o f d e v e l o p m e n t c r e a t e p u b l i c a w a r e n e s s a n d d e m a n d f o r p u b l i c a c c o u n t -
a b i l i t y .
T w o , a m o r e d i r e c t a p p r o a c h , i n s i s t i n g u p o n h o l d i n g o f e l e c t i o n s t o u r b a n l o c a l b o d -
i e s a n d r u r a l p a n c h a y a t s , a n d s o m e b a s i c r e f o r m s , a s a p r e c o n d i t i o n f o r r e l e a s e o f
f u n d s f o r t h e v a r i o u s d e v e l o p m e n t a l p r o g r a m m e s a n d s c h e m e s s u c h a s t h e J N N U R M .
T h i s w o u l d h a v e t o r e l y o n t h e a b i l i t y t o g e n e r a t e p u b l i c a w a r e n e s s o f t h e b e n e f i t s o f
j o i n i n g t h e m a i n s t r e a m , i n t h e f a c e o f o p p o s i t i o n f r o m a t r a d i t i o n a l s o c i e t y t h a t i s a t
f i r s t l i k e l y t o i n t e n s i f y .
A m i x o f t h e t w o a p p r o a c h e s m a y b e t h e m o s t p r e f e r r e d p a t h i f o n l y b e c a u s e i t
w o u l d h a v e p e r h a p s t h e b e s t c h a n c e o f a c h i e v i n g t h e p o l i c y g o a l o f a t t a i n i n g b a s i c
r e f o r m s w i t h o u t p o s i n g t h e a l l o r n o t h i n g k i n d o f c h o i c e u p o n a t r a d i t i o n a l s o c i e t y .
F o r i n s t a n c e , f u n d s u n d e r J N N U R M m a y f l o w o n t h e a s s u r a n c e g i v e n b y t h e G o v e r n -
m e n t o f M e g h a l a y a t h a t i t i s c o m m i t t e d t o h o l d i n g c i v i c e l e c t i o n s b u t a t a t i m e d e e m e d
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a p p r o p r i a t e b y i t . T h i s m a y o r m a y n o t c o i n c i d e w i t h t h e t i m e f r a m e s e t b y t h e G o v e r n m e n t o f
I n d i a . T h e e x p e c t a t i o n i n t h i s a p p r o a c h w o u l d b e t h a t w h i l e t h e S t a t e G o v e r n m e n t w o u l d u n d e r -
t a k e a l l t h a t i s n e c e s s a r y t o a c h i e v e t h e p o l i c y g o a l , i t w o u l d n o t o p e r a t e u n d e r t h e t h r e a t o f
D a m o c l e s s s w o r d h a n g i n g o v e r i t s d e v e l o p m e n t a l a s p i r a t i o n s . A s t h e b e n e f i t s o f m a j o r p r o j e c t s
b e g i n t o f l o w , t h e p r o m i s e o f e v e n m o r e s u c h p r o j e c t s w o u l d p o s i t i v e l y i n f l u e n c e m i n d s a n d s o u l s
a n d s t e e r p u b l i c o p i n i o n t o w a r d s m o d e r n i n s t i t u t i o n s , w i t h o u t t h r e a t e n i n g t h e e x i s t e n c e a n d r a t i o -
n a l e o f t h e t r a d i t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s .
T h e u n d e r l y i n g t h e m e i n e a c h o f t h e a p p r o a c h e s e n u n c i a t e d a b o v e i s c o m m o n v i z . t h e C e n t r e h a s
t o a c t w i t h f a r m o r e u n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d p a t i e n c e t h a n h a s b e e n t h e c a s e h i t h e r t o , i n t h e s a m e s p i r i t
i n w h i c h i t i s e s p o u s i n g t h e c a u s e o f l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t s a n d d e c e n t r a l i z e d g o v e r n a n c e .
T r i b a l a n d t r a d i t i o n a l s o c i e t i e s a r e l i k e l y t o c h a n g e g r a d u a l l y , i n a n a t u r a l e v o l u t i o n m o d e i n r e s p o n s e
t o t h e d e m o n s t r a b l e f r u i t s o f m o d e r n s o c i a l a n d e c o n o m i c s y s t e m s . A n y a t t e m p t t o i m p o s e r e -
f o r m s f r o m t o p i s n o t l i k e l y t o s u c c e e d .
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GOVERNMENT OF MIZORAM
Response to the Questionnaire
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
314
GOVERNMENT OF MIZORAM
Conceptual framework
The Questionnaire: 1.1 What ar e your views on the overall
framework and scheme of relations between the Centre and the States as contained
in the Constitution of India and as they have evolved over time?
The States Response: As a whole, the Constitutional provision by itself is
sufficiently good. However, the scheme of relation between the Centre and
the States as contained in the Constitution of India is biased in favour of the
Centre by providing a lengthy concurrent list, by providing power to Parlia-
ment to reorganise the States, by providing supremacy to the Union Legisla-
ture over the State Legislatures, by vesting residuary legislative power in the
Union Legislature and the like. This is the main source of conflict between
the Union and the States due to the fact that the former does not share
balanced responsibilities with the latter.
In the words of the Supreme Court itself: The Indian Constitution has in it
not only features of a pragmatic federalism which, while distributing legisla-
tive powers and indicating the spheres of Governmental powers of State
and Central Governments, is overlaid by strongly unitary features, particu-
larly exhibited by lodging in Parliament the residuary legislative powers, and
in the Central Govt. the executive power of appointing certain Constitu-
tional functionaries including High Court and Supreme Court Judges and
issuing appropriate directions to the State Governments and even displacing
State Legislatures and the Governments in emergency situations as provided
in articles 352 360 of the Constitution [vide/para 20 of the 9 Judges
Constitution Bench Judgment in S.R. Bommais case reported in AIR 1994
SC 1918]. The State Governments do not have any absolute power to re-
move a member or Chairperson of its Public Service Commission or its
Information Commission or the like.
The Questionnaire 1.2 The framers of the Indian Constitution
envisaged a unique scheme of Centre State relations in which there is
predominance of powers with the Centre. In the wake of developments that
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315
have taken place since then, the growing challenges and the merging opportunities, please give your
views whether any changes are called for in that scheme. If so, please suggest appropriate changes.
The Response: In view of growing regionalism and communalism, the visions of our founding
fathers as expressed in our Constitution continue to have relevance in the present context. At the
same time, more autonomy and responsibility should be given to the federating units to enable
them to initiate gigantic socio-economic development programmes for their respective States.
Role of Governor
The Questionnaire: 1.3 In the Constitutional scheme, the Governor plays an important
role in the relations between the Centre and States. Do you have any comments/suggestions to make
regarding this role?
The Response: The Centre should make the office of Governor of a State to be more proactive
in ensuring proper and lawful utilization of the public funds received from the centre. Moreover,
the State Governors should be made supreme commander of the law enforcing agencies of the
State so that such agencies are freed from any political influence and also should be empowered to
directly order inquiries by National/Central investigative agencies in fit cases.
The Questionnaire: 1.4 In the context of this role what are your views regarding the existing
Provisions (along with conventions, practices and judicial pronouncements) relating to the appointment,
tenure and removal of Governor?
The Response: The Union Government should, as far as possible, avoid appointing a Governor
for a federating State on the basis of political consideration. Instead, more weightage should be
given to the credentials of a person who is apt to uphold the sanctity of this constitutional office.
The Supreme Court in the case of Rameshwar Prasad Vs. Union of India, reported in AIR 2006
SC 980 (1005), observed almost a total breach of the criteria for appointment of Governors as
suggested by Sarkaria Commission and suggested for a national policy to be arrived at in this
respect. This State Govt. reiterates the same.
The Questionnaire: 1.5 The powers and functions of the Governor under Articles 200
and 201 in respect of assent to Bills have come for debate on may occasions in the past. Please give
your views in the matter.
The Response: A time-limit may be prescribed in the Constitution for the Governor of a State to
declare his action as contemplated in Article 200, and for the President to declare his action as
contemplated in article 201.
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316
Constitutional scheme relating to local Governments
The Questionnaire: 1.6 With the passage of the 73
rd
and 74
th
Constitutional Amendments,
Panchayats and Municipalities have been accorded Constitutional status and protection. However,
the Constitution leaves it to the State legislature to further devolve to the local bodies powers, functions,
funds, and functionaries. The experience of the implementation of these provisions varies widely from
State to State. What steps should be taken in your view to make the devolution of powers and
functions to the Panchayats and Municipalities and their implementation more effective.
The Response: It is a question of Constitutional obligation on the part of the State Governments
to devolve powers, functions, funds and functionaries to local bodies, who are not exempted
from the applicability of the said two Constitution Amendment Acts. Mizoram including its tribal
areas is exempted from the applicability of the provisions of Part IX of the Constitution, while its
tribal areas only are exempted from the provisions of Part IX A of the Constitution. So far as the
74
th
Constitution Amendment Act is concerned, Mizoram has enacted the required statutory law as
contemplated in articles 243 R (2), 243 S (2) and other related articles. Entry no. 5 in the State List
of the Seventh Schedule confers necessary legislative powers on the State Legislature. The State
laws in this regard have to vary in consonance with the local requirements and circumstances
prevailing in a particular State. States autonomy in this respect may not be further eroded or
interfered on the grounds of uniformity.
The Questionnaire: 1.7 What has been your experience in the functioning of District
Planning Committees and Metropolitan Planning Committees as envisaged under Articles 243 ZD
and 243 ZE respectively of the Constitution? What are your views on the steps needed to be taken to
effectively promote the concept and practice of independent planning and budgeting at District and
Metropolitan levels?
The Response: So far as Mizoram is concerned, the aforesaid bodes have not yet been com-
pletely constituted and hence, it has no comments on this subject. The comment/response as to
para 1.6 may also be looked into. No doubt, the concept and practice of independent planning
and budgeting at the District level as well as Municipal level are strongly felt necessary to be
promoted without any further hiccups.
Legislative Relations
The Questionnaire: 1.8 In the course of the working of the Constitution certain subjects/
entries in the Seventh Schedule have been transferred from one List to another. What in your view
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317
should be the principles and practices that may govern the transfer of legislative items from the State
List to Union List/Concurrent List or vice versa? Is there any need for change of procedure in this
regard? Do you have any suggestions on this issue?
The Response: The transfer of legislative items from the State List to Union List/Concurrent
List or vice versa should be governed by the basic principles that the legislative power of the Union
or of a State is co-extensive with its executive power and vice-versa. As the original legislative
power of a State as enshrined in the Seventh Schedule at the commencement of the Constitution
was the determinant of its executive power over the subjects, so any change in the same would
mean a change in the basic federal structure of the Constitution and thus should be made only by
the procedure of amendment of the Constitution as contained in the Proviso to clause (2) of
article 368 of the Constitution. In the case of transferring a subject from the State List to the
Concurrent List, the State Legislatures views should be given more weightage.
The Questionnaire: 1.9 What in your view has been the impact on Centre-State relations
as a result of the changes that have taken place with the transfer of items from one List to another in
the Seventh Schedule? Please provide specific instances of such impacts.
The Response: There is no second saying that Indian federation is more unitary in nature with
more concentration of powers legislative and administrative in the Union. As against the
systematic campaign for decentralization of such powers in favour of the States, such transfer of
legislative subjects from the State list is a clear indication of dichotomy of policy and trend to
weaken the States. At least five entries viz. entry no. 11, 19, 20, 29 and 36 have been removed from
the State list of the 7
th
Schedule. It has not been proved till now that impact of such transfer on the
Centre-State relationship has been viewed as positive. While Autonomous Councils have more
powers to enact laws on education, forest Trading etc., the Legislatures of the States in which these
Autonomous Councils are existent, do not have that much legislative freedom.
The Questionnaire: 1.10 Are the existing processes of prior consultation with the States
before undertaking any legislation on a matter relating to the Concurrent List effective? What suggestions
do you have in this regard?
The Response: Experience shows that the existing system of prior consultation is undertaken as a
routine one and casually. Hardly any importance is given to the views of the States. Moreover,
when the States are prompt enough to offer their views during the consultation process, the Centre
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318
hardly exhibits any promptness when a State seeks prior approval to any State-legislation on any
concurrent-list-subject.
Administrative Relations
The Questionnaire: 1.11 The Constitution makers seem to have given predominance to the
Union vis--vis States in the matter of administrative relations. In view of past experience, does the
present system warrant any change?
The Response: In view of the diversity of the people and their cultures that are the strong bond
of our nation, the case for continuing the present set up is stronger than that of the case for any
change, save and except as stated in foregoing paragraphs.
The Questionnaire: 1.12 Articles 256 and 257 of the Constitution confer powers to the
Union to give directions to the States. How should these powers be used in the best interest of good
governance and healthy Centre-State relations?
The Respose: The power of the Union should be used without any vested interest but only in
the spirit of the grounds from which our founding fathers incorporated these provisions. In other
words, the Centre should give direction to the States only when it is absolutely necessary in terms
of these two articles, with a prior meaningful consultation with the concerned State. It would be
better if a provision is incorporated for prior two months notice to the concerned State before
issuance of any direction.
The Questionnaire: 1.13 The provisions relating to All India Service under Article 312
are a unique feature of Centre-State relations in India. What measures do you recommend for promoting
better governance and harmonious Centre State relations through these Services?
The Response: Compulsory deputation of officers of All India Service to the Central
Secretariat at regular interval of at least five years will be of great help in promoting better gover-
nance and harmonious Centre-State relations as it will provide the State a known face in the Centre
Government. In addition to that, the Union Government may remove State-Cadre system so that
All India Civil Service Officers could be posted in different parts of the Country as agents of
relations between the Centre and the States.
Mechanism for Inter-Governmental Consultation
The Questionnaire: 1.14 Consultation between the Union and the States is a common practice
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319
in federations to facilitate administrative coordination. Several institutional arrangements including
the National Development Council, the Inter-State Council, Zonal Councils, and the National
Integration Council exist for the purpose of formal consultations. Are you satisfied that the objective
of healthy and meaningful consultation between the Centre and the States is being fully achieved
through the existing institutional arrangements? What are the ways in which these processes can be
further streamlined and made more effective/
The Response: So far as Mizoram is concerned, institutions like Inter-State Council, National
Integration Council and Zonal Council seem to play no significant roles. In place of these institu-
tions, empowered Committees of State Chief Ministers may be set up with its secretariat in the
national capital through which the states may have more effective ways of expressing their interests
as and when the situations so demand. If the existing institutions are to be continued, there should
be regular consultations at different levels not only in New Delhi but also in the Capital Headquar-
ters of different States.
The Questionnaire: 1.15 Apart from the Inter-State Council several other institutions have
been created to promote harmonization of policies and their implementation among States. Prominent
among these are the Zonal Council. In addition, there are a number of inter-State consultative bodies
e.g., National Water Resource Council, Advisory Council on Foodgrains Management and Public
Distribution and the Mineral Advisory Board. Then there are Central Council of Health, Local
Self Government and Family Welfare, Transport Development, Education, etc. What is your
appraisal of the working and efficacy of these institutions/arrangements is securing inter-governmental
cooperation? Do you think they play a useful and effective role in setting standards and effective
coordination of policies in vital areas? What are your suggestions in this regard?
The Response: The working of the above Councils/Boards is, frankly speaking, not that much
useful and effective. These have virtually become more the places of political rehabilitation than
being meaningful for the purposes these are meant for. Political commitment is essential to make
them work in securing inter-governmental cooperation and in setting standards and effective coor-
dination of policies in vital areas. As of now, the fruits of these institutions have yet to be harvested
by the people in this corner of the country.
The Questionnaire: 1.16 Treaty making is a part of the powers of the Union Executive.
In the process of implementing these treaties some obligations at times may be cast on States also.
What would you like to propose to take care of the concerns of the States?
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320
The Response: In case, major benefits of any such treaty is meant for a particular State or States,
the concerned States may also be made responsible for due implementation of such treaties. Also,
the States may be allowed to enter into treaties with foreign countries in matters specified in the
State List of the 7
th
Schedule, by incorporating a similar entry like, Entry No. 14 of the Union List,
in the Concurrent List with appropriate restrictions.
The Questionnaire: 1.17 In disputes leading to much litigation between the Union and the
Central Government Public Enterprises, the Supreme Court had suggested an administrative mechanism
to resolve such disputes through negotiations and consultation. This mechanism has helped to resolve
many disputes without having to go to Courts. Do you think such an institutional arrangement can
work for resolving administrative, financial etc. disputes between the Union and the entities of the
States?
The Response: Yes, of course. Such an institutional arrangement would be able to work for
resolving administrative, financial etc. disputes between the Union and the entities of the States.
The Questionnaire: 1.18 Article 247 contemplates establishment of additional Courts by
Parliamentary legislation for better administration of laws made by Parliament with respect of
matters in the Union List. However, the Constitution is not so explicit in respect of establishment of
additional Courts to better administer laws made by Parliament with respect to matters in the Concurrent
List. What are your suggestions in this regard?
The Response: This aspect has been dealt at length by the Honble Supreme Court, while dealing
with the concept and practice of Judicial Impact Assessment in the case of Salem Advocate Bar
Association Vs. State of Tamil Nadu in W.P (C) No. 496/2002. The provision is endorsed to.
Emergency Provisions
The Questionnaire: 1.19 A body of opinion holds that safeguards corresponding to Clauses
7 and 8 of Article 352 may be incorporated under Article 356(1). What is your view on the
subject?
The Response: There is more of human faults guided by political bias or ambition than of
Constitutional one. Therefore, incorporating of safeguards may play a preventive role backed by
the Constitutional provision. Moreover, the Supreme Court has emphasized many a time on such
safeguards against the Presidential Proclamations, whether under article 352 or under article 356.
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321
2 Economic and Financial Relations
Economic and Financial Relations: General
The Questionnaire: 2.1 In implementing the strategy of planning adopted by India after
Independence, the Centre had assumed the lead role in formulating five-year plans with controls and
licensing to implement them, and the States were required to play a supporting part. After economic
liberalization many of the controls and licenses have been largely done away with and the States have
regained much of their economic policy making space. Do you think the shift has been adequate and
beneficial? Can you also highlight the specific areas in which further reforms may be required at the
State level, which can improve governance in general and the implementation of schemes and programmes
of the Government?
The Response: The shift is of course beneficial but not adequate. The State Government needs
more space in regards to determining its annual plan-size. This can be achieved if the Finance
Commission, in addition to its usual mandates, determine and grant funds for plan-expenditure by
substantially increasing the amount of share of states in taxes. The practice that until the Parliament
finalises the Central Plan size, the States cannot finalise their annual Plan size and in no case before
the start of the related Financial Year, has to be done away with.
The Questionnaire: 2.2 Although the States are now expected to play an active role in
promoting economic growth and poverty alleviation by providing infrastructure, delivering basic services
efficiently and maintaining law and order, it is alleged, that most States have not kept pace with the
reform process. On the other hand it is said that the discretion and priorities of the States, are affected
by the imposition of the Centres priorities, inter alia, through Centrally Sponsored Schemes. What
are your views in this regard?
The Response: States should have free-hand in deciding their priority areas for the Plan-Schemes
and the Central Government should give full weightage to the States priorities in funding the
Schemes.
The Questionnaire: 2.3 It has been the practice of the Planning Commission to get Five
Year Plans including the Approach papers approved by the National Development Council with a
view to ensuring involvement of the States in the planning process. Besides, discussions are held by the
Planning Commission every year with the States individually, to decide the size of their Annual
Plans and to accord approval. Do you think that the current practice is satisfactory or are any changes
called for in the interest of better economic relations between the Centre and the States?
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322
The Response: Even though the present practice is more or less satisfactory, States may be given
more freedom to have final say in their planning, of course, within the amount of tax share
devolved for the purpose by the Finance Commission, as suggested at clause 2.1 above.
The Questionnaire: 2.4 The National Development Council and the Inter-State Council
are among the a for available for facilitating the coordination of economic policy-making and its
implementation. However only limited use seems to have been made of these institutions for the
purpose. Coordination is achieved more through interaction between the Central Ministries and the
States. Do you think the present practice is adequate for ensuring harmonious economic relations?
The Response: The present practice is not adequate for ensuring harmonious centre-state rela-
tions. In the existing Inter-State Council, small States like Mizoram hardly has any scope or chance
to raise its voice or express its concern, whatever serious it may be. There should be more than one
Inter-State Council on the basis of regional proximity and homogenity of developmental needs.
For example, for the States in the North-Eastern States, there should be one Inter-State Council not
only to facilitate the desired coordination of economic policy-making and its implementation but
also to facilitate coordination in the areas of inter-state terrorism, law and order etc. which often
play a vicious circle of disincentive to desired economic development of the area/region.
System of Inter-Governmental Transfers
The Questionnaire: 2.5 To all appearances and also from the Constituent Assembly debates
it seems the Finance Commission was envisaged by the Constitution to be the principal channel for
transfer of funds from the Centre to the States including those which were meant for development
purposes. However, substantial transfers now take place through other channels such as, the Planning
Commission and Central Ministries so much so that it is now said that such transfers have significantly
impacted on fiscal federalism and the devolution of financial resources. Do you think that the present
system of transfer of funds is working satisfactorily? Is there a need to restore the centrality of the role
of the Finance Commission on devolution of funds from the Centre to the States?
The Response: Principal channel of transfer of funds whether for developmental purposes or
otherwise should be a Constitutional body like Finance Commission, whereas Planning Com-
mission should be entrusted with the task of examining the viability of developmental schemes in
a State, determination of the Central share towards funding of such scheme monitoring of the
Plan-projects/schemes & proper utilisation of Plan-fund, and the like. There is a general impres-
sion in prevail as if Planning Commission is the only authority to decide on major grants-in-aid.
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323
There is a felt need to restore the centrality and Constitutional importance of the role of the
Finance Commission on devolution of funds from the Centre to the States.
The Questionnaire: 2.6 Transfer of funds from the Centre to the States through revenue
sharing and grants with the mediation of a statutory body viz., the Finance Commission, was envisaged
by the Constitution makers to redress the imbalances in the finances of the States resulting from an
asymmetric assignment of financial powers and functions to the States the vertical imbalance. The
disparities in the capacity of the State Governments to provide basic public services at a comparable
level horizontal imbalance , it was believed, would also be alleviated through such transfers. There
have been twelve Finance Commissions so far and the thirteenth has since been constituted. By and
large institution of the Finance Commission has come to be regarded as a pillar of Indias federal
system. What is your assessment of the role of the Finance Commission and the results achieved in
terms of redressal of vertical and horizontal imbalances?
The Response: Since tax devolution through the Finance Commission is largely limited to expen-
diture relating to non-plan heads, its impact on redressal of vertical and horizontal imbalances have
been minimal. The Finance Commission being the Constitutional body may be mandated to look
into plan fund requirements of States as well. In the composition of the Commission, the States
also should have fair representation.
The Questionnaire: 2.7 Transfers made by the Planning Commission by way of
assistance for State plans are supposed to be guided largely by the Gadgil formula. Of
late however the proportion of formula based plan transfers has come down. How do
you view this development and what are your suggestions in this regard?
The Response: With economic liberation and diverse nature of requirements from state to state,
the very existence of Planning Commission is questionable in the context of constituent parts of
our federation. The Planning Commission does not have any representation from the States in the
decision-making process, nor is a statutory body. In place of the existing practice, the Finance
Commission being the Constitutional body for the purpose, should alone be entrusted to deter-
mine the transfer of fund for plan schemes and to substantially increase shares of states in tax with
which States may have the freedom to determine the nature and size of its developmental schemes.
To increase the volume of the States own of pool of resources, revenues from the income taxes
may be reduced and instead, the scope and extent of taxes envisaged in article 276 may be wid-
ened.
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324
The Questionnaire: 2.8 There is widespread criticism that the funds provided by the Centre
are not properly utilized by the States and there are reports of substantial leakages. In order to provide
incentives to the States for better fiscal management and efficient service delivery there is a suggestion
that all transfers to the States should be subjected to conditionalities and also tied to outcomes. States
on the other hand argue that in their experience the funds are not released by the Central Government
in a timely manner. What are your suggestions on the subject?
The Response: To some extent both the versions are true. All release of funds by the Central
Government should be mandatorily made within 30
th
April of each financial year.
The Questionnaire: 2.9 Centrally Sponsored Schemes have emerged as an important
instrument of the planning process. There is a view that such schemes may or may not be supplementing
the States own Plan Schemes. What are your suggestions in this regard?
The Response: The CSS and the States own plans are not necessarily supplementing to one an-
other in all the cases. Therefore, if the Central Government has priority areas within which it
formulated CSS, the Centre funding should be on cent per cent basis so that State Governments
will not be burdened with additional financial obligation like States matching share, etc. which will
also leave the State Governments to use its own fund for financing States own plan-priorities.
Further, fund transfer through CSS should not be regarded as a part of devolution of tax to States
from shareable pool of Central taxes.
The Questionnaire: 2.10 Substantial funds are now being transferred by the Centre directly
to Panchayats, Municipalities and other agencies by-passing the States on the ground that the States
have sometimes been tardy in the devolution of funds to these bodies. What is your view on this
practice?
The Response: Sub-clause (bb) and (c) of clause (3) of article 280 read with articles 243I and
243Y of the Constitution do not endorse such a concept. Transfer of funds for Panchayats and
Municipalities have to be through the Consolidated Fund of the concerned State and not directly.
There may be 100% Centrally Sponsored Schemes in respect of the subjects specified in the 11
th
and the 12
th
Schedules, with conditionality of non-diversion of such fund by the State for any
other purposes.
The Questionnaire: 2.11 The States power of borrowing is regulated by Article 293 of the
Constitution. What do you suggest should be done further to facilitate the States access to borrowing
while keeping in view imperatives of fiscal discipline and macro economic stability?
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325
The Response: The existing provision is adequate. The Central Government may insist, while
giving consent, on prescription of the limits by the concerned State Legislature under clause (1) of
article 293.
The Questionnaire: 2.12 What has been in your view the impact of the fiscal responsibility
laws in your State?
The Response: The State Fiscal Responsibilities Act and Rules are already in force. Impact of
these laws is yet to be felt.
Scheme of Tax Assignment
The Questionnaire: 2.13 Do you think that in the light of experience and the requirements
of a modern economy, it is time now to give a fresh look to the entire scheme of assignment of tax
powers between the Centre and the States? If so, please give your suggestions with detailed justification.
The Response: Yes, very much. Mizoram hardly having any sizeable tax-base of its own due to
large-scale exemption from Income-Tax, Stamp duties, Court-fees etc., there is a need to give a
fresh look to the entire scheme of assignment of tax powers between the Centre and the States,
keeping in view that many of small States like Mizoram do not have any solid tax-base, accruing
thereby very less share.
Domestic Trade Tax Reform: Introduction of Tax on Goods and Services (GST)
The Questionnaire: 2.14 The system of domestic trade taxes in India is set to undergo a
radical change with the introduction of Tax on Goods and Services (GST). Several models are
available for operating the GST in a federal country. What in your view would be the model best
suited for our country? You may also like to suggest the institutional arrangements that may be needed
to implement the desired GST.
The Response: The model as suggested by the Empowered Committee of State Finance Minis-
ters could well serve as the best model for the purpose. Streamlining of the State agency to asses
and collect at the minimum administrative cost is the need of the day.
The Questionnaire: 2.15 Once GST is introduced, will there be a case for continuing with
taxes on production, such as excise duty?
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326
The Response: As opined by the Empowered Committee of State Finance Ministers, State ex-
cise duties ay not be subsumed under GST.
3 Unified and Integrated Domestic Market
The Questionnaire: 3.1 One of the major benefits of a federation is to provide a common
market within the Country. In order of the growth of the common market, Article 301 of the
Constitution mandates that trade, commerce and intercourse within the Indian Union shall be free.
However, it is stipulated that restrictions on the free movement of goods etc. may be imposed in public
interest (Article 302). Invoking public interest, both the Centre and the States have imposed restrictions
on the movement of food grains, the impediments to the operation of a common market are imposed
in several other ways such as, providing minimum price for products namely cotton or sugarcane and
monopoly procurement of commodities such as cotton etc. While such actions by a State require
approvals by the Centre, it is said that approvals have been granted in many cases almost as a matter
of routine. What in your view should be done to ensure the operation of the common market in the
Indian Union? How can the mandate contained in Part XIII of the Constitution be carried out
effectively?
The Response: When it comes to the case of Mizoram, the problem of common market is more
complicated in the sense that the state is given special protection under the The Bengal Eastern
Frontier Regulation of 1873, popularly known as The Inner Line Regulation, which protected the
people from economic exploitation in the hands of non-indigenous people. The phasing out of
this Regulation could be a curse rather than a boon because of the nascent and weak economy of
the state. The framework of the common market irrespective of the level of economic develop-
ments amongst the states places backward Sates at a disadvantageous position vis--vis the devel-
oped States. Moreover, the scheme of the Common Market trespasses the policy contained in
Inner Line Regulation, the cherished law of the people of Mizoram. Mizoram is an agricultural
State where the cultivators constituted 53.91 per cent of the total workers in 2001 and now also
there is hardly any big variation in this. In the absence of development in other sectors like agro-
based industries and allied manufacturing agencies and tertiary sector, agriculture still continues to
be the main occupation of the people of Mizoram. There are no industrial products worth mention-
ing. As of now, when we speak of agricultural marketing, there are only 8 commodities that the
internal markets could not absorb at present. There is no wholesale market that can deal with cross-
border trade or bulk transportation of these vital crops within the State. In the villages, mosts of
the ales of one or two spices take place through chance contact with the floating traders. It is
Mizoram
327
perceptible that traders hailing from other States, who make collective purchase of our farm
produce, do collude with the wholesalers and act against the interests of the producer. Hence,
Government of Mizoram felt it necessary to check the collusive activities of traders and wholesal-
ers. Accordingly, the Government came out with the Restriction Orders in 1994 and 1999,
prohibiting as many as 138 items of produces from being disposed off outside Mizoram, without
the prescribed permit and without payment of fee so that local requirements are also taken care of.
Similarly, the inflow of these items is also controlled. The Order of 1999 and its preceding one
were issued based on the provision of Section 7 of the Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation, 1873
(BEFR 1873), which has prohibited any person who is not a native of Mizoram, from acquiring
any interest in land or product of the land beyond the Inner Line, i.e., in Mizoram, and that this
Prohibition may be extended to persons, including the native. This Regulation seemed to have
been used owing to non-availability of the legislative power of the State to make law to regulate
the trading for neutralizing the collusive activities of traders and to offer the farmers the lowest
possible prices for their produce. Under this system, Government interfered to the extent of both
issuing permits to the intending traders and again directly procuring certain farm produces as is
deemed worthwhile and necessary for the betterment of farmers in the light of the changing
market conditions.
Government of India should explore an actionable framework for a single market for India
without compromising with the existing operation of Minimum support price, Essential Com-
modity Act, Monopoly procurement of cotton, etc. and the Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation,
1873 (BEFR 1873) which is very much necessary for the economic protection of the indigenous
people from uneven competitions. At the same time, collections of various inter-state levies are
even out in a phased manner. The embargo put under article 304 on any regulation of interstate
trading by a State may be examined in right perspective in respect of the North-eastern States, a
large area of which were all along either Excluded Area under the Government of India Act, 1935
or Tribal Area under the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution. While the Autonomous Councils and
Autonomous District Councils are invested with ample legislative powers to regulate such trade in
large areas in the States of Assam, Meghalaya & Mizoram, at the same times, these States have been
divested of such power. The expression in public interest loses its meaning in such context.
The Questionnaire: 3.2 Article 307 of the Constitution provides for the creation of an
institution to oversee the operation of the mandate of a common market in the Country. What are
your views on setting up a Commission/ Institution under Article 307 for this purpose?
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The Response: A Commission/Institution to oversee the operation of the mandate of a com-
mon market may be created as envisaged in the Constitution. The Commission/Institution should
comprise of competent representatives from various walks of life from all states/UTs. It is desir-
able that the commission looks into unique problems of the states like Mizoram.
4 Local Government and Decentralized Governance
The Questionnaire: 4.1 Even though fifteen years have been passed since the 73
rd
and 74
th
amendments of the Constitution, the actual progress in the devolution of powers and responsibilities
to local Governments i.e. Panchayats and Municipalities is said to be limited and uneven. What steps
in your view need to be taken to ensure better implementation of devolution of powers as contemplated
in the 73
rd
and the 74
th
Amendments so as to enable Panchayats and Municipalities to function as
effective units of self government?
The Response: Exemptions as contained in article 243M of the Constitution from the applicabil-
ity of the Constitution (73
rd
Amendment) Act and the exemption as contained in Article 243ZC
from the applicability of the 74
th
Amendment are not same. For example, though Mizoram is
exempted under Article 243M from the Panchayati Raj System as envisaged in Part IX of the
Constitution, it is not exempted from adopting the Municipality system as envisaged in Part IXA
of the Constitution, by virtue of article 243ZC. This is a conflicting provision in the sense that
many of the provisions like provision for constitution of State Election Commission, State Fi-
nance Commission etc. are not independent provisions in Part IXA of the Constitution. Article
243ZA says that all elections to the Municipalities shall be vested in the State Election Commission
referred to in article 243K, but when article 243K has no application in Mizoram, how can article
243ZA be operative? All such dichotomy and inconsistency have to be removed.
The Questionnaire: 4.2 Should greater autonomy be given by the State governments to
Panchayats and Municipalities for levying taxes, duties, tolls, fees etc. in specified categories and
strengthened their own sources or revenue? In this context, what are your views for making the
implementation of recommendations of the State Finance Commissions more effective?
The Response: Constitutional provisions may be made to make recommendations of the State
Finance Commissions binding. To give greater fiscal autonomy to Panchayats and Municipalities,
the State also need to be given more wider tax base and fiscal powers.
The Questionnaire: 4.3 A large number of government schemes are implemented by the
Panchayats and Municipalities which are operated on the basis of various guidelines issued by the
central and State line departments. There is a view that such common guidelines are rigid and sometimes
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329
unsuited to local conditions. Do you think there is a case for making these guidelines flexible, so as to
allow scope for local variations and innovations by Panchayats and Municipalities without impinging
on core stipulations?
The Response: As already pointed out under para 2.9 above, CSS should be made flexible in
regard to its procedural guidelines. Rest is as stated in Paragraphs 4.1 and 4.2 above. There should
be a well-coordinated approach but not at the expense of weakening the States.
The Questionnaire: 4.4 There are an increasing number of schemes of the Central
Government for which funds go from the Centre directly to local governments and other agencies. The
purpose of this is to ensure that the targeted beneficiaries of these schemes get the benefits directly and
quickly. Please comment on the desirability and effectiveness of the practice of direct release of funds
and the role of the States in monitoring the implementation of the schemes. Do you have any other
suggestions in this regard?
The Response: As stated/responded to/in Para 2.10.
The Questionnaire: 4.5 In the spirit of the 73
rd
and 74
th
amendments to the Constitution
primacy was expected to be accorded to Panchayats and Municipalities in decentralized planning, in
decision making on many local issues e.g. public health, school education, drinking water supply,
drainage and sewerage, civic infrastructure, etc. and in the administration and implementation of
Government funded developmental programmes, schemes and projects. In practice, however, many
authorities, agencies and other organizational entities such as societies, missions, self help group etc.
continue to function in parallel and at times even in competition and conflict. Concern has been
expressed by some sections that these parallel institutions are contrary to the Constitutional vision and
weaken the role and effectiveness of the Panchayats and Municipalities. On the other hand, it is
sometimes argued that Panchayats and Municipalities do not have the capacity to plan, administer
and implement many programmes/schemes/projects requiring very specialized technique and managerial
skills and resources. What are your views in the matter? What steps would you suggest to streamline
institutional arrangements between such parallel agencies and the Panchayats/Municipalities to bring
about more effective and well coordinated action congruent with the spirit of the 73
rd
and 74
th
amendments?
The Response: Panchayats and Municipalities are now creatures of the Constitution. If they suf-
fer from any infra-structural deficiencies, then it is the Constitutional obligation of the Centre as
well as the State to remove such deficiencies and strengthen the same. Parallel bodies as mentioned
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330
should not be allowed to compete with the constitutional institutions like Panchayats and Munici-
palities. Rather, their role should be restricted to only supplementing the functions of the Panchayats
and Municipalities.
The Questionnaire: 4.6 A view is often expressed that the three levels of the district,
intermediate and village Panchayats within the Panchayats system clutter up the system and give scope
for friction and discord amongst them. What are the means by which an organic linkage can be best
fostered between the Panchayats? Are any changes in the three tier system warranted?
The Response: Even though the system is not implemented in Mizoram, we may still opine that
there is no practical need for such three-tier system of Panchayats in small States and less populated
States like Mizoram. A Constitutional amendment is very much needed.
The Questionnaire: 4.7 Participative planning especially spatial planning from the grassroots
level upwards to cluminate in a district plan is emerging as the most potent instrument for empowering
Panchayati Raj Institutions. Do you think this is the right approach to empower Panchayats? What
are your views on the role, functions and composition of the District and Metropolitan Planning
Committees?
The Response: This is the right approach. The role of District and Metropolitan Planning Com-
mittees may effect inter-linkage of village-level-plans so as to make the district self-sustain as far as
practicable., and the Plan-Schemes would then have actual relevance to the needs of the villages at
the micro-level and of the District at the macro-level.
