DTU Wind Speed Course Cups

46400 Wind Speed Measurements - Cups
Troels Friis Pedersen Professor, Ris DTU Wind Energy Division
Wind Speed Measurements in Wind Energy

Average wind speed measurements - Cup anemometry
Turbulence measurements -Sonic anemometry -Cup anemometry
DTU Wind Energy Department
T F Pedersen Oct 2012

Cup anemometry used for: - wind resource assessment (low power consumption, low cost) - power performance measurements (accuracy, traceability) - wind turbine control (robust, maintainable) Sonic anemometry used for: - site turbulence measurements (3D wind, fast response) - wind turbine control (2D, robust, maintainable)
46400 Wind Speed Measurements - Cups Cup anemometry

Example of types commonly used in wind energy
NRG Maximum 40 WindSensor (Ris) P2546a Vector A100L2 Thies First Class
46400 Wind Speed Measurements - Cups Cup anemometry Components of a cup anemometer
1. Cup anemometer body (rotational symmetric) 2. Cup (three) 3. Shaft 4. Dust labyrinth 5. Bearings 6. Pulse generator 7. Pulse detection 8. Cable connection (centered) 9. Mounting (on tube) 10. Top pin (optional for cosine tilt response)
46400 Wind Speed Measurements - Cups Wind Speed Measurement Uncertainty - the driving parameter in wind measurements in wind energy: In wind energy an uncertainty of less than 1% is required (WMO, World Meteorology Organization, only requires an accuracy of 5% on anemometers)

An Example - cup anemometer wind speed measurement uncertainty
1.Cup anemometry is required in power performance measurements 2.Wind speed measurement uncertainties relates to: Calibration Field operation Mast and boom flow distortion Terrain effects (power performance measurements) 3.Calibration standard uncertainty 0.07-0.15m/s (Round Robin calibrations within 1%) 4.Field operation uncertainties 1% to 5% 5.Mast flow distortion 1% to 5% (boom mounted) 6.Boom flow distortion 0.5% (boom mounted) 7.Terrain effects 2% to 3% (performance measurements) Total uncertainty (boom mounted) 2.8% to 7.8% at 10m/s! (Uncertainty in Cp 8.6% to 25.4% at 10m/s!) Total uncertainty (topmounted, excl. terrain effects and best practice) about 1.6%
46400 Wind Speed Measurements - Cups Cup anemometer calibration
46400 Wind Speed Measurements - Cups Cup anemometer calibration

General calibration expression: U = Acal F + Bcal Where F is pulse frequency We also have: N + Bcal U= Acal 2 Where N is number of pulses per revolution and is angular speed in rad/s
46400 Wind Speed Measurements - Cups Field comparison of cup anemometers

Influence due to field operational conditions (turbulence, temp, etc.) (graph: SITEPARIDEN/DEWI)
Ris Vaisala
Thies Compact Vector
Thies Classic (reference)
46400 Wind Speed Measurements - Cups Field comparison of cup anemometers

Field Comparison of Thies Classic and Ris P2546 Cup Anemometers (Ris boom)
Relative deviations Thies vs RIS per Ti 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.1 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 -0.01 -0.02 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 RIS [m/s] 7 8 9 10 11
Ti < 6% 6% < Ti < 8% 8% < Ti < 10% 10% < Ti < 12% 12% < Ti < 14% 14% < Ti < 16% 16% < Ti < 18% 18% < Ti < 20% Ti > 20% Log. (Ti < 6%) Log. (6% < Ti < 8%) Log. (8% < Ti < 10%) Log. (10% < Ti < 12%) Log. (12% < Ti < 14%) Log. (14% < Ti < 16%) Log. (16% < Ti < 18%)
(Thies-RIS)/RIS
12 Log. (18% < Ti < 20%)

