Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Paul
Background Beach
This section gives a description and criteria are of what copyright is.
The Definition of Copyright: “It is the exclusive right of a creator to reproduce, prepare
derivative works, distribute, perform, display, sell, lend, or rent their creations.”
In 1976 Congress provided“fair use” criteria by installing the 1976 Copyright Act.
The 4 criteria:
1. Purpose and Character
a. Who is using it? Commercial or Educational
b. Is it an original work or a copy?
c. Non-profit educational institution need not worry.
2. Nature of Copyright Work
a. Was the work created for criticism, news reporting, teaching and scholarly
research?
3. Amount and Substantially
a. “No more than necessary” (O’Mahoney)
4. Effect Upon Potential Market
a. Important area weighed by courts
b. “Did the copying or use deprive the copyright holder of a sale?”
c. Non-profit educational institutions have more leeway.
d. "Fair use is almost always a short excerpt and almost always given credit
Multimedia Wharf
Definition of Multimedia: (aka: hypermedia) “involves the integration of text, graphics, audio
and/or video into a computer-based environment.”
“Fair use guideline (not law) for educational multimedia” of September 1996
These are accepted standards that have been accepted.
Fair Use Guidelines for Educational Multimedia provide for specific limits on the amount
of copyrighted works that may be used.
For motion media - (e.g., video clips) up to 10% or 3 minutes, whichever is less.
For text- up to 10% or 1000 words, whichever is less.
For poems - up to 250 words.
Three poem limit per poet
Five poem limit by different poets from an anthology.
For music - up to 10% or 30 seconds, whichever is less.
For photos and images
Up to 5 works from one author.
Up to 10% or 15 works, whichever is less, from a collection.
Database information-- up to 10% or 2,500 fields or cell entries, whichever is less.
Faculty may keep and use copyrighted works of others for a period of 2 yrs. for educational use.
After 2 yrs. You must get permission.
“Fair Use”, is to be use in the smallest portion needed of an educational work to achieve the
instructional objective.
Robyn
Cove of Multiple Copies
Under the guidelines in the House Version of the 1976 Copyright Act, teachers may make a
single photocopy of a chapter from a book, an article from a magazine, journal or newspaper, a
short story, short essay or a short poem, or a picture, chart or graph from either of these things.
If a teacher wishes to make multiple copies for classroom use, they should follow these
guidelines:
• an article - 2,500 words or less
• a longer work of prose - the lesser of 1,000 words or less or 10% of the work
• a poem - 250 words or less
• a longer poem - an excerpt of 250 words or less
• only one chart, diagram, cartoon or picture from a book, periodical or newspaper
In order to stay in the Safe Harbor for multiple copies, make copies on the spur of the moment
and in small size and quantities.
The guidelines for single copies state that teachers can copy:
• a chapter from a book
• an article from a periodical or newspaper
• a short story
• a short essay
• a short poem
• a chart, graph, diagram, drawing, cartoon or picture from a book, periodical or
newspaper
In a library, a teacher set aside books, magazines, journal articles or other documents to in the
reserve room, which acts as an extension to the classroom. Students will then borrow these to
make photocopies on machines that are clearly labeled with notices citing protection of the
documents under the Copyright Act. Libraries will sometimes make single copies to use in the
reserve room when requested by a faculty member, but may request the copies back at the end of
the semester.
An emerging, yet controversial practice is when an instructor digitizes an article and attaching
hyperlink to it and then restricting access to the article to students that are enrolled in the class.
This practice is called "electronic reserve" and presents the argument of whether it is fair use or
not. In order to help answer this question, we could contact an institution that is using this
practice and closely examine whether it is a positive example of good practice. Also, the
"Digital Millennium Copyright Act", signed by President Bill Clinton in 1998 should be
examined to help better understand this dilemma.
Another controversial topic is that regarding "coursepacks", creating packets of selected readings
to be used in students coursework. Syracuse University was able to sell coursepacks in their
college bookstores, because they acquired copyright permission to do so. On the other hand,
Kinko's, paid almost two million dollars in damages to publishers, because they made
coursepacks of copyrighted information for educators. Some solutions to this problem may be to
follow the guidelines for Multiple Copies, get permission from the copyright owner, consult the
college attorney or maybe put all the information on reserve in the library.
Teachers have a lot of copying privileges, but not unlimited privileges for research purposes and
for placing in a library reserve room for students to access. Educators should remember the four
criteria for fair use and make sure they're working within a non-profit educational setting and not
a for-profit to make the copies.
Dani
This section discussed the use of AV works within a not-for-profit educational setting.
It also explained what exactly "fair use" is. It's the means by which educators of non-profit
educational institutions may use copyrighted works without seeking permission or making
payment to the author or publisher. An Audio Visual (AV) work is a form of expression. AVs
are protected by copyright. An AV work is composed of a sequence of pictures, sound, or a
combination of both.
As an instructor in a non-profit educational setting you are able to show a legal copy of an AV
work, such as a video, directly to students, face-to-face, so long as it fits your curricular
objective.
Teachers cannot show a popular movie like "The Lion King" to students as a reward for hard
work. Disney, the copyright holder, has been known to levy huge license fees on violators of this
precept.
You may not copy entire AV works, although under fair use you may copy brief portions (no
more than what you need) for instructional purposes.
Dist-ed Point
Distance Education is learning via the Internet or through video conferencing.
The new law makes it possible to perform and display audio-visual works without permission to
students-at-a-distance, but only if certain conditions are met. First, only a non-profit institution
may perform such works, and only to students enrolled in a course. Also only if "reasonable and
limited" portions are used. And only if the material is available for a brief period of time when
students are participating in instructional activities.
The TEACH Act made a change in the Copyright Act of 1976. It allows educators to show or
display portions of copyrighted works without permission over a digital network to enrolled
students only, for brief periods of time as instruction is taking place.
The TEACH Act only requires that a reasonable effort must be made.
1. A digital version of the copyrighted work must be used if there is one available.
2. If there is no digital version available, or if a digital version is copy-protected so that it cannot
be used as the TEACH Act intends, then at the instructor's discretion
a) An analog version of the work may be digitized, (and only a reasonable and limited
portion), for streaming purposes.
b) The digital copy may be stored on a network for future use so long as no one has access to
it.
3. Only a "reasonable and limited" amount of some works may be used to satisfy the
instructional goal.
4. For images and displays, the amount used should be comparable to what is displayed in a live
classroom session.
5. Any use of materials must be "directly related and of material assistance to the teaching
content."
6. There may be no other copies other than the ones used for digital transmission.
7. Any technological protection measure that prevents copying of an AV work must not be
circumvented.
This section also had different scenarios made by different colleges in distance learning.