The Questionnaire: 4.8 Instance have been reported where the State Governments have
held different or even conflicting views to that of the local Governments in respect of the administration
of devolved subjects and vice versa. What mechanisms do you suggest, other than Courts, to help
resolve such disputes? What other measures would you suggest to bring about better linkages between
elected members of Panchayats and Municipalities with the State Legislatures? Is there a possible
room for representation of elected Panchayats and Municipality members in the Upper Houses/
Legislative Councils of the States, where such Upper Houses exist?
The Response: Either the State Finance Commissions should be empowered to resolve such
disputes or a separate Tribunal should be set up for the purpose. The scope of discretionary
powers of the Governor as made available to him in similar cases under the 6
th
Schedule to the
Constitution, concerning disputes between an Autonomous District Council and a State, may also
be though of. So far as representation from elected members of Panchayats and Municipalities in
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331
the State Legislature is concerned, it is suggested that the system of an Upper House in every State
Legislature may be revived by amending article 168(1) of the Constitution.
The Questionnaire: 4.9 What roles do you envisage for the local Governments in
infrastructure creation specially mega-projects which may involve acquisition of land and displacement
of people in areas under the jurisdiction of the local Governments? Local Governments should have
a major role to play in decision making on issues relating to management of land resources especially
change of land use from agricultural to urban and industrial purposes, acquisition of land for public
purposes etc., to ensure greater stakeholder participation and reduce possibilities to conflict between
local, state and national interests. What are your views in this regard?
The Response: The local Government should be involved in the whole process of land acquisi-
tion and rehabilitation of displaced people, particularly in selection of the land to be acquired, in
determining the market price and, in selection of the land for rehabilitation of the displaced
persons and in motivating the local people for the purpose. Local Governments should have a
final say in decision making on issues relating to management of land resources especially change
of land-use from agricultural to urban and industrial purposes, acquisition of land for public
purposes, etc. so that being the one of the main stakeholders, their meaningful and effective partici-
pation is ensured, which will definitely minimize any possibility of such tussel as stated.
The Questionnaire: 4.10 Large urban agglomerations and mega-cities pose very different
kind of challenges for governance in a federal context. The relationship between the Governments of
such large cities and other levels of Government is becoming increasingly complex. What roles and
responsibilities would you like to see assigned to each of the three levels of Government for the better
management of mega/metro cities including their security keeping in view the specific nature of the
problems faced by them?
The Response: It should be guided by the principle that the responsibilities assigned should be
commensurate with respective legislative powers and financial resources vested. In respect of
mega cities, law and order should be the responsibility of the Central Government, and for the
purpose, Seventh Schedule should be appropriately amended.
The Questionnaire: 4.11 Many of the regions falling in the scheduled areas (Schedules V
& VI) have traditional institutions of governance coexisting with or substituting Panchayati Raj
Institutions e.g. Autonomous Hill Councils etc. What are your views as to how these institutions can
be further strengthened and be congruent with the spirit of the 73
rd
and 74
th
amendments without
undermining their traditional character?
The Response: It is not correct to say the scheduled areas are in the Schedule VI. Schedule V deals
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332
with Scheduled Areas, while Schedule VI deals with Tribal Areas. Without replacing these tradi-
tional institutions, additional functions, resources and functionaries could be assigned to these insti-
tutions by way of conditional applications of the provisions of Part IX and Part IXA of the
Constitution to these institutions respectively, for which an appropriate amendment to article
243M(1)(a) and article 243ZC(i) of the Constitution may be considered.
5 Criminal Justice, National Security and Centre-State
Cooperation
Role of the Union in the matter of Internal and National Security
The Questionnaire: 5.1 Article 355 of the Constitution stipulates that it shall be the
duty of the Union to protect every State against external aggression and internal disturbance
Although Public Order and police come within the State List, deployment of Central forces in any
State in aid of the civil powers including jurisdiction, privileges and liabilities of members of such
force while on such deployment are subjects to the Union List. In the context of recent developments of
prolonged extremist violence and cross-border terrorism in certain States, the role and responsibility of
the Central and State Governments to contain such disturbances have come up for examination in
meetings of the Centre with the States. This is an issue which has a vital bearing on the life and
security of the people and deserves urgent attention. Given the mandate of Article 355 and the
division of powers in respect of internal and national security, do you think the role and responsibilities
of the Centre and States in the matter of controlling internal disturbance often spread over several
States require delineation through supporting legislation?
The Response: Present day trends reflect new threats to internal security emerging out of reli-
gious fundamentalism, illicit narcotics trade, smuggling of weapons and explosives, infiltration
from across our borders and terrorism sponsored by other countries. Internal disturbance is often
being created by outside agencies and has taken the recognized shape of Proxy War in some cases.
Similarly, when such internal disturbance fails to remain confined to a particular State, affected
States remain phenomenally lax in taking prompt actions. The role and responsibilities of the
Centre and the State in the matter of controlling such internal disturbance would of course require
delineation of powers through supporting legislation so that the Central Government can inter-
vene effectively under Article 355 of the Constitution without delay and without any political
influence or agenda.
The Questionnaire: 5.2 By convention and in practice, Central forces are deployed to control
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333
internal disturbance only when specific requests are made to that effect by individual State
Governments. Article 355 of the Constitution enjoins the Union to protect States against external
aggression and internal disturbances. What courses of action you would recommend for the Centre to
effectively discharge its obligations under Article 355?
The Response: In view of current trends in the rise of extreme communalism and sectarian
assertions, there may come a time when the Union Government is required to take pre-emptive
action. Under extreme circumstances like large scale communal riot where the State Government
vary often fail to protect a certain group of people on clandestine political or other considerations,
the proof of which may of course be difficult, the Union Government should be allowed take
appropriate action under Article 355 read with Articles 256 and 257 without waiting for specific
request from the State Government. For this purpose, if necessary, article 355 may be amended
appropriately.
Social and Communal Conflicts
The Questionnaire: 5.3 Maintenance of communal harmony in the country is one of the
key responsibilities of both the Union and the State Governments. The Government is expected to
ensure that communal tensions and communal violence are kept under control at all times. What
according to you should be the role, responsibility and jurisdiction of the Centre vis--vis the States
(a) During major communal tensions particularly the ones which may lead to prolonged and
escalated violence? and;
The Response: Provision of Article 256 may be enlarged so that the Union Government may
give appropriate and time-bound direction to the States under this situation and to come forward
suo motu to actively help the affected State, as a part of its obligation under article 355.
The Questionnaire: (b) When such prolonged major communal violence actually takes place?
The Response: If the prolonged communal violence is due to inability to control the situation
within a reasonable time-span on the part of the State Government, the Union Government
should not hesitate to invoke its power under article 356 of the Constitution. Within the limits
prescribed by the Supreme Court in S.R. Bommais case and Rameshwar Prasads case (Supra).
The Questionnaire: 5.4 Likewise, what are your views on prevention and control of sectarian
violence or any other social conflicts that may lead to prolonged and escalated violence?
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The Response: Since this kind of violence often has political odour, the most practical approach
will be to treat such violence as a threat to national security. If national security means and includes
all elements of threats to national integrity, then the National Security Act be strengthened to firmly
deal with such violences and cases of such violence should be entrusted to a central agency for
investigation. Trial of such cases should not be in the State where the occurrence takes place, but in
any of the neighbouring State and in a Fast Track Court. If required, a special provision in this
regard may be made in any of the relevant laws. In any case, deployment of armed forces to tackle
the situation should be as the rarest measure.
The Questionnaire: 5.5 In the light of the above two questions, what according to you should
be classified as a major and prolonged act of violence? what parameters would you like to suggest in
defining a major and prolonged act of violence?
The Response: Communal or sectarian violence which has spread to at least one-third of the
total number of districts in a State, and which could not be kept under control even in a weeks
time may be classified as a major and prolonged violence. Moreover, there should be a general
collapse of law and order, and alienation of whole cultural or ethnic groups brought about by
threat to life by frequent communal violence, destruction of means of livelihood, hysterical or
fanatical exhibition of inhuman acts, and destruction of infrastructure of the state.
The Questionnaire: 5.6 In the above context what steps would you suggest for making the
role of the National Integration Council more effective in maintaining and sustaining social and
communal harmony in the country?
The Response: The council is yet to make its presence felt in Mizoram.
The Questionnaire: 5.7 How can the media in your view play a constructive role in preventing
and containing communal and sectarian violence?
The Response: By honestly and sincerely exercising all restraint in publicizing such incidents, by
publicizing the incidents in a constructive manner and by educating the public on Does and
Donts so that it does not escalate as well as people know about the helpline.
Crimes affecting National Security
The Questionnaire: 5.8 Several expert committees constituted by the Government from
time to time for reforming criminal justice administration have consistently recommended the need for
classifying crimes threatening national security as a separate category requiring differential treatment.
These are crimes generally masterminded by criminal syndicates across State and National boundaries
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335
using illegitimate or ostensibly legitimate channels mostly with the support of anti-national elements.
This category may include crimes such as terrorist violence, economic crimes like money laundering,
production and distribution of fake currency and stock market frauds, trans-national crimes like
drug trafficking, arms and explosives smuggling etc.. Given the potential danger to the security of the
country arising from such inter-state and trans-national crimes, which crimes in your view merit
inclusion in such a category?
The Response: Examples cited are found well encompassing the concept. Human trafficking
may also be included to cut and prevent the flow of manpower for such acts of crimes.
The Questionnaire: 5.9 Given their characteristics as mentioned in 5.8, inter-State and
transnational crimes do warrant different procedures for investigation and prosecution as compared to
other crimes. A Central Agency with special expertise and resources working in co-ordination with
international security agencies on the one hand and the State police on the other, is the model recommended
by expert committees to tackle the problem. What are your views in this regard?
The Response: We are in full agreement with the recommendations of expert committees.
The Questionnaire: 5.10 The Central Agency so constituted as a result of issues raised in
5.9 above would not be able to operate effectively without the cooperation and support of the State law
and order machinery. What are your suggestions in this regard?
The Response: Suitable or appropriate provisions should be made in the statute creating
such Central agency, to make the State law and order machinery fully cooperative and support such
agency and also to make the State law and order agencies officials liable for prosecution in case of
failure to do so.
6 Natural resources, Environment, Land and Agriculture
Water Resources
The Questionnaire: 6.1 The Inter State River Water Disputes Act, 1956, provides for
inter alia the constitution of a tribunal by the central Government, if a dispute cannot be settled by
negotiations within a time frame of one year after the receipt of an application from a disputant State;
giving powers to tribunals to requisition any data from the State Governments, the water management
agencies etc; a data bank and an information system being maintained by the central Government at
the national level for each river basin; empowerment of the central Government to verify data supplied
by the State Government; a time frame for tribunals to give an award and for the decision of the
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336
tribunal after its publication in the official gazette by the Central Government to have the same force
as an order or decree of the Supreme Court. Broad principles for sharing of river waters are still
under discussion between the Central Government and the States. Are you satisfied that the measures
taken so far have contributed effectively to the resolution of inter-State river water disputes? What in
your view should be the role of the Central Government in implementing and monitoring the existing
inter-State water sharing agreements and in ensuring compliance and implementation of the awards
of tribunals, court decisions and agreements/treaties?
The Response: The observations of the Honble Supreme Court in famous case of River Net-
working and other cases relating to Cauvery Water Dispute etc. should be given due weightage and
translated into actions. The Supreme Court may be approached to constitute an Empowered
Committee to monitor proper implementation of all such awards of tribunals.
The Questionnaire: 6.2 Water as a resource, particularly river waters, is an issue of great
complexity and sensitivity in terms of ownership and control, conservation, optimal and sustainable
use, sharing and distribution and it is apprehended that this may result in serious tension and possible
civil strife in future. Proper management of the resource requires striking a balance between national
interests and the interests of the States through which the rivers flow. In this context several proposals
have been considered including the transfer of water from one river basin to another, more prudent use
in intra-basin areas, sharper focus on rain water harvesting and water management strategies etc.
What are your views in the matter to ensure better management of this valuable resource keeping in
view both national interests and the interests of individual States? Can the concept of integrated
planning and management of river basins under a joint authority be introduced on a larger scale?
The Response: Yes, the concept of integrated planning and management of river basins under a
joint authority should be introduced on a larger scale.
The Questionnaire: 6.3 Continuing from the foregoing, what in your view should be the
nature of Centre-State Cooperation in mitigating the effect of floods and management of drainage
and irrigation particularly when these issues have inter-State and international implications?
The Response: Based on the causes of flood, responsibilities should be shared. If change of
course of a river or the like are the major factors behind any flood, greater responsibilities should
be shared by the Central Government, whereas if the factors behind flood lie in poor or wrong
management or maintenance of the sewage or drainage system or the like, greater responsibilities
should be shared by the concerned State or States. The Central Government may establish a per-
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337
manent agency like erstwhile Brahmaputra Flood Control Board or a Joint Task Force for the
purpose.
The Questionnaire: 6.4 Pollution of our rivers poses a serious threat to the quality of
available water, biotic resources, human health and safety and our natural heritage. Adequate efforts
to tackle the problem through technology oriented national and state level programmes backed by
peoples participation have been lacking. Even Missions such as Ganga/Yamuna Action Plan(s)
and other river action plans have yielded limited results. What steps legal, administrative, technological,
economic and financial would you suggest for a resolution of the problem?
The Response: The views expressed in form of responses relating to Para 6.1 6.3 above are
reiterated. Either a separate Central law or suitable amendments to existing laws like Water Pollu-
tion (Prevention and Control) Act, Bio-diversity Act, Indian Panel Code and the like be made. As
Administrative measure, a Task Force should be set up. Rest can be decided in consultation with the
States.
The Questionnaire: 6.5 The subject of land improvement figures at Entry 18 in List-II
of the Seventh Schedule under Article 246. Most of the State have not taken sufficient measures to
optimally utilize the nutrients present in the residue of treated sewage or in the river waters by way of
sullage and sewage flowing into them (part of the solid waste settles at the river bottom and is retrievable
during the period of lean flow) and recycling the available water resource to improve the fertility of soil
and increase the productivity of land. In this context there is an increasingly perceived need to have in
place a national strategy for control, regulation and utilization of sullage and wastewater to improve
the quality of soil, land and other nutrients with the objective of augmenting agricultural yield, more
so due to mounting water scarcity and changes in precipitation owing to climatic changes. What are
your suggestions for countering the resulting loss of the nation?
The Response: The need to have a national strategy for control, regulation, and utilisation of
sullage and wastewater to improve the quality of soil, land and other nutrients with the objective of
augmenting agricultural yield is strongly supported.
The Questionnaire: 6.6 Storage or reservoir or dam based projects are often conceived as
multi-purpose projects providing not only power but also irrigation, navigation, drinking water and
flood control benefits. At the same time such projects have higher environmental and social externalities.
The issue of fair sharing of social and environmental costs and benefits between downstream/command
areas and upstream/catchments areas have been a major problem leading to sub optimal utilization
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
338
of this valuable resource. What role do you envisage for the Central Government for achieving greater
cooperation among the various stakeholders in developing a consensus on such projects?
The Response: The Central Government should promote in form of planned developmental
schemes, optimal utilization of the water resources at various levels and develop water storage/
reservoir at command areas as well as at catchment areas and to see that benefits are fairly shared
among the States. A Joint Regulatory Authority for two or more States may be constituted to
oversee the fair sharing of the benefits. Such projects may be in the form of C.S.S. and on match-
ing sharing basis between the Central Government and concerned States. A consensus may be
achieved through the above-mentioned Joint Regulatory Body.
The Questionnaire: 6.7 With the adoption of the National Environment Policy 2006,
greater powers have been delegated to the States to grant environmental and forest clearances for
infrastructure and industrial projects having investment of upto a specified limit. While one body of
opinion is of the view that it will have a harmful effect on ecology and disrupt the fragile equilibrium
in our environment, others look upon this as a welcome initiative which will facilitate timely
implementation of development projects. Do you think that the existing arrangements are working
satisfactorily? How do you think the conflicting interests of development and environmental conservation
can be better reconciled?
The Response: This will be a welcome step in the spirit of the States powers to legislate or to
take legislative or similar action in respect of the Concurrent-List matters, Environment and Forest
being the Concurrent-List subject. Moreover, the Supreme Court of India has issued a number of
guidelines in this regard in the related PILs, which will work as additional mandatory checks on the
States powers to grant any environmental and forest clearance.
The Questionnaire: 6.8 There is a view that the inadequacy of minimum infrastructure
facilities for forest dwellers and general lack of economic opportunities has greatly contributed to the
escalation of dissatisfaction and alienation among them. This also raises security concerns. The
Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Tribes) Act, 2006
which confers land ownership rights on Scheduled tribes and other traditional forest dwellers in the
event of their being in occupation of the said land as on 13
th
December, 2005 is perceived as a major
step towards containment of unrest and tension. Do you agree with this assessment? What further
steps can be taken to build sustainable models of conservation by involving tribal and other forest
dwelling communities?
The Response: The Act of 2006 is an ideal synthesis in this respect. At the same time, it has to be
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339
admitted that our approaches to management of forest are rather a bit too centralized in the sense
that stakeholders have not been given significant roles or benefits, which greatly alienated the con-
cerned communities. In a forest where tribals are residing, productive forestry may be given em-
phasis in which concerned communities will have opportunities to get involved not only in preser-
vation and regeneration of forest but also in management and sharing the benefits of forest
produce.
The Questionnaire: 6.9 Some of the States have contended that they have to maintain and
conserve large tracts of forests and green cover for national and global benefit at the cost of the
economic interests of the States. Similarly mountain States, particularly those that are a part of the
Himalayan ecosystem have to constrict the economic exploitation potential of the region for the benefit
of ecosystem as a whole. In other words, these States provide ecological services essential for the nation
as a whole as well as for the entire global community. These States have argued for compensation of
them and the communities who perform the role of stewardship of these valuable ecological assets.
What are your views in this regard?
The Response: If these States are sacrificing economically potential land for preservation of
forest as stated, the Union Government is under obligation to give compensation. However, more
or less similar circumstances prevail in the hill States of the North-east and these States as well as the
communities playing the role of ecological balance managers may be allowed the same benefits.
The Questionnaire: 6.10 Regulation of mineral resources including hydrocarbons comes
within the competence of the Centre by virtue of Entries 53, and 54 and 55 of List I of the Seventh
Schedule. Entry 23 under List II similarly empowers the States to regulate the development of mines
and minerals subject to the provisions of List I. The States have been seeking a greater role in the
decision making processes relating to the regulation of mineral resources e.g. in the determination of
the royalty rates, periodicity of rates revision etc. What steps, in your view, should be taken to evolve
an integrated policy on the subject that would reconcile the interests of the States with the sustainable
exploitation of mineral resources including hydrocarbons in the national interest?
The Response: One solution may be to transfer the subjects in Entry No. 53, 54 and 55 of the
List I i.e. Union List to the List III i.e. the Concurrent List. Thereafter, like Joint Electricity Regula-
tory Authority, a Joint Statutory Authority may be set up for the purpose. Thirdly, as per the
recommendation of Sarkaria Commission in this respect, rate of royalty on minerals may be
reviewed and increased at every two-year interval.
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Ecosystems, Climate Change and Natural Disasters
The Questionnaire: 6.11 Indias vulnerability to the projected impacts of climate change is
high, particularly with regard to its effect on water resources, power, agriculture, forests, tourism,
health and rural livelihoods etc. Most of these issues are dealt with primarily at the State and local
levels. In view of the problems and challenges posed by the phenomenon of climate change, how would
you delineate the respective roles and responsibilities of the centre, the States and the municipalities
and Panchayats?
The Response: The subject viz. long-term effects of climate change may be included in the Con-
current List, so that the Central Government be in a position to play its apex role in the matter
both legislative and financial. On the other hand, the Municipalities and the Panchayats may be
assigned the role of implementing agency. States should have basically the monitoring and supervi-
sory role in respect of the projects and programmes undertaken by the Municipalities and the
Panchayats relating to sustenance of a viable ecosystem and to neutralize the impacts of climate
change.
7 Infrastructure Development and Mega Projects
The Questionnaire: 7.1 Mega projects, such as infrastructure projects related to national/
inter-State highways, river interlinking, major irrigation works, large scale power generation, etc. are
characterized by long gestation periods, heavy capital investment requirements and complex ownership
and management structures involving multiple stakeholders. These projects both in their creation and
operation are dependent on smooth and well coordinated Centre-State and inter-State relations. There
are several instances of such projects getting thwarted or delayed or their operations getting affected by
inter-State or Centre-State problems at a heavy cost to society. Please give your suggestions for creating
an enabling policy and institutional framework, innovative structures and mechanisms for stakeholders
participation and systems and procedures for quick reconciliation of conflicting approaches so that
national interests prevail.
The Response: For smooth and timely launching and completion of any mega infra-structural
project, regional offices/branches of Planning Commission should be set up with the added
responsibility of preparation of DPR and fund-flow. There should be approved and listed re-
gional/national technical agencies to implement such projects and also some regional or national
agency to monitor the completion of such projects on turnkey basis. If the completion of any such
project is delayed due to delayed environmental clearance or fund-flow, the Central Government
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should be held liable and should pay damages to the public. If it is due to the State Governments
fault, then the State Government should pay such damages.
The Questionnaire: 7.2 Mega projects involve large scale acquisition of land and
consequential problems associated with compensation, displacement of people and their relief and
rehabilitation and resettlement. Would you suggest any policy changes in the existing processes of land
acquisition and payment of compensation thereof ? Likewise, is there a need for bringing in any
changes in the rehabilitation and resettlement policies in order to minimize displacement, ensure fair
compensation for the project affected people and provide them commensurate livelihood security?
The Response: Yes, there should be a policy-change in the existing processes of land-acquisition
and payment of compensation, when such land is required for any mega-project. To minimize the
cost for such land-acquisition, and the time, the land Acquisition Act, 1894 needs to be amended. If
the people of a state are the beneficiaries, then the concerned state should make the required land
available free of cost or at the minimal cost before any finalisation of the DPR. Rehabilitation and
resettlement should be made a component of the compensation package. An affected land-owner
may either be given monetary compensation or employment or other type of rehabilitation and
not both. By introducing suitable amendment to the Land Acquisition Act, a ceiling on the amount
of compensation may be imported in the Act. At the same time, the DPR should be prepared
from these aspects.
The Questionnaire: 7.3 In the case of mega projects, often actions and interventions in one
State impact on another. The construction of a large dam in one State, for instance, may lead to large
scale displacement of people in another without commensurate benefits accruing to that State. What
are your suggestions for evolving a national consensus on rehabilitation policies and strategies and
conflict resolution mechanism?
The Response: Mega projects affecting two or more states, like dams etc., should be formulated
by the Central Government in collaboration with respective states. Care should be taken in pursu-
ing the Supreme Courts observations in the River Networking case. In such cases, exhaustive
guidelines should be prepared and issued to bind the concerned States. Alternatively, an Arbitration
Tribunal or ADR should be in existence to resolve all the disputes whether prior to the initiation of
such project or after or arising out of such project.
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8 Socio Political Developments, Public Policy and Governance
Political Developments
The Questionnaire: 8.1 India is characterized by unity in diversity consistent with a
pluralistic identity. Recent decades have been marked by significant increase of socio-political
mobilization around sectarian identities. Fears have been expressed that political developments
emanating from such mobilization pose a threat to the unity and integrity of the country. Do you agree
with this assessment and if so what are your suggestion for along-term solution?
The Response: Sectarian identities and the concept of sons of the soils have been nurtured for
decades, and the processes could no longer be stopped and drastic measures for its control may
have adverse effects at this later stage especially amongst minority groups who have pre-conceived
perception of their distinctive cultural identities vis--vis other groups. The only way out seems to
be transformation towards federal structure of inter-state relations within which each state may
have certain degree of freedom to have protective discrimination towards its citizens in relation to
employment, ownership of land, etc.
The Questionnaire: 8.2 Another significant political development has been the growth and
ascendancy of regional parties. These parties have now come to legitimately play a major role in
governance at the national level. Given the possibility of this trend continuing, what could you suggest
should be done to harmonize national and regional interests for better Centre-State relations?
The Response: In continuation to para 8.1, the needs for a strong central government upon
which States shall be dependent still have relevance. At the same time, characteristics of federalism
as incorporated in the Constitution like distribution of subjects should be strictly adhered to. More
decentralization of powers to the States but not at the cost of national interest as suggested in the
foregoing paragraphs may keep the Regional parties contained.
The Questionnaire: 8.3 In contemporar y f ederations, dif ferent types of political
configurations exist with various kind of coalitions being formed among political parties, other groups
and individuals. In India the multi-party coalitions have increasingly become the trend. In this context,
what measures would you suggest to ensure that the national vision and wider collective purpose are
always paramount and do not get distorted.
The Response: The Constitution of India does not confer any discretionary power on the Presi-
dent of India, by which the President can, in fit cases, override the advice of the Council of
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Ministers, as it has conferred on the Governors of the States. For example, Paragraph 20BA and
Paragraph 20BB of the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution confer a balancing power in form of
discretionary powers, on the Governors of the concerned States having Autonomous District
Councils, in exercise of which he is not bound by the advice of the Council of Ministers of the
concerned State. The Council of Ministers here plays the role of one of the Consultative Agencies
only. Similarly, to ensure that the national vision and wider collective purpose do not get distorted
or suffer at the bargaining hands of any regional coalition-partner in the Central Ministry, the
President of India should be conferred with clear discretionary powers in some specified areas of
paramount national interest and constitutional requirements.
The Questionnaire: 8.4 With the passing of the 73
rd
and 74
th
amendments to the
Constitution in 1992 more empowered local level political leadership has emerged. New areas of
political tensions and conflicts among Central, State and Panchayat/Municipal level leaderships
have consequently arisen. How can these conflicts be resolved and their relationship harmonized?
Please give your suggestions.
The Response: As stated in this State Governments response to Paragraph 8.3 above, the best
solution will be to confer some discretionary powers on the State Governors in Part IX and in Part
IXA of the Constitution, in the line of Paragraph 20BA and Paragraph 20BB of the Sixth Schedule
to the Constitution, so that the Governor does the balancing act and plays the role of an ideal
Constitutional Arbiter.
Social Developments
The Questionnaire: 8.5 Socio-economic developments have resulted in large scale migration
from the under developed to the better developed regions within the country. This has sometimes affected
the established demographic pattern and has tended to cause social tensions. This development has
serious implications for Centre-State and inter-State relations. With the free movement of citizens
guaranteed by the Constitution, what measures would you suggest to contain such social tensions?
The Response: This is a serious issue or poser to have far-reaching consequences on our nation. It
may be kept in mind that almost entire North-east India has been facing social unrest arising from
uncontrolled immigration of people from one state to another, and from border countries to
India. No other part of the country is so much affected. As already highlighted in the above paras,
regionalism, sectarian identities and linguistic identity separated states from one another to a large
extent. This kind of social problem is inevitable wherever there is mass immigration from one
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territory to another. As long as the absorbing capacity of the receiving society does not reach its
limit, immigrants will be welcome as the immigrant somehow filled vacuum arising due to short-
ages of labour force, etc. However, whenever the absorbing capacity of the receiving society is
exhausted, and if there are perceived threats whether real or imaginary to its survival, there will
be social unrest. As already suggested, the only way-out seems to be transformation towards
federal structure of inter-state relations within which each state may have certain degree of free-
dom to have protective discrimination towards its citizens in relation to employment, ownership
of land, etc. Secondly, a system of work-permits for an extremely limited period of time should
be introduced in respect of migrant labour-force from border Countries. So far as the inter-State
migrations are concerned, comprehensive labour-laws should be enacted to check imbalances in
the economy of the receiving State as may be caused by such migrant-labour. Thirdly, the States
may be allowed more freedom to regulate trading with the neighbouring States within the Consti-
tutional parameters. The restriction imposed in Proviso to clause (b) of article 304 contains a
stigma of negativity, as hardly any State Bill falling with the scope of article 304 and requiring
previous sanction of the President has come through. The draft Mizoram Trading Regulation Bill
submitted to the Central Government for previous sanction of the President in late 1990s faced
the same negative or discouraging response.
Public Policy and Governance
The Questionnaire: 8.6 Article 37 of the Constitution states that the principles laid down
in Part IV are fundamental in the governance of the country and it shall be the duty of the State to
apply these principles to making laws.
(i) Have the Directives been accorded due regard by the Centre and the States in making
laws and in formulating policies and programmes?
The Response: With the exception of Article 44, much has been achieved to realize the objective
recorded in article 37.
The Questionnaire: (ii) What are those Directives which require more legislative
attention from (a) the Union Parliament, and (b) the State legislatures?
The Response: There seems to be much left-out areas in which both the Union and the
States have more roles to play in order to realize goals expressed under Clause (2) of Article 38,
particularly to minimize inequalities in income. Similarly, in respect of the directives contained in
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articles 39, 40, 41 (particularly in making effective provision for securing the right to work , and
public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age and sickness), 42, 43, 44, 47 & 48A, it
requires more legislative attention from the Union as well as the States. The directions contained in
articles 40, 41, 42 and 47, require more legislative attentions from the State Legislatures while in
respect of the remaining, it is of the Union Parliament.
The Questionnaire: 8.7 What in your view are the elements of good governance
that need to be addressed? What parameters would you consider appropriate in order
to judge the performance of a State? What are your views about the existing monitoring,
review and evaluation mechanism to ensure delivery of effective outputs and outcomes
of the schemes and programmed in the field?
The Response: Good governance embraces to its fold citizen-centric administration, transpar-
ency and accountability, among others. The predominant parameters to judge the performance of
a State would be whether it is citizen-citric, and whether it is transparent and accountable in the
discharge of its services to its citizens. The existing monitoring, review and evaluation mechanism
should include user-community-participated monitoring system within which the well informed
user-communities have opportunities to influence services provided to them. In place of existing
economic, fiscal and developmental parameters, the new parameters should be the degree of
performance in respect of articles 38 & 39.
The Questionnaire: 8.8 The task of governance is no longer confined exclusively to
Governments, but includes a wide range of stakeholders the organized private sector, public-private
partnership institutions, civil society organizations, user and consumer groups, special interest groups,
associations of industry and a variety of other non-state organizations. In many spheres of activity,
earlier performed primarily by Governments, eg., education, health care, infrastructure creation and
management, such organizations now play a very important role at various levels. In view of their
growing significance these organizations may have to be seen as important players in a multi-level
federal order. In the context of these developments, what measures would you suggest for the participation
of these emerging stakeholders in the scheme of governance to address the growing challenges of
ensuring good governance for promoting the welfare of the people?
The Response: While privatizing more and more areas/sectors of Government functionings by
giving rooms for involvements of various stakeholders, the Government should always ensure
that services provided are of high quality and are provided at an affordable cost to the common
man. For example, within the parameters of constitutional directives, education, health-care, infra-
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structural creations and management may well be privatized in phases and in a well-coordinated
manner.
The Questionnaire: 8.9 In the context of the increased role of many non-state organizations
in the delivery of public services, please give your views on:
(a) What can be done to ensure that such organizations take due account of social responsibilities
and public good in their functioning?
(b) How can the discipline of human rights and the philosophy of the Directive Principles be
brought into the scheme of such organizations?
(c) How can the principle of democratic accountability in the delivery of public services be
extended to these organizations?
The Response:
(a) While selecting a non-state organization for such entrustment, selection-process should be
absolutely fair and non-compromising on the antecedents and capabilities of such
organisation. The Memorandum of Understanding or biparty agreement should contain
enough checks and safeguards.
(b) Once, such non-state organisations are delegated with the States functions, they are sup-
posed to assume the character of the State for that limited purpose and in that case there
should not be any difficulty to apply to them or bind them with the discipline of human
rights and the philosophy of Directive Principles, they being the agents of the State. If
necessary, appropriate amendment should be made in Part IV to include them in the
definition of state for the limited purposes.
(c) By incorporating befitting clauses in the Memorandum of Understanding/agreement, or
by enacting a common or comprehensive law to facilitate such delivery of public service
through any non-state organisation in the desired manner, and to ensure strict observance
of the principle of democratic accountability in such organisations on the basis that they
assume the character of State for such limited purpose.
9 Social, Economic and Human Development
The Questionnaire: 9.1 Development strategies, particularly those aimed at correcting
regional imbalances, often require looking at the region as a whole. Regions are often defined by The
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Response: We can have desired standard of course-structure or syllabus at each level and also
broad guidelines on the principles of evaluation, which are common throughout India. But, to the
majority of students, language problems remain the main impediments to quality education. It is
especially true when students have to learn in language other than their mother tongue. In order to fully
understand what they are learning, they have to first struggle to understand the language with which
his/her studies are written. If they could not think in the language with which they learn their lesson,
the quality of the students will remain doubtful. The option is switching over to vernacular as a
medium of instruction at the elementary to Secondary levels, while major languages have to be continued
as separate papers. Secondly, the Central Government should establish more Kendriya Vidyalayas
in the States and should not keep admission to such schools restricted only to the children Central
Govt. employees having frequent transfer-liability. Thirdly, setting up of English-medium schools
under ICSE Syllabus also should be encouraged by relaxing the norms. Fourthly, to ensure quality of
education, some model schools following State syllabus may be set up through CSS. Fifthly, State-
Boards Syllabi should be re-structured to have major uniformity with that of CBSE and ICSE.
Lastly, the existing campaign under the banner of SSA may be made free from all elements of
corruption, committed to quality-service, and subjected to strict vigilance, in which case the States have
better role to play so that the campaign becomes really successful. The campaign should continue.
The Questionnaire: 9.4 What steps can be undertaken by the Centre and States in
coordinated manner to preserve and promote academic disciplines which are getting marginalized by a
variety of socio-economic developments?
The Response: There has to be incentives like scholarships, stipends and assured jobs if marginalized
academic disciplines are to be preserved and promoted.
The Questionnaire: 9.5 One of the challenges faced by policy planners in the country is
lack of uniform social and economic measurement standards (including poverty, health, education
etc.). This is an important issue because these measurements are utilized for the allocation of resources
to the States. How can uniform national standards for the measurement of these indicators be
formulated? What are your suggestions with respect to Centre-State cooperation in the joint formulation
of these standards?
The Response: It may be a utopia to formulate uniform social and economic measurement
standards for the whole country of an extremely diverse composition. However, let the Union
Government first prepare draft measurement standards, which may be circulated to states for
deliberation in the appropriate forum. From such deliberation, it is hoped that consensus could be
achieved on the subject.
10 Miscellaneous
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The Questionnaire: 10.1 Para 4(iii) of the notification relating to the Terms of Reference
of this Commission (annexed) states that the Commission while examining and making
recommendations may not limit its mandate to these. While the Commission has tried to make the
Questionnaire as Comprehensive as possible, there may still be additional issues which the respondents
may like to highlight. In case it is felt that submissions on such additional issues are required, these
can be added alongside the responses to the questions.
The Response: At least one additional issue is felt needed to be considered. In a large number of
PILs, the Supreme Court and the High Courts have been issuing directions touching public policies
and calling upon policy decisions, if to be complied with, at the both Centre and State-levels. Such
directions also leave some huge impact on the Centre-State administrative as well as financial
relationship. For example, the direction to introduce Mid-day Meal Scheme, to introduce High
Security Registration Plates for every vehicle, to continue with Fast Track Courts and the like. It is
the high time to take up Judicial Impact Assessment relating to compliance of such directions and
implementation of every Central and State law.
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GOVERNMENT OF TAMIL NADU
Response to the Questionnaire
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Tamil Nadu
GOVERNMENT OF TAMIL NADU
Introduction
Federalism implies the division of powers between the various levels of government.
The divided sovereignty is the core principle in allocating the functions and the powers
between the various levels of government. Though our Constitution was conceived
originally as a federal constitution, ultimately it has ended as a quasi-federal one due
to thenexisting political conditions. Since 1950, many progressive social, political
and economic developments have emerged with the peoples mandate upholding
secular ideals andederal democratic ethos. The coalition governance has been
successfully instituted at the Union level with the combination and cooperation of
national and regional parties since 1990s. Infact, the political federalism has blossomed,
responding to the peoples growing demands for their inclusion in society and
respecting their democratic, political aspirations and cultural heritage of various ethnic
and linguistic groups of Indian union. However, these progressive and federal features
have yet to be incorporated in the Constitutional structure of India. The D.M.K. as
a responsible regional political party, whenever formed government in the state, time
and again lent its unqualified support for national causes. At the same, the DMK
government resolutely stands for re-arrangement of functions and powers between
the Union and state governments to create a meaningful federal Constitution.
D.M.K. founder-leader and former Chief Minister Dr.C.N. Annadurai (Great Anna)
spoke in the Rajya Sabha in December 1963 as follows:
As many political philosophers have pointed out, India is so vast. In fact it has been
described as sub-continent the mental health is so varied, the traditions so different, the
history so varied that there cannot be a steel frame unitary structure here.