Log. (Ti > 20%)
10 DTU Wind Energy Department
46400 Wind Speed Measurements - Cups Characteristics of cup anemometers Tilt response measurements
(Re Dahlberg FOI)
1,04 1,02 1,00
Relative Speed
Angular respose RIS P2546 Cup Anemometer
0,98 0,96 0,94 0,92 0,90 0,88 0,86 -45 -40 -35
5 m/s 8 m/s 8 m/s rep 11 m/s Cos
-30 -25
-20 -15
-10
-5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Tilt angle (positive from above) [deg]
46400 Wind Speed Measurements - Cups Characteristics of cup anemometers Influence of turbulence on inflow angle
In the field the inflow angle is not constant. Over 10min the inflow angle typically varies with a Gaussian distribution (x=value, =average value, =std.dev. )
( 1 , 2 ( x) = e 2
( x )2 2
2
46400 Wind Speed Measurements - Cups Characteristics of cup anemometers Tilt response
Applying a Gaussian inclination angle distribution to measured tilt characteristics, Ris P2546
Applying a Gaussian inclination angle distribution to measured tilt characteristics, Thies classic
Applying a Gaussian inclination angle distribution to measured tilt characteristics, Vaisala
Applying a Gaussian inclination angle distribution to measured tilt characteristics, Vector
Applying a Gaussian inclination angle distribution to measured tilt characteristics, Thies Compact
Applying a Gaussian inclination angle distribution to measured tilt characteristics, ACCUWIND
46400 Wind Speed Measurements - Cups Characteristics of cup anemometers Measured rotor torque measured on one cup in wind tunnel
Measured Torque Characteristics for one RIS cup 5 4 3
Torque (mNm)
2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 0 2 4 6 Wind speed (m/s) 8 10 12
Ome=25 rad/s Ome=40 rad/s Ome=55 rad/s Poly. (Ome=25 rad/s) Poly. (Ome=40 rad/s) Poly. (Ome=55 rad/s)
6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 0
Measured Torque Characteristics for one RIS cup
Wsp=5 m/s Wsp=8m/s Wsp=11m/s Poly. (Wsp=5 m/s) Poly. (Wsp=8m/s) Poly. (Wsp=11m/s)
Torque (mNm)
20
40 Angular speed (rad/s)
60
80
46400 Wind Speed Measurements - Cups Characteristics of cup anemometers Normalised rotor torque Measured rotor torque measured on one Parabolic fit is not sufficient! cup Note: in wind tunnel, normalisation of torque
RIS Normalised Torque Coefficient
2.0 1.0 0.0 -1.0
CQA ( ) =
QA 1 2 ARU eq 2
Ome=25 Ome=40 Ome=55 U=5 U=8 U=11 U=8, Tu=16, f=2
Cq
-2.0 -3.0 -4.0
Parabola fit
-5.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 Speed ratio
46400 Wind Speed Measurements - Cups Characteristics of cup anemometers Measurement of aerodynamic torque with torque sensor and thin rod
