A device for measuring blood sugar

A device for measuring blood sugar or glucose measuring device (in general) or a measure ofglucose which is a medical device for determining the approximate concentration of glucose in the blood . Is an essential element in the home monitoring blood glucose (Acronym in EnglishHBGM) by people with diabetes or hypoglycemia. By a small drop of blood, which was obtained by pricking the skin with a scalpel , put on disposable test strip that reads the meter and is used to calculate the level of sugar in the blood.Scale then displays the level in mg / dL or mmol / l. Since approximately 1980, which is the main objective to control the Type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes has been achieved closer to normal levels of sugar in the blood as much as possible, and guided HBGM several times a day.The benefits include reducing the incidence and severity of long-term complications of high blood sugar, as well as a decrease in the short term, it can be life-threatening complications of
Contents 1 properties 1 blood sugar measuring devices used in hospitals 2 costs 3 Accuracy 4 Date of blood sugar measuring devices 5 Future blood sugar measuring devices 6 Technology blood sugar measuring devices 7 use blood sugar measuring device with cases of hypoglycaemia 8 References 9 External links used as references

Characteristics
There are several basic characteristics of blood sugar measuring devices, which may vary from one model to another:

Size: approaching the average volume of blood sugar measuring devices at the present time the size of the palm of the hand, with some devices that will be smaller or larger. These devices operate using batteries .

Test strips: is the element that is used once and contains chemicals react with a drop of blood sugar and is used in each measurement process is carried out to determine the level of sugar in the blood. For some models of blood sugar measuring devices, these strips are made of plastic and has a small position saturated enzyme glucose oxidase and other other components. It uses all of these strips bar only once, then get rid of it after that.Instead of strips, used some other models of blood sugar measuring devices can be used in tablets make several readings of the level of blood sugar.

Coding: Because the test strips may vary from one category to another, some models of blood sugar measuring devices require the user to enter finds code on the test strip vial or onchip comes with the test strip manually. And enter the code coding or thin slide in blood sugar measuring device, the device will be calibrated according to the category of the test strips. In spite of that, if it had not been this process properly, the reading device may be inaccurate worth up to 4 mmol / L (72 mg / dL). It may be for encoding device for measuring blood sugar on the wrong consequences for diabetics who are trying to manage the disease effectively. And may increase with the possibility of their patients to the risk of developing hypoglycaemia. There encoding can choose from Bpinhma. Some test strips containing CODE inside information; while others include devices to measure blood sugar on a micro chip in the vial for test strips, a chip that can be entered into the measuring device. And reduce these latter

two methods are the possibility of an error by the user to the device for measuring blood sugar.

Blood sample size: blood sample size ranges required by the various models of the device for measuring blood sugar is between 0.3 to 1 Mikreaultr. (Require other models of blood sugar measuring devices larger blood samples, usually defined as "hanging drop" of the finger tip.) And requires blood sampling smaller reduce the number of times that acupuncture is not pointless.

Alternate site testing: Blood samples have allowed a smaller "alternate site testing" - through tingling forearm or other less sensitive areas instead of the fingertips. However, this method looks more comfortable, but the readings that are obtained from a blood sample taken from the forearm are not up to the level readings that are obtained from the method of taking a blood sample from the finger tip in terms of the show glucose levels rapidly changing in other parts of body.

Duration of test: may range from the duration of the process of reading the test strip from 3 seconds to 60 seconds, depending on the model of the user devices to measure blood sugar.

Display Mode: sugar value is displayed blood unity Almelligram / dL or unity Almellimul / liter on the small screen. The unit of measurement differ favorites from one country to another: considered unit Almelligram / dL is the preferred unit of measurement in the United States, France, Japan, Israel and India. The unit Almellimul / liter, is used in Canada, Australia, China and England. Germany is the only country that usually works where users medical specialists and units of measurement. (To convert unit Almellimul / L to mg / dL, is batting on 18. To convert Unit Almelligram / dL to mmol / L, are divisible by 18.) And several devices can switch between units of measurement. It is noteworthy that there are many examples that have been published, which showed a diabetic has taken a wrong assumption that the reading of the level of sugar in the blood unit Almellimul / l in fact represent a low reading very unity Almelligram / dL, or vice versa. And blood sugar measurement units International [1]