After becoming the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu in 1967, Dr.C.N.Annadurai had
insisted in the Budget speeches, the need for the rearrangement of the Constitution
for a true federal set-up. Following the foot steps of Anna, the present Chief Minister
Dr.M.Karunanithi has appointed an Enquiry Committee on Union-State Relations
under the Chairmanship of Justice P.V.Rajamannar in 1969. Consequent to this, the
Tamil Nadu Assembly passed a resolution on State Autonomy incorporating the
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major recommendations of the Rajamannar Committee. Justice Sarkaria Commission,
appointed by the Union Government in 1983 to suggest remedies on the same subject,
has judiciously taken more or less the same Terms of Reference of the Rajamannar
Committee. The Sarkaria Commission in its report had observed that Since, for reasons
explained elsewhere in this report, there is a general tendency towards greater centralization
of powers, there is a special need in a country like India for a conscious and purposive
effort to counter it all the time. There is considerable truth in the saying that undue
centralization leads to blood pressure at the centre and anaemia at the periphery. The
inevitable result is morbidity and inefficiency. Indeed, centralization does not solve but
aggravate the problems of the people.
The Government of India has appointed another National Commission to Review the
Working of the Constitution in 2000 headed by Justice M.N. Venkatachaliah. The
Committee submitted its report in 2002. In its introduction to chapter 8 on Union-State
Relations, the Commission has observed that for the body being healthy in its necessary
that its parts are strong. It is felt that the real source of many of our problems is the
tendency of centralization of powers and misuse of authority.
Though the two Commissions appointed by the Union government, strongly felt the need
for a substantial change in the Union-State relations in India, no concrete measures have
been initiated so far. In spite of the above developments, the present Commission did not
frame a balanced questionnaire which can address the unresolved core issues in the Union-
State relations in India. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, while
speaking on the First Amendment Bill of the Constitution on June 2, 1951 had stated
that A Constitution to be living; must be growing, must be adaptable; must be flexible;
must be changeable. If the impediments to the growth of the Constitution are not
removed the Constitution will suffer virtual atrophy. Bearing in mind all the above
considered views, the Committee appointed by the Government of Tamil Nadu presents
the replies to the questionnaire.
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1. Constitutional Scheme of Center-State Relations
Conceptual Framework
1.1 What are your views on the overall framework and scheme of relations between
the Centre and the States as contained in the Constitution of India and as they
have evolved over time?
Dr.Ambedkar had mentioned in the Constitutional Drafting Committee that Though
India was to be a Federation, the Federation was not the result of an agreement by
states to join in a Federation and the Federation not being the result of an agreement,
no state had the right to secede from it. The Federation is a Union because it is
indestructible the Drafting Committee thought that it was better to make this
clear at the outset, rather than to leave it to speculation. Hence, the usage of the
term Centre in the questionnaire goes against the ideals of the Constitution.
Originally the Constitution envisaged that the provinces should possess and retain
the status of autonomous units, together with residuary powers and exercise all powers
and functions of government and administration, save and except such powers and
functions as are vested in or assigned to the or as are inherent or implied in the and
are resulting there from. Para 3 of the objective resolution moved by Pandit Jawaharlal
Nehru stated as follows:
Wherein the said territories, whether with their present boundaries or with such others
as may be determined by the Constituent Assembly and thereafter according to the law
of the Constitution, shall possess and retain the status of autonomous Units, together
with residuary powers, and exercise all powers and functions of government and
administration, save and except such powers and functions as are vested in or assigned
to the Union, or as are inherent or implied in the Union or resulting therefrom.
However, in the end it turned out to be a federation with a strong Union government,
which retains the residual powers. Owing to the international and national
developments over the period, the Union government has become more powerful
leaving the states with very little legislative powers. As the residuary power is vested
with the Union government and more and more entries are added in the list III
Concurrent List of the 7th Schedule, the state governments have become subordinate
units to the Union Government. This goes against the basic principles of federalism.
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The state governments should be independent upholding the philosophy of unity in
diversity. In the era of globalization where binding decisions are taken at international
level, the Union government by virtue of Art. 253 makes international agreements
without effective consultation with state governments. Since the state governments
are so weak not even able to discharge their constitutional obligations relating to
social and economic development and social justice within their respective states,
tensions erupt within the society and spill over to the other states. If this
alarmingcondition is allowed to continue, there will not be conducive relationship
between Union and States. Therefore the overall framework and the scheme of
relations between the Union and state governments as contained in the Constitution
of India and as interpreted by the courts are not satisfactory, as they in effect create
only weak states and a strong Union.
1.2 The framers of the Indian Constitution envisaged a unique scheme of Centre-
State relations in which there is predominance of powers with the Centre. In the
wake of developments that have taken place since then, the growing challenges
and the emerging opportunities, please give your views whether any changes are
called for in that scheme. If so, please suggest appropriate changes.
In the light of reply to the question 1.1 it is suggested that (1) the number of entries in
the Concurrent list be reduced. (2) more financial autonomy be given to the states (3)
when India is to sign any international treaty whose subject matter falls either in the
state list or in the concurrent list consultations with the states should be made
mandatory. In this regard it is pertinent to mention the Recommendations of the
Report of the National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution.
Under Chapter 8 on Union-State Relations the Recommendation 8.13.3 runs as
follows:
The Commission recommends that for reducing tension or friction between States
and the Union and for expeditious decision-making on important issues involving
States, the desirability of prior consultation by the Union Government with the
inter-state council may be considered before signing any treaty vitally affecting
the interests of the States regarding matters in the State List.
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Role of Governors
1.3 In the Constitutional scheme, the Governor plays an important role in the
relations between the Centre and States. Do you have any comments/suggestions
to make regarding this role?
The Governors powers are statutory and discretionary. The exercise of statutory
powers is guided by statutory rules, procedures and their judicial interpretations.
Much against the views of Dr.Ambedkar on the Article 356, the Union Government
has resorted to the use of this provision more than 100 times against the principles of
democracy and federalism. This led to the incongruous election schemes for the Union
and State Government and costed unnecessary and unwarranted public expenditure.
Tamil Nadu has been often a victim of the misuse of Article 356. Even the term
otherwise incorporated in the Article 356 has been applied mindlessly. Though the
Supreme Court judgements at many a times, commencing from S.R. Bommai case
has laid down strict guidelines for invoking this provision, we are of the view the
Article 356 should be deleted.
1.4 In the context of this role what are your views regarding the existing Provisions
(along with conventions, practices and judicial pronouncements) relating to the
appointment, tenure and removal of Governors?
It is our general view that the post of Governor has to be abolished. Till then the
following procedure may be followed. (1) Governor must be appointed only after
the consultation with the Chief Minister of the state. (2) The five-year-term should
be adhered to and removal or transfer of the Governor should be done again in with
the consultation with the Chief Minister. (3) In the matter of the selection of the
Governor the recommendations of the Sarkaria Commission Report mentioned in
the para 4.16.01 may be followed.
1.5 The powers and functions of the Governor under Articles 200 and 201 in
respect of assent to Bills have come for debate on many occasions in the past.
Please give your views in the matter.
Under Art.200, which is mainly discretionary in nature and it is open to the Governor
either to reserve the bill for the Presidents consideration for assent to the bill or not.
It is no where stated that while making such reference the Governor should act on
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the advice of his Council of his Ministers. Moreover, the Governors action in this regard
has been held to be non-justiciable. Under these circumstances, the power to refer the
Bill to the President should be made as a statutory power exercised only with the aid and
advice of the Council of Ministers. Alternatively Art.200 should be repealed, as it is
redundant. The Presidents assent is necessary to validate a state law when it is passed (1)
under Art.31 A, and Art.31C and (2) when the subject matter of the state law is with
respect to one of the matters enumerated in the Concurrent List and contain any provision
repugnant to the earlier law made by the Parliament or an existing law with respect to that
matter (Art.254). Since in these matters the Constitution itself provides for the Presidents
assent and the role of the Governor in referring the Bill related to any of these matters is
nearly a ritual. While implementing many socio-economic programmes, many conflicting
policy issues have emerged since 1950. Though Articles 200 and 201, are part of the
original structure of the Constitution, the amendments effected is Art. 31A, and 31C and
the Supreme Court judgement in the I.R. Coelho case (2007 2 SCCI) for establishing
egalitarian society, have brought the states socio-economic legislation under threat.
Therefore, Art.200 may be repealed. If Art.200 is repealed Art.201 also will become
ineffective as it deals with Presidents assent with respect to a Bill reserved by the Governor
for the consideration of the President and not to any other situation wherein the President
assent is necessary. The only advantage with respect to Art.254 is that even if there is any
repugnancy or inconsistency between the state law and the Union law, the state law will
prevail over the Union law when the state law gets the Presidents assent. In addition
whenever the Presidents consideration is necessary under Art.31A, Art.31C and Art.254
the President should act within a time framework and when the State Legislature passes
the Bill once again, the President has to necessarily give his assent to it like in the case of
law made by the Parliament under Art. 111.
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Constitutional Scheme Relating to Local Governments
1.6 With the passage of the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments, Panchayats
and Municipalities have been accorded Constitutional status and protection.
However, the Constitution leaves it to the State legislature to further devolve to the
local bodies powers, functions, funds, and functionaries. The experience of the
implementation of these provisions varies widely from State to State. What steps
should be taken in your view to make the devolution of powers and functions to
the Panchayats and Municipalities and their implementation more effective?
1.7 What has been your experience in the functioning of District Planning
Committees and Metropolitan Planning Committees as envisaged under Articles
243 ZD and 243 ZE respectively of the Constitution? What are your views on the
steps needed to be taken to effectively promote the concept and practice of
independent planning and budgeting at District and Metropolitan levels?
(Answers to these questions See Replies in chapter 4)
Legislative Relations
1.8 In the course of the working of the Constitution certain subjects/entries in the
Seventh Schedule have been transferred from one List to another. What in your
view should be the principles and practices that may govern the transfer of
legislative items from the State List to Union List/Concurrent List or vice versa? Is
there any need for change of procedure in this regard? Do you have any suggestions
on this issue?
The Constitution of India has given wider scope for the Union Government while restricting
the States in many spheres of governance. The constitutional makers have residual powers
in addition to lists I, II & III. In the last 58 years the Union Government encroached into
the rights of the states by transferring many entries from list II to list I & list III. Further,
the residual powers are also misused against the interest of the states. Federalism envisages
sharing of powers and functions at different levels of the government and a balanced
constitutional structure. Hence in any extra-ordinary circumstances, transfer of entries
between lists should be decided in the Inter-State Council. The state is of the view that
all the hitherto transferred entries should be restored.
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1.9 What in your view has been the impact on Centre-State relations as a result of
the changes that have taken place with the transfer of items from one List to another
in the Seventh Schedule? Please provide specific instances of such impacts.
The change of Entries 92, A,B deal with transfer of powers to tax the interstate trade
from state governments to Union government. Under the present circumstances, the
central sales tax (CST) rate is to be gradually reduced and to be withdrawn by 2010. This
has led to revenue loss to the sates and has also reduced the tax base of the state
governments substantially.
Entry 55 constraints the sovereignty of the states in legislating on matters relating to
labour welfare. Tamil Nadu is well known for protecting labour rights and providing
social security to working class - both organised and unorganised. This entry takes away
the power from the state government to interfere in providing a much needed social
welfare measures in the context of the liberalised economy.
Entry 25 has paved the way for complex administration of education and medical services.
This has led to creation of too many regulating institutions at the Union level and also led
to erosion of the state governments rights to create socially relevant education system
for the state. The Kothari Commission on Education Reforms strongly argued that the
education should continue to be in the State List because only the states can provide
socially and culturally relevant education system. Much against this warning, the Entry
25 has facilitated inefficiency and corruption in educational administration, and fall in
the standards of the education at all levels.
1.10 Are the existing processes of prior consultation with the States before
undertaking any legislation on a matter relating to the Concurrent List effective?
What suggestions do you have in this regard?
1.10 It is suggested in the reply to question no. 1.16 (infra) that whenever the Union
government negotiates any international treaties or takes part in International Conferences/
Conventions relating to the entries found in List II and List III the Union government
must seriously and actively consult the State governments while implementing the decision
taken at the International level by making suitable legislations under Art. 253 of the
Constitution.
Further to secure uniformity on the basic issues of national policy with respect to the
subject of a proposed legislation, consultation may be carried out with the State
Governments individually, and collectively.
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The Concurrent List has been inducted in the Constitution to bring cooperation and
coordination in certain areas of common interests shared by Union and State governments
by our framers of the Constitution. Against this view the Union government unilaterally
transferred many subjects from State List to Concurrent List to undermine the rights and
privileges of the states.
Education has been transferred from the State List to Concurrent List through a
Constitutional Amendment when the country was under Emergency Rule. The Kothari
Commission (1964) has opposed any move to shift the education from State List to
Concurrent List by stating that We have examined this problem very carefully. We are
not in favour of fragmenting education and putting one part in the concurrent and the
other in the State list; education should, under any circumstances, be treated as a whole.
We also do not agree with our colleagues and are of the view that in a vast country like
ours, the position given to education in the Constitution is probably the best because it
provides for a Central leadership of a stimulating but non coercive character. The inclusion
of education in the concurrent list may lead to undesirable centralization and greater
rigidity in a situation where the greatest need is for elasticity and freedom to experiment.
We are convinced that there is plenty of scope, within the present constitutional
arrangement to evolve a workable Centre State partnership in education and that this
has not yet been exploited to the full.
As predicted by Kothari Commission, the inclusion of education in the Concurrent List
has created confusion, corruption and disorder in the education system of India. The
growth of self-financing institutions in education led to erosion in the standards of
education while sacrificing the principle of equity and social justice. The control and
supervision by dual authorities led the neo-rich to use education as a profit making
commercial venture much against the wishes of the eminent educationists of the country.
However, the Union government can act as a coordinator in the subjects other than
education and health in the Concurrent List to maintain uniformity of policy and to take
action in the large interests of the nation, leaving the rest and details for state action.
Further, whenever the Union government proposes to undertake legislation with respect
to a matter in the Concurrent List, there should be prior consultation not only with the
State Government, individually, but also collectively.
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Clause (2) of Article 252 may be substituted by a new clause providing that an Act
passed by Parliament under clause (1), may be amended or replaced either by Parliament
in the manner provided in clause (1), or also by the Legislature of the State to which it
applies, provided no such amending or repealing legislation of the State Legislature shall
take effect unless, having been reserved for the consideration of the President, it has
received his assent.
Administrative Relations
1.11 The Constitution makers seem to have given predominance to the Union vis-
-vis States in the matter of administrative relations. In view of past experience,
does the present system warrant any change?
Going by the principle of co-operative federalism it is better to have consultations and
co-operation between the Union government and the State government with respect to
administrative matters. Active consultation must be the bed rock on which the entire
Union and State administrative relations should function.
1.12 Articles 256 and 257 of the Constitution confer powers to the Union to give
directions to the States. How should these powers be used in the best interest of
good governance and healthy Centre-State relations?
The power of the Union government to give executive direction to the state governments
is contrary to the federal principle. It is of interest to note that Constitution is silent with
respect to the consequence of a State not obeying to the executive direction of the Union
government.
For non-compliance of Unions executive direction the only remedy available is under Art
356 of the Indian Constitution. Accordingly the position may be summarized that the
Union government may issue an executive order fully knowing that the respective state
cannot comply with such directions and by invoking Art 356 can extent Unions control
over the state for non compliance of its direction treating it as break down of constitutional
machinery. Therefore, the scope of Arts 256 and 257 should be interpreted only to include
entries in List I.
1.13 The provisions relating to All India Services under Article 312 are a unique
feature of Centre-State relations in India. What measures do you recommend for
promoting better governance and harmonious Centre State relations through these
Services?
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There should be regular consultations on the management of All India Services between
the Union and the State governments. For this purpose, an Advisory Council for personnel
administration of the all India services may be set up. The council should have adequate
representation from the state governments.
The Advisory Council will advise the Union and the State Governments. It should meet
periodically and regularly and suggest solutions to the problems referred to it by the
Union and the State Governments.
The Union Governments Department of Personnel and Training may take follow-
up action on the recommendations of the Advisory Council and secure the decision
of the Union government.
The Council may set up study teams of experts for examining specific problems.
Matters which the Advisory Council is unable to resolve may be placed before the
Inter-State Council.
The Advisory Council may address itself to the problems of the type raised by the
Estimates Committee and which recently have been referred by the Union government
to a Special Committee.
The following cadre management problems should be specially examined by the
Advisory Council on a priority basis:
(i) More precise criteria have to be evolved for the encadrement of posts
which will ensure fair promotional prospects for the other state services
and at the same time prevent under expansion and consequent dilution of
quality of the All India Services.
(ii) Whether a state government may be given full power to make temporary
addition on an officer belonging to All India Service cadre?
(iii) A system of postings and transfers has to be evolved for All India Service
officers so that field work keeps alternating with policy officers reach the
senior most levels in the state and the Union governments. Also, an officer
appointed to a field post should continue in that post for a minimum period to
be prescribed. Any deviation from the prescribed period should have the
approval of a Committee of the Council of Ministers.
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(iv) Uniform and rational policies have to be drawn up to adequately compensate
officers working in difficult areas and assisting such of them as they wish to
settle down permanently in the States whose cadres they belong.
(v) Promotions at the state and the Union levels of All India Service officers
have to be coordinated and conflicting situations be avoided.
(vi) To ensure the all India character of these services, State wise reviews
have to be prescribed so that outsider-insider ratios are maintained at a
desirable level.
(vii) State-wise career development plans for the members of the All India Service
cadres which inter alia offer scope for greater professionalization have to
be evolved.
(viii) Problems of inadequate promotion and deployment opportunities in small
States and formation of multi-state or zonal cadres to meet these problems
need to be examined.
(ix) Periodical review of the system of performance appraisal of members of
All India Services should be evolved.
Mechanisms for Inter-Governmental Consultation
1.14 Consultation between the Union and the States is a common practice in
federations to facilitate administrative coordination. Several institutional
arrangements including the National Development Council, the Inter-State
Council, Zonal Councils, and the National Integration Council exist for the
purpose of formal consultations. Are you satisfied that the objective of healthy
and meaningful consultation between the Centre and the States is being fully
achieved through the existing institutional arrangements? What are the ways in
which these processes can be further streamlined and made more effective?
Many a times the consultation turns out to be only a formal consultation within the
existing institutional arrangements. These existing institutional arrangements generally
used only to the benefit of Union government as the views of State governments are not
fully taken in to consideration. Though the Article 263 empowers the Union government
in the public interest to establish a council, the Union government has established an
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Inter-State Council in 1988, but it met for the first time in 1996". Many issues concerning
the relation between the Union and state governments and between the states can be
referred to the Inter-State Council for effective policy decision and implementation. The
National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution, 2002 has clearly pointed
out that The Commission observes that Article 263 has vast potential and the same has
not yet been fully utilized for resolving various problems concerning more than one state.
Of late, it has been observed that where a treaty is entered into by the Union government
concerning a matter in the State List vitally affecting for interests of the States no prior
consultation is made with them. Further the Commission also endorsed the
recommendations of the Sarkaria Commission on this particular Article and asked the
Union government to utilize the forum of Inter-State Council more effectively in
accordance to the spirit of cooperative federalism.
1.15 Apart from the Inter-State Council several other institutions have been created
to promote harmonization of policies and their implementation among States.
Prominent among these are the Zonal Councils. In addition, there are a number
of inter-State consultative bodies e.g., National Water Resource Council, Advisory
Council on Foodgrains Management and Public Distribution and the Mineral
Advisory Board. Then there are Central Councils of Health, Local Self Government
and Family Welfare, Transport Development, Education, etc. What is your appraisal
of the working and efficacy of these institutions/arrangements in securing inter-
governmental cooperation? Do you think they play a useful and effective role in
setting standards and effective coordination of policies in vital areas? What are
your suggestions in this regard?
The reply to the question 1.14 applies here.
1.16 Treaty making is a part of the powers of the Union Executive. In the process
of implementing these treaties some obligations at times may be cast on States
also. What would you like to propose to take care of the concerns of the States?
Under entries 13 and 14 of List I and Art.253 it is within the exclusive domain of Union
government to enter into treaties and agreements and to implement them. Even if a
subject matter of treaty is one within the entries of state list, only the Union government
will have power to enact a law with respect to that treaty. Therefore, in effect, the power
to enter into a treaty and to make law to implement it is Union governments indirect
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usurpation of power given to the state government by the Constitution. Hence, if the
subject matter of treaty falls either within the list II or list III, the Union government
should consult the state governments. And if any treatys subject matter falls within the
Entries of List II and III then such a treaty should be implemented only after making a
law following the procedure laid down in Art.368(2).
1.17 In disputes leading to much litigation between the Union and the Central
Government Public Enterprises, the Supreme Court had suggested an
administrative mechanism to resolve such disputes through negotiations and
consultation. This mechanism has helped to resolve many disputes without having
to go to Courts. Do you think such an institutional arrangement can work for
resolving administrative, financial etc. disputes between the Union and the entities
of the States?
It is premature to answer this question when it is not provided what kind of institutional
framework is envisaged. Even in the absence of any such institutional framework it
is open for the entities to go for mediation and negotiation.
1.18 Article 247 contemplates establishment of additional Courts by
Parliamentary legislation for better administration of laws made by Parliament
with respect to matters in the Union List. However, the Constitution is not so
explicit in respect of establishment of additional Courts to better administer
laws made by Parliament with respect to matters in the Concurrent List. What
are your suggestions in this regard?
When the Constitution is not so explicit in respect of establishment of any additional
courts by state government for better administration of laws made by the state with
respect to matters in the state list, establishment of additional courts to better
administer law byParliament with respect to matters in the Concurrent List would
definitely hamper the Unionstate relations.
Emergency Provisions
1.19 A body of opinion holds that safeguards corresponding to Clauses 7 and 8 of
Article 352 may be incorporated in Article 356 to enable Parliament to review
continuance of a proclamation under Article 356(1). What is your view on the
subject?
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The unilateral power of the Union government to dismiss the state governments invoking
the Article 356 has already been restricted by the judgements of the Supreme Court in
recent years. Therefore, the Clauses 7 and 8 of the Article 352 have become redundant in
view of judicial review of the Apex court and the judicial safeguards.
2. Economic and Financial Relations
Economic and Financial Relations: General
2.1 In implementing the strategy of planning adopted by India after Independence, the
Centre had assumed the lead role in formulating five-year plans with controls and licensing
to implement them, and the States were required to play a supporting part. After economic
liberalization many of the controls and licenses have been largely done away with and the
States have regained much of their economic policy making space. Do you think the shift
has been adequate and beneficial? Can you also highlight the specific areas in which
further reforms may be required at the State level which can improve governance in
general and the implementation of schemes and programmes of the Government?
Devolution of powers and functions to state governments in a country of continental
size is always beneficial as the state government is closer to the people and it can
deliver public utilities as per peoples preference. But, decentralization of socio-
economic planning has not been effected through needed constitutional changes,
because much of it is achieved through functional delegation. So it is essential to
clearly lay down subjects of planning that are to be given to the state governments
and correspondingly the distributional formula for plan grants should be changed.
State level reforms will always be uneven, and complete harmonization is utopian.
Given the socio-political compulsions, each state will extend reform to sectors
wherever it is necessary. Hence, documentation of the best practices of economic
governance will be useful in this regard.
2.2 Although the States are now expected to play an active role in promoting
economic growth and poverty alleviation by providing infrastructure, delivering
basic services efficiently and maintaining law and order, it is alleged, that most
States have not kept pace with the reform process. On the other hand it is said that
the discretion and priorities of the States, are affected by the imposition of the
Centres priorities, inter alia, through Centrally Sponsored Schemes. What are
your views in this regard?
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Both the Union and State governments over a long period of time have agreed on reducing
the number of CSS and to transfer the corresponding amount of Union governments
expenditure to the state governments. It is important that this idea is given immediate
effect. Except major infrastructural facilities, all other socio-economic schemes should
be transferred to the state governments. As far as economic reform at the state level is
concerned, each state government, depending upon the political ideology and the structure
of society and economy, will design its own reform process. So the reform process cannot
be simply replicated in every state.
2.3 It has been the practice of the Planning Commission to get Five Year Plans
including the Approach papers approved by the National Development Council
with a viewto ensuring involvement of the States in the planning process. Besides,
discussions are held by the Planning Commission every year with the States
individually, to decide the size of their Annual Plans and to accord approval. Do
you think that the current practice is satisfactory or are any changes called for in
the interest of better economic relations between the Centre and the States?
When most of subjects of planning are transferred to the state government, the Union
governments planning will be largely directive or indicative in nature. Still,
consultation with states in a forum like NDC is important as planning is to address
all types of inequities in the country. But, the need for annual consultation and
approval of states annual plan become redundant and such a practice should be
discontinued.
2.4 The National Development Council and the Inter-State Council are among
the for a available for nfacilitating the coordination of economic policy making
and its implementation. However only limited use seems to have been made of
these institutions for the purpose. Coordination is achieved more through
interaction between the Central Ministries and the States. Do you think the present
practice is adequate for ensuring harmonious economic relations?
Both NDC and ISC do not have fully functional secretariat with experts and other
functionaries needed for carrying out policy research, evaluation studies. One way to
overcome this is to establish links between Union Planning Commission, Finance
Commission and State Planning Commissions, and by giving priorities to state plan needs.
This would facilitate well-informed, focused and continuous discussion on various issues
of planning and economic governance in the NDC and ISC. The Sarkaria Commission
has given an elaborate scheme of interlinking Union and state planning commissions, and
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also suggested that Planning Commission should act as secretariat of NDC and ISC. It is
essential that these recommendations are revisited and suitably amended for a smooth
functioning of Union-State relations. Further the recommendations of the NDC and ISC
should be binding on the Planning Commission and Finance Commission.
2.5 To all appearances and also from the Constituent Assembly debates it seems
the Finance Commission was envisaged by the Constitution to be the principal
channel for transfer of funds from the Centre to the States including those which
were meant for development purposes. However, substantial transfers now take
place through other channels such as, the Planning Commission and Central
Ministries so much so that it is now said that such transfers have significantly
impacted on fiscal federalism and the devolution of financial resources. Do you
think that the present system of transfer of funds is working satisfactorily? Is
there a need to restore the centrality of the role of the Finance Commission on
devolution of funds from the Centre to the States?
State governments have repeatedly represented that the role of Finance Commission
has been declining in terms of transferring of resources to the states as envisaged by
the constitutional makers. Secondly the formula-based financial transfers have been
declining, increasing the scope for grants-in-aid and discretionary transfers. With the
Union Planning largely to be indicative or directive in the coming years as discussed
earlier, the primary role of Finance Commission in Union financial transfers should
be restored. This can be achieved only by making the Finance Commission as the
only dispenser of Union financial resources among states. The Rajamannar Committee
(1971) constituted by the Government of Tamil Nadu, recommended the plan
transfers should be made through a constitutional body like the Finance Commission.
We are of the opinion that the Finance Commission itself can be asked to recommend
both plan and non-plan transfers to states.
2.6 Transfer of funds from the Centre to the States through revenue sharing and
grants with the mediation of a statutory body viz., the Finance Commission, was
envisaged by the Constitution makers to redress the imbalances in the finances of
the States resulting from an asymmetric assignment of financial powers and
functions to the States the vertical imbalance. The disparities in the capacity of
the State Governments to provide basic public services at a comparable level -
horizontal imbalance - it was believed would also be alleviated through such
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transfers. There have been twelve Finance Commissions so far and the thirteenth
has since been constituted. By and large the institution of the Finance Commission
has come to be regarded as a pillar of Indias federal system. What is your assessment
of the role of the Finance Commission and the results achieved in terms of
redressal of vertical and horizontal imbalances?
When the quantum of financial transfers through the Finance Commission is on the
decline, then, it cannot effectively address the issues of vertical and horizontal fiscal
inequities in Indian Union. Further, the Finance Commission is undermined by the
Union government through the TOR, to take a particular view that is discriminatory
against the states. This also affects the Finance Commissions ability to redress fiscal
problems. Therefore, the Finance Commission should be made as a truly federal
institution. It should be constituted by selecting members from the panels suggested
by the state and Union governments. Its TOR should be decided either in NDC or
ISC.
2.7 Transfers made by the Planning Commission by way of assistance for State
plans are supposed to be guided largely by the Gadgil formula. Of late however
the proportion of formula based plan transfers has come down. How do you
view this development and what are your suggestions in this regard?
The modified Gadgil formula gives 30% of the State Plan expenditures as grant and
70% of it is to be financed by the State Governments through market borrowing.
Even 25 years back, the Sarkaria Commission recommended a change in the grant-
loan proportion from a single ratio of 30:70, to four different rations depending upon
the level of development and financial positions of states. The revenue component
of plan expenditure has crossed 30% of the total plan expenditure; hence the grant
component should be proportionately increased. Secondly, states plan expenditures,
through financed through market borrowings, are facilitating growth and add
substantially to the Union Governments tax base. Hence the interest payments on plan
borrowings should be subsidized by the Union Government. As mentioned earlier, all the
plan transfers should be decided by the Finance Commission.
2.8 There is widespread criticism that the funds provided by the Centre are not
properly utilized by the States and there are reports of substantial leakages. In
order to provide incentives to the States for better fiscal management and efficient
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service delivery there is a suggestion that all transfers to the States should be
subjected to conditionalities and also tied to outcomes. States on the other hand
argue that in their experience the funds are not released by the Central
Government in a timely manner. What are your suggestions on the subject?
In the context of more decentralized planning, this issue does not arise. Even in a few
cases, where the Union Government implements a project through the State
Government, outcome based transfer gives autonomy for the states in designing the
programme. This will also ensure that the Union government is ensured of the ultimate
outcome of the scheme is inline with its objectives.
2.9 Centrally Sponsored Schemes have emerged as an important instrument of
the planning process. There is a view that such schemes may or may not be
supplementing the States own Plan schemes. What are your suggestions in this
regard?
We have earlier argued for transfer of CSS to states and to decentralize planning
further as centralized planning is inappropriate for a large country. Therefore, the
size of CSS should be reduced as far as possible; further, the outcome based transfers
with regard to CSS would be a welcome step. Of course, 100% CSS alone would add
to the States plan efforts, and shared schemes crowd out the state efforts in many
other areas. The Sarkaria Commission in 1983 recommended that the number of
CSS should be kept to the minimum and the CSS should not be started in the middle
of a five year plan as it will increase the financial burden on states. It also recommended
that sufficient flexibility should be given to the states in implementing CSS.
2.10 Substantial funds are now being transferred by the Centre directly to
Panchayats, Municipalities and other agencies bypassing the States on the ground
that the States have sometimes been tardy in the devolution of funds to these
bodies. What is your view on this practice?
Local Government is strictly a state subject. When the local governments are constitutional
bodies, and powers, functions and functionaries are transferred from the state to local
governments, then, it is irrelevant for the Union government to directly transfer funds to
the local governments. Moreover, the State Finance Commission, a constitutional authority
like the Finance Commission, should be given the job of recommending transfers from
the state government to the local governments. No other institution should be given a
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similar authority for transfer of funds to local governments as it will only lead to multiplicity
of institutions and uncoordinated transfer of funds.
2.11 The States power of borrowing is regulated by Article 293 of the Constitution.
What do you suggest should be done further to facilitate the States access to
borrowing while keeping in view imperatives of fiscal discipline and macro economic
stability?
Almost all the Finance Commissions have discussed the issues relating to State Government
borrowings. At present, in accordance with the 12th Finance Commission, States are
subjected to some discipline, first through the Fiscal Responsibility Act and second, the
Union Government loans are replaced by market for all market borrowings. Even the
offbudget borrowings of the states are controlled through various means. Hence, there is
no need for any further changes in this regard. Rather there is a need to subsidize the state
governments interest payments because state governments capital expenditure contribute
to economic development and expand the tax base of the Union government.
2.12 What has been in your view the impact of the fiscal responsibility laws in your
State?
The major impact of the Fiscal Responsibility Act is the improvement in long term
sustainability of states fiscal position. But this has not come without cost. The FRA
has effectively reduced the discretion of the constitutional body like the State Legislative
Assembly in designing the fiscal policy according to the needs and circumstances of
the economy. Secondly, the expenditure compression for attaining fiscal balance is
quite likely to have adverse distributional impact, as social sector expenditure is likely
to reduce faster than other expenditures. Further, the situations like current downturn
in the world economy and consequent remedial measures call for increased public
expenditure. Hence, the Fiscal Responsibility Act will not be a good fiscal policy tool in
the context of long-term considerations.
2.13 Do you think that in the light of experience and the requirements of a modern
economy, it is time now to give a fresh look to the entire scheme of assignment of
tax powers between the Centre and the States? If so, please give your suggestions
with detailed justification.
The entire financial scheme dealing with the Union-State financial relations in the present
Constitution, except the appointment of Finance Commission, has been virtually copied
from the outdated financial provisions contained in the Government of India Act of
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1935. The state governments role in promoting economic development and social welfare
of the people is enlarging beyond the scope as envisaged by the Constitution makers.
There is growing huge gap between the functions and financial resources available to the
States under the present scheme of financial arrangement. Instead of strengthening the
tax base of the states, the Union government is extending its tax base beyond the
Constitutional limits. The recent levy of taxes on services is the violation of the federal
and constitutional principles.
The National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution (2002) has
categorically stated that In recent years, services have emerged as the dominant
component in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Yet there is no mention in the
Constitution in any of the three lists (Union List, State List and Concurrent List)
enabling any level of government to tax services. The Union has used the residuary
power in the last entry of the Union List (Entry 97) to levy taxes on selected services.
The efforts have not succeeded in taping the full potential of the service sector of a
vast range of services which are primarily local in nature The Commission
recommends specific enumeration of services that may be become a amenable to
taxation by the states. This is necessary with a view to augmenting the resource pool
of the States. The Commission recommends an appropriate amendment to the
Constitution in this behalf to includes certain taxes, now levied and collected by the
Union, to be enable to be levied and collected by the States. In spite of the above
recommendations of the National Commission, the same BJP led NDA government
which appointed the National Commission had ignored and bypassed the letter and
spirit of the recommendation and brought forward an Amendment in the Union List
and inserted the provision 92 (c) to monopolize the power to levy Service Tax by the
Union government.
The learned views of the National Commission themselves indicate the urgency and
need for a rearrangement in the existing financial relations between the Union and States
and to strengthen the tax base of the states and to uphold the principles of true fiscal
federalism.
2.14 The system of domestic trade taxes in India is set to undergo a radical change
with the introduction of Tax on Goods and Services (GST). Several models are
available for operating the GST in a federal country. What in your view would be
the model best suited for our country? You may also like to suggest the institutional
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arrangements that may be needed to implement the desired GST.
In all the federations in the world, the taxes on goods and services are levied by the
state governments. Therefore, even in India the power to levy GST should be vested
with the state governments.
2.15 Once GST is introduced will there be a case for continuing with taxes on
production, such as excise duty?
If the GST is implemented, both excise duty ad sales tax will be amalgamated, so this
question does not arise.
3. Unified and Integrated Domestic Market
3.1 One of the major benefits of a federation is to provide a common market
within the country. In order to foster the growth of the common market, Article
301 of the Constitution mandates that trade, commerce and intercourse within
the Indian Union shall be free. However, it is stipulated that restrictions on the
free movement of goods etc. may be imposed in public interest (Article 302).
Invoking public interest, both the Centre and the States have imposed restrictions
of various kinds on the movement of goods like food grains and so on. Besides
restrictions on the movement of food grains, the impediments to the operation
of a common market are imposed in several other ways such as, providing
minimum price for products namely cotton or sugarcane and monopoly
procurement of commodities such as cotton etc. While such actions by a State
require approvals by the Centre, it is said that approvals have been granted in
many cases almost as a matter of routine. What in your view should be done to
ensure the operation of the common market in the Indian Union? How can the
mandate contained in Part XIII of the Constitution be carried out effectively?
3.2 Article 307 of the Constitution provides for the creation of an institution to
oversee the operation of the mandate of a common market in the country. What
are your views on setting up a Commission/Institution under Article 307 for
this purpose?
Formation of a common market in a federation is very much desirable. But in a
multi-cultural society, with extreme inequalities, it is but natural for every state to protect
its own economic interest, rather than, adhere to the formation of common market. The
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cultural, social, economic issues that are raised against the ongoing process of globalization
are also applicable to the harmonization of fiscal policy and creation of common market
in our country. One cannot blindly follow the formation of a common market at the cost
of loosing states rights and impoverishment of local citizens. So the process of
harmonization should be tempered by local considerations and cannot be thrust upon the
state governments.
India in the long process of a very longer period of history has evolved a common market
accepted by the various nationalities of India. Further, certain restrictions on the
movements of goods are often imposed by the respective state governments to maintain
price stability, to avoid illegal transport of certain basic goods and to ensure food security
for the people. For example, rice consumption by the South Indian people is not only food
habit but also a matter of cultural right since the dawn of civilization. The Liberalisation,
Privatisation, Globalisation (LPG) policies based on Washington Consensus has met with
failure. The needed good features of more or less a common market in nature is existing
in India with state restrictions. Hence, the proposed type of common market is not necessary.
Article 307 is not really operative since the inception of the constitution. Any institution
which could coordinate specific needs and requirements of the states along with common
market should be the exclusive prerogative of states.