Ris P2546 cup anemometer ( Re Dahlberg FOI)
10 8 6 4 2
Torque mNm
0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 -14 -16 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 Angular speed rad/s
46400 Wind Speed Measurements - Cups Characteristics of cup anemometers Normalisation of aerodynamic torque
Aerodynamic Torque Coefficient of RIS P2546
1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4
Torque Coefficient Cqa
120 Cqa Cqa fit Weight function
100
0,2 0,0 -0,2 -0,4 -0,6 -0,8 -1,0 -1,2 -1,4 -1,6 -1,8 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35 0,40
80
60
40
20
0,45
0,50
0 0,55
Speed ratio lambda
46400 Wind Speed Measurements - Cups Characteristics of cup anemometers Aerodynamic torque coefficient of various cup anemometers
Torque Coefficients 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0
Cq
-0.5 -1.0 -1.5 -2.0 -2.5 0.10
Thies Classcup RIS ThiesCompact Ideal
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
Speed Ratio
46400 Wind Speed Measurements - Cups Characteristics of cup anemometers Overspeeding measurements in tunnel with varying wind speed (Dahlberg, FOI wind tunnel)
FOI wind tunnel with test section in the middle. Inlet from the right and centrifugal blower on the left. Wind speed is varied cyclicly in the tunnel
Rotating outlet wind vanes and pitot tubes. Pitot tube measurements compared to cup anemometer rotor
46400 Wind Speed Measurements - Cups Characteristics of cup anemometers Overspeeding measurements
(Dahlberg, FOI wind tunnel)
46400 Wind Speed Measurements - Cups Characteristics of cup anemometers Overspeeding measurements
(Dahlberg, FOI wind tunnel)
46400 Wind Speed Measurements - Cups Characteristics of cup anemometers Measurement of friction in bearings
Friction measurements on cup anemometers Flywheel testing in climate chamber
Flywheel Rubber wheel
Blower Activation mechanism Motor
46400 Wind Speed Measurements - Cups Characteristics of cup anemometers Measurement of friction in bearings
Friction measurements on cup anemometers
The describing differential equation of the deceleration is:
where F ( ) is the friction in bearings as function of angular speed, and the second term is the air friction of the flywheel with the radius R. The friction in bearings is determined by rearranging:
d = F ( ) 0.616 R 4 ( 3 )1/ 2 dt
d F ( ) = I 0.616 R 4 ( 3 )1/ 2 dt
F ( ) = f1 + f 2 + f 3 2
A third degree polynomial was fitted to the deceleration, and the derivative was taken from the fit. The friction was again fitted to a second order polynomial.
46400 Wind Speed Measurements - Cups Characteristics of cup anemometers Friction