Blood sugar versus sugar blood plasma: the levels of sugar in the plasma (a component of blood) in the House of Commons the highest rate ranging between 10% and 15% of the blood sugar levels in full (and even be higher after eating). This is an important thing must be taken into account because the blood sugar measuring devices that measure the level of household full of sugar in the blood, while most of the laboratory tests that measure the level of sugar in the plasma specifically. At the present time, there are many blood sugar measuring devices available in the market which gives results in the form of "equal value in the plasma glucose level," with it measures the level of sugar in the blood completely.And calculate the level of sugar in the blood plasma of the reading level of sugar in the blood fully using the built-in equation device for measuring blood sugar. This in turn allows for easy comparison between patients measure blood sugar that conducted them in the laboratory test and measurement, which was conducted using a device to measure my house. It is important for both patients and health care providers know whether blood sugar measuring device or Algelokomitr gives results in the form of "value equal to the level of sugar in the blood completely" or "value equal to the level of sugar in the blood plasma." Also, the A models blood sugar measuring devices measure the percentage Article beta Hedroxiputerat in the blood to determine whether there was a case acidity of the blood ketone (accumulation of ketones in the blood) or not.

The time / Internal Memory: Each blood sugar measuring devices in the present hour is to set the date and time the internal memory retains the results of previous tests. The internal memory is an important element indispensable in the care provided to patients with diabetes, as it enables a person with diabetes to keep a record for the management of the disease and predict trends and patterns in blood sugar levels has over days. And can display the most memory chips average readings for the level of sugar in the blood, which recently conducted.

Data transfer: Many of the blood sugar measuring devices at the moment with the potential of more sophisticated private data processing. And many can be downloaded from this potential using a cable or by technique Alanferrarad to a computer that has diabetes management software to display the test results. And allows some blood sugar measuring devices enter additional data throughout the day, such as insulin dose that was taken or quantities of carbohydrates that have been addressed or exercise that has been exercised. Has been integrated into a number of devices measure blood sugar with other devices, such as devices insulin injections and devices PDA and even devices gym Boy . [2] and allows a wireless connection is connected to an insulin pump to transfer readings of blood sugar are automated to the calculator helps the patient in determining the dose of insulin appropriate for him.

Blood sugar measuring devices used in hospitals

Now available special types of blood glucose measuring devices in hospitals and can be used with many patients. The availability of these types of devices quality control records more detailed. The data processing capabilities designed for these devices to convert the results of measuring the level of sugar in the blood to electronic medical records and laboratory computer systems are designed for the purposes of preparing the bills

Costs
The cost of blood sugar control in a huge house because of the high cost of the test strips. In 2006, the consumer cost per ranged from a special test strip measuring blood sugar is between 0.35 and 1.00 U.S. dollars. The manufacturers usually provides apparatus for measuring blood sugar for free to attract patients to use expensive test strips that return huge gains on them later. And perhaps subject diabetic patients of the first type of test to measure the level of sugar in the blood for times ranging number between 4 and 10 times a day because of the control mechanisms dose of insulin, while it is usually subject patients with type II diabetes for this test to a smaller number of times, particularly when Do not be part of the insulin treatment.

Have been identified categories of counterfeit test strips used in some of the blood sugar measuring devices, showing that they give inaccurate results. [3]and should not be used as these strips, and to be informed of the original manufacturer.

Res
The accuracy of blood sugar measuring devices subject is a common interest in the arena of clinical medicine. Should correspond to blood sugar measuring devices with the standards of accuracy set by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). According to the standards of the ISO, must submit 15197 device for measuring blood sugar results fall within 20% of a standard laboratory 95% of the time (for concentration levels which are estimated at 75 mg / dL, and use the absolute levels of concentration levels at least.) Despite , it is possible that several factors affect the level of accuracy of a test to measure the level of sugar in the blood. Factors affecting the accuracy of measuring devices blood sugar of different kinds calibrate the device and the ambient temperature and the use of pressure to clean strips (in the case of whether those means appropriate and workable) and the size of the blood sample type and high levels of certain substances (such as ascorbic acid) in the blood and the percentage of viscosity and bloodstaining the blood sugar measuring device and humidity gave the test strips. Models vary blood sugar measuring devices in the degree of vulnerability of these factors in its ability to prevent any inaccurate results or alert them through the error messages display them. The method was Clarke Error Grid a common method for the analysis of the accuracy of the readings associated with the outcome of diabetes management and presentation. More recently, he began using an improved version of the Clarke Error Grid: It is known as the Consensus Error Grid.