4. Local Governments and Decentralized Governance
I. General Comments
1. The general tone and tenor of the questionnaire indicates its intention to further
centralize the polity and weaken the States rather than devolve more powers to the States.
As per the principle of subsidiarity matters ought to be handled by the lowest competent
authority. In other words, the Union Government should perform only those tasks which
cannot be performed effectively at the State level or local level. If we apply the principle
of subsidiarity, it is seen that even the original Constitution of India concentrated too
many legislative, administrative and financial powers at the Union government at the
expense of the States. Since 1950, through the formation of Union Ministries for State
subjects (the Ministry of Panchayati Raj being the latest); transfer of Education and
Forests & Environment from the State List to the Concurrent List; the move to have
uniform rates of VAT throughout the country (even in the E.U, each country is free to set
its own VAT rates subject a floor rate); the move towards Goods and Services tax, etc,
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there has only been creeping centralisation. This has resulted in undue delays in decision-
making and in implementation of projects as for example, in getting forest and
environmental clearances.
2. Local Government, dealing as it does only with local issues and not requiring a
national approach to things in certain situations (as in the case of, say, Health), is the
perfect example of a State subject. It figures as Item V of the State List in the Seventh
Schedule to the Constitution of India. As per Article 243 G of the Constitution of
India, it is left to the Legislature of a State to decide what powers and functions may
be devolved upon Panchayats. In Tamil Nadus opinion, there is absolutely no
justification for the formation (or for its continuance) of a Ministry of Panchayati
Raj at the Union in what is unambiguously a State subject. This is as anomalous as
having a State Ministry for a Union subject such as Defence or External Affairs. The
Ministry of Panchayati Raj at the Union government has been attempting to encroach
into the Constitutional space earmarked for States by trying to constitute an Advisory
Committee for each State for monitoring the devolution of powers and functions
from State Governments to Local Governments; by seeking a MOU between the
State Chief Minister and Union Minister for Panchayati Raj; by trying to get a
resolution passed for the transfer of the subject of Local Government from the
State List to the Concurrent List at a National Convention of Chairpersons of District
Panchayats and Block Panchayats in April 2008; by prescribing how village, Block
and District level planning should be done or that DRDAs should function under
the control of District Panchayats; etc. Since State autonomy has been a firm and
abiding principle of the Government of Tamil Nadu, this State has negatived each
one of these proposals of the Ministry of Panchayati Raj, In a country where even State
Codes are (and need to be) so diverse, any attempt to thrust a uniform Panchayat Code
upon all the States (as envisaged by the Union Ministry of Panchayati Raj) is patently
misguided.
3. The Union must recognize that the Southern States in general and Tamil Nadu in
particular have always been ahead of the rest of the country and even the Union
government in respect of many progressive measures and schemes. The Old Age Pension
Scheme; Noon Meal Programme; Housing Scheme for SC / STs; 3% reservation for the
disabled in higher education and jobs; universal primary education; universal primary
health; universal rural electrification to name only a few are some of the schemes
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which Tamil Nadu implemented on its own several decades before the Union Government
chose to take up the same and implement throughout the country. Under these
circumstances, the Union government should not curb the initiative of State Governments
and should not impose one-size-fits-allsolutions upon the whole country by issuing rigid,
detailed scheme guidelines that do not take into account regional differences and by
deciding on inter-district allocations at the Union instead of leaving this to the States.
4. If the Union government wishes to strengthen Local Government institutions, it would
do well to increase the devolution of untied funds, leaving it to the State Governments
to decide on the inter-Local Body allocations and giving the freedom to the Local Bodies
to decide their own priorities. At the most, there can be a negative list of prohibited
items and no other restrictions. But, in practice, the Union devolution of funds comes
with a host of strings attached.
5. The present system of Centrally-Sponsored Schemes should be scrapped and the
Scheme moneys placed at the disposal of the States (and in turn at the disposal of
Local Bodies) as untied funds to devise appropriate Schemes suited to local conditions
free from any Centrally decided priorities, guidelines and unit costs! The
apprehension that States may misuse the funds is totally misconceived and future
fund releases can be made conditional upon proper implementation. Through modern
IT applications combined with third-party audit and inspections, the Union
government can easily monitor whether the money is well spent. But the Union
government should resist the urge to prescribe straightjacket solutions for the States
in the form of uniform priorities, guidelines and even unit costs (such as Rs.25,000
for an IAY house since raised to Rs.35,000) common to the whole country despite wide
inter-State disparities and differences! In some cases such as PMGSY, Wasteland
Development Project, Backward Regions Grant Fund, etc., the proposals are required
to come all the way to New Delhi for administrative sanction which results in
considerable delay and (avoidable) paperwork.
6. While allocating funds, the Union government should give due weightage to
performance. Poorly performing States which remain backward are rewarded through
increased allocations. While backwardness should certainly be a criterion, good
performance should also be given due weightage while allocating funds.
7. The Union government usually allocates only a part of the Scheme funds among States
based on some formula and retains the remainder for what are called special projects.
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States are required to submit detailed proposals to claim these funds. There is not only
delay in sanction of these special projects but this remainder fund is usually treated as a
discretionary fund and arbitrarily allocated to certain States at the fag end of a financial
year. It is recommended that the funds earmarked for such special projects should not
exceed 10% of the total allocation for the Scheme in a given financial year.
II. Replies to the Questionnaire
4.1 Even though fifteen years have passed since the 73rd and 74th amendments of
the Constitution, the actual progress in the devolution of powers and
responsibilities to local Governments i.e. Panchayats and Municipalities is said
to be limited and uneven. What steps in your view need to be taken to ensure
effective implementation of devolution of powers as contemplated in 73rd and
the 74th amendments?
The relations between the Union and State are governed by the Constitution of
India and the Seventh Schedule which enumerates the subjects under the Union List,
the State List and the Concurrent list. As per Schedule VII, List II, item (5) of the
Constitution of India, Local Government is a State subject. There has been a
tendency recently on the part of the Ministry of Panchayati Raj at the Union
government to encroach into the Constitutional space earmarked for States (i) by
trying to constitute an Advisory Committee for each State for monitoring the
devolution of powers and functions from State Governments to Local Governments;
(ii) by seeking a MOU between the State Chief Minister and the Union Minister for
Panchayati Raj; (iii) by trying to get a resolution passed for the transfer of the subject of
Local Government from the State List to the Concurrent List at a National Convention
of Chairpersons of District Panchayats and Block Panchayats in April 2008; (iv) by
prescribing how Village, Block and District level planning should be done or that DRDAs
should function under the control of District Panchayats; etc. Since State autonomy has
been a firm and abiding principle of the Government of Tamil Nadu, this State has
negatived each one of these proposals of the Ministry of Panchayati Raj on the ground
that any scrutinizing or reviewing role on Local Bodies would be beyond the jurisdiction
of the Government of India in respect of what is unambiguously a State subject.
In a country where even state codes are (and need to be) so diverse, any attempt to thrust
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a uniform Panchayat code upon all the states ( as envisaged by the Union Ministry of
Panchayat Raj) is patently misguided.
Article 243G of the Constitution of India titled Powers, authority and responsibilities of
Panchayats states the Legislature of a State may, by law, endow the Panchayats with
such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to function as institutions
of self-government and such law may contain provisions for the evolution of powers and
responsibilities specified therein... The word used with regard to devolution of powers
and responsibilities upon Panchayats is may and not shall. Thus it is purely upto the
State Government to decide within the limits of what is practicable the extent to which
various powers, functions and finances may be devolved to Panchayats. The Government
of Tamil Nadu has already constituted three High Level Committees (Thiru L.C.Jain
Committee in 1996, Thiru Ko.Si.Mani Committee in 1997, and Thiru M.K.Stalin
Committee in 2006) to recommend further devolution of functions and powers to Urban
and Rural Local Bodies. A majority of the recommendations made by these three
Committees have been accepted by the Government of Tamil Nadu and the necessary
orders issued. Tamil Nadu ranks fourth even according to the Ministry of Panchayati
Rajs ranking of States in terms of devolution of powers and functions to PRIs. Tamil
Nadu has also conducted 3 ordinary elections on schedule (in 1996, 2001 and 2006) to
rural as well as urban Local Bodies through an independent State Election Commission.
It has also constituted three State Finance Commissions and accepted most of their
recommendations regarding the devolution of funds to rural and urban Local Bodies. In
short, the Government of Tamil Nadu is committed to ensuring that the rural and urban
Local Bodies function as effective institutions of Local Self-Government but would like
to do things in its own way.
Even if the performance of some of the States is uneven in this regard, in as much as
Local Government is a State subject, Government of India should avoid its tendency for
scope creep by intruding into the Constitutional space earmarked for States. It may be
argued that there is a stronger case for further devolution of powers from the Union to
the States than from the States to the Local Governments and that not much has been
achieved in this regard in the past 60 years.
The Government of Tamil Nadu has had reservations regarding certain aspects of the
73rd and 74th Constitutional amendments and our experience of working under the new
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system for the past 12 years has only confirmed the same.
First, the Government of Tamil Nadu has long held the view that there should have been
a single consolidated Amendment to the Constitution covering both rural and urban Local
Bodies instead of two Amendments one covering rural Local Bodies (73rd) and the
other urban Local Bodies (74th). This compartmentalisation has resulted in a scenario
whereby the District Panchayat instead of being a nodal body responsible for
coordination and monitoring all the rural and urban Local Bodies in the district finds
that its jurisdiction is confined only to the rural areas. In a State like Tamil Nadu with
about 42% urban population, and with several highly urbanised districts such as
Kanniyakumari (66%), Coimbatore (62%), The Nilgiris (58%), Madurai (52%) etc., the
argument that the District Panchayat should become the nodal body responsible for
coordination and monitoring the development activities in the entire district becomes
weak. This weakness has been sought to be overcome through the District Planning
Committee which has members drawn from both rural and urban Local Bodies, but even
this has been rendered ineffective due to its flawed composition (i.e. no representation to
members of Village and Intermediate Panchayats).
Second, Tamil Nadu has been pressing for the amendment of the Constitution seeking a
two tier system of Panchayats and the abolition of District Panchayats. Tamil Nadu did
have powerful elected District Boards till they were abolished in 1961 primarily because
of political discord between them and Ministers, MPs and MLAs. In their place, the
District Development Council, an advisory-cum-planning body, comprising all the MPs,
MLAs, Chairpersons Panchayat Unions, Town Panchayats, Municipalities and
Corporations in the district with the District Collector as Chairman was set up. Tamil
Nadu believes that Village Panchayats and Panchayat Unions are the two tiers closest to
the people qualifying for the appellation local and represent the cutting edge of Local
Self-Government. These two tiers need to be strong and vibrant and strengthened further.
Tamil Nadu is of the opinion that the reasons which led to the abolition of the old
District Boards are still valid and applicable to the third tier of District Panchayat, which
at present have only an advisorycum- planning role. At the same time, Tamil Nadu is
aware that other States may have different views on this topic based on their own past
legacy. For example, some States want Village and District Panchayats but do not want
the intermediate tier (Block or Taluk Panchayat). But there is a general consensus that
there is one tier too many under the present system. In order to accommodate divergent
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needs, Tamil Nadu has been suggesting that the Constitution may be so amended as to
make the Village Panchayats mandatory for all the States and leaving it to the discretion
of the concerned State Legislatures whether to have the intermediate Panchayats only or
District Panchayats only or both. It may be noted that with regard to the States, the
Legislative Assembly is mandatory while the Legislative Council is optional as per
the Constitution. Tamil Nadu, for example, does not have the Legislative Council
presently where as many other States have it. There is no reason why States should
not be given similar flexibility in respect of Local administration and be permitted to
dispense with one of the 3 tiers (intermediate Panchayat or District Panchayat).
Third, Tamil Nadu is of the opinion that there is no need for separate ward members for
the Intermediate (Block) Panchayats and District Panchayats as the present arrangement
has vastly increased the number of members and has paved the way for inter-tier friction
and disharmony. The system prevailing under the old Tamil Nadu Panchayat Act of 1958
whereby the Presidents of Village Panchayats were ex-officio members of the Block
Panchayat was distinctly superior as it reduced the number of members and ensured
organic linkage between the two tiers. For States which want the District Panchayat, a
system whereby all the Chairpersons of Block Panchayats, Corporations, Municipalities
and Town Panchayats are ex-officio members of the District Panchayat, with the Chairman
of the District Panchayat being either directly or indirectly elected would be superior to
the present system.
In short, there is an urgent need to have a re-look at the provisions of the 73rd and 74th
Constitutional amendments in the light of what has been discussed above and also think
of greater devolution of powers from the Union to the States instead of pursuing the
course of action suggested in para 4.1.
4.2 Should greater autonomy be given by the State Government to Panchayats
and Municipalities for levying taxes, duties, tolls, fees etc. in specific categories
and strengthening their own sources of revenue? In this context, what are your
views for making the implementation of recommendations of the State Finance
Commissions more effective?
In Tamil Nadu, Property tax, Profession tax and Advertisement tax are the main sources
of tax revenues for the rural as well as urban Local Bodies. Licensing fees for building
plan and layout approval, fees and charges on Dangerous & Offensive trades, water
charges, fees on cart-stands, fishery rentals, 2C patta fees, income from markets and fairs,
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ferries, fines and penalties and so on are the main sources of non-tax revenues of rural
and urban Local Bodies in Tamil Nadu.
While there are many honourable exceptions, our experience has been that elected
representatives of Local Bodies are generally reluctant to raise tax rates or to collect
taxes by resorting to coercive action wherever necessary, and prefer to look up to
the State Government for more grants. For example, during 2006-07, only 15.6% of
the total revenues of all the Village Panchayats in the State were from the Village
Panchayats own sources of tax and non-tax revenues; the balance 84.4% came from
Government grants. In other words, it is wrong to blame State Governments for not
giving adequate autonomy for levying taxes, duties, tolls, fees, etc when it is the
Local Bodies which shy away from taking hard decisions in this matter.
In addition there are certain assigned and shared revenues which are collected by the
State Government and assigned to/shared with Local Bodies. These include Local
Cess and Local Cess Surcharge on Land Revenue (at twice and seven times
respectively), surcharge on Stamp Duty, Entertainment tax, social forestry auction
receipts, and seigniorage fees and lease amounts on minor minerals. Apart from all
these, the State Government also releases the State Finance Commission (SFC) grant
to rural and urban Local Bodies besides development grants to a number of Centrally
Sponsored Schemes (CSS) and State schemes implemented through Local Bodies.
As per the provisions of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment, Tamil Nadu was one
of the first States to establish the State Finance Commission vide G.O.Ms.No.350
Finance Department dated 23.04.1994. So far, three State Finance Commissions have
been constituted for devolution of funds to the Local Bodies. The first State Finance
Commission was constituted for the period from 1997-1998 to 2001-2002. The second
State Finance Commission was constituted for the period from 2002-2003 to 2006-
2007 and the third State Finance Commission for the period from 2007-2008 to 2011-
2012. The Government of Tamil Nadu has been prompt in acting upon the
recommendations, with such modifications as considered necessary, of the 3 State Finance
Commissions. While Tamil Nadu has been a role model in this regard for other States, it
would oppose any move to make the recommendations of the State Finance Commissions
mandatory or binding on the State Governments. It is not only un-Constitutional but also
bad administrative practice to make recommendations of unelected and non-representative
Commissions - Committees binding upon the State Legislature, which alone is the final
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arbiter in the matter of financial appropriations for various items of expenditure as
embodied in the Budget.
4.3 A large number of government schemes are implemented by the Panchayats
and Municipalities which are operated on the basis of various guidelines issued
by the Central and State line departments. There is view that such common
guidelines are rigid and sometimes unsuited to local conditions. Do you think
there is a case for making these guidelines flexible. So as to allow scope for local
variations and innovations by Panchayats and Municipalities without impinging
on core stipulations?
Yes. But this is more a problem with Centrally Sponsored Schemes. If the Union
government wishes to strengthen Local Government institutions, it would do well to
increase the devolution of untied funds leaving it to the State Governments to decide
on the inter-Local Body allocations and giving the freedom to the Local Bodies to
decide their own priorities. At the most, there can be a negative list of prohibited
items and no other restrictions. But, in practice, Union governments devolution of
funds comes with a host of strings attached. The present system of Centrally
Sponsored Schemes should be scrapped and the scheme moneys placed at the disposal
of the States (and in turn at the disposal of Local Bodies) as untied funds to devise
appropriate Schemes suited to local conditions free from any decided priorities of
Union government, guidelines and unit costs.
4.4 There is an increasing number of schemes of the Central Government for
which funds go from the Centre directly to local Governments and other agencies.
The purpose of this is to ensure that the targeted beneficiaries of these schemes
get the benefits directly and quickly. Please comment on the desirability and
effectiveness of the practice of direct release of funds and the role of the States in
monitoring the implementation of the schemes. Do you have any other suggestions
in this regard.
This comment again reflects a mind-set that aims at strengthening the Union and Local
Governments at the cost of State Governments, and is not conducive to the healthy
functioning of federal system of governance. This comment also implies that the inter-se
allocation of scheme funds among the various Local Bodies will be done by the Union
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government, as only then the funds can go directly from the Union government to the
Local Bodies. This is actually a case of excessive centralisation. Since the implementation
of schemes is the responsibility of State Governments and it is the State Government
that knows local conditions the best, deciding the inter-se allocation of scheme funds
among the various Local Bodies by the Union government, apart from under-cutting the
State Governments, is not conducive to proper implementation and monitoring of the
programmes. There will also be no ownership of the various programmes by the States
if everything is going to be decided by the Union and the States are by-passed in this
manner. Tamil Nadu is therefore strongly opposed to release of funds directly by the
Union government to the Local Bodies.
4.5 In the spirit of the 73rd and 74th amendments to the Constitution primacy was
expected to be accorded to Panchayats and Municipalities in decentralized
planning, in decision making on many local issues eg. public health, school
education, drinking water supply, drainage and sewerage, civic infrastructure,
etc and in the administration and implementation of Government funded
developmental programmes, schemes and projects. In practice, however, many
authorities, agencies and other organizational entities such as societies, missions,
self help groups etc. continue to function in parallel and at times even in
competition and conflict. Concern has been expressed by some sections that these
parallel institutions are contrary to the Constitutional vision and weaken the
role and effectiveness of the Panchayats and Municipalities. On the other hand, it
is sometimes argued that Panchayats and Municipalities do not have capacity to
plan, administer and implement many programmes / schemes / projects requiring
very specialized technical and managerial skills and resources. What are your
views in the matter? What steps would you suggest to streamline institutional
arrangements between such parallel agencies and the Panchayats/Municipalities
to bring about more effective and well coordinated action congruent with the
sprit of the 73rd and 74th amendments?
This question reveals a one-size-fits-all mind-set and appears to give the impression that
Local Bodies are a panacea for all kinds of administrative problems and challenges. It is
true that rural and urban Local Bodies have a major role to play in the provision of civic
services and in the planning and implementation of many programmes/projects. It is also
true that elected representatives are, in general, more sensitive and more responsive to
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public grievances than bureaucrats. But it is incorrect to state that there should be no
administrative space for other types of institutions such as societies, cooperatives,
missions, self-help groups, Boards, etc. Each type of institution has its own role and
relevance. To illustrate:
(i) The womens self groups (SHGs) movement, with each group consisting of
between 10 and 20 women, encourages the habits of thrift-and-credit among
poor women and promotes their social and economic empowerment. Local
Bodies cannot perform this role.
(ii) Producer cooperatives in the areas of milk and fisheries have been very
successful and have been responsible for ushering in the White Revolution
and Blue Revolution respectively in India. Local Bodies cannot perform
this role either.
(iii) While rural and urban Local Bodies may be able to implement simple
standalong water supply schemes where the source is available locally, an
agency like the Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage (TWAD) Board
is imperative for implementing Comprehensive Water Supply Schemes in
which the source is usually located far away (in one of the Village
Panchayats) but which benefit a number of other rural as well as urban
Local Bodies en route (sometimes running into hundreds and sometimes
straddling more than one district). The same holds good for mega drainage
systems.
(iv) There are certain institutions like old age homes or special schools for the
disabled which are best run by NGOs with a service motive. Local Bodies
may not do a good job in such cases.
(v) Local Bodies may also not be suitable for many programmes/ projects requiring
very specialized technical and managerial skills (e.g. National Horticultural
Mission).
In the USA, where local School Boards have the powers to decide the school curricula,
there is a major problem with some of the Boards being captured by obscurantist elements
which forbid the teaching of Darwinian Theory of Evolution in schools as it contradicts
the account of creation found in the Bible. This highlights the danger of excessive
decentralisation especially in the matter of school education. It should also not be forgotten
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that Local Bodies are political institutions and there are many examples where the politics
is so vicious and confrontational that the Local Bodies have become grid-locked and
virtually non-functional for months or even years together.
4.6 A view is often expressed that the three levels of the district, intermediate and
Village Panchayats within the Panchayat system clutter up the system and give
scope for friction and discord amongst them. What are the means by which an
organic linkage can be best fostered between the Panchayats? Are any changes
in the three tier system warranted?
Tamil Nadu has been pressing for the amendment of the Constitution seeking a two
tier system of Panchayats and the abolition of District Panchayats. Tamil Nadu did
have powerful elected District Boards till they were abolished in 1961 when Thiru K.
Kamaraj was Chief Minister, primarily because of political discord between them
and the State Government. In their place, the District Development Council (DDC),
an advisory-cumplanning body, comprising all the MPs, MLAs, Chairpersons
Panchayat Unions, Town Panchayats, Municipalities and Corporations in the district
with the District Collector as Chairman was set up. Tamil Nadu believes that Village
Panchayats and Panchayat Unions are the two tiers closest to the people qualifying
for the appellation local and represent the cutting edge of Local Self-Government.
These two tiers need to be strong and vibrant and strengthened further. Tamil Nadu
is of the opinion that the reasons which led to the abolition of the old District Boards
are still valid and applicable to the third tier of District Panchayat, which at present
have only an advisory-cum-planning role in the State just like the DDCs did before
them. In States where there are two major political parties which are almost equally
powerful and fiercely opposed to each other, there could be administrative gridlock if the
State Government is run by one party and several District Panchayats are run by the
other party if the District Panchayat has a major executive role. That District Panchayats
should have only an advisory-cum-planning role and no executive role is perhaps the only
one point on which almost all the major political parties in Tamil Nadu are agreed upon.
At the same time, Tamil Nadu is aware that other States may have different views on this
topic based on their own past legacy. For example, some States want Village and District
Panchayats but do not want the intermediate tier (Block or Taluk Panchayat). But there
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is a general consensus that there is one tier too many under the present system. In order to
accommodate divergent needs, Tamil Nadu has been suggesting that the Constitution
may be so amended as to make the Village Panchayats mandatory for all the States and
leaving it to the discretion of the concerned State Legislatures whether to have the
intermediate Panchayats only or District Panchayats only or both. It may be noted that
with regard to the States, the Legislative Assembly is mandatory while the Legislative
Council is optional as per the Constitution. Tamil Nadu, for example, does not have the
Legislative Council presently where as many other States have it. There is no reason why
States should not be given similar flexibility in respect of Local administration and be
permitted to dispense with one of the 3 tiers (intermediate Panchayat or District
Panchayat).
The system prevailing under the old Tamil Nadu Panchayat Act of 1958 where
Presidents of Village Panchayats were ex-officio members of the Panchayat Union
Council at the Block level ensured organic linkage between the two tiers. Hence the
name Panchayat Union and it genuinely functioned as a union of Village Panchayats.
Since the Village Panchayat Presidents themselves doubled up as ex-officio members
of the Panchayat Union Council, there were no separate ward members for the
Council. Having separate ward members for Intermediate (Block) Panchayats (6,750
for the State as a whole) and District Panchayats (656 for the State as a whole) under
the Tamil Nadu Panchayats Act, 1994 has vastly increased the number of members
and has paved the way for inter-tier friction and disharmony and corruption. Although
Article 243 C (3) of the Constitution states that a State may, by law, provide for the
representation of Village Panchayat Presidents on the Block Panchayat and Block
Panchayat Chairpersons on the District Panchayat, this arrangement is not satisfactory
because it can render the Block Panchayats and District Panchayats too unwieldy
with too many members and can create disharmony between the two distinct power
blocks within each Council. Hence Tamil Nadu has not invoked Article 243 C (3).
The lack of organic linkages between the three tiers result in a scenario where each
tier is unaware of what the other two tiers are doing. It often leads to duplication in
the selection of works and avoidable paperwork and loss of time in reworking the
choices. Tamil Nadu has been pressing for the reversion to the 1958 model where the
Presidents of Village Panchayats were ex-officio members of the Panchayat Union Council
at the Block level. For States which want the District Panchayat, a system whereby all the
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Chairpersons of Block Panchayats, Corporations, Municipalities and Town Panchayats
are ex-officio members of the District Panchayat, with the Chairman of the District
Panchayat being either directly or indirectly elected would be superior to the present
system.
Another weakness that is noticed with the present system is that the Intermediate (Block)
Panchayats and the District Panchayats do not necessarily think big i.e. take up works
or other activities that straddle multiple Village Panchayats or multiple Block Panchayats.
Any fund/grant released to an Intermediate Panchayat or a District Panchayat is divided
equally down to the last rupee by the various ward members who are only interested in
furthering their chances of re-election from their particular wards. This results in the
resources being spread thinly and in the taking up of a large number of petty works or
activities meant for the benefit of the particular wards (what we call the bus shelter
syndrome) than in taking up large road works or irrigation works or other activities that
are really needed by the community. In other words, a District Panchayat does not
necessarily attend to macro, district-level problems but often ends up attending to micro,
village-level problems as the other two tiers. This is another reason why Tamil Nadu
would like the number of tiers to be reduced to two.
4.7 Participative planning especially spatial planning from the grassroots level
upwards to culminate in a district plan is emerging as the most potent instrument
for empowering Panchayat Raj Institutions. Do you think this is the right approach
to empower Panchayats? What are your views on the role, functions and
composition of the District and Metropolitan Planning Committees?
While participative planning from the grassroots level upwards to culminate in a
district plan sounds fine in theory, the Union government should provide the lead
by increasing the devolution of untied funds, by leaving it to the State Governments
to decide on the inter-Local Body allocations and by giving the freedom to the Local
Bodies to decide their own priorities. At the most, there can be a negative list of
prohibited items and no other restrictions. But, in practice, devolution of funds from
the Union government comes with a host of strings attached and with very little
scope for flexibility either for the States or the Local Bodies. For example, the present
system of Centrally Sponsored Schemes have Centrally-decided priorities, minute
guidelines and inflexible unit costs that are uniform throughout the country! For example,
the unit cost of the Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY) house is Rs.35,000 for the whole country
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despite wide inter-State differences in the type of terrain and design of houses. In some
cases such as PMGSY, Wasteland Development Project, Backward Regions Grant Fund,
etc., the proposals are required to come all the way to New Delhi for administrative
sanction which results in considerable delay and (avoidable) paperwork.
As regards the District Planning Committees (DPC), one reason why they have failed to
make any impact all over the country is that there is a fundamental flaw in their composition
and lack of role clarity. Planning, as everyone knows, is an experts job requiring intimate
knowledge of different sectors. Members of the Union Planning Commission and of the
State Planning Commissions are invariably experts; the Deputy Chairman may be an
expert or a renowned politician with long experience in public administration. It is a
mistake to assume that a job that requires experts at the Union and State level can be left
to laymen/ career politicians at the district level. As per the Constitution, four-fifths of
the members of the District Planning Committee are elected representatives of District
Panchayats and Municipalities. These are career politicians and hard-core practical men
with very little interest in writing concept notes or enthusiasm for or any type of paper
work! What they want is a large sum of untied funds to be placed at their disposal and
they will then suggest the various programmes/projects that the District needs. Further,
the Constitution states that the members of the DPC representing rural areas will be
elected from amongst the elected members of the Panchayat at the district level, i.e.
from among the members of the District Panchayats only. There is no representation for
the members of the Intermediate (Block) Panchayats and Village Panchayats on the DPC
and this represents a serious flaw in its composition.
Further, the Constitution states that the role of the DPC is to consolidate the plans
prepared by the Panchayats and Municipalities in the district and to prepare a draft
development plan for the district as a whole. It would appear from a plain reading of
the above provision that there is very little scope for the DPC to do any original
work (as it is merely required to consolidate the plans prepared by the various rural
and urban Local Bodies in the district which is, to put it politely, mere clerical work)
or to modify the plans prepared by these Local Bodies. This is surely not the kind of
work that would enthuse the members of the DPC, 80% of whom are elected
representatives. Such a draft development plan is also only a partial plan since many key
departments in the district do not or, in some cases, cannot come under the purview of
the rural and urban Local Bodies. Thus there is a lack of role clarity with regard to the
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District Planning Committees.
There is no point in blaming the States for not being serious about District Planning
unless the Constitution is amended to remove these flaws in the composition and role of
the District Planning Committees.
4.8 Instances have been reported where the State Governments have held different
or even conflicting views to that of the local Governments in respect of the
administration of devolved subjects and vice versa. What mechanisms do you
suggest, other than courts, to help resolve such disputes? What other measures
would you suggest to bring about better linkages between elected members of
the Panchayats and Municipalities with the State Legislatures? Is there a possible
room for representation of elected Panchayats and Municipality members in the
Upper Houses/Legislative Councils of the States, where such Upper Houses exist?
There seems to be an implicit assumption in the above comment that Local Government
constitutes a third tier of Government. To constitute a tier of government, Local
Government should have its own Legislature, Executive and Judiciary just like the
Union Government and The State Governments, which is not the case with Local
Governments. Local Governments function very much under the control of the State
Governments and the Minister for Rural Development and Local Administration is
accountable to the State Assembly for all acts of Local Governments. It follows that if
there is any conflict of views between a Local Body and the State Government, the views
of the State Government will obviously prevail. The Government of Tamil Nadu is strongly
opposed to any attempts to undercut the power of State Governments by treating Local
Government as an independent tier of Government which is also violative of the basic
structure of the Constitution. Tamil Nadu has abolished the Legislative Council many
years ago, and so the question of giving representation to Local Body representatives in
the Legislative Council does not arise.
4.9 What roles do you envisage for the Local Governments in infrastructure creation
specially mega-projects which may involve acquisition of land and displacement
of people in areas under the jurisdiction of the local Governments? Local
Governments should have a major role to play in decision making on issues relating
to management of land resources especially change of land use from agricultural
to urban and industrial purposes, acquisition of land for public purposes etc., to
ensure greater stakeholder participation and reduce possibilities of conflict
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between local, state and national interests. What are your views in this regard.
Local Governments are always consulted during such exercises and they play an effective
stakeholder role but as stated in the reply to 4.1 what functions should be entrusted to
Local Governments is to be decided by the State Governments as per Article 243G of
the Constitution of India.
4.10 Large urban agglomerations and mega-cities pose very different kind of
challenges for governance in a federal context. The relationship between the
Governments of such large cities and other levels of Government is becoming
increasingly complex. What roles and responsibilities would you like to see
assigned to each of the three levels of Government for the better management of
mega/metro cities including their security keeping in view the specific nature of
the problems faced by them?
As stated in the reply to 4.8, there are only two levels of Government the Union and the
States and not three levels. Local Governments are very much under the control of the
State Governments and cannot be deemed to be an independent level of government. It
is not clear as to what kind of challenges are being referred to; the question above is
not clear. In as much as both law and order and local government are State subjects, it
is upto the State Governments to handle the challenges, if any. Tamil Nadu has not
experienced any challenges in respect of urban agglomerations and mega cities.
4.11 Many of the regions falling in the scheduled areas (Schedules V & VI) have
traditional institutions of governance coexisting with or substituting Panchayati
Raj Institutions e.g. Autonomous Hill Councils etc. What are your views as to
how these institutions can be further strengthened and be congruent with the
spirit of the 73rd and 74th amendments without undermining their traditional
character?
No remarks as this relates to Hill Councils.
5. Criminal Justice, National Security and
Union-State Co-operation
Role of the Union in the Matter of Internal and National Security
5.1 Article 355 of the Constitution stipulates that it shall be the duty of the Union
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to protect every State against external aggression and internal disturbance.
Although Public Order and Police come within the State List, Deployment of
Central forces in any State in aid of the civil powers including jurisdiction, privileges
and liabilities of members of such force while on such deployment are subjects of
the Union List. In the context of recent developments of prolonged extremist
violence and cross-border terrorism in certain States, the role and responsibility
of the Central and State Governments to contain such disturbances have come up
for examination in meetings of the Centre with the States. This is an issue which
has a vital bearing on the life and security of the people and deserves urgent
attention. Given the mandate of Article 355 and the division of powers in respect
of internal and national security, do you think the role and responsibilities of the
Centre and States in the matter of controlling internal disturbance often spread
over several States require delineation through supporting legislation?
Art. 355 imposes a duty on the Union government to protect every state against external
aggression and internal disturbance. The duty to protect states from internal disturbance
can be discharged only on state governments request. The constitutional mandate is
clear that the Union government cannot evade its duty to protect the States when the
State seeks help or aid in these restricted matters. It is doubtful whether this duty (to
protect States) can be understood as right to protect.
Only if there is a right the Union can take suomoto action under Art 355, otherwise the
Unions role is limited and it can take action only when request is made by the state.
Therefore, we feel, there is no need for any Legislation controlling internal disturbances
often spread over several states. Moreover, under Art. 252 of our Constitution two or
more states can request the Parliament to legislate a law relating to any subject matter
which is common to both the states.
5.2 By convention and in practice, Central forces are deployed to control internal
disturbance only when specific requests are made to that effect by individual
State Governments. Article 355 of the Constitution enjoins the Union to protect
States against external aggression and internal disturbances. What courses of
action you would recommend for the Centre to effectively discharge its obligations
under Article 355?
It is misleading to say as pointed out above that Art 355 enjoins that Union to protect the
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state government against external aggression and internal disturbance. If such a view is
taken then it will only amount to usurpation of states power and autonomy. The essential
understanding of Art 355 is if a request is made from the state it is the duty of the Union
government to protect the states. The duty to protect does not exist independently.
Moreover from this Unions duty is corresponding to states right to seek protection exists.
In any case the Union government can give directions to states and offer help in appropriate
ways. When the help is offered it is up to the state government to accept or reject it. When
the offer to help is rejected on flimsy ground or without any valid reason by the state
government then the Union government may take appropriate action.
Social and Communal Conflicts
5.3 Maintenance of communal harmony in the country is one of the key
responsibilities of both the Union and the State Governments. The Government
is expected to ensure that communal tensions and communal violence are kept
under control at all times. What according to you should be the role, responsibility
and jurisdiction of the Centre vis--vis the States
(a) During major communal tensions particularly the ones which may lead to
prolonged and escalated violence? and; (b) When such prolonged major communal
violence actually takes place?
With respect to communal tensions that may lead to prolonged and escalated violence,
the best answer is confidence building and creating a sense of security in the minds of the
people. This can be achieved by initiating dialogues and implementing welfare measures.
In this regards the Union government may extend its support including financial assistance
to the state governments.
During the communal violence as a measure of confidence building the Union government
may rush its security forces to the affected areas and put them under the control of the
respective state governments. Deployment of Union Security Forces in the states should
be ratified by state governments at the earliest. If ratification does not come from the
state government, the Union government has to withdraw its security forces within a
weeks time. If the state government ratifies the deployment of Union Security Forces
then the expenditure for such deployment may be met by either Union government or the
State government concerned.
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5.4 Likewise, what are your views on prevention and control of sectarian violence
or any other social conflicts that may lead to prolonged and escalated violence?
Prevention of sectarian violence depend upon the welfare measures implemented within
the state. The Union government should sponsor welfare schemes to ease the social
conflicts. The role of judiciary with respect to social justice should be clearly understood.
From the times of Nehrus regime, many social welfare schemes have been delayed due
to undue judicial interference. It is also true with respect to 69 percent reservation in
Tamil Nadu.
5.5 In the light of the above two questions, what according to you should be classified
as a major and prolonged act of violence? What parameters would you like to
suggest in defining a major and prolonged act of violence?
All sorts of communal violence are to be treated alike. Any classification of a communal
tension on the basis of time period of such violation is not possible and it will be misleading.
It is our view that no violence should be allowed to prolong.
5.6 In the above context what steps would you suggest for making the role of the
National Integration Council more effective in maintaining and sustaining social
and communal harmony in the country?
Maintaining and sustaining social and communal harmony is a larger agenda that requires
the coordinated and sustained efforts both by the Union and state governments. We are
afraid that the efforts may need to go beyond any council or committee with limited
terms. For instance, given the competitive political atmosphere where religious identities
have been used for short term political gains, committed efforts must be taken to uphold
the values of secularism and federalism as enshrined in the Constitution. This may require
concerted efforts at all levels of our government for a long time.
5.7 How can the media in your view play a constructive role in preventing and
containing communal and sectarian violence?
Today the monopoly of the television and radio has come to an end and many private
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channels have come into existence. These private channels, especially channels in regional
languages having regional reach, while covering the communal violence may wrongly
project such violence leading to the escalation of further violence. Under these
circumstances conferring exclusive power to the Union to make laws controlling television
and radio is not desirable. State governments should also be allowed to control television
and radio. Accordingly entry with respect to broadcasting should find its place in the
Concurrent List.