RIS P2546 cup anemometer - Flywheel tests Reproducability 90 80 70
Angular speed [rad/s]
60 50 40 30 20 10 1 2 3 4 Time [s] 5 6 7 8
-18deg -18deg -18deg -18deg -18deg

RIS P2546 cup anemometer - Flywheel tests 6,0E-04
5,0E-04
Friction Torque [Nm]
4,0E-04
3,0E-04
-18deg -18deg -18deg -18deg -18deg
2,0E-04
1,0E-04
0,0E+00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angular Speed [rad/s]

5,0E-04
4,0E-04
3,0E-04
2,0E-04
1,0E-04
40deg 35deg 30deg 25deg 20deg 15deg 10deg 8deg 6deg 4deg 2deg 0deg -2deg -4deg -6deg -8deg -10deg -12deg -14deg -16deg -18deg -20deg

5,0E-05
4,0E-05
3,0E-05
2,0E-05
1,0E-05
40deg 35deg 30deg 25deg 20deg 15deg 10deg 8deg 6deg 4deg 2deg 0deg -2deg -4deg -6deg -8deg -10deg -12deg -14deg -16deg -18deg -20deg

Friction of RIS P2546 as Function of Temperature
5,5E-04 5,0E-04 4,5E-04 4,0E-04
Friction Nm
3,5E-04 3,0E-04 2,5E-04 2,0E-04 1,5E-04 1,0E-04 5,0E-05 0,0E+00 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Temperature degC 20rad/s 40rad/s 60rad/s 80rad/s
46400 Wind Speed Measurements - Cups Characteristics of cup anemometers Running-in of cup anemometers
Friction is reduced within the first weeks of operation. New cup anemometers must be run-in before being used in measurements
46400 Wind Speed Measurements - Cups Characteristics of cup anemometers Rotor inertia
Measurement of rotor inertia
From the oscillations, the inertia can be found from the formula:
T 2 M g 2r I= 4 2 l
where: T M r l g is average time of one oscillation is mass of rotor is radius from axis of rotation to the three strings is the length of the strings is gravity acceleration 9,81m/s2
For the RIS P2546 cup anemometer, the values are:
M = 0,062kg r = 0,075m l = 0,875m
46400 Wind Speed Measurements - Cups Modeling cup anemometers Three models are considered:
1.General time domain model A model with a detailed description of the torque coefficient curve (a model that can be generally applied, and which is accurate enough for classification, being used in IEC61400-12-1) 2.Parabolic torque coefficient model A model with a parabolic torque coefficient curve (a more simple model that can be applied for analysis purposes) 3.Drag coefficient model A model with a parabolic torque coefficient curve based on a general high drag and low drag on either side of the rotor (an even more simple model that can be applied for more simple analysis)
46400 Wind Speed Measurements - Cups Modeling cup anemometers 1. General time domain model
The response of the cup anemometer is derived from the driving torque differential equation, where the torque on the rotor is a sum of aerodynamic torque and friction torque: d I = QA + Q f dt Numerically, the response of a cup anemometer can then be calculated by small time steps t by: QA + Q f = t I The output of the cup anemometer U = Acal F + Bcal , where = F N / 2 , can be compared to the horizontal wind speed U = hor definition in the standard IEC61400-12-1 u 2 + v 2 , which is the wind speed
The aerodynamic torque Q A is a function of the instantaneous wind speed vector U = {u, v, w} with the inflow angle and the scalar: w = A tan 2 2 U = u 2 + v 2 + w2 u +v The aerodynamic torque may be divided into two components, one based on the influence of the inflow angle (tilt or angular response F ), the other (the dynamic component) on the influence of an equivalent wind speed: = U eq F ( , U ) U The aerodynamic torque can now be expressed as: 1 2 Q A = ARU eq CQA ( ) 2 where: is the air density is the projected area of one cup A is the radius to cup centre R U eq is the equivalent wind speed (in the horizontal plane) CQA is the generalized aerodynamic rotor torque coefficient
The generalized aerodynamic rotor torque coefficient is derived from wind tunnel torque measurements with the cup anemometer in vertical position and where U eq in this case is equal to the tunnel wind speed: QA CQA ( ) = 1 2 ARU eq 2 The generalized aerodynamic rotor torque coefficient is a function of the speed ratio: R = U eq U t where: is angular speed of cup anemometer rotor Ut is a threshold wind speed The friction torque is a function of the temperature and the rotational speed, and is found form friction measurements: Q f = Q f (T , )
Fitting of model to calibration data
Deviation of calibration points from line 0,050 0,040 0,030
Deviation [m/s]
0,020 0,010 0,000 -0,010 -0,020 -0,030 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Wind speed [m/s] cali deviation simu deviation
Simulation of influence of external meteorological parameters
Influence of Temperature Variations from Reference Case
0,00 -0,02
deviation "Measured" [m/s]
-0,04 -0,06 -0,08 -0,10 -0,12 -0,14 -0,16 -0,18 -0,20 -30 -20 -10 0
Reference external conditions