Date of blood sugar measuring devoices

In 1962, Leland Clark invented and Anne Lions Cincinnati Children's Hospital, the first enzyme glucose sensor. Has adopted this sensor on a thin layer of Glucose Oxidase placed on the oxygen electrode. May represent the work of this device to measure the amount of oxygen consumed by the enzyme.[4] It was a blood sugar measuring devices other that emerged in the early period is a device Ames Reflectance Meter, designed by Anton

Clemens. This was the kind of blood sugar measuring devices used in U.S. hospitals in the seventies of the twentieth century. It was about 10 inches tall. It was plugged into a power outlet is required to work. There was a moving needle to indicate the level of sugar in the blood after about a minute. The method appeared monitor blood sugar at home to improve blood sugar control in patients with type I diabetes in late Sabenaat of the twentieth century, has been marketing the first measuring devices for home use in 1980 approx. And some sort blood sugar measuring devices which were initially deployed in North America in the eighties of the twentieth century two GLucometer, which was his own brand king Pierre and a companyAccu-chek (which owns the trademark Roche ). And, by extension, the names of these brands has become synonymous with the name of the public crossing of the type of product for many health care professionals. In Britain , perhaps indicating a specialist health care or patient to "take the test strip BM": "BM test strip your Ms. X is 5", etc.. BM Here is the acronym for the company name Boehringer Mannheim, now known as Roche, which has produced strips test 'BM-test' - a name that I knew him. [5] [6] Moreover, it was the test strips that change color and the results can be read visually, without the use of device to measure blood sugar, is also commonly used in the eighties of the twentieth century. These strips have an additional advantage, namely the possibility of cut longitudinally to save expenses. With the improvement of the level of accuracy of blood sugar measuring devices and other forms of insurance coverage, these forms of lost popularity test strips. In spite of that, it has been marketing a generic form of strips BM under the brand name Glucoflex-R. The test strip is marketed last visible under the brand name Betachek. It should be noted here that - for example but not limited to - in North America, hospitals opposed the use of measurements of blood sugar resulting from the use of measuring devices in diabetes care residents for nearly a decade as a whole. Factory managers have tried to prove that the high precision that characterizes the process of measuring the level of blood sugar in the labs outweigh the advantage of instant access and make blood sugar measurements based on the use of measuring devices is acceptable in the management of diabetes in patients staying in

hospitals. In the end, he persuaded patients with diabetes and endocrine specialists these hospitals to approve the use of devices to measure blood sugar. Still some policy makers in the field of health care opposes the idea that the community would have taken a wise decision by accepting payment for measuring instruments required consumables (such as reagent and scalpel, etc.). Has been to rely on tests to measure blood sugar levels at home in dealing with patients with type II diabetes are much slower than reliable in dealing with patients with type I diabetes, as well as a large proportion of individuals with type II diabetes never learn how to conduct tests to measure blood sugar levels at home. strips and scalpels.
[7]

The main reason behind this is that

the relevant authorities refuse health services bear the high cost of the test

The future of blood sugar measuring devoice

May help the emergence of non-invasive devices in continuous monitoring of the level of sugar in the blood. There is ongoing research on noninvasive ways to measure the level of sugar in the blood, such as the use of infrared or near-infrared, electric currents, and ultrasound imaging. We have been certified on one measure blood sugar non-invasive by the Food and Drug Administration (known as FDA: The design of this device which holds the brand GlucoWatch G2 Biographer so that it is worn on the wrist and uses electric fields to draw fluid from the body is required to make a measurement. This device does not replace the method of monitoring blood sugar traditional. and disadvantages that it can not overcome the problem of sweating in the site being measurement him. imperative to wait until it dries sweat before it can resume the measurement process again. Due to these defects, etc., then this the machine is no longer available in the market. The introduction of methods for measuring blood sugar non-invasive in the market and based on the methods of spectrophotometry, in the field of near-infrared (commonly abbreviated NIR), using measuring devices outside the body, did not achieve the success hoped at the time, because it is at the time were these devices are measuring the level of blood sugar in the body's tissues and not in bloody fluid. To determine the level of blood sugar, it was necessary for the infrared measurement used in, for example, to penetrate the tissue to measure the level of blood sugar.
[8]