Crimes Affecting National Security
5.8 Several expert committees constituted by the Government from time to time
for reforming criminal justice administration have consistently recommended
the need for classifying crimes threatening national security as a separate category
requiring differential treatment. These are crimes generally masterminded by
criminal syndicates across State and National boundaries using illegitimate or
ostensibly legitimate channels mostly with the support of anti-national elements.
This category may include crimes such as terrorist violence, economic crimes
like money laundering, production and distribution of fake currency and stock
market frauds, trans-national crimes like drug trafficking, arms and explosives
smuggling etc., Given the potential danger to the security of the country arising
from such inter-state and trans-national crimes, which crimes in your view merit
inclusion in such a category?
Crimes such as terrorism, funding of terrorism, drug trafficking, cyber crimes, cross border
movement of Indian fake currency are some of the crimes that may be called as crimes
threatening national security.
5.9 Given their characteristics as mentioned in 5.8, inter-State and transnational
crimes do warrant different procedures for investigation and prosecution as
compared to other crimes. A Central Agency with special expertise and resources
working in co-ordination with international security agencies on the one hand
and the State police on the other, is the model recommended by expert committees
to tackle the problem. What are your views in this regard?
The idea of a federal agency dealing with such crimes threatening national security is a
welcome move. However, they should work only as a coordinating agency with the state
agencies. There should mutual respect and sharing of vital informations.
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5.10 The Central Agency so constituted as a result of issues raised in 5.9 above
would not be able to operate effectively without the cooperation and support of the
State law and order machinery. What are your suggestions in this regard?
While replying to the earlier question it has been emphasized that the coordination between
the state and Union governments is necessary. Nature and kind of cooperation can be
discussed and decided by the National Integration Council or Inter-State Council.
6. Natural Resources, Environment
Land and Agriculture
Water Resources
6.1 The Inter State River Water Disputes Act, 1956, provides for inter alia the
constitution of a tribunal by the Central Government, if a dispute cannot be
settled by negotiations within a time frame of one year after the receipt of an
application from a disputant State; giving powers to tribunals to requisition any
data from the State Governments, the water management agencies etc; a data
bank and an information system being maintained by the Central Government
at the national level for each river basin; empowerment of the Central
Government to verify data supplied by the State Government; a time frame for
tribunals to give an award and for the decision of the tribunal after its publication
in the official gazette by the Central Government to have the same force as an
order or decree of the Supreme Court. Broad principles for sharing of river waters
are still under discussion between the Central Government and the States. Are
you satisfied that the measures taken so far have contributed effectively to the
resolution of inter-State river water disputes? What additional measures do you
suggest for strengthening the implementation of the existing Constitutional
provisions and other laws? What in your view should be the role of the Central
Government in implementing and monitoring the existing inter-State water
sharing agreements and in ensuring compliance and implementation of the awards
of tribunals, court decisions and agreements/treaties?
The state government is of the view that all rivers should be brought under the Union
governments purview and efforts should be initiated to interlink the rivers flowing across
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the states. As pointed out by various Commissions like Irrigation Commission and National
Commission on Agriculture that water is a scarce and precious natural resource, a
comprehensive water resource planning is the imperative need of the nation at large. The
National Water Resource Council (1983) constituted by the Union government had insisted
that a national water policy should be evolved with a view to ensuring optimum use of
available water resources - both surface and ground, in the national interest. Sarkaria
Commission has recommended that Inter-State Water Dispute Act (1956) should be
suitably amended to implement the awards of the Tribunals with in a specific period of
time and the awards should have the same force and sanction equivalent to that of an
order or decree of the Supreme Court.
Specifically, the State of Tamil Nadu is facing inter-state river water disputes with all
the three neighbouring states. The amended Act 14, 2002 (Inter-State Water Dispute)
has extended time period for ascertaining facts from 3 to 5 years, which has to be
reduced to 1 or 2 years.
6.2 Water as a resource, particularly river waters, is an issue of great complexity
and sensitivity in terms of ownership and control, conservation, optimal and
sustainable use, sharing and distribution and it is apprehended that this may result
in serious tension and possible civil strife in future. Proper management of the
resource requires striking a balance between national interests and the interests
of the States through which the rivers flow. In this context several proposals
have been considered including the transfer of water from one river basin to
another, more prudent use in intra-basin areas, sharper focus on rain water
harvesting and water management strategies etc. What are your views in the
matter to ensure better management of this valuable resource keeping in view
both national interests and the interests of individual States? Can the concept of
integrated planning and management of river basins under a joint authority be
introduced on a larger scale?
Since the rivers are flowing across the States, there must be a close monitoring and
coordination by various governmental agencies to the best interests of the riparian
rights of the States. The need of the hour is to have a system for timely decision-
making and implementation. The existing Acts of the Union government is sufficient
enough as they have adequate and appropriate powers to take suitable actions against the
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erring state governments. To advise Union government, this matter may be brought to the
discussion in the Inter-State Council (ISC). Therefore, ISC shall be convened regularly to
address many of the conflicting issues in the Union-state relations and inter-state disputes.
6.3 Continuing from the foregoing, what in your view should be the nature of Centre-
State cooperation in mitigating the effect of floods and management of drainage
and irrigation particularly when these issues have inter-State and international
implications?
The state government is of the opinion that all rivers should be interlinked and brought
under the purview of the Union government to put an end to growing conflicts between
the states on sharing the inter-state river water. The Tamil Nadu government has already
addressed the Union Government to bring forward a special legislation for interlinking of
major rivers in the country under Article 248(1) read with entry 97 of list I. Interlinking
of rivers will, to a great extent, reduce the incidence of floods as excess water will be
diverted to the water starved and needy areas of the regions. The Union government
should support in seeking necessary national and international expertise to implement
schemes within the states and across the states to save surplus surface water during rainy
seasons and to divert such waters to water-starved areas and to the aquifers for ground
water recharge. Further, the Union government should monitor, fund and assist state
governments in implementing flood control schemes and management of drainage and
irrigation schemes with the cooperation and coordination of the states.
6.4 Pollution of our rivers poses a serious threat to the quality of available water,
biotic resources, human health and safety and our natural heritage. Adequate
efforts to tackle the problem through technology oriented national and state level
programmes backed by peoples participation have been lacking. Even Missions
such as Ganga/ Yamuna Action Plan(s) and other river action plans have yielded
limited results. What steps - legal, administrative, technological, economic and
financial - would you suggest for a resolution of the problem?
The state government agrees with the view that pollution causes damage to water resources,
biotic resources, and affects human health, and safety and is threatening the very livelihood
of the people. All the rivers and water bodies across the states are polluted and the
gravity of the situation is now realised by the people themselves.
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The existing legislations like Water Act, Environmental Protection Act should be further
strengthened and awareness programmes should be organised from the school level to the
university level to popularise schemes, programmes and acts with regard to pollution
control and environmental damages.
As mentioned in the reply to the previous question, a National level Water Resource and
Management Policy followed by action programmes should be immediately designed and
implemented.
6.5 The subject of land improvement figures at Entry 18 in List-II of the Seventh
Schedule under Article 246. Most of the States have not taken sufficient measures
to optimally utilize the nutrients present in the residue of treated sewage or in the
river waters by way of sullage and sewage flowing into them (part of the solid
waste settles at the river bottom and is retrievable during the period of lean
flow) and recycling the available water resource to improve the fertility of soil
and increase the productivity of land. In this context there is an increasingly
perceived need to have in place a national strategy for control, regulation and
utilization of sullage and wastewater to improve the quality of soil, land and
other nutrients with the objective of augmenting agricultural yield, more so due
to mounting water scarcity and changes in precipitation owing to climatic changes.
What are your suggestions for countering the resulting loss to the nation?
In the reply to the previous question it was suggested for a comprehensive river
water management policy, which may also address the issue of utilization of sullage
and wastewater. Apart from this, states should be encouraged by providing funds
and technical knowhow to tackle this problem.
6.6 Storage or reservoir or dam based projects are often conceived as multi purpose
projects providing not only power but also irrigation, navigation, drinking water
and flood. What role do you envisage for the Central Government for achieving
greater cooperation among the various stakeholders in developing a consensus
on such projects?
While constructing dams especially on inter-state rivers, the Union government should
always insist on clearance after a meaningful dialogue between various stakeholders.
Many a times the Union government has turned a blind eye to the concerns of the
stakeholders. Tamil Nadu is facing a lot hindrances from neighbouring states, even for
getting its due share from the Cauveri water, raising the wall of the Mullai Periyar dam,
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implementing drinking water scheme within the boundary of state after the approval of
the Union government. Even after the pronouncement of the awards of the Cauveri
Water Tribunal as directed by the Supreme Court, nothing is moved in favour of Tamil
Nadu by the unconstitutional and adamant stand of the Karnataka state.
There is lack of political will on the part of Union government to take appropriate and
effective measures in these issues. The Union government should assume the role of an
effective mediator and if there is any loss to the states involved, it should provide
meaningful compensation to affected states.
Forests, Land and Agriculture
6.7 With the adoption of the National Environment Policy 2006, greater powers
have been delegated to the States to grant environmental and forest clearances
for infrastructure and industrial projects having investment of upto a specified
limit. While one body of opinion is of the view that it will have a harmful effect
on ecology and disrupt the fragile equilibrium in our environment, others look
upon this as a welcome initiative which will facilitate timely implementation of
development projects. Do you think that the existing arrangements are working
satisfactorily? How do you think the conflicting interests of development and
environmental conservation can be better reconciled?
The state government feels the existing arrangements are working satisfactorily. We
have an active judiciary, which can ably reconcile the conflicting interests of
development and environmental conservations. While implementing the projects, with
regard to environmental measures, transparency has to be strictly adhered to. A
straightjacket formula cannot be prescribed and every conflict should be resolved on
case-by-case basis. Tamil Nadu is effectively implementing many developmental
projects with due concern for environmental protection. Therefore there is no reason
to reconsider the present arrangement.
6.8 There is a view that the inadequacy of minimum infrastructure facilities for
forest dwellers and general lack of economic opportunities has greatly contributed
to the escalation of dissatisfaction and alienation among them. This also raises
security concerns. The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers
(Recognition of Forest Tribes) Act, 2006 which confers land ownership rights
on Scheduled Tribes and other traditional forest dwellers in the event of their being
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in occupation of the said land as on 13th December, 2005 is perceived as a major
step towards containment of unrest and tension. Do you agree with this
assessment? What further steps can be taken to build sustainable models of
conservation by involving tribal and other forest dwelling communities?
The state governments are carrying out many welfare measures in the forest and
adjoining areas. There is no second opinion that Scheduled Tribes and other traditional
forest dwellers should be empowered to utilize the land in the allotted area for the
livelihood. Government of Tamil Nadu is implementing many educational, and social
welfare programmes for them. The Union government should allot more funds through
state governments to improve their living conditions. The 2006 Act is a welcome step in
this regard. Confidence building measures, awareness programmes, cultural and educational
programmes should be regularly conducted with the support of Union and state
governments to maintain a balance between development and forest conservation. Job
opportunities in forest related schemes should be provided to the forest dwelling local
people in the nearby forest areas by the Union and state governments.
6.9 Some of the States have contended that they have to maintain and conserve
large tracts of forests and green cover for national and global benefit at the cost
of the economic interests of the State. Similarly mountain States, particularly
those that are a part of the Himalayan ecosystem have to constrict the economic
exploitation potential of the region for the benefit of the ecosystem as a whole. In
other words, these States provide ecological services essential for the nation as a
whole as well as for the entire global community. These States have argued for
compensation to them and the communities who perform the role of stewardship
of these valuable ecological assets. What are your views in this regard?
The reply to the earlier question will be partly applicable to this question also. In
India various types of geographical features are found. The state governments should
be given powers to conserve and preserve forest and environment according to the
geo features of respective states. A Union fund should be established to implement
welfare and other schemes and to provide ecological services, addressing the ground
realities of the particular state. The compensation and other financial matters can be
decided by Union and state governments by consensus.
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Mineral Resources including Hydrocarbons
6.10 Regulation of mineral resources including hydrocarbons comes within the
competence of the Centre by virtue of Entries 53, and 54 and 55 of List I of the
Seventh Schedule. Entry 23 under List II similarly empowers the States to regulate
the development of mines and minerals subject to the provisions of List I. The
States have been seeking a greater role in the decision making processes relating
to the regulation of mineral resources e.g. in the determination of the royalty rates,
periodicity of rates revision etc. What steps, in your view, should be taken to evolve
an integrated policy on the subject that would reconcile the interests of the States
with the sustainable exploitation of mineral resources including hydrocarbons in
the national interest?
The Union and state governments are given needed powers as per our constitution to deal
with such situations. Only the effective co-ordination and cooperation are required. The
state government should be given greater role in decision making regarding the above
mentioned issues. Now the global warming is a major issue affecting both developing and
developed countries. Many international conventions have been held and many resolutions
have been passed to protect natural resources, water resources, forest resources and
maintain bio-diversity. India has accepted and signed many international covenants in
this regard. In tune with the prescriptions and solutions given by the international experts
on the above issues, the state governments, local governments and Union government
can evolve an integrated approach to deal with the situation. The issues like preserving
ecosystem, avoiding natural disasters and protecting the people by creating new institutions
for disaster management can be discussed by the Union and state governments and
effective mitigative measures can be implemented with the cooperation and coordination
of Union, state and local level governments.
The state governments which are preserving the forest and environment and maintaining
the balance between development and exploitation of mineral resources should be given
more preference in the allocation of funds.
The developmental aspirations of states like Orissa or Bihar by seeking more royalties
from the hydrocarbons or other natural resources mined from their own states will never
be against the national interests, whatsoever the latter may be. Hence, given the extreme
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degree of regional imbalance, states should be given more active part in regulation of
mineral resources (determination of the royalty rates, periodical revision of rates, etc.).
Ecosystems, Climate Change and Natural Disasters
6.11 Indias vulnerability to the projected impacts of climate change is high,
particularly with regard to its effect on water resources, power, agriculture, forests,
tourism, health and rural livelihoods etc. Most of these issues are dealt with
primarily at the State and local levels. In view of the problems and challenges
posed by the phenomenon of climate change, how would you delineate the
respective roles and responsibilities of the Centre, the States and the Municipalities
and Panchayats?
The reply to the above question (6.10) applies here.
7. Infrastructure Development and Mega Projects
7.1 Mega projects, such as infrastructure projects related to national/inter-State
highways, river interlinking major irrigation works, large scale power generation,
etc are characterized by long gestation periods, heavy capital investment
requirements and complex ownership and management structures involving
multiple stakeholders. These projects both in their creation and operation are
dependent on smooth and wellcoordinated Centre-State and inter-State relations.
There are several instances of such projects getting thwarted or delayed or their
operations getting affected by inter-State or Centre-State problems at a heavy cost
to society. Please give your suggestions for creating an enabling policy and
institutional framework, innovative structures and mechanisms for stakeholder
participation and systems and procedures for quick reconciliation of conflicting
approaches so that national interests prevail.
These issues can be discussed in the regular meetings of the Inter-State Council.
7.2 Mega projects involve large scale acquisition of land and consequential
problems associated with compensation, displacement of people and their relief
and rehabilitation and resettlement. Would you suggest any policy changes in the
existing processes of land acquisition and payment of compensation thereof ?
Likewise, is there a need for bringing in any changes in the rehabilitation and
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resettlement policies in order to minimize displacement, ensure fair compensation
for the project affected people and provide them commensurate livelihood security?
These issues can be discussed with the respective state governments and decisions can be
arrived with the existing legal framework of Union and State governments.
7.3 In the case of mega projects, often actions and interventions in one State impact
on another. The construction of a large dam in one State, for instance, may lead to
large scale displacement of people in another without commensurate benefits
accruing to that State. What are your suggestions for evolving a national consensus
on rehabilitation policies and strategies and conflict resolution mechanisms?
Issues under the above heads need to be discussed regularly in a forum. Inter State council
(ISC) is the most appropriate and exclusive platform visualized by the Constitution for
such purposes. But the story of the institutionalization of ISC is highly tragic at worst and
pathetic at the best. Hence, the ISC should be strengthened for a sound federal practice.
Certain issues have emerged in recent years about the transfer of agricultural land to
industrial use and displacement of people due to the implementation of mega projects.
These are all the matters of States subjects which will be handled by the appropriate
policy framework of the respective state governments. Any further concern of the Union
government may be discussed only in the federal forums like ISC, PC and NDC.
8. Socio-Political Developments, Public
Policy andGovernance
Political Developments
8.1 India is characterized by unity in diversity consistent with a pluralistic identity.
Recent decades have been marked by significant increase of sociopolitical
mobilization around sectarian identities. Fears have been expressed that political
developments emanating from such mobilization pose a threat to the unity and
integrity of the country. Do you agree with this assessment and if so what are your
suggestions for a long-term solution?
As pointed out by Nobel Laureate Prof.Amartya Sen, India is an immensely diverse
country with many distinct pursuits, vastly disparate convictions, widely divergent customs
and a veritable feast of viewpoints.
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Further, The Human Development Report 2004, has rightly mentioned that
Accommodating peoples growing demands for their inclusion in society, for respect of
their ethnicity, religion, and language, takes more than democracy and equitable growth.
Also needed are multicultural policies that recognize differences, champion diversity and
promote cultural freedoms, so that all people can choose to speak their language, practise
their religion, and participate in shaping their culture so that all people can choose to be
who they are. Hence, the genuine regional aspirations are wrongly conceived as sectarian
in the said questionnaire. Further, the mis-interpretation given to sectarian in the
questionnaire is uncalled for.
India is having language, cultural, ethnic differences which really recognize the diversity
in unity principle. Since 1990, there has been a coalition government at the Union
government with the support of the regional parties. In fact, this fusion of political events
has led to faster economic growth in the last one and a half decades under the coalition
government at the Union level. Tamil Nadu, the state known for its struggles to ascertain
its unique linguistic and cultural identities since as early as 1900s, could not agree with
the assessment made in 8.1. Hence, Tamil Nadu strongly believes that unity of the country
can best be preserved not by centralization of polity but by recognizing, appreciating and
even strengthening the rich diversities of India. And the emergence of regional parties
cant and should not be interpreted as sectarian identities and threat to the unity and
integrity of the country; in fact their emergence is the concrete evidence, produced by
our democratic experiment, pointing towards true federalism.
8.2 Another significant political development has been the growth and ascendancy
of regional parties. These parties have now come to legitimately play a major role
in governance at the national level. Given the possibility of this trend continuing,
what would you suggest should be done to harmonize national and regional
interests for better Centre-State relations?
As noted above, given the political federalism attained through the power of democracy,
the Union government should come forward to uphold the democratic sentiments of
people and institutionalize a vibrant federalism by reassigning adequate economic and
fiscal powers for the states which will certainly ensure harmonious national and regional
interests.
8.3 In contemporary federations, different types of political configurations exist
with various kinds of coalitions being formed among political parties, other groups
and individuals. In India the multi-party coalitions have increasingly become the
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trend. In this context, what measures would you suggest to ensure that the national
vision and wider collective purpose are always paramount and do not get distorted.
Multi-party coalitions have so far served the best to ensure national vision and collective
purpose without any distortion as mentioned in the questionnaire. The Commission should
give focus to the three foundations of Indian Constitution viz. democracy, secularism
and federalism.
8.4 With the passing of the 73rd and the 74th amendments to the Constitution in
1992 more empowered local level political leadership has emerged. New areas of
political tensions and conflicts among Central, State and Panchayat/Municipal
level leaderships have consequently arisen. How can these conflicts be resolved
and their relationship harmonized? Please give your suggestions.
The conflicts between Union, State and Panchayat are either an imaginary construct or
the creation of the Union government. The only unresolved conflict is the rearrangement
of the powers and functions between the Union and state governments. The local
governments can function smoothly within the respective states without disturbing the
foundations of federal structure.
Social Developments
8.5 Socio-economic developments have resulted in large scale migration from the
under developed to the better developed regions within the country. This has
sometimes affected the established demographic patterns and has tended to cause
social tensions. This development has serious implications for Centre-State and
inter-State relations. With the free movement of citizens guaranteed by the
Constitution, what measures would you suggest to contain such social tensions?
There are many push and pull factors for migration. Poverty, unemployment,
growing neglect of rural and agricultural sector, failure to provide basic education,
health, and livelihood chances, unsociability and caste clashes in rural areas are some
of the major push factors that drive people to urban areas. Both the Union and state
governments should share the responsibility in addressing such fundamental issues with
exigency.
Public Policy and Governance
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8.6 Article 37 of the Constitution states that the principles laid down in Part IV are
fundamental in the governance of the country and it shall be the duty of the State
to apply these principles to making laws.
(i) Have the Directives been accorded due regard by the Centre and the States in
making laws and in formulating policies and programmes?
(ii) What are those Directives which require more legislative attention from (a) the
Union Parliament, and (b) the State Legislatures?
There are certain provisions in the constitution, which have rightly recognized the rights
of the people by upholding the principles of federalism. States like Tamil Nadu have
progressively implemented many schemes for development of weaker sections of the
society. Many progressive legislations like giving the equal rights to women are enacted.
In this context, the Tamil Nadu model can be followed. No State can implement all the
directives of the Principle of State Policy in view of the social and fiscal constraints
being faced by the States. In fact, the constitutional makers did not indicate any time
frame for the states to implement them. However, as mentioned already, Tamil
Nadu has been maintaining its position in the human development by allocating half of
its revenue expenditure to the social sector to fulfill the most of the ideals mentioned in
the Directive Principles of the State Policy.
8.7 What in your view are the elements of good governance that need to be
addressed? What parameters would you consider appropriate in order to judge
the performance of a State? What are your views about the existing monitoring,
review and evaluation mechanisms to ensure delivery of effective outputs and
outcomes of the schemes and programmes in the field?
The Elements of good governance include inclusiveness, transparency and good
administration that is speedy and effective. Inclusiveness should embrace the ideals of
social, political & economic justice as enshrined in the preamble of the Constitution.
Tamil Nadu government has translated the above objectives by way of implementing
profession reservation policy and giving educational and employment opportunities to
the excluded sections of the society. The Right to Information Act (2005) is a right step
in ensuring transparency in the governance of the country at large. The people should be
further informed by many awareness programmes to ascertain their rights in the governance
of the country. Tamil Nadu government is implementing very effectively the Right to
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Information Act and ensures transparency in administration. This will go a long way in
achieving the good administration in the implementation of the welfare schemes and
measures for the people. Tamil Nadu RTI Act, and Tamil Nadu Transparency and Tender
Transaction Act were enacted by the state government for ensuring transparent
administration and effective service delivery. Tamil Nadu is first state in implementing
and extending e-governance from state capital to the remote villages. The state is now
declared as the first state in achieving the targets in e-governance.
However, it is to be noted these parameters will be useful for judging the Public
Administration in a limited manner only. The real performance of the government shall
be judged, in a democratic country not by parameters but by people themselves. Good
governance does not mean and should not mean Corporate Management.
8.8 The task of governance is no longer confined exclusively to Governments, but
includes a wide range of stakeholders the organized private sector, public-private
partnership institutions, civil society organizations, user and consumer groups,
special interest groups, associations of industry and a variety of other non-state
organizations. In many spheres of activity, earlier performed primarily by
Gover nments, eg., education, health care, infrastructure creation and
management, such organisations now play a very important role at various levels.
In view of their growing significance these organizations may have to be seen as
important players in a multi-level federal order. In the context of these
developments, what measures would you suggest for the participation of these
emerging stakeholders in the scheme of governance to address the growing
challenges of ensuring good governance for promoting the welfare of the people?
In a democratic polity like India, the State Legislature and Parliament are represented by
the peoples representatives. They are the ultimate democratic stakeholders. States like
Tamil Nadu has followed the equity principle in the governance. The other stakeholders
mentioned in the constitutions can serve the society effectively subject to the scrutiny
and supervision and control of the states.
8.9 In the context of the increased role of many non state organizations in the
delivery of public services, please give your views on:
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(a) What can be done to ensure that such organizations take due account
of social responsibilities and public good in their functioning?
(b) How can the discipline of human rights and the philosophy of the
Directive Principles be brought into the scheme of such organizations?
(c) How can the principle of democratic accountability in the delivery of
public services be extended to these organizations?
Public auditing of non-state organizations is the only viable solution for making non state
organizations accountable. Their source of income and expenditure must be monitored.
Suitable legislative measures should be taken making them accountable. It should be
mandatory that every nonstate entity discharging public duties should be registered. To a
limited extent from the citizens point of view these non state entities should be considered
as state making them accountable/responsible.
9. Social, Economic and Human Development
9.1 Development strategies, particularly those aimed at correcting regional
imbalances, often require looking at the region as a whole. Regions are often
defined by topographic, agro-climatic, ethnogeographic and social and cultural
similarities and may comprise two or more States. There is merit in looking at
the core strengths of the entire region and basing strategies on such strengths
irrespective of State boundaries. This would require new forms of inter-State
cooperation for synergistic development. What are your suggestions for achieving
such cooperation?
Similar attempts to discard ethno-geographic and socio-cultural identities, made before
the linguistic reorganization of states, turned out to be a misadventure. Hence,
whatsoever may be the required co-operation; they may be pursued without distorting
the existing identities of the state.
9.2 One of the criticisms faced by the central sector and Centrally Sponsored
Schemes is that they tend to have a uniform prescription for all situations without
adequate regard to regional and local specificities and suffer from lack of flexibility.
Do you think such criticism is justified? If yes, what are your suggestions to remove
them? What measures do you suggest for customization of programmes and
schemes to suit the differentiated needs of States and Local Governments?
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This is one of the precise reasons for which economists have been advocating federalism
The innumerable Central and Centrally Sponsored Schemes can suitably be transformed
to the states along with adequate funds. The earlier answers in the questionnaire explained
the above issues in detail.
9.3 Quality of education at all levels and in all fields has been a matter of concern.
There is need for developing common acceptable standards and having an effective
system of accreditation, certification and quality assurance systems and procedures.
Given the Constitutional provisions what respective roles, according to you, can
the Centre and States play individually or collectively in working out a coordinated
strategy in this respect?
Tamil Nadu has achieved universal primary education and aims at achieving universal
secondary education during the 11th plan period, reflecting the constitutional obligation.
Further computer education is brought to the primary school level and it shows the states
commitment to impart quality education.
In enhancing access to higher education to all sections of the society, including the
excluded sections, the state is poised for providing professional and general higher
education by effectively implementing the unique reservation policy in both public
and private higher educational institutions. To achieve higher success rates and to
accommodate the cultural & social needs of Tamil Nadu, which is an integral part
higher education policy to maintain quality & equity in education, the state is strongly in
favour restoring education to the state list as righty envisaged by the framers of the
constitution.
9.4 What steps can be undertaken by the Centre and States in a coordinated manner
to preserve and promote academic disciplines which are getting marginalized by
a variety of socio-economic developments?
9.5 One of the challenges faced by policy planners in the country is lack of uniform
social and economic measurement standards (including poverty, health, education
etc.) This applies across Central departments as well as between States. This is
an important issue because these measurements are utilized for the allocation of
resources to the States. How can uniform national standards for the measurement
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of these indicators be formulated? What are your suggestions with respect to Centre-
State cooperation in the joint formulation of these standards?
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(9.4 & 9.5) - Absolute uniform measurement is not possible in the immediate future in
measuring socio-economic developments across the states. There are states with huge
population and with less population. The poverty eradication and implementation of
socio-educational programmes mainly depend upon the size of the population. Human
Development Reports have already pointed out the inequalities in the human development
indices. Many commissions and committees have pointed out that the powers and functions
have been vested with more with Union government to tackle fundamental issues like
poverty, illiteracy, health problems and employment. Instead the states should be given
more powers by bringing suitable Constitutional Amendments. In the earlier answers to
the questionnaires many suggestions are given with regard to the above issues raised.
APPENDIX
D.M.K.
on
STATE AUTONOMY
The speech of Kalaignar M.Karunanidhi, Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, on 16-4-
74 in the Legislative Assembly, moving the resolution on State Autonomy and on
the views of the Tamil Nadu Government on the report of the Rajamannar
Committee appointed by the Tamil Nadu Government.
RESOLUTION
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Sir, I move the following Resolution:-
The House taking into consideration The Tamil Nadu Government views on State
Autonomy and the Rajamannar Committee Report and the report of the Rajamannar
Committee;
Resolves that, in order to secure the integrity of India with people of different languages,
civilisation and culture, to promote economic development and to enable the State
Governments having close contact with the people to function without restraints and
In order to establish a truly Federal set up with full State Autonomy, the Union Government
do accept the views of the Tamil Nadu Government on State Autonomy and the
recommendations of the Rajamannar Committee and proceed to effect immediate changes
in the Constitution of India.
SPEECH MADE BY
KALAIGNAR
I am indeed very happy to have the privilege of moving this epochmaking resolution
which, I am confident, will form a landmark in the history of India, I beseech the
Honourable Members of this House, renowned as they are for their sagacity, to give
their deep and deliberate consideration, keeping in view the laudable object of this
resolution and to extend their support to it. We are all aware that the ruling party
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam has, on many an occasion, demonstrated its determination
to play its full part to enhance Indias might and strength and in safeguarding and securing
that the integrity and unity of India are not affected in the slightest extent.
If proof were needed of the ardent patriotism of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam party,
it is seen in the fact of how in 1962 the Party gave up its demand for secession, how it
enthusiastically took part in the preparations for defence to repel the Chinese aggressors,
how it contributed Rs.6 crores to the National Defence Fund and thus was in the forefront
of all the States. Indeed the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam party had rendered heroic
service for the defence of the country imbued by the sprit of being in the very battle-field
of Indias fight.
I am mentioning all these just to discourage consideration of this resolution on the basis
of and will the point of view of unwarranted and unnecessary doubts.
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In 1945, in its Election Manifesto, the All-India Congress Party had described the nature
of the future Federal Constitution of India as below:-
The Federation of India must be a willing Union of its various parts. In order to give the
maximum of freedom to the constituent units there may be a minimum list of common
and essential federal subject which will apply to all units, and a further optional list of
common subjects which may be accepted by such units as desired to do so.
Following this, in 1947, the resolution moved by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru in the Constituent
Assembly emphazised that except the powers assigned to the Union all the other powers
shall vest with the autonomous States. The material part of the Resolution runs as follows
Wherein the territories that now comprise British India, the territories that now form the
Indian States, and such other parts of India as are outside British India and the States...
shall be a Union of them all; and the said territories, whether with their present boundaries
or with such others as may be determined by the Constituent Assembly and thereafter
according to the law of the Constitution, shall possess and retain the states of autonomous
units, together with residuary powers.
After India attained independence, these resolutions and election manifestos which are
part of history have been either conveniently forgotten or deliberately suppressed.
This truth was on many occasions brought out both in Parliament and the State Legislature
by the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam while it was in the Opposition; and it has consistently
pleaded for suitable amendments to the Constitution.
In 1967 in the Election Manifesto of the D.M.K. it was stated as follows:-
The D.M.K. had taken upon itself the responsibility of seeing that no region of the
country dominates another region in the name of implementing integration.
The D.M.K. is determined to protect the right of the States from being suppressed and to
chalk out a plan for the uniform economic development of all the States;
It shall be the endeavour of the D.M.K. to protect the interests of the States and to
transfer the residuary powers from the Union to the States; it will reiterate the necessity
to amend the Constitution for this purpose.
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Dr.Anna, as the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, while presenting the Budget for the
year1967-68 had forcefully pleaded against the financial dependence of the States on
the Union65
We have obviously had to take note of the limitations under which the State Governments
have to function in our federal set up. Apart from the provisions of the Constitution
which are themselves weighed in favour of the Union, the practices and conventions,
which have evolved in the last fifteen years of economic planning have also tended to
strengthen the role of the Union Government at the expenses of the States. With the
delimitation of powers as provided in the Constitution, which gives it the authority to
regulate foreign trade, monetary and credit policy, the responsibility for overall direction
of our economy vests with the Union Government. Though its access to the more elastic
sources of revenue, including residuary powers of taxation, the Union is in a position to
syphon off a large share of the national income, leaving the States in a position where
they have to depend on discretionary loans and grants-in-aid from the Union for
implementations of their plans and policies. The Union also regulates directly through
powers vested in it under Article 293 of the Constitution, and indirectly through the
Reserve Bank, the terms and conditions and limits subject to which the State Governments
can augment their resources through public borrowings. The provisions for an objective
review of the financial needs of the States at quinquennial intervals through the Finance
Commissions has not in any way served to mitigate substantially the dependence of the
States on the Union in view of the various limitations on the terms of reference of such
Commissions.
In the concluding part of his Budget Speech, Dr.Anna observed-
The House is aware that there is need for rethinking on the relations between the Union
and States. I have no doubt that every one will agree on the need for placing existing
relations on a satisfactory basis. No one can deny that the experience so far in regard to
distribution of revenues, delimitation of powers and allocation of assistance for Plan has
been such as to cause bitterness. It has become an urgent necessity to eliminate this
bitterness and evolve ways and means of promoting fruitful relations between Union and
States. The problem I have posed need cause no apprehension or misgiving but should
only provoke thought. It is my earnest desire that through mutual goodwill and
understanding we should forge a fraternal and beneficial nexus.
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Again in 1969, the last article written by Dr.Anna, in the English Journal Home Rule
runs as follows:-
Dear Brother,
Never have I been made after power. Nor am I happy of being the Chief Minister of
our State under a Constitution which on paper is federal but in actual practice tends to
get more and more centralised. On that account, I do not like my good friend E.M.S.
Namboodripad declare that it is my intention to irritate the Union or pick up quarrels
with Delhi. True, a sense of determination at the appropriate stage is all important.
But this should be preceded by educating the public on federalism itself. In that, dear
brother, I am quite confident of your active cooperation and intimate participation.
If by being in office, the D.M.K. is able to bring to the notice of the thinking public,
that the present Constitution is a sort of dyarchy by the back door that would be
definite contribution indeed to the political world.
On the 8th April 1967, at a Press Conference in New Delhi, Dr.Anna observed
It will be sufficient if the Union retains only such powers as are necessary for preserving
the unity and integrity of the country leaving adequate powers to the States. In order
to distribute the powers and to suggest the method of working out the Constitution, a
High Power Commission should be appointed.
In pursuance of these observations and of my announcement on the floor of the Assembly
on the 19th August 1969, a Committee consisting of Dr.P.V.Rajamannar as Chairman
and Dr.A.L.Mudaliar and Thiru. P.Chandra Reddy as members was constituted by the
Government on 22nd September 1969 in order to examine the question regarding the
relationship between the Union and the States on the basis of autonomy for the States
without in the least impairing the integrity of the Country.
It is to be remembered that, subsequently in 1971, in the Election Manifesto of the
D.M.K., it was announced
Though the Constitution of India is described as a Federal one, the balance is more
tilted towards the Union, and hence the States are not able to function freely in the
administrative and financial spheres. Only such powers as are necessary for the Union to
preserve the strength of India should be assigned to the Union and all the other powers
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should be left to the States, without impairing the ideal of a strong India; and for this
purpose, the Constitution should be amended. After the receipt of the report of the
Expert Committee appointed for this purpose, the D.M.K. would seek support on an All-
India level to the movement for State autonomy.
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More powers in the executive and financial spheres are demanded to the States not for
the mere sake of enjoying those powers. Since only the States are in close contact with
the people, the States alone can serve the people up to their expectations. Hence it is that
we demand State autonomy.
It will be relevant in this connection to point out that the election manifesto of the
Mysore Pradesh Congress (O) issued in 1972 contained the following reference to State
autonomy:-
Congress will fight in a determined manner for greater autonomy for the State and against
all discrimination and step-motherly treatment by the Union.
The Report of the Rajamannar Committee was received on the 27th May 1971.The said
report was sent to the Prime Minister of India, Thirumathi Indira Gandhi.
Acknowledging the receipt of the Report, the Prime Minister, in her letter, dated 22nd
June 1971, wrote to me as below:-
Dear Thiru Karunanidhi,
I have received your letter of the 15th June with which you have sent me a copy of the
report of the Union-State Relations Inquiry Committee. Your Government will probably
examine the recommendations of this report. As you know, the Administrative Reforms
Commission also went into this question and has already submitted a report which is
under our consideration. If the views of your Government on this matter are made available
to us, they will also be taken into account. These are important issues and we intend to
consult all the Chief Ministers.
With regards,
Yours Sincerely,
(Sd) INDIRA GANDHI.
In the meeting of the National Development Council held on 30th May 1972 under the
Chairmanship of the Prime Minister while explaining the policy of this Government, I
said that
Decentralisation is particularly necessary if a large country like ours is to
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cope with the problems of a modern economy. It is in this sense that our
demand for State autonomy should be understood as a request for more
efficient management of the countrys resources, as a means to enable the
Union to be strong in areas of vital national concern, as a method of en-
abling the minimum demands of our people to be met in the quickest time
and in the most efficient manner.
Though we do not accept the Report of Dr.Rajamannars Committee in full, we take the
Report as the basis for the exposition of our policy in this regard.
As it was thought that a decision on these issues of historic importance had to be taken
after great deliberation, the problem was considered at different levels. The Ruling Party
appointed the Chezhiyan-Maran Committee and in the light of its observations, the report
of Dr.Rajamannars Committee was analysed. The Government also considered the report
of the Administrative Reforms Commission appointed by the Union. This Government
after a deep consideration of the various opinions expressed by the several Statesmen in
India on this issue and after carefully studying the position in the other countries of the
world has formulated its views on the report of Dr.Rajamannars Committee and on the
question of State autonomy; and the said views have been placed before this House
along with my resolution for the acceptance of the same by this House.
In the recent meeting of the Consultative Committee on Home Affairs, Thiru Dandapani,
Member of Parliament, enquired why the Central Government had not taken any decision
on the healthy suggestions made by the Rajamannar Committee on the question of re-
examining the powers of the Union and State Governments, and the Union Minister for
Home Affairs Thiru Dikshit replied that the said Committee was appointed by the State
Government and the State Government had not yet communicated its views on that
report.
In pursuance of the said reply by Thiru Dikshit and in response to the desire of the Hon.
Members of this House to express their views on the Report of the Rajamannar Committee,
this Government has brought forward this Resolution in order that all States in India
attain State autonomy and the Union becomes a shining example of a true Federal
Government.
The National Flag of India flutters in the glittering sun. We lift our eyes to the high skies
beyond the clouds in our attempt to enjoy the majesty of the flag. We hear the National
Anthem composed by Tagore, the golden voice of Bengal. The sweet melody of the
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Anthem rings in our ears like the soft music of the Courtallam Falls. Yes! Our country has
awaken from its slavery liberating itself from foreign domination. The epic story of our
heroic struggle for liberation of India from which we emerged, holding out heads high, is
writ large in the history of the world.
The imprisoned nation has become free. The door has opened. With a smile, the prisoner
comes out of the iron cage. The tender tottering child eagerly leaps towards its father to
embrace him after the languish of long separation. The father with boundless joy stretches
out his hands to lift and kiss his child. Alas! the hands do not function! Why is this so? He
has been released from the prison. What is the further obstacle? What is it that prevents
him? He looks around in surprise. He has come out of the prison and he is free.
Then, who prevents him from embracing the child. Nobody prevents him. When he was
in prison, his hands and legs were fastened with chains. In his joy of release, he came out
of the prison without removing those chains. No doubt he is free but the chains that bind
his limbs had not been removed. Man has become free. Then why should his hands and
legs be kept bound? India has become free. Then, why should its limbs, namely the States,
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be kept bound by the chains of concentration of power in the Union?
This is a burning question which has been before us for a long time. I bring forward this
resolution to-day before this august House in the hope that it will help to quench the
thirst that the question represents.
Our Constitution is not immutable. It has been amended more than thirty times.
It is my earnest appeal to the Union Government that they should realise that
implementation of these great changes in the Indian Constitution will form the basis for
strengthening our country and increasing its prosperity and that it will contribute to develop
the languages of the States to preserve and protect the different cultures, to foster good
relations among the States, to promote healthy relationship between the States and the
Union and to improve the economic conditions of our country. I seek your kind co-
operation in this great endeavour. Moved by an ardent desire that the fruits of our freedom
should be enjoyed fully by the people and keeping their welfare at heart, we, on behalf of
the Government of Tamil Nadu have kindled this luminous lamp at the centre of the
stage of Indian politics. I beseech the statesmen of India to help us to keep this flame
alive and assist in preserving its glow.
ANNEXURE
Tamil Nadu Government views on State Autonomy
and the Rajamannar Committee Report
The Government of Tamil Nadu solemnly declares its firm resolve to uphold the
sovereignty and integrity of India and express its deep conviction that for the speedy
economic and social progress of the Nation, the Constitution of the country should be
federal in its true sense.
In this connection, it is relevant to refer to the material part of the historical objectives of
the resolution moved by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru in the Constituent Assembly which
adopted it on 22nd January 1947:-
Wherein the territories that now comprise British India, the territories that now from the
Indian States, and such other parts of India as are outside British India and the States, as
well as such other territories as are willing to be constituted into the Independent Sovereign
India shall be a Union of them all; and
Wherein the said territories, whether with their present boundaries or with such others as
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may be determined by the Constituent Assembly and thereafter according to the law of
the Constitution, shall possess and retain the status of autonomous units, together with
residuary powers, and exercise all powers and functions of Government and administration,
save and except such powers and functions as are vested in or assigned to the Union, or as
are inherent or implied in the Union or resulting therefrom;.
India is a vast country with people of different languages, culture and history. Each state
has its own peculiar needs and problems. Hence, the States should have freedom of
action and sufficient powers, legislative and executive, to secure their progress without
impairing the unity of the country. This is possible only under a truly federal set up.
In our country, unfortunately, the experience during the past twenty-five years after
Independence is that the powers concentrated in the Union have been so exercised as to
inhibit the States and to deprive them of their initiative.
There has been a strong tendency to work the Constitution as a unitary one treating the
States as subservient to the Union. It is a myth to say that the Union can be strong only if
most of the powers are concentrated in the Union Thiru K.Santhanam, an elderly
statesman, who was a member of the Constituent Assembly, has critically examined the
plea for a strong Union and says-
.......a strong Union is indispensable if India is not to disintegrate and dissolve in chaos.
But I ................ do not agree with those who equate strength with the range of formal
constitutional powers. On the other hand, I am emphatically of opinion that by taking
upon itself too many obligations in relation to the vast population spread over the length
and breadth of India, the Union will become incurably weak. It is only through
concentration on essential All-India matters and by refusing to share the responsibility in
such matters with the States, while giving complete autonomy to the States in the rest of
the field of Government, the Parliament and the Union Government can be really strong.
The tendency towards vague unhealthy paternalism which has come to envelop Indian
Federalism as a result of the dominance of a single party during the first two decades of
independence is as bad for the Union as it is unpleasant and provocative to the States.*
Dr. Anna, Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, while presenting the Budget in the Legislative
Assembly on 17th June 1967, has observed as follows:-
It is futile to raise the altruist argument that national unity will be impaired by such
pleas for development of the states. There has been considerable change in the matrix
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of Union State financial relations since the provisions of the constitution in this
regard were settled. There have been a number of new trends and developments which
could not have been visualised when the Indian Constitution was framed. The
Constitution had already provided for considerable concentration of powers in the
hands of the Union Government. Through a new institution which was beyond the
ken of the architects of the Constitution, the Union has acquired still larger powers
causing concern about the position of the States. This new development relates to
economic planning. The powers which the Union Government have assumed in regard
to mobilisation, allocation and * Vide the paper of Thiru. K. Santhanam presented by
him to the National Convention of Inter-State relations held in New Delhi in April
1970. pattern of utilisation of resources for the Plan have reduced the States to the
status of supplicants for aids from Union. Though, some may shrink from discussing
this issue on account of party discipline, all those who have looked at this problem
from the purely economic angle, have expressed regret at these trends in financial
relationship between Union and State. By virtue of the powers vested in it such as
those under entries 36 to 38 in the Union List under the Seventh Schedule of the
constitution relating to issue of currency and foreign exchange, the Union is fully
accountable for inflation and deficit financing. The responsibility for rise in prices due
to these factors is thus squarely with the Union. The Union has consequently also to
assume responsibility for control of prices. Though the State Governments have to
suffer from the impact of rising prices due to the policies of the Union Government,
the Indian constitution has not vested the States with necessary powers to control the
prices and set right the situation. Hence it is that I am faced with the situation in which
I have to request the Union to share the additional expenditure involved in payment
of dearness allowance to Government employees due to rise in prices and the loss on
account of distribution of foodgrains at reduced rates. It will now be possible to
appreciate why I feel aggrieved when the Union asserts that each State Government
should itself bear the burden involved in distributions of foodgrains at subsidised
rates and grant of dearness allowance to Government employees. Unless considerations
of party cloud their judgment those who have made a study of the relationship between
the Union and States in our Constitution, will not hesitate to endorse the validity of
my argument.
It will be seen that through concentration of powers in its hands, the Union actually
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becomes weak. The States have been made completely subservient to the Union and they
find themselves helpless under the present Constitution.
In a true federation, the Federal Government should have only powers relating to defence,
foreign affairs, inter-State communication and currency. All the other powers along with
the residuary powers should only vest with the States. The Federal Government and the
State Governments should be completely independent of each other in their respective
spheres. This Government firmly believes that only under such a Federal Constitution,
the Nation can prosper as a whole.
With this end in view, this Government appointed a Committee in 1969 headed by
Dr.P.V.Rajamannar with Dr.A.Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar and Thiru P. Chandra
Reddy as members to suggest suitable amendments to the Constitution of India so as
to secure to the States the utmost autonomy. This Committee submitted its Report
in 1971.
In the Constitution, legislative powers of the Parliament and the State Legislatures
are given in the Seventh Schedule under the headings UNION LIST, STATE LIST
and the CONCURRENT LIST. The Rajamannar Committee has suggested certain
changes in those Lists. With the aim of setting up a true federation, with a Federal
Government having powers only relating to Defence, Foreign policy, inter-State
communication and Currency and the States having all the other powers including the
residuary power, the Government of Tamil Nadu, after taking into consideration the
recommendations of the Rajamannar Committee, has formulated changes in the
constitutional provisions and also the entries of the legislative power. Incidental and
consequential changes in the Constitutional provisions should also be made.
The following are the important changes suggested in the constitutional provisions:-
Issue of Directions to the States by the Union. Articles 256, 257, 339(2) and 344(6)
empowering the Union Government to issue direction to the State Governments should
be omitted. Federal Government should have no such power to give directions.
Inter- State Council: The Inter- State Council should be constituted consisting of all the
Chief Ministers or their nominees, with equal representation for all the States, and the
Prime Minister as its Chairman. No other Union Minister should be a Member of the
Council.
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In respect of any action to be taken in any matter relating to defence, foreign affairs,
inter-State communications and currency in so far as it affects the Union-State relations
or a State or States, the Inter-State Council should be consulted.
Similarly, the Inter-State Council should have the opportunity to discuss all economic,
fiscal, monetary and financial measures undertaken by the Federal Government.
The Inter-State Council envisaged by Article 263 of the Constitution will be ineffective
and will not serve any purpose.
The recommendations of the Inter-State Council should ordinarily be binding on the
Union and the States. If, for any reason any such recommendation is rejected, the
recommendation together with the reasons for its rejection should be laid before the
Parliament and the State Legislatures.
Legislative power under Concurrent List. Before any Bill is introduced in Parliament in
relation to any entry of the Concurrent List, the Inter-State Council and the States should
be consulted. At the time of introduction of the Bill, the remarks of the Inter-State
Council and a brief resume of the opinions, if any, of the State Governments should be
placed before the Parliament.
Residuary powers. The residuary power of legislation and taxation should be vested in
the State Legislatures.
It should be expressly provided in the Constitution that the recommendations of the
Finance Commission should be binding on all the parties Union as well as the States.
Loans and indebtedness of States. There should be a Federal Debt Commission which
should examine the entire issue relating to the indebtedness of States. This Commission
should in course of time function Federal Development Bank consisting of representatives
of the Union and the States. This Bank should deal with applications for loans made
either by the Union or any State over and above borrowing in the open market.
Relief Fund.- There should be a fund for each State for the relief of distress arising out of
natural calamities. The fund may also be utilised for ameliorative measures.
Planning Commission.- The planning Commission should be placed on an independent
footing without being subject to control by the Union Executive or to political influence.
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To secure this objective, it should be placed on a statutory basis by Parliament enacting a
law providing for the establishment of a Planning Commission.
The Planning Commission to be established by law should consist of only experts in
economic, Scientific technical and agricultural matters and specialists in other categories
of national activity. No member of the Government of India should be on it. The
law to be made in this behalf should deal with the tenure, term of office and conditions
of service of the members of the Planning Commission which should have a Secretariat
of its own. The existing Planning Commission should be abolished.
The duty of the Planning Commission should be to tender advice on schemes
formulated by the States.
It will also have the responsibility of making recommendations for considerations by
the Finance Commission regarding grant of foreign exchange to States for industrial
undertakings started by or in the States. The Finance Commission will keep the
recommendation of the Planning Commission in view, in recommending grants.
Each State may have a Planning Board of its own.
Planning and Development. The Industries (Development and Regulation Act, 1951,
Union Act LXV of 1951), should be repealed.
The State should have the power to start and carry on new industries and to grant licences
to start new industrial undertaking within the State, and where foreign exchange is needed
for any industrial undertaking licensed or started by a State, it should be provided by
means of block grants to be allocated to each State, subject to National Plan Priorities,
National Demand Projections and Information Sharing System.
Judiciary The Supreme Court. No appeal from the High Court should lie to the Supreme
Court in ordinary civil, criminal or other matters, whatever be the pecuniary interests
involved and whatever the sentence imposed except in a case involving constitutional
issues including inter-State issues or the interpretation of a Union Act.
In appointing Judges of the Supreme Court, it is desirable to secure, as far as possible and
without detriment to efficiency, representation for the High Court and the Bar of the
different parts of the country.
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High Courts. Since the legislative power relating to constitution and organisation of
High Court is proposed to be transferred to the State List, Articles 217, 222, 223, 224 and
224-A require suitable amendment or omission.
Reference to the High Court. Whenever any particular provision of a State Act is
challenged before the High Court on the ground that the provision is unconstitutional,
the State Government concerned should have the power to move the High Court for
referring the question to a Full Bench of three or more Judges of whom one should be the
Chief Justice. The Bench as constituted should consider each and every provision of the
Act concerned and once its decision is rendered no provision of the Act should be
challenged thereafter, on the ground of unconstitutionality. The State Government should
be empowered to refer any question of law or fact of public importance to the High
Court for its advisory opinion.
Governor. The office of the Governor is a legacy of the British colonial system. The
method of appointment of the Governor as provided for in our Constitution makes it an
anachronism in a democratic set up. He is a functionary appointed by, and responsible to
the Union Government and as such he could not be expected to understand the local
conditions and the political situation. The expenditure incurred on the office of the
Governor does not seem to square with the socialistic pattern of society. The expenditure
is a wasteful one, which could well be dispensed with. The Supreme Court in Rao Shiv
Bahadur Sing v. State of Vindhya Pradesh (1953 SCR 1188) has held that a Minister is an
officer subordinate to the Governor. Thus, the elected representative of the people in
Legal theory is nothing more than a servant of a nominee of the Union Government. The
time is ripe for doing away with the office of the Governor.
Where the office of Chief Minister falls vacant by death, resignation, etc., under the West
German procedure, the successor should be elected within a fixed period of time and if
this is not done the Assembly will automatically stand dissolved. During this interregnum,
it is suggested that the Chief Justice of the State may take charge of the administration
till such time as a new Chief Minister assumes office. If the principle underlying this
suggestion is accepted, the other details may be worked out.
The executive can be dismissed under the West German System by a vote of noconfidence
called as the Constructive Vote of non-confidence. Under this provision the executive
cannot be dismissed by a non-confidence motion unless it is accompanied by the selection
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of his successor. A system similar to this may be adopted here also. The Chief Minister
will discharge the functions at present being attended to by the Governor. If there is any
interregnum, the Chief Justice of the State will discharge the functions while there is no
Chief Minister.
Emergency Powers. Emergency powers under Articles 356 and 357 which enable the
imposition of the President rule in States shall be omitted.
Article 365 Provisions for issue of directions by the Federal Government have been
omitted. Consequently, this article also has to be omitted.
National Emergency-Articles 352 and 354. Powers under Articles 352 and 354 relating
to proclamation of emergency and the consequential powers should be restricted only to
war or external aggression.
Article 353 (a). Power to issue directions while there is proclamation of emergency
should be restricted only to war or external aggression. But such directions shall be issued
only with the approval of the Inter-State Council.
Article 355. The duty of the Federal Government to protect every State should relate
only to war and external aggression.
Financial Emergency-Article 360. The provision which empowers the President to issue
a proclamation of emergency in cases of threat to financial stability or credit of India
shall be omitted.
Public Services. There should be only two classes of services
(1) Services for the purpose of Federal Government, and
(2) Services for the purpose of State Government.
The existing all-India services including the I.A.S. and I.P.S. should be absorbed either
with the Federal services or with the State Services.
The recruitment to the State services and conditions of service will continue to be regulated
by the States. Recruitment to the Federal services will be in accordance with the existing
procedure subject to the modification that such recruitment should be made on a Statewise
basis, with provision for reservation of posts for members of the Scheduled Castes,
Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes, with reference to their population in each State.
There should be provision for mutual exchange of members of the state services and the
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Federal services on such terms and conditions as may be agreed to between the Federal
Government and the State Government concerned.
Article 312. This provision relating all-India services and creation of new all-India
service should be omitted.
Emoluments of Union employees. The emoluments of Government employees of the
Union and States should be uniform throughout the country, making due allowance for
local or special conditions.
State Public Service Commission The power relating to State Public Service Commission
and the removal and suspension of the members thereof shall vest with the State
Government.
Territory of the State. It should be expressly provided in the Constitution itself that the
territorial integrity of a State should not be interferred with in any manner, except in
accordance with any one of the following three alternatives:-
(1) The consent of the State Legislature concerned should be obtained.
(2) The issue should be referred to and decided by a high level judicial tribunal, to
be constituted for the purpose with the consent of the contending parties and
its decision should be binding on all the parties.
(3) The opinion of the people of the area or areas concerned should be ascertained
by holding a special poll.
In other words Articles 3 and 4 should be omitted and for altering the boundaries, area,
etc., of any State, a Constitutional amendment would be necessary.
Representation of States in Parliament Council of States. There should be equal
representation for each State, that is to say, each State should have the same number of
representatives irrespective of population.
There should be no nominations to the Council of States.
House of the people. The number of seats fixed for each State in 1951 should remain
unaltered except where there is increase in population in which case the number of seats
may be increased subject to a maximum. However, in no case should the number of seats
fixed for each State in 1951 be reduced.
Language. The Official Language of the Union Government will be all the languages
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specified in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution. Till this is achieved, English should
continue as the official language in all the Union Government departments including
Union Secretariat and for purposes of communication between Union and States. English
should continue to be the language of Supreme Court. The official language in all the
courts including High Court will be decided by the respective State Governments. The
offices of the Federal Government situated in any State should in addition to English use
the official language of that State for transaction of business in those offices with the
public. All communications by and between the Federal Government offices in the State
and the Government of the State and its offices should be in the official language of the
State. Members of the Union services employed in a State should be well conversant
with the official languages of the State.
Trade and Commerce-Article 302. This article, which empowers the Parliament to impose
restriction on trade and commerce and intercourse should be omitted.
Article 304 (b). The proviso to Article 304 (b) which requires the previous sanction of
the President for the Bills of the State Legislature, should be omitted.
Public Order. The Central Reserve Police Force should not be deployed in any State
except at the request or with the consent of that State.
Machinery for conducting Elections to the State Legislatures. Both the Representation
of people Act, 1950 and the Representation of People Act, 1951 should be amended so
as to confine the provisions and the rules made thereunder to elections to Parliament.
The State Legislatures must be left free to enact laws in relation to elections to the State
Legislature.
Inter-State Water Disputes. If there is a water dispute in respect of an Inter-State river,
there must be negotiations between or among the Chief Ministers of the States concerned
or their representatives. If in such negotiations no agreement is reached within a prescribed
time, then the Prime Minister should settle the issue within the period prescribed. If there
is no such settlement, then, the issue should be referred to the Supreme Court by the
Federal Government itself directly within a prescribed period. If the Federal Government
fails to make such reference, any of the parties to the dispute may make a reference to the
Supreme Court. Such reference should be heard by a Bench of the Supreme Court consisting
of all the Judges.
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Satisfactory provisions should be made for implementing the decisions of the Supreme
Court.
Sea-Bed under Territorial Waters. Article 297 should be amended so as to vest in the
State itself all lands, minerals and other things of value underlying the ocean within the
territorial waters adjacent to that State.
Union Executive. Conventions should be established regulating the formation of the
Union Cabinet in such a way as to secure, consistent with the parliamentary type of
Government and all that it involves, representation for the various regions of the country.
The number of Union Ministers of Cabinet rank belonging to any one single State should
not be more than one-fifth of the total number.
The Study Team under the Chairmanship of Thiru M.C. Setelvad constituted by the
Administrative Reforms Commission to consider Union-State relationship has devoted
an entire Chapter to the role of Union agencies dealing with matters in the State and
Concurrent Lists. According to the recommendation of the Study Team the items of
work should be decentralised to the States and the role of the Union Government should
be that of guide, planner and evaluator. The Administrative Reforms Commission has
recommended that the role of the Union Ministries and Departments with regard to the
subjects falling within the State List should be restricted. There is no need for a full-
fledged separate Ministry or Department at the Union for dealing with a subject falling
within the State List.
Amendment of the Constitution. Every amendment of the Constitution, irrespective
of the provision involved, should need ratification by the Legislatures of all the States.
Legislative power. The legislative powers of Parliament and the State Legislatures have
been enumerated in the Seventh schedule to the Constitution as Union List, State List
and Concurrent List. These entries of legislative powers have been examined in detail
and a new set of three lists of legislative powers, namely Federal List, State List and the
Concurrent List, have been prepared with the object of setting up of a true federation
with a Federal Government having powers only relating to defence, foreign policy, inter-
state communication and currency and the States having all the other powers, including
residuary power giving due consideration to the recommendations of the Rajamannar
Committee.
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FEDERAL LIST
Legislative Powers Retained
The following entries of legislative powers in the Union List have been retained in the
Federal List as follows:-
Defence of India and every part thereof including preparation for defance and all such
acts as may be conducive in times of war to its prosecution and after its termination to
effective demobilisation.
Naval, military and air forces; any other armed forces of the Union.
Delimitation of cantonment areas, local self-government in such areas, the constitution
and powers within such areas of cantonment authorities and the regulation of house
accommodation (including the control of rents) in such areas;
Naval, military and air force works;
Arms, firearms, ammunition and explosives;
Atomic energy and mineral resources necessary for its production so far as it relates to the
defence of the country;
Industries so far as they are necessary for the purpose of defence or for the prosecution of
war;
Central Bureau of Intelligence and Investigation;
Preventive detention for reasons connected with Defence, Foreign affairs; or the security
of India; persons subjected to such detention;
Foreign affairs; all matters which bring the Union into relation with any foreign country;
Diplomatic, consular, and trade representation;
United Nations Organisation;
Participation in international conferences, associations and other bodies and implementing
of decisions made thereat;
Entering into treaties and agreements with foreign countries and implementing of treaties,
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agreements and conventions with foreign countries;
War and peace;
Foreign jurisdiction;
Citizenship, naturalisation and aliens;
Extradition;
Admission into, and emigration and expulsion from India; passports and visas;
Pilgrimages to places outside India;
Piracies and crimes committed on the high seas or in the air; offences against the law of
nations committed on land or the high seas or in the air;
Inter-State railways;
Maritime and Shipping/navigation, including shipping and navigation on tidal waters;
provision of education and training for the mercantile marine and regulation of such
education and training;
Lighthouses, including lightships, beacons and other provision for the safety of
shipping and aircraft;
Major ports and the constitution and powers of port authorities therein including their
delimitation.
Port quarantine, including hospitals connected therewith; seamens and marine hospitals;
Airways, aircraft and air navigation; provision of aerodromes; regulation and organisation
of air-traffic and of aerodromes; provision for aeronautical education and training and
regulation of such education and training;
Salaries and allowances of members of Parliament; the Chairman and Deputy Chairman
of the Council of States and the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the House of the
People;
Powers, privileges and immunities of each House of Parliament and of the members and
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the Committees of each House; enforcement of attendance of persons for giving evidence
ro producing documents before Committees of Parliament or Commissions appointed by
Parliament;
Emoluments, allowances, privileges and rights in respect of leave of absence of the
President; salaries and allowances of the Ministers for the Federal Government; the salaries,
allowances and rights in respect of leave of absence and other conditions of service of
the Comptroller and Auditor-General of the Federal Government.
Audit of the accounts of the Federal Government;
Constitution, organisation, jurisdiction and powers of the Supreme Court (including
contempt of such Court) and the fees taken therein, persons, entitled to practise
before the Supreme Court.
Extension of the jurisdiction of a High Court to, and exclusion of the jurisdiction of, a
High Court from any Union Territory with the concurrence of the concerned State
Government.
Inter-State migration; Inter-State quarantine;
Duties of customs including export duties;
Offences against laws with respect to any of the matters in the Federal List;
Inquiries, surveys and statistics for the purpose of any of the matters in the Federal List;
Jurisdiction and powers of all courts except the Supreme Court with respect to any of the
matters in the Federal List; admiralty jurisdiction;
Fees in respect of any of the matters in the Federal List but not including fees taken in
any Court.
STATE LIST
(1) Legislative powers retained in the State List.
The following entries of legislative powers in the State List have been retained in the
State List:-
Public order (but not including the use of naval, military or air forces or any other armed
forces of the Union in aid of the civil power);
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Police, including railway and village police;
Administration of justice; constitution and organisation of all courts, except the Supreme
Court; officers and servants of the High Court; procedure in rent and revenue courts; fees
taken in all courts except the Supreme Court;
Prisons, reformatories, Borstal institutions and other institutions of a like nature, and
persons detained therein; arrangements with other States for the use of prisons and other
institutions;
Local government, that is to say, the constitution and powers of municipal corporations,
improvement trusts, district boards, mining settlement authorities and other local
authorities for the purpose of local self-government or village administration;
Public health and sanitation; hospitals and dispensaries;
Pilgrimages, other than pilgrimages to places outside India;
Intoxicating liquors, that is to say, the production manufacture, possession, transport,
purchase and sale of intoxicating liquors.
Relief of the disabled and unemployable;
Burials and burial grounds; cremations and cremation grounds;
Education including universities;
Libraries, museums and other similar institutions controlled on financed by the State;
ancient and historical monuments and records;
Communication, that is to say, roads, bridges, ferries and other means of communication,
municipal tramways, ropeways, inland waterways and traffic thereon; vehicles other than
mechanically propelled vehicles;
Agriculture, including agriculture education and research, protection against pests and
prevention of plant diseases;
Preservation, protection and improvement of stock and prevention of animal diseases;
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veterinary training and practice;
Pounds and the prevention of cattle trespass;
Water, that is to say, water supplies, irrigation and canals, drainage and embankments,
water storage and water power;
Land, that is to say, rights in or over land, land tenures including the relation of landlord
and tenant and the collection of rents; transfer and alienation of agricultural land; land
improvement and agricultural loans; colonization;
Forests;
Protection of wild animals and birds;
Fisheries;
Courts of wards subject to the provisions of List I; encumbered and attached estates;
Regulation of mines and mineral development;
Industries subject to the provisions of List I;
Gas and gas-works;
Trade and commerce within the State;
Production, supply and distribution of goods;
Markets and fairs;
Weights and measures except establishment of standards;
Money-lending and money-lenders; relief of agricultural indebtedness;
Inns and inn-keepers;
Incorporation, regulation and winding up of corporations and universities;
unincorporated trading, literary, scientific, religious and other societies and associations;
co-operative societies;
Theatres and dramatic performance; cinemas; sports, entertainments and amusements;
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Betting and gambling;
Work, lands and buildings, vested in or in the possession of the State;
Elections to the Legislature of the State;
Salaries and allowances of the members of the Legislature of the State, of the Speaker
and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly and, if there is a Legislative Council, of
the Chairman and Deputy Chairman thereof;
Powers, privileges and immunities of the Legislative Assembly and of the members
and the committees thereof and, if there is a Legislative Council of that Council and of
the members and the committees thereof; enforcement of attendance of persons for
giving evidence or producing documents before committees of the Legislature of the
State;
Salaries and allowances of Ministers for the State;
State public services; State Public Service Commission;
State pensions, that is to say, pensions payable by the State or out of the Consolidated
Fund of the State;
Public debt of the State;
Treasure trove;
Land revenue, including the assessment and collection of revenue, the maintenance
of land records, survey for revenue purposes and records of rights, and alienation of
revenues;
Taxes on agricultural income;
Fees in respect to any of the matters in this List, but not including fees taken in any court.
(2) Legislative powers transferred from the Union List to State List.
The following entries of legislative powers in the Union List have been transferred to the
State List:-
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Atomic energy and mineral resources for purposes other than defence;
Railways within the State;
All Highways within the State;
Shipping and navigation on inland waterways as regards mechanically propelled vessels;
the rule of the road on such waterways;
Carriage of passengers and goods by railways within the State;
Wireless, broadcasting, television and other like forms of communication;
Savings Bank;
Lotteries;
Inter-State trade and commerce;
Incorporation, regulation and winding up of trading corporations including banking,
insurance and financial corporations;
Incorporation, regulation and winding up of corporations, whether trading or not;
Banking;
Insurance;
Stock exchanges and future market;
Regulation and development of oil-fields and mineral oil resources; petroleum and
petroleum products; other liquids and substances;
Regulation of labour and safety in mines and oil fields;
Fishing and fisheries within territorial waters;
Manufacture, supply and distribution of salt; regulation and control of manufacture, supply
and distribution of salt;
Cultivation, manufacture and sale of export of opium;
Sanctioning of cinematograph films for exhibition;
Institutions for professional, vocational or technical training, including the training of
police officers, or the promotion of special studies or research; or scientific or technical
assistance in the investigation or detection of crime;
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Determination of standards in institutions for higher education or research and scientific
and technical institutions.
Ancient and historical monuments and records, and archaeological sites and remains;
Elections to the Legislatures of States; Election Commission relating to such elections;
Audit of the accounts of the State;
Constitution and organisation (including vacations) of the High Court; provisions as to
officers and servants of the High Court; persons entitled to practise before the High
Court;
Taxes on income;
Duties of excise on tobacco and other goods including medicinal and toilet
preparations containing alcohol or any substance;
Corporations tax;
Taxes on the capital value of the assets of individuals and companies; taxes on the capital
of companies;
Estate duty in respect of property;
Duties in respect of succession to property;
Terminal taxes on goods or passengers, carried by railway, sea or air; taxes on railway
fares and freights within the State;
Taxes other than stamp duties on transactions in stock exchanges and future markets;
Rates of stamp duty in respect of bills of exchange, cheques, promissory notes, bills of
lading, letters of credit, policies of insurance, transfer of shares, debentures, proxies and
receipts;
Taxes on the sale or purchase of newspapers and on advertisements published therein;
Taxes on the sale or purchase of goods other than newspapers;
Any other matter not enumerated in List I or List III including any taxes not mentioned in
either of those Lists.
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(3) Legislative powers transferred from the Concurrent List to the State List.
The following entries of legislative powers in the Concurrent List have been transferred
to the State List:-
Criminal law, including all matters included in the Indian Penal Code at the commencement
of this Constitution but excluding offences against laws with respect to any of the matters
specified in the Federal List and excluding the use of naval, military or air forces or any
other armed forces of the Federal Government in aid of the civil power;
Criminal procedure, including all matters included in the Code of Criminal Procedure at
the commencement of this Constitution.
Preventive detention for reasons connected with the security of the State, the maintenance
of public order, or the maintenance of supplies and services essential to the community;
persons subjected to such detention;
Marriage and divorce; infants and minors; adoption; wills; intestacy and succession; joint
family and partition; all matters in respect of which parties in judicial proceedings were
immediately before the commencement of this Constitution subject to their personal
law;
Transfer of property; registration of deeds and documents;
Contracts, including partnership, agency, contracts of carriage, and other special forms
of contracts;
Actionable wrongs;
Bankruptcy and insolvency;
Trust and Trustees;
Administrators-General and official trustees;
Evidence and oaths; recognition of laws, public acts and records and judicial proceedings;
Civil Procedure, including all matters included in the Code of Civil Procedure at the
commencement of this Constitution, limitation and arbitration;
Contempt of court, but not including contempt of the Supreme Court; Vagrancy; nomodic
and migratory tribes;
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Lunacy and mental deficiency, including places for the reception or treatment of lunatics
and mental deficients;
Prevention of cruelty to animals;
Adulteration of foodstuffs and other goods;
Drugs and poisons;
Economic and social planning;
Commercial and industrial monopolies, combines and trusts;
Trade unions; industrial and labour disputes;
Social security and social insurance; employment and unemployment;
Welfare of labour including conditions of work, provident funds, employers liability,
workmens compensations, invalidity and old-age pensions and maternity benefits;
Vocational and technical training of labour;
Legal, medical and other professions;
Charities and charitable institutions, charitable and religions endowments andn religious
institutions;
Vital statistics including registration of births and death;
Ports other than major ports;
Shipping and navigation on inland waterways as regards mechanically propelled vessels,
and the rule of the road on such waterways, and the carriage of passengers and goods
on inland waterways within the State;
Trade and commerce in and the production, supply and distribution of, -
(a) the products of any industry and imported goods of the same kind as such
products;
(b) foodstuffs, including edible oilseeds and oils;
(c) cattle fodder, including oil cakes and other concentrates;
(d) raw cotton, whether ginned or unginned, and cotton seed, and
(e) raw jute;
Price control;
443
Tamil Nadu
Mechanically propelled vehicles including the principle on which taxes on such vehicles
are to be levied;
Factories;
Boilers;
Electricity;
Newspapers, Books and printing presses;
Archaeological sites and remains;
Acquisition and requisitioning of property;
Recovery in a State of claims in respect of taxes and other public demands, including
arrears of land revenue and sums recoverable as such arrears;
Stamp duties other than duties or fees collected by means of judical stamps, but not
including rates of stamp duty;
Inquiries and statistics for the purposes of any matters specified in the State List.
CONCURRENT LIST
(1) Legislative Powers Retained
The following entries of legislative powers in the Concurrent List have been retained in
the Concurrent List:-
Removal from one State to another State of prisoners, accused persons and persons
subjected to preventive detention;
Prevention of the extension from one State to another of infectious or contagious diseases
or pests affecting men, animals or plants;
Custody, management and disposal of property declared by law to be evacuee property,
Relief and rehabilitation of persons displaced from their original place of residence by
reason of the setting up of the Dominions of India and Pakistan;
Inquiries and statistics for the purpose of any of the matters specified in the Concurrent
List;
Jurisdiction and powers of all Courts, except the Supreme Court, with respect to any of
the matters in the Concurrent List;
Fees in respect of any of the matters in the Concurrent List but not including fees taken
in any Court.
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
444
GOVERNMENT OF UTTARAKHAND
Response to the Questionnaire
Uttarakhand
445
Question
What are your views on the overall
framework and scheme of relations be-
tween the Centre and the States as con-
tained in the Constitution of India and
as they have evolved over time?
The framers of the Indian Constitution
envisaged a unique scheme of Centre-
State relations in which there is predomi-
nance of powers with the Centre. In the
wake of developments that have taken
place since then, the growing challenges
and the emerging opportunities, please
give your views whether any changes are
called for in that scheme. If so, please
suggest appropriate changes.
1.1 The issues posed in this question-
naire are being dealt with individually be-
low. Nevertheless it goes without saying that
we are not an ideal federation nor is there
any demand for such a perfect federation.
Our geopolitical situation has vindicated a
stronger Centre. The overall framework and
scheme of the relations between the Cen-
tre and the States has endured well albeit
with occasional hiccups. The emphasis
should, however, be on building healthy
conventions instead of rushing to amend
the Constitutions on the slightest pretext.
1.2 There is no quarrel with the pre-
dominance of powers with the Centre but
given the wide area of the States socio eco-
nomic, welfare, law & order, natural ca-
lamities related and various other responsi-
bilities, the financial resource endowment
of the States is very limited. The more so,
as the Centre has to ride piggyback on the
States for the implementation of its vari-
ous socio-economic and welfare
programmes launched from time to time
without incurring long term administrative
and maintenance expenditure which States
have to bear irrespective of the life of such
programmes. Accordingly, the financial re-
source endowment of the States needs to
1.1
1.2
Government of Uttarakhand
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
446
Role of Governor
In the Constitutional scheme, the Gov-
ernor plays an important role in the rela-
tions between the Centre and States. Do
you have any comments/suggestions to
make regarding this role?
In the context of this role what are your
views regarding the existing Provisions
(along with conventions, practices and
judicial pronouncements) relating to the
appointment, tenure and removal of
Governors?
The powers and functions of the Gov-
ernor under Articles 200 and 201 in re-
spect of assent to Bills have come for
debate on many occasions in the past.
Please give your views in the matter.
be broadened. Similarly, the tendency of
reverse resource transfer need to be
stemmed.
Role of Governor
1.3 In the constitution of India the
Governor has a dual capacity; he is the head
of the State as well as the representative of
the Centre in the State. But the five year
term of a Governor is not a fixed term
but it is subject to the pleasure of the Presi-
dent.
In Article 160 it should be proper to clear
by whom the function of the Governor
may be discharged in certain contingencies.
There should be a security of tenure and
some provision should be made that after
his term is over he shall not get involve in
active politics.
1.4 A Governor can adopt a stance not in
accord with the wishes of the Centre but
that will be only at his own risk. Hence to
avoid any political consideration the Gov-
ernor should not be a member of any po-
litical party after term of his office as Gov-
ernor.
1.5 Constitution of India also needs
an amendment in Article 200 and 201. Time
period for taking decision should be enu-
merated in both the Article.