Over the course of the nineties of the twentieth century, was one of the companies located in the city of Hagerstown, Maryland, a company Futrex, researching in-depth process of finding calibrate a global device for measuring blood sugar posed, a device Dream Beam, which relied on infrared technology nearby, though, it is in 1996, exposed the company to an attack by the Food and Drug Administration and raised Markets Authority and the U.S. Securities sued the company and its director Robert Roessnthal accuses them of cheating and fraud, because of the belief that there is no measuring device is invasive can measure blood sugar levels accurately. The attack was due to employee ungainly, though, it has resulted in wasting a lot of precious time and the loss of important information during the attack and lift the lawsuit, also led to the suspension of work in the field of the development of the device.
[9]

It is expected to be replaced by blood sugar measuring devices using sensors permanent and blood sugar in treatment of many patients with diabetes. It is likely that reduces the complications that are discovered in individuals with diabetes by reducing the problems associated with each of hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia. At present, there are three types of systems, continuous monitoring of the level of blood sugar, known as CGMS. And knows the system the first of which on behalf of Minimed Paradigm RTS, a system put forward by the company Medtronic, a sensor under the skin connector device Send small (the size of a quarter circle) sends readings of blood sugar levels through the cells to a small reception in the size of a pager every five minutes. There is also a system DexCom STS System (which appeared in the second half of 2006). It is a subcutaneous sensor device provider to send small. The receiver is approaching the size of the size of a mobile phone that can work for a distance of five feet from the transmitter. And away from the calibration period by up to two hours, the monitoring process to temporarily stop intervals of five minutes for almost about 72 hours. Here, be possible for the user of this device specify the hours that a high level of sugar in the blood and watch where they fall. The third type is available from these systems, it is FreeStyle Navigator, which is produced by Abbott Laboratories of America. And attempts are being made at the moment in order to design a system treatment integrated comprises a device for measuring blood sugar and insulin pump and a wireless device to control the blood sugar level is

placed at the forearm, as well as that there are efforts being made in order to combine device for measuring blood sugar and a mobile phone together in one device . These devices are still, which is a combination between blood sugar measuring devices and mobile phones under test, and the estimated retail price of the device, each of which currently 149 U.S. dollars. The test strips for these devices the private property of the manufacturer nor is obtained only through which. (Not available by any means secure.) These devices are known as "devices Algelukuvun" are available at the present time in three forms: as a dongle added to your iPhone , and as a group additional programs subsidized Mobile phones brand LG model UX5000 and VX5200 and LX350, as well as programs additional subsidized Phone Mobile Motorola RAZR brand . This makes the hardware providers Algelukuvun bound to deal with AT & T for the iPhone with Verizon for other types of devices. Has been testing similar systems for a longer period of time in Finland. Have allowed the recent developments in the technology of data transfer via mobile phones emergence of devices to measure blood sugar incorporated directly potential data transfer via mobile phones, in a manner that enables the user to transfer data on the level of sugar in the blood has to competent to provide health care service to him and receive direct guidance from him on the display device for measuring blood sugar. Has been the first of these devices, which is produced by Telcare, at the CTIA International wireless communications primarily in 2010 United States and across different parts of the world.
[10]

, which won the

award for E-tech.This is a device for the time being tests Xlenkih in the

Technology blood sugar measuring devices

Employs many of the devices measure blood sugar glucose oxidation method on Aljlokonolambron stimulate the enzyme glucose oxidase (which is sometimes known as GOD). The devices are used to measure blood sugar other similar reaction is stimulated by another enzyme , which glucose Diyderugeniz (who knows abbreviated GDH). The advantage of this interaction Bhsasih the enzyme glucose oxidase, but it is more likely to be affected by overlapping interactions with other materials. Has adopted the first generation of these devices on the same interaction based on colorimetry, which is still in use to this day in the test strips for measuring blood sugar level in the urine. In addition to glucose