1.3
1.4
1.5
Uttarakhand
447
Constitutional scheme relating to
Local Governments
With the passage of the 73rd and 74th
Constitutional Amendments, Panchayats
and Municipalities have been accorded
Constitutional status and protection.
However, the Constitution leaves it to
the State legislature to further devolve to
the local bodies powers, functions, funds
and functionaries. The experience of the
implementation of these provisions var-
ies widely from State to State. What steps
should be taken in your view to make
the devolution of powers and functions
to the Panchayats and Municipalities and
their implementation more effective?
What has been your experience in the
functioning of District Planning Com-
mittees and Metropolitan Planning Com-
mittees as envisaged under Articles
243ZD and 23ZE respectively of the
Constitutional Scheme relating to Lo-
cal Governments
1.6 The main feature of the Constitu-
tion (Seventy-third Amendment) Act, 1992
is to introduce Panchayat system at the grass
roots level. The Amendment has been
passed in pursuance of the Directive Prin-
ciple contained in Art 40.
The Constitution (Seventy-fourth Amend-
ment) Act, 1992 seeks to strengthen the sys-
tem of municipal bodies in the urban ar-
eas.
Both the 73
rd
and 74
th
Amendments seek
to decentralise decision making power
from top to bottom and thus strengthen
democracy at the grass roots level. The
Constitution of India has three list i.e. Cen-
tre list, State list and Concurrent list. It is
suggested that one more list which includes
local bodies as mentioned in the 73rd and
74th amendment should also be created and
included. There should be direct election
of Zila Panchayat Adhyakasha and Block
Pramukh. There should be a time schedule
mentioned for decision making in the local
bodies otherwise deemed decision
should be mentioned.
_
1.6
1.7
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
448
Constitution? What are your views on
the steps needed to be taken to effec-
tively promote the concept and practice
of independent and decentralized plan-
ning and budgeting at District and Met-
ropolitan levels?
Legislative Relations
In the course of the working of the
Constitution certain subjects/entries in
the Seventh Schedule have been trans-
ferred from one List to another. What in
your view should be the principles and
practice that may govern the transfer of
legislative items from the State List to
Union List/ Concurrent List or vice
versa? Is there any need for change of
procedure in this regard? Do you have
any suggestions on this issue?
What in your view has been the impact
on Centre-State relations as a result of
the changes that have taken place with
the transfer of items from one List to
another in the Seventh Schedule? Please
provide specific instances of such im-
pacts.
Are the existing processes of prior con-
sultation with the States before under-
taking any legislation on a matter relating
Legislative Relations-
1.8 Present status is O.K.
1.9 In the U.S.A and Australia, the
Central exercises no control over the State
legislation.
The constitutional provision regarding Cen-
tral control over State-legislation existing in
India do undoubtedly detract to some ex-
tent from State-autonomy. However the
Central control over State legislation is jus-
tified in some situations. There are consid-
erations of uniformity of law and unifor-
mity of approach in certain basic matters.
1.10 The existing processes of prior
consultation with the States before under-
taking any legislation on a matter relating to
the Concurrent List are effective. Any
1.8
1.9
1.10
Uttarakhand
449
amendment in the State list which involves
financial expenditure if it is being enacted
by Parliament should also have Central
Government financial support for consid-
erable long time.
Administrative Relations
1.11 The Indian Constitution contains
elaborate provisions regarding administra-
tive relations between the Centre and the
States. There seems no need to warrant any
change in this regard.
1.12 In the best interest of good gov-
ernance and healthy Centre-States relations
the Union should not interfere in any mat-
ter pertaining to the exclusive concern of
the State.
1.13 The Centre can create certain ser-
vices common to both Centre and State.
This is an important feature of the Consti-
tution of India. This is the unique feature
of the Constitution of India. The States
have to play a meaningful role in the ad-
ministration because States are the nearest
to the people and depends on effective
State- administration. Hence the Centre
should provide more grants to the States,
especially to Hill States for improvement
of their essential administration side.
Mechanism for Inter-Governmental-
Consultation
1.14 A Council should be established to
adjudicate the dues of the respective Gov-
ernments.
to the Concurrent List effective? What
suggestions do you have in this regard?
Administrative Relations
The constitution makers seem to have
given predominance to the Union Vis-
-vis States in the matter of
administrative relations. In view of past
experience, does the present system
warrant any change?
Articles 256 and 257 pf the Constitution
confer powers to the Union to give
directions to the States. How should these
powers be used in the best interest of
good governance and healthy Centre-
State relations.
The provisions relating to All India
Services under Article 312 are a unique
feature of Centre-State relations in India.
What measures do you recommend for
promoting better governance and
harmonious Centre State relations
through these Services?
Mechanisms for Inter-Governmental
Consultation
Consultation between Union and the
States is a common practice in
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
450
federations to facilitate administrative
coordination. Several institutional
arrangements including the National
Development Council, the Inter-State
Council, Zonal Councils, the National
Integration Council exist for the purpose
of formal consultations. Are you satisfied
that the objective of healthy and
meaningful consultation between the
Centre and the States is being fully
achieved through the existing institutional
arrangements? What are the ways in
which these processes can be further
streamlined and made more effective?
Apart from the Inter-State Council sev-
eral other institutions have been created
to promote harmonization of policies
and their implementation among States.
Prominent among these are the Zonal
Councils. In addition, there are a num-
ber of Inter-State consultative bodies e.g.,
National Water Resource Council, Ad-
visory Council on Food grains Manage-
ment and Public Distribution and the
Mineral Advisory Board. Then there are
Central Councils of Health, Local Self
Government and Family Welfare, Trans-
port Development, Education, etc. What
is your appraisal of the working and ef-
ficacy of these institutions/arrangements
in securing inter-governmental coopera-
tion? Do you think they play a useful and
effective role in setting standards and
effective coordination of policies in vi-
tal areas? What are your suggestions in
this regard?
1.15 The Councils as mentioned in the
preceding paras play a useful and effective
role in setting standards and effective co-
ordination of policies in vital areas.
1.15
Uttarakhand
451
Treaty making is a part of the powers
of the Union Executive. In the process
to take care of the concerns of the
States?
In disputes leading to much litigation
between the Union and the Central Gov-
ernment
Public Enterprises the Supreme Court
had suggested an administrative mecha-
nism to resolve such disputes through
negotiations and consultation. This
mechanism has helped to resolve many
disputes without having to go to Courts.
Do you think such an institutional ar-
rangement can work for resolving ad-
ministrative, financial etc. disputes be-
tween the Union and the entities of the
States?
Article 247 contemplates establishment
of additional Courts by Parliamentary
legislation for better administration of
laws made by Parliament with respect
to matters in the Union List. However,
the Constitution is not so explicit in re-
spect of establishment of additional
Courts to better administer laws made
by Parliament with respect to matters in
the Concurrent List. What are your sug-
gestions in this regard?
1.16 Treaties as mentioned in this Para
should be fully honored by the States. Af-
fected States should invariably be consulted.
1.17 In Oil and Natural Gas Commis-
sion and another Vs. Collector of Central
Excise, 1992 Supp (2) S.C.C. 432, Oil and
Natural Gas Commission and another Vs.
Collector of Central Excise, 1995 Supp (4)
S.C.C. 541, Punjab and Sind Bank Vs.
Allahabad Bank and others (2006) 4 S.C.C
780, Oil and Natural Gas Corpn. Ltd Vs.
City and Industrial Development Corpo-
ration Maharastra Ltd. And others (2007)
7 S.C.C. 39 Honble Supreme Court ob-
served that the High Power Committee be
formed to ensure that no litigation comes
to Court or to a Tribunal without the mat-
ter having been first examined by the Com-
mittee and its clearance for litigation. In the
light of the order of Honble Supreme
Court such Committee should be formed
for resolving the disputes between the Union
and States or Public Enterprises.
1.18 Entry 11-A in List-III authorizes
Parliament to make laws with respect to
Administration of justice, Constitution and
Organisation of all Courts, except the Su-
preme Court and High Courts. Therefore,
Parliament should constitute courts even for
the administration of State laws.
1.16
1.17
1.18
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
452
Emergency Provisions
A body of opinion holds that safeguards
corresponding to Clauses 7 and 8 of
Article 352 may be incorporated in Ar-
ticle 356 to enable Parliament to review
continuance of a proclamation under
Article 356(1). What is your view on the
subject?
Economic and Financial Relations :
General :
In implementing the strategy of plan-
ning adopted by India after Indepen-
dence, the Centre had assumed the lead
role in formulating five-year plans with
controls and licensing to implement
them, and the States were required to
play a supporting part. After economic
liberalization many of the controls and
licenses have been largely done away with
and the States have regained much of
their economic policy making space. Do
you think the shift has been adequate and
beneficial? Can you also highlight the
specific areas in which further reforms
may required at the State level which can
Emergency Provisions
1.19 Proclamation issued under Article
356(1) expires in any of the modes given
under Article 356(2), (3) and (4). Therefore
the proclamation under Article 356 is to be
approved by Parliament first within two
months and thereafter every six months, and
the maximum period for which it can re-
main in force is three years but a proclama-
tion under Article 352 has to be approved
by Parliament within a month and thereaf-
ter every six months, but there is no maxi-
mum duration prescribed for the opera-
tion of such a proclamation. Hence there
seems no need to incorporate the provi-
sions as contained in Article 352(7) and (8).
Yes to some extent. The States have to for-
mulate Five Year Plans and Annual Plans in
accordance with the approach and priori-
ties fixed by the Planning Commission/
Government of India. On the other hand,
there is greater emphasis on devolution and
decentralization of government functions
down to the lowest self governing institu-
tions. Thus, between the Central Govern-
ment/Planning Commission & self gov-
erning institutions States are left with very
little freedom and resources to formulate
plans keeping in view the state specific and
region specific priorities and aspirations of
1.19
2
2
2.1
Uttarakhand
453
improve governance in general and the
implementation of schemes and
programmes of the Government ?
Although the States are now expected
to play an active role in promoting eco-
nomic growth and poverty alleviation by
providing infrastructure, delivering ba-
sic services efficiently and maintaining law
and order, it is alleged, that most States
have not kept pace with reform pro-
cess. On the other hand it is said that the
discretion and priorities of the States, are
affected by the imposition of the Centres
priorities, inter alia, through Centrally
Sponsored Schemes. What are your
view in this regard?
It has been the practice of the Planning
Commission to get Five Year Plans in-
cluding the Approach Papers approved
by the National Development Council
with a view to ensuring involvement of
the States in Planning process. Besides,
discussion are held by the planning com-
mission every year with the State indi-
vidually to decide the size of their An-
nual Plans and to accord approval. Do
you think that current practice is satisfac-
tory or are any changes called for in the
interest of better economic relations be-
tween the Centre and the States?
The National Development Council and
the Inter- State Council are among the
the people. It is, therefore, imperative that
State are given more freedom and adequate
resources to formulate plans and
programmes according to their state spe-
cific felt-needs and priorities.
Planning Commission should be granted a
constitutional status.
Planning Commission should be granted a
constitutional status.
Planning Commission should be granted a
constitutional status.
2.2
2.3
2.4
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
454
fora available for facilitating the coordi-
nation of economic policy making and
its implementation. However only lim-
ited use seems to have been made of
these institutions for the purpose. Coor-
dination is achieved more through inter-
action between, the Central Ministries and
the States. Do you think the present prac-
tice is adequate for ensuring harmoni-
ous economic relations?
To all appearances and also from the
Constituent Assembly debates it seems
that Finance Commission was envisaged
by the Constitution to be the principal
channel for transfer of funds from Cen-
tre to States including those which were
meant for development purposes.
How........................ through other channels
such as, the Planning Commission and
...............that such transfers have signifi-
cantly impacted on fiscal....... Do you
think that the present system of transfer
of fund is working satisfactory? Is there
a need of to restore of funds from Cen-
tre to State?
Transfers made by the Planning Com-
mission by way of assistance for State
plans are supposed to be guided largely
by the Gadgil formula. Of late how-
ever the proportion of formula based
plan transfers has come down. How do
you view this development and what are
your suggestions in this regard?
Planning Commission should be granted a
constitutional status.
Planning Commission should be granted a
constitutional status.
2.5
2.7
Uttarakhand
455
Centrally Sponsored Schemes have
emerged as an important instrument of
the planning process. There is a view that
such schemes may or may not be supple-
menting the States own plan schemes.
What are your suggestions in this regard?
Substantial funds are now being trans-
ferred by the Centre directly to
Panchayats, Municipalities and other
agencies bypassing the States on the
ground that the States have sometimes
been tardy in the devolution of funds to
these bodies. What is your view on this
practice?
Additional Point :
One Nodal Ministry for Similar
Schemes/ Programmes :
The States power of borrowing is regu-
Planning Commission should be granted a
constitutional status.
The State of Uttarakhand is not averse to
funds being released to the Panchayats by
the Government of India but in such a sce-
nario the State Government cannot be ex-
pected to enforce accountability. Therefore,
funds should be routed through State Gov-
ernments.
Programmes like Watershed Development,
Rural Employment etc. are anchored in
more than one ministry. For example, Wa-
tershed Development Programme is an-
chored in as many as three central minis-
tries i.e. Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry
of Rural Development, Ministry of Forest
and Environment. Similarly various Rural
Development Programmes are anchored
in the Ministry of Home (BADP) and the
Planning Commission (BRGF) while most
of rural development programmes are
rightly anchored in the Ministry of Rural
Development. Government of India may
seriously consider integration of
programmes and their anchorage in one
nodal ministry.
The limit fixed under Article 293 of
2.9
2.10
2.11
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
456
lated by Article 293 of the Constitution.
What do you suggest should be done
further to facilitate the States access to
borrowing while keeping in view impera-
tives of fiscal discipline and macro eco-
nomic stability?
What has been in your view the impact
of the fiscal responsibility laws in your
State?
Do you think that in the light of experi-
ence and the requirements of a modern
economy, it is time now to give a fresh
look to the entire scheme of assignment
of tax powers between the Centre and
the States? If so, please give your sug-
gestions with detailed justification.
The system of domestic trade taxes in
India is set to undergo a radical change
with the introduction of Tax and Goods
and Services (GST). Several models are
available for operating the GST in a fed-
eral country. What in your view would
be the model best suited for our coun-
try? You may also like to suggest the in-
stitutional arrangements that may be
needed to implement the desired GST.
the Constitution should depend upon the
state of the economy of a State and its
developmental needs. No rigid formulae
should be fixed like the present one, which
has fixed the borrowing ceiling at 3 per-
cent of GSDP (now revised to 3.5 percent
for 2008-09).
If the state is investing the borrowed money
in income generating capital assets then this
limit must be increased to the level desired
by the State.
The State Government has tried to con-
firm to the targets fixed under FRBM Act
and has shown significant improvement in
the fiscal targets.
With the growing responsibility of the State
Governments to implement schemes to
ensure social justice to the weaker section
of society, maintaining law and order, de-
livering basic service etc. the tax power of
the states should be suitably enhanced.
While implementing the GST, it should
however be ensured, that none of the States
are at a loss due to the introduction of GST.
In addition to this, it should also be en-
sured that States revenues from VAT and
the normal increment on present revenues
from VAT protected for at least the next
five years.
2.13
2.12
2.14
Uttarakhand
457
Once GST is introduced will there be a
case for continuing with taxes on pro-
duction, such as excise duty?
What in your view should be done to
ensure the operation of the common
market in the Indian Union? How can
be mandate contained in part XIII of
the Constitution be carried out effec-
tively?
Article 307 of the Constitution provides
for the creation of an institution to
oversee the operation of the mandate
of a common market in the country.
What are your views on setting up a
commission /Institution under under
Article 307 for the purpose.
Even though fifteen years have passed
since the 73
rd
and 74
th
amendments of
the Constitution, the actual progress in
the devolution of powers and respon-
sibilities to local Governments i.e.
Panchayats and Municipalities is said to
be limited and uneven. What steps in
your view need to be taken to ensure
better implementation of devolution of
powers as contemplated in the 73
rd
and
the 74
th
amendments so as to enable
Panchayats and Municipalities to func-
tion as effective units of self govern-
ment?
Should greater autonomy be given by
the State governments to Panchayats and
Municipalities for levying taxes, duties,
Once GST is introduced, there is no point
for continuing with taxes on production or
sales.
State Govt. is in favour to ensure the op-
eration of common market in the Indian
Union. There is not any restrictions about
food grains throughout the State of
Uttarakhand.
It will be better to set up a commission/
institution under artricle-307 to activate the
operation of the mandate of a common
market in the country.
The ULBs should be given all the powers
and functions listed in the XII
th
Schedule,
along with the finances. The parastatal agen-
cies and related departments should be
brought under the umbrella of ULBs, in
accordance with the spirit of the 74th Con-
stitution Amendment Act. There should be
separate schedule in the constitution which
should Local bodies, Urban bodies and
different Panchayati Raj institutions in rural
areas.
There should be greater autonomy to ULBs
to levy taxes, duties, tolls, fees etc. Their
own sources (both taxes and non-taxes)
2.15
3.1
3.2
4.1
4.2
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
458
tolls, fees etc. in specific categories and
strengthening their own sources of rev-
enue? In this context, what are your views
for making the implementation of rec-
ommendations of the State Finance
Commissions more effective?
A large number of government schemes
are implemented by the Panchayats and
Municipalities which are operated on the
basis of various guidelines issued by the
Central and State line departments. There
is a view that such common guidelines
are rigid and sometimes unsuited to lo-
cal conditions. Do you think there is a
case for making these guidelines flexible,
so as to allow scope for local variations
and innovations by Panchayats and Mu-
nicipalities without impinging on core
stipulations?
There are an increasing number of
schemes of the Central Government for
which funds go from the Centre directly
to local governments and other agencies.
The purpose of this is to ensure that the
targeted beneficiaries of these schemes
get the benefits directly and quickly. Please
comment on the desirability and effec-
tiveness of the practice of direct release
of funds and the role of the States in
monitoring the implementation of the
schemes. Do you have any other sug-
gestions in this regard?
should be mobilised to a greater extent and
reforms in property taxes should be intro-
duced in Uttarakhand. More non-taxes
should be levied in case of expanding eco-
nomic activities in cities, e.g. PCOs, mar-
riage halls, banquet halls, coaching and train-
ing centres, nursing homes etc.
The Guidelines are very exhaustive in most
GOI schemes, and modifications, if any,
may be allowed only to a small extent. If
variations are allowed, they may lead to lax-
ity in implementing of the schemes. The
guidelines, may, however, be revised after
sometime. Keeping the difficulties and dis-
crepancies in mind.
The Central Government funds for cen-
trally sponsored schemes may be released
directly, but the monitoring and control by
the concerned state government department
is very essential, in order to avoid their mis-
use. Devolutions recommended by Cen-
tral and State Commissions are also directly
released to PRIs and ULBs through the
concerned Department/Directorates.
4.3
4.4
Uttarakhand
459
In the spirit of the 73
rd
and 74
th
amend-
ments to the Constitution primacy was
expected to be accorded to Panchayats
and Municipalities in decentralized plan-
ning, in decision making on many local
issues e.g. public health, school educa-
tion, drinking water supply, drainage and
sewerage, civic infrastructure, etc and in
the administration and implementation
of Government funded developmental
programmes, schemes and projects. In
practice, however, many authorities, agen-
cies and other organizational entities such
as societies, missions, self help groups
etc. continue to function in parallel and
at times even in competition and con-
flict. Concern has been expressed by
some sections that these parallel institu-
tions are contrary to the Constitutional
vision and weaken the role and effec-
tiveness of the Panchayats and Munici-
palities. On the other hand, it is some-
times argued that Panchayats and Mu-
nicipalities do not have the capacity to
plan, administer and implement many
programmes/schemes/ projects requir-
ing very specialized technical and mana-
gerial skills and resources. What are your
views in the matter? What steps would
you suggest to streamline institutional
arrangements between such parallel agen-
cies and the Panchayats/Municipalities to
bring about more effective and well co-
ordinated action congruent with the spirit
of the 73
rd
and 74
th
amendments?
Panchayats and Municipalities should be
strengthened and given a dominant role in
conformity with the spirit of the 73rd and
74th CAA. The parallel agencies etc. should
be under the control of the local bodies.
However, the capacities of the rural and
urban local bodies should be strengthened
and their capacities upgraded by giving them
specialised training in the relevant field and
keeping them updated with the Technical
know-how and managerial aspects. There-
fore, the societies, missions, NGOs and
SHGs should not be given a dominant role.
4.5
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
460
A view is often expressed that the three
levels of the district, intermediate and
village Panchayats within the Panchayat
system clutter up the system and give
scope for friction and discord amongst
them. What are the means by which an
organic linkage can be best fostered be-
tween the Panchayats? Are any changes
in the three tier system warranted?
Participative planning especially spatial
planning from the grassroots level up-
wards to culminate in a district plan is
emerging as the most potent instrument
for empowering Panchayati Raj Institu-
tions. Do you think this is the right ap-
proach to empower Panchayats? What
are your views on the role, functions and
composition of the District and Metro-
politan Planning Committees?
Instances have been reported where the
State Governments have held different
or even conflicting views to that of the
local Governments in respect of the ad-
ministration of devolved subjects and
vice versa. What mechanisms do you
suggest, other than Courts, to help re-
solve such disputes? What other measures
would you suggest to bring about bet-
ter
What roles do you envisage for the local
Governments in infrastructure creation
specially mega-projects which may in-
volve acquisition of land and displace-
They (PRIs) should be linked in a more ef-
fective manner, and each level should not
encroach upon the others role and func-
tions. Their areas should be specified by
effective decentralisation at the 3 different
levels.
DPCs and MPCs should be constituted in
different States, in consonance with the 74th
CAA and rural-urban continuum should be
strengthened since there is an increasing
migration from rural to urban areas and in
order to reduce the pressure on services in
urban areas. Participatory planning is also
important in a democracy like India, hence
the grass root level institutions should be
also involved in the planning process.
JNNURM has been launched by Govern-
ment of India, hence devolution of func-
tions enlisted in the XIIth Schedule is essen-
tial. The local bodies should be strength-
ened. The reforms at the State level and
ULB level should be undertaken and since
they have been defined in the Reforms, there
should be no disputes. Litigation should be
avoided as far as possible.
Yes, local body institutions must be allowed
to play a major and effective role in deci-
sion-making in respect of change of land
use etc.
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
Uttarakhand
461
ment of people in areas under the juris-
diction of the local Governments? Lo-
cal Governments should have a major
role to play in decision making on issues
relating to management of land resources
especially change of land use from agri-
cultural to urban and industrial purposes,
acquisition of land for public purposes
etc., to ensure greater stakeholder par-
ticipation and reduce possibilities of con-
flict between local, state and national in-
terests. What are your views in this re-
gard?
Large urban agglomerations and mega-
cities pose very different kind of chal-
lenges for governance in a federal con-
text. The relationship between the Gov-
ernments of such large cities and other
levels of Government is becoming in-
creasingly complex. What roles and re-
sponsibilities would you like to see as-
signed to each of the three levels of
Government for the better management
of mega/metro cities including their se-
curity keeping in view the specific nature
of the problems faced by them?
Many of the regions falling in the sched-
uled areas (Schedules V & VI) have tra-
ditional institutions of governance co-
existing with or substituting Panchayati
Raj Institutions e.g. Autonomous Hill
Councils etc. What are your views as to
how these institutions can be further
strengthened and be congruent with the
The governance of these larger mega and
micro-cities, is different and challenging, no
doubt. However, the maintenance of law
and order is a state subject. The ULBs are
concerned only with the provision of civic
services and local government finances.
The security in bigger mega cities and
metro-cities is being tackled by the GOI,
as an aftermath of the recent terrorist at-
tacks, as national security is a union subject.
_
4.10
4.11
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
462
spirit of the 73
rd
and 74
th
amendments
without undermining their traditional
character?
Article 355 of the Constitution stipulates
that It shall be the duty of the Union to
protect every State against external ag-
gression and internal disturbance..
Although Public Order and Police come
within the State List, Deployment of
Central forces in any State in aid of the
civil powers including jurisdiction, privi-
leges and liabilities of members of such
force while on such deployment are sub-
jects of the Union List. In the context
of recent developments of prolonged
extremist violence and cross-border ter-
rorism in certain States, the role and re-
sponsibility of the Central and State
Governments to contain such distur-
bances have come up for examination
in meetings of the Centre with the
States.This is an issue which has a vital
bearing on the life and security of the
people and deserves urgent attention.
Given the mandate of Article 355 and
the division of powers in respect of in-
ternal and national security, do you think
the role and responsibilities of the Cen-
tre and States in the matter of control-
ling internal disturbance often spread over
several States require delineation through
supporting legislation?
By convention and in practice, Central
forces are deployed to control internal
Yes. The role and responsibilities of the
Centre and States in the matter of control-
ling internal disturbances require delineation
through supporting legislation. However in
the process, the authority of the State Gov-
ernment should not be diluted. Provision
of 129 C.R.P.C. should be applicable to
C.P.M.F. (Central Para Military Forces) to
come to the aid of civil authorities if sum-
moned.
It is the primary duty and responsibility of
the Union to protect every State against
5.1
5.2
Uttarakhand
463
disturbance only when specific requests
are made to that effect by individual State
Governments. Article 355 of the Con-
stitution enjoins the Union to protect
States against external aggression and in-
ternal disturbances. What courses of ac-
tion you would recommend for the Cen-
tre to effectively discharge its obligations
under Article 355?
Maintenance of communal harmony in
the country is one of the key responsi-
bilities of both the Union and the State
Governments. The Government is ex-
pected to ensure that communal tensions
and communal violence are kept under
control at all times. What according to
you should be the role, responsibility and
jurisdiction of the Centre vis--vis the
States-(a) During major communal ten-
sions particularly the ones which may lead
to prolonged and escalated violence/
and;(b) When such prolonged major
communal violence actually takes
place?
Likewise, what are your views on pre-
vention and control of sectarian violence
or any other social conflicts that may lead
to prolonged and escalated violence?
external aggression and internal disturbances
so that the Security and Sovereignty of the
Country is maintained. However the insti-
tution of consultation with the respective
State Government should be strengthened
and assiduously adhered to, with regard to
internal disturbances while discharging ob-
ligation under Article 355 of the Constitu-
tion of India.
The Union Government should intervene
in the affairs of the State under Article 355
of the Constitution of India, only when,
the prolonged violence and disturbances in
the State threaten the integrity of India. It
should be invoked only in cases of extreme
urgency where failure on the part of the
Union to take immediate action would lead
to disastrous consequences. Central forces
may be deployed to aid and assist the state
forces to quell any subversive organised
activities of mercenaries and insurgent
groups, from within and across the state.
The request and consultation of the State
Government for seeking such assistance,
under normal circumstances, should be
must. However, the Central Government,
as the custodian of the sovereignty and in-
tegrity of India, should not make it an ex-
cuse for invoking article 356 of the Indian
Constitution. The process of consultation
should be justiceable.
The State Government and Central Gov-
ernment in consultation with each other,
must pool all the resources to quell such
escalated violence. A suitable legislation be
5.3
5.4
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
464
In the light of the above two questions,
what according to you should be classi-
fied as a major and prolonged act of
violence? What parameters would you
like to suggest in defining a major and
prolonged act of violence?
In the above context what steps would
you suggest for making the role of the
National integration Council more effec-
tive in maintaining and sustaining social
and communal harmony in the country?
framed for holding the groups and com-
munities responsible for such a violence to
compensate the loss to the persons and
property of the victims and for rigorous
measures to prevent the occurrences of such
events.
Major and prolonged acts of violence
should have the following parameters:-
1. It has the seeds of creating long standing
communal animosities, cast related violence,
regional and sectarian tensions, which may
ultimately escalate into cessations or sepa-
ratists movements on cast, communal, lan-
guage and regional lines.
2. The crimes, in question are generally
masterminded by criminal syndicates, op-
erating across the states, using illegitimate
channels mostly with the support of anti-
national elements. This category may include
crimes such as terrorist violence, economic
crimes like drug trafficking, running of
arms and explosives smuggling, produc-
tion and distribution of fake currency notes,
subversive acts.
The National Integration Council should
meet more frequently and the decisions and
deliberations of the National Integration
Council should be implemented within a
given time frame.
A Central-State consultative committee be
institutionalized to monitor the implemen-
tations of decisions of National Integra-
tion Council and deliberations.
5.5
5.6
Uttarakhand
465
How can the media in your view play a
constructive role in preventing and con-
taining communal and sectarian vio-
lence?
Several expert committees constituted by
the Government from time to time for
reforming criminal justice administration
have consistently recommended the need
for classifying crimes threatening national
security as a separate category requiring
differential treatment. These are crimes
generally masterminded by criminal syn-
dicates across state and national bound-
aries using illegitimate or ostensibly le-
gitimate channels mostly with the sup-
port of anti-national elements. This cat-
egory may include crimes such as terror-
ist violence transnational crimes like drug
trafficking, arms and explosives smug-
gling etc. Given the potential danger to
the security of the country arising from
such inter-state and transnational crimes
which crimes in your view merit inclu-
sion in such a category?
Given their characteristics as mentioned
in 5.8, inter-State and transnational crimes
do warrant different procedures for in-
vestigation and prosecution as compared
The media, in the widest public interest,
should withhold or edit or qualify or ex-
plain such information which may inflame
public opinion or disrupt public order. The
media should exercise restraint in such mat-
ter and the government must consider a
suitable legislation. Above all the media
should keep the National Interest in mind
while reacting to communal and sectarian
violence.
Terrorism, which has become one of grav-
est threats to internal security and which has
already acquired global dimensions and owe
their origins to sources, beyond the bor-
ders of India, Cross Border Terrorism,
Extreme Left Wing Activities, offences re-
garding Counter Feet Currencies, organized
seditions against the nation and action
against Trans Border Syndicates should be
included in this category.
For the investigation of crimes, generally
masterminded by criminal syndicates across
state and national boundaries using illegiti-
mate channels, mostly with the support of
5.7
5.8
5.9
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
466
to other crimes. A Central Agency with
special expertise and resources working
in co-ordination with international secu-
rity agencies on the one hand and the
State police on the other, is the model
recommended by expert committees to
tackle the problem. What are your views
in this regard?
The Central Agency so constituted as a
result of issues raised in 5.9 above would
not be able to operate effectively with-
out the cooperation and support of the
State law and order machinery. What are
your suggestions in this regard?
The inter-State River Water Disputes Act.
1956, provides for inter alia the consti-
tution of a tribunal by the Central Gov-
ernment, if a dispute cannot be settled
by negotiations within a time frame of
one year after the receipt of an applica-
tion from a disputant State ; giving pow-
ers to tribunals to requisition any data
from the State Governments, the water
management agencies etc; a data bank
and an information system being main-
tained by the Central Government at the
national level for each river basin; em-
powerment of the Central Government
to verify data supplied by the State
anti-national elements, a federal agency
named as National Investigation Agency
has already been created by Government
of India. Hence no comments on this issue
are offered, as of now.
The State Government should extend all
the necessary logistics, resources and know-
how for making the functioning of such
agency efficient, prompt and effective. But
the Agency, so constituted, must keep the
State Government informed through a
proper consultative machinery as regulated
by the State Government, as and when re-
quired, in the larger State interest, the con-
currence of State Governments be deemed
as must.
For an early resolution of inter-state river
water dispute it is suggested that a perma-
nent statutory Tribunal headed by a Supreme
Court Judge and comprising of Techno-
crat/ Bureaucrat including representative of
the respective States should be constituted.
The tribunal shall be fully equipped with its
own data bank and information system of
water resources.
The existing provision of the one year for
the bi-lateral water dispute between the two
states should be reduced to three months.
After that either of the state may approach
the tribunal for the dispute settlement.
5.10
6.1
Uttarakhand
467
Government; a time frame for tribunals
to give an award and for the decision of
the tribunal after its publication in the
official gazette by the Central Govern-
ment to have the same force as an order
of decree of the Supreme Court. Broad
principles for sharing of river waters are
still under discussion between the Cen-
tral Government and the States.
Are you satisfied that the measures taken
so far have contributed effectively to the
resolution of inter-state river water dis-
putes? What additional measures do you
suggest for strengthening the implemen-
tation of the existing Constitutional pro-
visions and other laws? What in your view
should be the role of the Central Gov-
ernment in implementing and monitor-
ing the existing inter-state water sharing
agreements and in ensuring compliance
and implementation of the awards of
tribunals, court decisions and agree-
ments/treaties?
Water as a resource, particularly river
wasters, is an issue of great complexity
and sensitivity in terms of ownership and
control, conservation, optimal and sus-
tainable sharing and distribution and it is
apprehended that this may result in seri-
ous tension and possible civil strife in
future. Proper management of the re-
source requires string a balance between
national interests and the interests of the
States through which the rivers flow. In
The award given by the tribunal shall be
binding to all the respective parties. If any
party is unsatisfied, with the award/deci-
sion, in such case there should be a provi-
sion of one appeal only in the Apex Court
(Honorable Supreme Court).
The Central Government shall be respon-
sible for the implementation of the award
within the time frame fixed by Apex
Court/tribunal.
The national interests of the waster resource
can be effectively looked upon by the Tri-
bunal (para 6.1). For better River Basin
management a separate River Basin Man-
agement Board (RBMB) should be consti-
tuted for management and optimal utiliza-
tion of the available water in the water
surplus and water deficit areas within the
basin and inter basin also.
Various departments in the states utilizing
6.2
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
468
this context several proposals have been
considered including the transfer of wa-
ter from on river basin to another, more
prudent use in intra-basin areas, sharper
locus on rain water harvesting and wa-
ter management strategies etc. What are
your views in the matter to ensure better
management of this valuable resource
keeping in view both national interests
and the interests of individual States? Can
the concept of integrated planning and
management of river basins under a joint
authority be introduced on a larger scale?
Continuing from the foregoing, what is
your view should be nature of Centre-
State cooperation in mitigating the ef-
fect of floods and management of
drainage and irrigation particularly when
these issues have inter-State and interna-
tional implications?
Pollution of our rivers poses a serious
threat to the quality of available water
biotic resources, human health and safety
and our natural heritage. Adequate ef-
forts to tackle the problem through tech-
nology-oriented national and state level
programmes backed by peoples partici-
pation have been lacking. Even Missions
such as Ganga/Yamuna Action Plan(s)
and other river action plans have yielded
limited results. What steps-legal adminis-
and disposing the water should be repre-
sented in RBMB.
Thus concept of integrated planning and
management of river basin can be
achieved.
It should however not discourage or over
regulate the consumption of water by the
State where the river is located.
The RBMB should be authorized for as-
sessing the damages and causes of the
floods and drainage management of the
basin. The recommended protective mea-
sures shall be executed by the state agencies
and the cost should be borne by the Centre
and State in a judicious ratio recommended
by the RBMB.
The RBMB shall monitor the pollution con-
trol action plans of the river in its entire
reach with the cooperation of NGOs and
Research Institutes. Respective Pollution
Boards and District administration should
be made responsible for result oriented anti
pollution measures within their jurisdiction.
In addition, RBMB shall take step to frame
a comprehensive urban policy with low cost
indigenous waste disposal plan. Recently
Ganga River Basin Authority has been con-
6.3
6.4
Uttarakhand
469
trative, technological, economic and fi-
nancial-would you suggest for a resolu-
tion of the problem?
The subject of land improvement fig-
ures at Entry 18 in list-II of the Seventh
Schedule under Article 246. Most of the
States have not taken sufficient measures
to optimally utilize the nutrients present
in the residue of treated sewage or in
the river waters by way of selvage and
sewage flowing into them (part of the
solid waste settles at the river bottom
and is retrievable during the period of
lean flow) and recycling the available
water resource to improve the fertility
of soil and increase the productivity of
land.
Storage or reservoir of Dam based
projects are often conceived as multi
purpose projects providing not only
power but also irrigation, navigation,
drinking water and flood control ben-
efits. At the same time such projects have
higher environmental and social exter-
nalities. The issue of fair sharing of so-
cial and environmental costs and ben-
efits between downstream/command
areas and upstream/catchments areas has
been a major problem leading to sub-
optimal utilization of this valuable re-
source.
stituted by Government of India. It is worth
while to observe the working of State Au-
thority and results of River Board Author-
ity over a period of time. If it proves to be
successful, then this experiment can be
launched in other important river.
The State Governments should mobilize
District Administration/ Local Bodies for
implementation of such schemes. Also,
public awareness programs in this respect
may be helpful for optimal utilization of
nutrients.
Then only treated sullage (with nutrients)
and recycled treated sewage can be used in
agriculture. Thus Water load on available
resources will also be reduced.
The Central Government should formu-
late a practical and implementable water
policy. The policy should encourage the role
of private stakeholders/ local affected resi-
dents for developing a consensus on
projects.
Then there will be less obstacles in imple-
menting the project.
The Relief and Rehabilitation Policy for the
affected person should be more attractive
and Central Government should take a lead
in this process both by formulating a clear
cut policy and funding the policy.
6.5
6.6
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
470
What role do you envisage for the Cen-
tral Government for achieving greater
cooperation among the various stake-
holders in developing a consensus on
such projects?