Oksidiz, the measuring device includes a benzidine derivatives, which are oxidized to the blue polymer by hydrogen peroxide formed in the oxidation reaction. The disadvantage of this method is that it was necessary that the test strip is cleaned after a certain interval (it was necessary to remove the remnants of the blood), as it was necessary to re-calibrate the device for measuring blood sugar frequently. Most devices are used measurement of blood sugar in this day an electrochemical method. The test strips contain lattice tube absorb the amount of blood can reproduce again. And blood sugar reacts with the electrode which contains the enzyme glucose oxidase (or ). And are re-oxidation enzyme with increased reliance on the detector medium, such as a Alfrusianid ions, or a derivative viruses or compound osmium bipyridyl. And are re-oxidation reagent by extension through the mediator of a reaction at the electrode, which generates electrically trend. Commensurate total cargo passing through the electrode with the percentage of sugar in the blood, which may interact with the enzyme. And measurement Alcolomtria the method is a method through which measure the total value of the shipment that has been generated by the reaction of oxidation of glucose over a certain period of time. Equally throw a ball and measure the distance in order to determine the extent of the power of the bow. Some devices use blood sugar measurement way Alomberomitrih (measured current estimate), where you measure the electrical generator at a certain point in time due to the interaction of blood sugar. Equally throw the ball and use the speed with which it is moving at a certain point in time to assess the strength of the bow.Could allow the measurement method Alcolomtria test measuring blood sugar at different times, while it is time to measure blood sugar test on a device that uses way Alomberomitrih the always constant. Both methods are given in recognition of the level of blood sugar concentration in the initial blood sample. The same principle is used in the test strips that have been promoted commercially in private markets as the discovery of cases of disease high acidity of diabetes (commonly abbreviated DKA). Test strips used this enzyme beta Hedroxiputerat dehydrogenase instead of using an oxidizing enzyme glucose, as it is used to these strips used in the discovery of some of the complications that may result from hyperglycemia long-term.

Has been the experience of alcohol sensors in the blood using the same method, but with the use of enzymes Alcohol Diyderugeniz, but it has not been developed commercially successful.

The use of blood sugar measuring device with cases of hypoplycaemia

Despite the obvious importance for the immediate measurement of blood sugar level may appear larger in dealing with the disease hypoglycaemia them in dealing with the disease hyperglycemia , the blood sugar measuring devices may have been less useful than expected. The main problems relating to the use of blood sugar measuring devices in the degree of accuracy and the percentage of positive and negative results wrong. If the percentage of inaccuracy is estimated at approximately 15%, do not constitute a problem for high blood sugar levels in the blood as much as a problem for low blood sugar levels.There is no significant difference between dealing with the level of sugar in the blood of 200 mg / dL and between dealing with the level of sugar in the blood value of 260 mg / dL (as will be the true level of sugar in the blood 230 mg / dL, with a percentage of inaccuracy of about 15% ), but which has a margin of error of 15% at a low concentration of sugar in the blood increases the degree of uncertainty about how to control the level of sugar in the blood. In addition to the problem of lack of precision prospects for a positive and negative consequences wrong in people with diabetes and patients. Usually in patients with diabetes type I sugar levels in the blood is higher than normal, which typically range from 40 to 500 mg / dL (2.2 to 28 mmol / l), and when they read your blood sugar by $ 50, or 70 mg / dl (2.8 or 3.9 mmol / L) associated with symptoms of hypoglycaemia usual, there is a degree of uncertainty about reading that represent "true positive result," there is only slight damage if the result is "false positive". However, in cases of lack of awareness of HIV blood sugar and poor autonomic nervous system associated with the disease, hypoglycaemia and lack of responses organized anti, show an urgent need to rely more heavily on blood sugar levels low, especially in patients with diabetes type I, while it is rarely This is a significant thing in the second type of diabetes.

In contrast, people who do not suffer from diabetes may exhibit symptoms of hypoglycaemia from time to time, but they are probably also have a

proportion of false positives significantly higher than the proportion of positive results right, not a measurement of blood sugar degree of accuracy sufficient, so that they can relied upon to diagnose cases of lack of blood sugar. May be a device for measuring blood sugar sometimes helpful in monitoring the species most of the disease hypoglycaemia (for example, defect increase insulin secretion congenital) to ensure that remains the average level of sugar in the fasting state higher than 70 mg / dB (3.9 mmol / l ).

References

1. Blood Measurement Units-Abbott Diabetes Care. Australia 2. Diabetes In Control 3. Bogus Diabetes Test Strips Traced to Chinese Distributor, New York Times, August 17,2007 , 4. Clark, L., Jr..; Lyons, C. Ann. NY Acad Sci. 1962, 102, 29. 5. 6. Http://www.insulin.pumpers.org.uk/glossary Http://diabetes-wise.net/2006/01/names_stick.html

7. Http://www.diabetes.co.uk 8. Http://www.eworldwire.com/pressrelease/211548

External Links used as References

9. National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse 10. Free Diabetes Cookbook etc. 11. Taking Control of Your Diabetes