With the adoption of the National En-
vironment Policy 2006, greater powers
have been delegated to the States to grant
environmental and forest clearances for
infrastructure and industrial projects hav-
ing investment of upto a specified limit.
While one body of opinion is of the view
that it will have a harmful effect on ecol-
ogy and disrupt the fragile equilibrium
in our environment, others look upon
this as a welcome initiative which will
facilitate timely implementation of de-
velopment projects. Do you think that
the existing arrangements are working
satisfactorily? How do you think the con-
flicting interests of development and
environmental conservation can be bet-
ter reconciled?
There is a view that the inadequacy of
minimum infrastructure facilities for for-
est dwellers and general lack of eco-
nomic opportunities has greatly contrib-
uted to the escalation of dissatisfaction
and alienation among them. This also
raises security concerns. The Scheduled
A suitable mechanism for speedy decisions
on environmental clearances should be es-
tablished so that undue delays could be pre-
vented. Suitable programs and technolo-
gies should be evolved in order that con-
flicting interests of development and envi-
ronmental conservation can be better rec-
onciled. Such as construction of rope-ways
instead of roads, subsidized air transport
in regions covered with dense forests, pro-
motion of eco-tourism, promotion of
non-polluting cottage and small scale indus-
tries.
Since the State Government are more con-
cerned about ecology and environment,
because it affects the local population di-
rectly, hence the presumption that State
Government shall not be sensitive on this
issue, is not correct. There should be greater
delegation of process to the State for clear-
ance.
There is a lurking apprehension that the
provisions of Scheduled Tribe and Other
Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of
Forest Tribes) Act, 2006 will be misused,
which will be detrimental to the interest of
forest conservation. It would be far better
to resettle these miniscule groups away
6.7
6.8
Uttarakhand
471
Tribes and Other Traditional Forest
Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Tribes)
Act, 2006 which confers land owner-
ship rights on Scheduled Tribes and other
traditional forest dwellers in the event of
their being in occupation of the said land
as on 13th December, 2005 is perceived
as a major step towards containment of
unrest and tension. Do you agree with
this assessment? What further steps can
be taken to build sustainable models of
conservation by involving tribal and
other forest dwelling communities?
Some of the States have contended that
they have to maintain and conserve large
tracts of forests and green cover for
national and global benefit at the cost of
the economic interests of the State. Simi-
larly mountain States, particularly those
that are a part of the Himalayan ecosys-
tem have to constrict the economic ex-
ploitation potential of the region for the
benefit of the ecosystem as a whole. In
other words, these States provide eco-
logical services essential for the nation as
a whole as well as for the entire global
community. These States have argued for
compensation to them and the commu-
nities who perform the role of stew-
ardship of these valuable ecological as-
sets. What are your views in this regard?
Regulation of mineral resources includ-
ing hydro carbon comes within the com-
petence of the centre by virtue of en-
from the forest and revive the appropriate
rehabilitation factor so that their economy
prosper and their dependence is reduced.
We strongly support this demand. It is sug-
gested that per capita dense forest area
should be included in the modified Gadgil
Formulae for assigning weight-age for
devolution of finances to state Govern-
ments so that states resources are adequately
compensated.
An appropriate rehabilitation package to
improve the livelihood of the displaced
population if necessary, so that these pres-
sure and dependence on front is reduced.
The State which are providing ecological
services to the nation, their services should
be adequately compensated.
It should be worthwhile to bring it in the
purview of Finance Commission with re-
gard to royalty.
6.9
6.10
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
472
tries 53, and 54 and 55 of list 1 of the
Seventh Schedule .entry 23 under list 2
similarly empowers the state to regulate
the development of mines and minerals
subject to the provisions of List 1.The
state have been seeking a greater role in
the decision making processes relating to
the regulation of mineral resources ex-
ample in the determination of the roy-
alty rates, periodicity of rates revision etc
. What steps in your view should be taken
to evolve an integrated policy on the sub-
ject that would reconcile in the interest
of the states with the sustainable exploi-
tation of mineral resources including
hydrocarbons in the national interest.
Ecosystems, Climate Change and
Natural Disasters
Indias vulnerability to the projected im-
pacts of climate change is high, particu-
larly with regard to its effect on water
resources, power, agriculture, forests,
tourism, health and rural livelihoods etc.
Most of these issues are dealt with pri-
marily at the State and local levels.In view
of the problems and challenges posed
by the phenomenon of climate change,
Subjects to the provision of List 01 of the
seventh Schedule to the Constitution of
India the power of the State government
to enact legislation on the topic of mines
and minerals development is plenary .To
the extent to which the Union Government
had undertaken its control the regulation
and development of minerals under
Entry 54 of List 1 so much withdrawn from
the ambit of the power of the state legisla-
ture under Entry 23 of List 2 and Legisla-
tion of the State which had rested on the
existence of the Control be suppressed
or be render ineffective.
2. The jurisdiction of the State Legislature
under Entry 23 is subject to the limitation
imposed by the latter part of the said entry
the Laws declared by Parliament for regu-
lation and development of mines are for
public interest are under control of Union,
to the extent of such declaration, the juris-
diction of the State Legislature is excluded..
Ecosystems, Climate Change and
Natural Disasters
The principle of polluter pays should be
universally adopted. The institutional mecha-
nism to ensure this will be to provide some
kind of negative weightage in the modi-
fied Gadgils Formulae based on the extent
of per capita carbon dioxide generation in
the respective states. The polluting indus-
tries should be made liable to pay environ-
mental taxes levied and collected and uti-
6.11
Uttarakhand
473
how would you delineate the respective
roles and responsibilities of the Centre,
the States and the Municipalities and
Panchayats?
Mega projects, such as infrastructure
projects related to national/inter-State
highway, river interlinking major irriga-
tion works, large scale power generation,
etc are characterized by long gestation
periods, heavy capital investment require-
ments and complex ownership and man-
agement structures involving multiple
stakeholders. These projects both in their
creation and operation are dependent on
smooth and well-coordinated Centre-
State and inter-State relations. There are
several instances of such projects getting
thwarted or delayed or their operations
getting affected by inter-State or Cen-
tre-State problems at a heavy cost to
society. Please give your suggestions for
creating an enabling policy and institu-
tional framework, innovative structures
and mechanisms for stakeholder partici-
pation and systems and procedures for
quick reconciliation of conflicting ap-
proaches so that national interests pre-
vail.
Mega projects involve large scale acqui-
sition of land and consequential prob-
lems associated with compensation, dis-
placement of people and their relief and
rehabilitation and resettlement. Would
lized by states municipalities and Panchayats
in their respective domains which can be
defined in detail.
For smooth coordination among involved
agencies, an independent nodal body at
Centre as well as in effective States should
be constituted to resolve all problems
speedily at appropriate level during gesta-
tion/construction/operational period of
the project.
Presently a lot of time is consumed in ob-
taining various sanctions from different
agencies of Centre/State Government de-
partments. In most of the states, these sanc-
tions are to be obtained prior to start of
the project by the developer of the project
himself.
To minimize the time taken in obtaining
these sanctions, it is suggested that a single
window system be introduced by estab-
lishment of a Nodal Agency in the secre-
tariat of the respective State/Centre Gov-
ernment.
This will result in early start of the project
to provide the benefits to the Nation at the
earliest.
The government agencies, executing the
project should be empowered to acquire
the land by negotiations/prevailing market
rates.
7.1
7.2
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
474
you suggest any policy changes in the
existing processes of land acquisition and
payment of compensation thereof ?
Likewise, is there a need for bringing in
any changes in the rehabilitation and re-
settlement policies in order to minimize
displacement, ensure fair compensation
for the project affected people and pro-
vide them commensurate livelihood se-
curity?
In the case of mega projects, often ac-
tions and interventions in one State im-
pact on another. The construction of a
large dam in one State, for instance, may
lead to large scale displacement of
people in another without commensu-
rate benefits accruing to that State. What
are your suggestions for evolving a na-
tional consensus on rehabilitation poli-
cies and strategies and conflict resolution
mechanisms?
India is charecterised by unity in diver-
sity consistent with a pluralistic identity
.Recent decades have been marked by
significant increase of socio-political
The rehabilitation policies must include :-
(1) The human and holistic resettlement and
rehabilitation should be properly analyzed.
(2) Adequate and fair early financial com-
pensation should be provided.
(3) Provision of adequate subsidy in the new
resettlement areas.
(4) Provision of special training program
to resettles for self employment.
The present land acquisition process is very
lengthy and time consuming. During last
few years, land acquisition rules/procedures
have been changed as in Delhi Metro
Coprn. And Dedicated Freight Corridor
(Project of Indian Railways) which may be
adopted in case of Mega projects involv-
ing large scale acquisition of land, thus re-
ducing the time in land acquisition.
(1) The identification of affected families
and cut-off date for compensation be de-
cided after careful survey and broad pub-
licity.
(2) Principles of geographic continuity, cul-
tural homogeneity and ready adaptability
should be adopted for smooth rehabilita-
tion.
It is a fact that recent decades have wit-
nessed increasing political mobilization on
sectarian identities. This has also coincided
with the rise of political parties with a re-
7.3
8.1
Uttarakhand
475
mobilisation around sectarian identities.
Fears have been expressed that political
developments emanating from such
mobilization pose a threat to the unity
and integrity of the country. Do you
agree with this assessment and if so what
are your suggestions for a long term
solution?
Another significant political development
has been the growth and ascendancy of
regional parties. These parties have now
come to legitimately play a major role in
governance at the national level. Given
the possibility of this trend continuing,
what would you suggest should be done
to harmonize national and regional in-
terests for better Centre -State relations.
In contempory federations, different
types of Political configurations exist with
various kinds of coalitions have increas-
gional identity and programme. Very often
it is these regional parties that have been
resorting to sectarian identities and appeals
as the means of mobilization. This devel-
opment may appear to be a threat to the
principle of unity in diversity that defines
the idea of India. In fact, this is only a su-
perficial reading of the situation. Unity in
Diversity actually calls for the preservation
and celebration of diverse identities. As long
as all political parties express full faith in the
Constitution of India, the danger of the
unity of the nation being called into ques-
tion does not really exist. True, at times it
may appear that some political parties or
forces are stretching the political fabric a
bit too much. This is an inevitable part of
the political growth process and need not
be a cause of undue alarm. The solution to
the problems thrown up by these develop-
ments ultimately lies in the political realm,
rather than legal or constitutional systems.
- do-
In order to ensure the protection of the
national vision in the present era of coali-
tions, it is necessary to create an institutional
8.2
8.3
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
476
ingly become the trend. In this context,
what measures would you suggest to
ensure that the national vision and wider
collective purpose are always paramount
and do not get distorted.
With the Passing of 73
rd
and 74
th
Amendments to the Constitution in 1992
more empowered local level political
leadership has emerged. New areas of
political tensions and conflicts among
Central, State & Panchayat/Municipal
level leaderships have consequently
arisen. How can these conflicts be re-
solved and their relationship harmo-
nized? Please give your suggestions.
Socio-economic developments have re-
sulted in large scale migration from the
under developed to the better developed
regions within the country. This has
sometimes affected the established de-
mographic patterns and has tended to
cause social tensions. This development
has serious implications for Centre -State
relations .With the free movement of
structure for regular exchange of views
between the different members of the fed-
eration. The Inter-State Council should be
the logical institution for this purpose as it
is a constitutional body. Unfortunately, this
institution has not been allowed to develop
on the right lines by successive central gov-
ernments. It has met only infrequently. It is
suggested that the functions of bodies like
the National Development Council and the
National Integration Council should be
vested in the Inter-State Council. Also the
constitution should be amended to provide
for annual meetings of the body.
The function of reconciling the views of
the central and state governments in respect
of matters relating to the 73
rd
and 74
th
amendments should be assigned to the re-
vamped Inter-State Council. At the state
level a similar body giving representation
to local governments could be created with
representation to the three tiers along with
the state government.
This issue is also related to the rise of sec-
tarian, especially regional, identities. The an-
swer to this lies at three levels: political re-
straint among political parties which can be
promoted by frequent meetings and dis-
cussions in institutions like the Inter-State
Council; rapid and inclusive development;
and spread of public education based on
over-arching humanistic values.
8.4
8.5
Uttarakhand
477
citizens guaranteed by the Constitution,
What measures would you suggest to
contain such social tensions?
Article 37 of the Constitution states that
the principles laid down in Part iv are
fundamental in the governance of the
country and it shall be the duty of the
State to apply these principles to making
laws.(1) Have the Directives been ac-
corded due regard by the Centre and
the States in making laws and in formu-
lating policies and programmes?(2) What
are those Directives which require more
legislative attention from (a) the Union
Parliament , and (b) the State Legislature?
What in your view are the elements of
good governance that need to be ad-
dressed? What parameters would you
consider appropriate in order to judge
the performance of a State? What are
your views about the existing monitor-
ing, review and evaluation mechanisms
to ensure delivery of effective outputs
and outcomes of the schemes and
programmes in the field?
All Directive Principles have not uniformly
been accorded due importance; only some
have. Those that require more legislation
attention from both the Union and the States
are Articles 38 (securing of social order for
promotion of welfare of people and mini-
mizing inequality in income), 39 (ensuring
adequate means of livelihood for citizens,
ensuring ownership and control of mate-
rial resources so as to subserve the com-
mon interest etc.), 39A (Equal justice for
all), 41 (Right to work), 42 (Just and hu-
mane conditions of work and maternity
relief).
The elements of good governance that need
to be urgently addressed are: (i) tackling cor-
ruption; (ii) effective enforcement of laws;
(iii) improving efficiency of the adminis-
trative system; (iv) ensuring proper imple-
mentation of policies and decisions; and
(v) better regulatory structures and systems.
For judging the performance of the State
the parameters that are important are: im-
partiality, fairness, justice, speed of decision
making and implementation, and effective
systems of addressing grievances. The ex-
isting monitoring, review and evaluation
mechanisms for schemes and programmes
are not able to provide timely information
and feedback. As a result taking effective
8.6
8.7
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
478
steps to ensure corrective action for their
proper implementation becomes extremely
difficult. In fact mechanisms for assessing
outcomes do not generally exist. At best
only outputs are monitored and evaluated.
It is necessary to make maximum use of e-
governance tools and participatory meth-
odologies in order to improve monitor-
ing, review and evaluating of schemes,
programmes and indeed the very function-
ing of government
There is no doubt that the task of gover-
nance has to be shared extensively. In the
Health Sector we are aware of PPP initia-
tives which bring in resources, usually man-
power and managerial skills, unavailable to
government. The importance of NGOs in
delivering health services cannot be under-
estimated. It is essential to ensure that all
such non governmental actors retain their
independence and are not co-opted by
Government.
It would be useful, and NRHM permits
this, if health facilities were encouraged to
work closely both with PRIs and NGOs.
Where such institutions are represented in
the Management Committees, there will
necessarily be greater involvement and
greater credibility in the eyes of the public.
It is also true that where an officer is honest
and dedicated to his/her work, or where
an office is seen to performing efficiently,
credibility is built even without outside par-
ticipation.
The task of governance is no longer con-
fined exclusively to Governments, but
includes a wide range of stakeholders-
the organized private sector, public-pri-
vate partnership institutions, civil society
organizations, user and consumer groups,
special interest groups, associations of
industry and a variety of other non-state
organizations. In many spheres of activ-
ity, earlier performed primarily by Gov-
ernments, eg. education, health care, in-
frastructure creation and management,
such organisations now play a very im-
portant role at various levels. In view of
their growing significance these organi-
zations may have to be seen as impor-
tant players in a multi-level federal or-
der. In the context of these develop-
ments, what measures would you sug-
gest for the participation of these emerg-
ing stakeholders in the scheme of gov-
ernance to address the growing chal-
lenges of ensuring good governance for
promoting the welfare of the people?
8.8
Uttarakhand
479
It would also be a grievous mistake to imag-
ine that all NGOs are necessarily better mo-
tivated or better equipped to deliver ser-
vices, or that all government offices/hos-
pitals are inefficient or ill-motivated. There
are outstanding performers in government
and extremely well run hospitals. Equally
there are NGOs of very poor standard.
A lot of NGOs are now working closely
with the Government. They take funds
from either the State Government or the
Central Government. For such organiza-
tions, it is necessary to ensure that they take
due account of social responsibility and
public good in their functioning. It is sug-
gested that a system of Accreditation should
be set up or assessment and consequent
rating of non-government organizations.
Democratic accountability through social
audit would be a significant tool for rating
the work of such organizations.
To correct regional imbalances, Govern-
ment of India should give much more flex-
ibility to State Governments in implemen-
tation of Central Schemes such as Back-
ward Region Grant Fund, Border Area
Development Programme, Sam Vikas
In the context of the increased role of
many non-state organizations in the de-
livery of public services, please give your
views on:
(a) What can be done to ensure that
such organizations take due account of
social responsibilities and public good in
their functioning?
(b) How can the discipline of human
rights and the philosophy of the Direc-
tive Principles be brought be brought
into the scheme of such organizations?
(c) How can the principle of demo-
cratic accountability in the delivery of
public services be extended to these or-
ganizations?
Development strategies, particularly those
aimed at correcting regional imbalances,
often require looking at the region as a
whole. Regions are often defined by to-
pographic, agro-climatic, ethno-geo-
graphic and social and cultural similari-
8.9
9.1
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
480
Yojana, NREGA, AIBP, IAY etc.
It is suggested that Central Himalayan State
having similar geographical conditions like
(J&K, H.P. and Uttarakhand) a Central Hi-
malayan Development Council may be
constituted which can help planning in inte-
grated manner and subsequently funding of
some of the important scheme in the re-
gion. It would also lead to more effective
inter state corporation for synergy and de-
velopment.
This criticism is justified because majority
of Centrally Sponsored Schemes have very
rigid guidelines without any consideration
for regional and local problems. All such
Central Schemes should place required
funds at the disposal of the State Govern-
ment, which can constitute a committee of
Departmental Secretaries headed by the
Chief Secretary for approving the projects
and releasing the budget to them.
Central funds under NRHM flow into a
range of activities from Medical Care to
hospital management to National
Programmes including IEC, Maternity and
Child Care Hygiene and Sanitation. There
is sufficient flexibility to allow for states to
address their particular requirements. What
could become a problem is that states tend
to seek central funding despite constraints
in manpower and the inability to spend.
The focus then shifts to expenditure for its
own sake rather than quality. It would be
ties and may comprise two or more
States. There is merit in looking at the
core strengths of the entire region and
basing strategies on such strengths irre-
spective of State boundaries. This would
require new forms of inter-State coop-
eration for synergistic development.
What are your suggestions for achieving
such cooperation?
One of the criticisms faced by the Cen-
tral sector and Centrally Sponsored
Schemes is that they tend to have a uni-
form prescription for all situations with-
out adequate regard to regional and lo-
cal specificities and suffer from lack of
flexibility.Do you think such criticism is
justified? If yes, what are your sugges-
tions to remove them? What measures
do you suggest for customization of
programmes and schemes to suit the dif-
ferentiated needs of States and Local
Governments?
9.2
Uttarakhand
481
useful if the Centre, before releasing the
money to the state, could ensure that the
programme submitted in the PIP can be
managed by resources which the state has
in terms of manpower, buildings, equip-
ments and a well administered system.
For the quality of education state educa-
tion department is working as the guide lines
of NCF 2005. In NCF 2005 syllabus cur-
riculum, class room teaching, teachers train-
ing and evaluations are well defined. The
central Programmes like SSA and SUC-
CESS in future will have collective efforts
to improve the quality of education.
Education is producing unemployment and
youth are running away of there traditional
work and occupation. The Education
should be with moral values and vocational.
Till now these standards have been being
prescribed by the concerned administrative
Ministries keeping in view the need for
implementing specific sectoral
programmes/ projects. Thus, there is no
uniformity in the prevailing standards
adopted by them. It is high time that the
measurement of socio-economic standards
is institutionalized formally. For this pur-
pose the Planning Commission, the Minis-
Quality of education at all levels and in
all fields has been a matter of concerns.
There is a need for developing common
acceptable standards and having an ef-
fective system of accreditation, certifi-
cation and quality assurance system and
procedures. Given the Constitutional
provisions what respective roles, accord-
ing to you, can the centre and States play
individually or collectively in working out
a coordinated strategy in this respect?
What steps can be undertaken by the cen-
tre and states in a coordinated manner
to preserve and promote academic dis-
ciplines which are getting marginalised
by a variety of socio- economic devel-
opment?
One of the challenges faced by policy
planners in the country is lack of uni-
form social and economic measurement
standards (including poverty, health, edu-
cation etc.) This applies across Central
departments as well as between States.
This is an important issue because these
measurements are utilized for the alloca-
tion of resources to the State. How can
uniform national standards for the mea-
9.3
9.4
9.5
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
482
surements of these indicators be formu-
lated? What are your suggestions with
respect to Centre-State cooperation in
the joint formulation of these stan-
dards?
try of Statistics and Programme Implemen-
tation, Govt. of India or the National Sta-
tistical Commission can be assigned this task,
which can undertake requisite surveys, cen-
suses, enumeration etc. on a periodical ba-
sis after obtaining the inputs from the State
Governments, the Central Ministries and the
civil society organizations. The parameters/
indicators, however, must take into account,
interalia, geographical, regional and socio-
economic disparities.
Uttar Pradesh
483
GOVERNMENT OF UTTAR PRADESH
Response to the Questionnaire
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
484
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Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
486
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Uttar Pradesh
487
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Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
488
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Uttar Pradesh
489
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iiiiii i ;:i .iii i
i`iiii ii ii-i:ii :i-iiii
i i` iiii` i-ii ii
:i iiii i i` i i
.iii:ii`ii i-i ii`i ii
ii :iiii i`ii ii ;:i
.iiiii i ii iiiiii ii
iiii iiii i` iii
iii i`iiii ii ti ii
-i -i i` -iii t i ii ii-iii
ii -i :i i i ii i` iiiii
i iii .iii:ii`ii, i`iiii
iii` i`iiii ii ti ii
i i` i :ii :i :iiii
ii:iii :i-ii`ii iii i
:iiii t
:.:s :ii :iii i i`iiii
i -ii-ii -i :i :i ii
iiiii i iti .iii:ii i
i`i :i:iii i`iiii ii
ii` ii` i i iiiiiii ii
:ii-iii ii ii ii:ii
:iii i`iii -i ii :iiii ii ii ii i
i
:ii i ii i i`iiiii i iii .iii:ii`ii
i i` iii i iii` i` iiii ii ti ii i i` i
.iii:ii`ii ii`iii ii it ii; :i:i
iii iii ii i :i :iii` -ii i` iii iiii -ii i i
tiii ii`ii i`iii ti -ii-iii -i ii
:i:ii ii :iiii i`iii iiii iii`t ii
iii i`iiii i`iii ii :iiii ii -i
:it-ii ti
ii-iii ii:ii i`ii t
iii
iii
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
494
.i:i ~ii`i-ii i`iiii ii
ii-i
iivssz i -iiiz i s ii it
iivsss -i ii .iiiiii tiii iii`t
iivz+z -i iii`ii
t iii`-i, :i-iiii :iii
i i` iiii i -ii-ii -i :i :i
ii iii ii i i ti
.iii:ii i i`i ii`ii`ii
iiiiiii ii :ii-iii ii
i :i i i -i :-i i i
iti iii iii t ;:i ii
-i ii-i i ii :i iii ii iit i
tttt-ttt-tt-t rttttt-t
:.: i v ii ii ii -ii t
i`i :ii`iiii i iiv
ssz ii iiiz ii s -i
i` i :i ii :i i ii -iiii
ii ii v sss -i iii` -ii
i`iii ii i`i:i:i :i:i
iivsss(:, i iti
ii i; ii iii ii iii
ii i ii -i :i-iiii i
:ii ;:i i` iii -i ii-iii
iii -ii t
iii
Uttar Pradesh
495
z ~iii ii i i` iii i la cU/k
.i:i ~ii`i-ii i`iiii ii
ii-i
ttt` tt tt t` t-tt t
lacU/k&x
z.: :ii-iii .iii-i i
ii iii -i i` ii` ii
ii iiiii i iiii iii i
i`i :ii iii iii`i ii
i-iiiii iii i` i:ii i ii i
is ii .i-ii ii`-iii,
-i iiii i ii iiii ii i ii
iii ii ;:i iii iii`i
i iti ii iiiii i
iiii iii i i` i i` ii -ii
i ii;:ii`:ii ii:ii ii
is i -ii:i ii i;
iii ii iii :itiii
ii ii`-iii ii ii ii
i` i--i ii :ii -ii i; iii ii
iiii i ii iti
:i i` ii -ii i ii; :i :i ti
i` i t ii iii ii
i-iii iiiii iii`iii i
i`iiii i i`i -iii-i
:iiiiii i` -ii i; ii-iii
ii -i iii it -ii`iii
-ii i i i iiiiii ti
t i ii ii-i i i` ii i
iii ii :iii ii (Economic
liberalization, i ii -i i`iii ii ii
iiiiii iii t, :iii -iiii iii ti
iii ii :iii`-ii ti iii t, iti -iti :i
iti ii:ii-iii :ii`iiiii ii i`iii:i ii
ii i`-iv iii -i i-ii`ii i`ii`iiii iti ti
ti t iii :iii i :i -i i` -iv iii
-i ii:ii-iii :ii`iiiii i i-i ii -ii ii
ii -iti ii iiii iii`ti iiii (i:i
iii, i` :i ii , ii :ii-iii -i iii :iii
ii ii-ii`i ii iiiiiii -iii t, iii`i
;:iii iiiiiii iti tiii iii`ti ;:i
ii:ii -i iiii ii iiiiiii t
i` iii ii
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
496
i-ii -i ii .iiii ii
:iii t i`ii-i ii :i
-i iv ii :iii ii
ii ii t iii`i :iii
ii iiiiiii i iiisi-ii
ii :ii-iii ii:ii iii
i`siiiiii cs ti ti :ii
i` iii ii
Uttar Pradesh
497
.i:i ~ii`i-ii i`iiii ii
ii-i
z.s ii iii .ii` siii -i iii
ii ii`-iii :ii`iiii ii
i i`i iiiii iiiii ii
-i iiii i ii iiiii ii
.i:iii -i-ii ii i i i
i`iii:i -ii`i :i ii-iii`i
iiii ii .ii`siii i-iii;
iiii ti t ;:ii ii` ii` i i,
ii iii iiii i .ii` i ii iii
ii iii ii ii iii i iiii
ii i` iii i ii ii iii
ii -ii i ii i i` i .ii i
ii i :iii iiiiii
i` iiii` i-ii iii t
ii-iii ii -i iii ii-iii
-i,i` i :i ii iiii t ii i s
ii iii i iii iti
iiiii :iiii i i`i ;:i-i
ii; -ii`iii i`i iii
i-ii`ii t
z.+ i i i i` iii:i -ii` i
i iii ii i -ii` i
iiiii iii`iii iii ii
ii ii iiiiiii -i
:i-iii ii i i`i -ii
i` iiii t , iiii` -i :ii iiii
t i`i ;:i .iiiii i i`i
;i :i :iiii ii i ii :ii i` -ii
-iiii ti i`iii iii t
is -iii`iiii`ii iiiiiii (CSS, ii
:iii :iii`-ii tiii iii`ti iii iii ii
i`iiii :itiiii .iii i`iii iii i`i:i:i it
:iiiii iiiiiiiii ii iii -i ii ti
i-iii iiiiii iiii t .iiiii i :i
i`siiiiii i :ii isii :itiiii i
iiii -i -iiiiii ii i`i-iiii iii`vi
t, ;:i ti -iiii -ii-i i`iiii`i tii
iii`ti
z.s -i i`i ii ii`i-ii i ii:ii
i` iii ii
i` iii ii
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
498
.i:i ~ii`i-ii i`iiii ii
ii-i
i si i -i -iiiii ii iii
i iii i`iiii`i-ii i
-iii-i :i ti ii` ii :i-iii
i` iii iiii t i ii ii-ii
i`iii -i :iitis-ii iiiii
:i i ii i i` i -ii i i
.iiiii -iii-i t
tttt -t tttt` t
t-tt tt tttt
z.s iii ii ii :iii
iiiii ii :ii`iiii :iii
-i iiiii :i ii it .iiii
ti ii t i` i :i i` iiii i ii
i`ii iiiii ii i`iii:i i
.iii ii iiii i` ii` iii :ii` ti
is :i iii ii i`ii`iii
i iii i i`i -ii
i ii iiiii iii t iii` -i,
ii ii ii i i iii i :i
iiiii iiiii ii isii
-i-iiiii i -iii-i :i iii
-ii-ii -i i`ii`iii ii iii
i`iii iiii t ii ii it
ii iti iiii t i`i ;i
i iii ii iiii ii i
:i iii iii i` iii i :i :iiiii
i t:iiii -i -iti-ii
.iiii -ii t iii ii-i
:iiii t i`i i`ii`iii i
iii ii ii-iii .iiiii
iii ii iiii`i iii :i :iii`ii i`iii
i`ii iii i :ii -i, i`ii iiiii i iiiii
:ii`iiii -i ii i`i:ii :i:ii ii ii
iti t iiii iiiii ii i-ii iii
i-i ii i`i:ii ii t iii`ii i i`iiii
iiiii ii :iii i-ii i iiii i`iii:i i
-ii:i i -i -i iii ii iii
iiiii iiiii ii -iiiiii:ii -ii`i :i
:ii`iiii ii -ii iiiiiii ii i iii :i
-itii t iii :i i iiii-i -i ii`isi-ii
ii tii t iiiii iiiii i .iiiii :i,
i` ii iiii i ii i i` -iii i ii ii i :i i` iii
i ii ii ii :i :i i` iii ii ii ti :ii i` -ii
t i; t ii:iii -i ;i`ii i`iiii :i
:iii`ii isii -i-iiiii ii i`ii`ii is
-iii`iiii`ii iiiiiii i i-ii i ii is
ii i`iiii :iiii -i .iiii iii t
-iiiiii:ii :iii`-ii i`iii`ii :i:iiii
ii i iiii iiii :itiiii ii :i-ii :iiii ,
ii i iiiiiii i`iii`ii tii i
i` ii
Uttar Pradesh
499
.i:i ~ii`i-ii i`iiii ii
ii-i
:i ii iiii i :i ii-i i
ti t i ii i s :i iii
ii i`ii`iii i t:iiiii
i :iii -i i`ii iiiii ii
-iiiii isii ii`-iii ii
itii ii ii ii t
z.s iii ii i i;
~i:i-iii i`iiii iiiiii
i iii i iiii i
-ii` ii-i:i-i iii -i
~iii` ii i` iii i ~i:i i ii
-ii ti iii ii i`i:i
ii i i`i :ii`iiii
i`i-iiii~ii i i`ii ~iiiii
i :i :i i iii` ii i` iiii ii
-ii:iii :i ii:i ii
i`t::iii i ~iiiii i
-iii-i :i is :i iii
ii i`ii`iii i ~iii ii
ii:ii ii ii :i-iii
:i -i -i ii i ii :i ii
-iii iii i i`i
ii :iiii ii i-iii~ii
-i ii ~i:i-iiiii ti t
i`i:i:i it ~i:iiii ti
-ii:i-i ;ii -iii-i :i .iiii` ti i i i si i
:itiiii ii -ii -i :i iiii ii`i ti
iiii t ii :i i` iiii i` i-ii iiii i iii` ii
;:ii`i i ii :iiiii`ii :i:ii ii ti
i-iii ii ii t-t t` t-t tttt t tt t t` -ttt
t tt -tr-t tt t-t ttt`t-t t`tt tt-t
tt tttztt-tt r
:ii`iiii i iivzsc i iiii .iii
-iii ii i iiii -i i`ii iiiii i ii
ii .iiiiii t i`i:ii iiii ii ii it
i`ii iiiiii ii ii i`iii ii iii t
ic ii ii`i i`ii iiiiii i isii :ii
-i i`iiii iii i -ii`.ii -i iii i ii
i i` iii i -i i` iii i i s-iii i ii:ii
iii ii t ii-iii -i iii ii ii ii
is ii i, i ii:i ii .iii-iii ii
-ii-i sc.s .ii` iii t iii` i iii ii i` ii
iii iii i-iii iiii -i ii`, ii i
i:i iiii t i:i (i, :ii-iii`ii i-i -i
iii ii:ii-iiiii i i`ii:i -i iii ii
ii`-iii -i ii`,, (i, iiiii :ii-iiii :i
ii i :iiiiii i-ii -i iiii i
iii`i ii:ii iii-i ii -i iii ii
-ii--ii` i i i` -iii -i i i` ,, (:i, i` -i:ii i ii:ii
i-i i :iiii -i ii i iii`ii
i` ii
Report of the Commission on Centre-State Relations
500
.i:i ~ii`i-ii i`iiii ii
ii-i
t ~ii it i`iii:i i`iii
iii ii i`i :i ~iii :i
it ~i:i i ii ti iiii
~ii ii :z i` ii ~iiii i
ii`i i`i ii ii t
~ii tii -i :si i`ii
~iiii i ii ii i` iii iii
t i` ii ~iiii i i :ii :i :ii
ii iii ii :i ii i ii:ii
ii i :i-i -iiii iiii
t i` ii ~iiii i ii i i` -iii
~i i i i i i i i i
tii`iii ~i:iiiii ii
ii -i .ii-i -ii`ii-ii
i ii -i ~ii-iii iii
~iiiii t
z.z iiiii ~iiiii ii
ii ii iii~ii ii :itiiii
i -i -i i`i iii iii
~iii -iii iii`ii
:i-i i ~iiii -i i`ii
iii t iiii`-i, tii -i
ii iiii`.ii :itiii`iii -i ii`,, i`i:ii
-ii:i-i ii ii ii ii`ii -ii-ii -i
i`iiiii ii iii ti ti t
iti ii i i` ii iiii ii :i i i t , ii iii
i`ii iiiiii ii ii i iii i i`i
i`-iv-ii ii i ii i iiiii -i :i
i-iii .iii ii ii`ii ii`ii -ii-ii -i
:i :iiiii i iii t i :i :i i` i i i -iii
ii, ii ii i-iii; i; iiii`ii`i i
-ii`ii-i :i-i, i`-iv iii ii iiiii ;
i`iiii i:ii`i -i i`i:ii :iii i :iii -i
.ii`i iiii ii:i i-iii -i i-ii i iiiii
i:i-iiiii ii cii ti t
:ii`iiii -i ii iii -ii`i-iiiii i ii:ii
i` ii iiii i ii ii` ii i s i iii i -ii
i`iiii :i:iiiii ii i`iii :ii`iiii ii
t ii iii ii:i ii -i i-ii iiii
iiii t iii` i i i-ii :ii-iii` ii i :i i iii` ii
ii`iii ii i`iiit i :ii, i`ii iiiii
i`ii iiiii ;:i i ii -iii ii -i
i:i-ii t, ;:ii`i ;i i`iii -i ii
i`:i :i -ii i`iii ii ii iiiiiii t
ii iiiiiiiii iii -i :ii-iii isii
:itiiii i ii -i i`iii ii; t ii
zccscz i zcczcs ti .ii-i ii:ii`ii
iiii i ii:ii ii ii-iii`i -iii
-ii`ii i :i-ii :ii-iii isii :itiiii
Uttar Pradesh
501
.i:i ~ii`i-ii i`iiii ii
ii-i
:i -i ~iiiii` i ii iii
~i iii i ~ii -iii -i i-ii
~ii; t ~ii-i ;:i i`iii:i
ii i:ii :i-iii t iii
;:i ii -i ~ii-ii iii
:iiii t
ii ii si-ii s. .ii`iii i s.z .ii`iii t
iti zccsc -i -i ii i` ii ii -iii i i ii i
ii ii-iii`i -iii -ii`ii ssccc ii
i i`i, :ii-iii isii :itiiii ii ii
-ii-i -iii :+ss.z ii t, ii i`i ii
-iii -ii`ii ii +.: .ii`iii t ;:i .iii
it :-i t i`i iii`ii :i-i i ii:ii
isii :itiiii i iii -i iii i-ii
t; t, i`i:i:i iiiii i-ii -i :i:iiiii ii
-iiii ii -i ii ii iiiiii -i i-ii
t; t ii -iiii i -ii`.ii -i it
i`ii .iiii tiii t i`i isii -iii`iii`ii
iiiiiii -i :i-i, iiii`i -i ii`, i`ii
iii i :iii -i iii`ii :i-i i iiii -i
iii ii -iii iii; iii iiii i:i-i,
iiii -i ii`, ii ii
.iii it ii ii iii t i` i i s -i i i` iiii` ii
iiiiii ti i iii iiii iiii ii i
iti ii iii iii ii -iiii ii t
:iiii ii :iii ; i`iii :iii :i:iiii
ii iiii`i i i`ii iiii t iii`i :i
:iii iii ii i iiiiii ; ii i
ii ti i` ii iii iii` t i ii i` i :ii iiii` i
i -iii i i ii :-ii ii .iii iii` ii
ii :iii ii ti tiii t
is -iii`iiii`ii iiiiiii ii :iii -i
ii ii ii iiii iii` t ii i i iiii iiiii
iii -i iii`ii -ii-iii i iiii iii
ii -iti i iii` ii ii i` ii iiii iii` t