10
average wind speed 10m/s turbulence intensity 10% isotropic turbulence length scale 500m air temperature 10C air density 1,23kg/m3 slope of terrain 0
20 30 40 50
Temp
Temperature [degC]
Influence of Air Density Variations from Reference Case
0,00 -0,01
Deviation "Measured" [m/s]
-0,02 -0,03 -0,04 -0,05 -0,06 -0,07 -0,08 -0,09 -0,10 0,80 Dens
0,85
0,90
0,95
1,00
1,05
1,10
1,15
1,20
1,25
1,30
1,35
1,40
Air density [kg/m^3]
Influence of Turbulence Intensity Variations from Reference Case
0,02 0,00
-0,02 -0,04 -0,06 -0,08 -0,10 -0,12 -0,14 0,00 Turb
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,35
Turbulence Intensity
Influence of Length Scale Variations from Reference Case
0,00
-0,02
-0,04 Scale -0,06
-0,08
-0,10 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 Length Scale [m]
Influence of Slope Variations from Reference Case
0,10 0,05 0,00
-0,05 -0,10 -0,15 -0,20 -0,25 -0,30 -0,35 -0,40 -0,45 -0,50 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 Slope [deg] 5 10 15 20 25 30 Slope
Overspeeding measurements, FOI wind tunnel, Re. TFP
Overspeeding of RIS P2546 Cup anemometer at 23% turbulence 3,0 2,5 2,0 measured points simulation polynomia simulation table
Overspeeding %
1,5 1,0 0,5 0,0 -0,5 -1,0 0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 Gust frequency (Hz)
46400 Wind Speed Measurements - Cups Modeling cup anemometers 2. Parabolic torque coefficient model
The parabolic torque coefficient model assumes the torque coefficient to be parabolic. For simplicity the friction is set to zero. The parabola has a proportionality factor and the two roots 0 and 1: QA CQA ( ) = = ( 0 )( 1 ) 1 2 ARU eq 2
4 3
Torque coefficient Cq
2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 Speed ratio lambda 0 0.5 1
The torque coefficient curve crosses the x-axis at the equilibrium speed ratio 0 , which corresponds to speed ratio at calibration: R R U= + U t = 0 (U U t ) 0 = 0 U Ut R The anemometer is normally calibrated in wind tunnel at equilibrium speed ratio. The calibration expression, where N is the number of pulses per revolution, is: N 2 U = Acal F + Bcal = Acal + Bcal = (U Bcal ) N Acal 2 From these relations the calibration coefficients can be found by: 2 R = Acal = Bcal U t N 0
Maximum overspeeding level (for high frequencies of wind variations)
The general torque equation is: d 1 2 = ARU eq ( 0 )( 1 ) Q =I dt 2 Assuming the threshold wind speed to be zero, and rearranging, the governing differential equation is: 1 d 2 1 1 1 = ( AR 3 ) ( AR 2U (0 + 1 )) + ( ARU 201 ) dt I 2 I 2 I 2 The maximum overspeeding level (constant overspeeding at high wind speed frequencies) with the parabolic torque coefficient model can be derived as: 1 2 1 2 1 1 O s , = ( 1 + (1 ) 4 Ti ) 0 0 2 0 Approximation by a second order Taylor series expansion around Ti=0 gives: 1 1 Os , Ti 2 = Ti 2 = FO Ti 2 1 0 1 0
46400 Wind Speed Measurements - Cups Modeling cup anemometers 2. Parabolic torque coefficient model 2. Parabolic torque coefficient model
First order amplitude response
Amplitude response
1
G ( s) =
1 (s) R = 0 (U ( s ) U t ) 1 + s
0.1
With time constant
And cut-off frequency

f = 1 2
0.01
0.001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Dynamic overspeeding (%)
Second order critically damped overspeeding response with same time constant
Os ,
Wind speed frequency (Hz)

10
1 0
Ti
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Wind speed frequency (Hz)
46400 Wind Speed Measurements - Cups Modeling of cup anemometers 3. Drag coefficient model
The drag coefficient model assumes constant drag coefficients on two cups on either side of the rotor. The aerodynamic torque is then: 1 Q A = R( D H - D L ) = AR((U - R )2C DH - (U + R )2C DL ) 2 If friction is neglected the torque equation is: d AR ((U R )2 CDH (U + R ) 2 CDL ) Q = I = 2 dt
U D H seen from above D L R seen from the front
area A
area A
Rearranging, the governing differential equation is: d 2 AR 3 1 U 2 AR 2 ( (CDH CDL )) (U AR (CDH + CDL )) + ( (CDH CDL )) = dt I 2 I I 2
46400 Wind Speed Measurements - Cups Modeling of cup anemometers 3. Drag coefficient model
40 30 20
Assuming U t = 0 we have = R / U and: 10 0 1 2 -10 = Q ARU ((1 )CDH (1 + )CDL ) -1 -0,5 2 Setting Q = 0 at torque equilibrium we find the two roots:
Torque coefficient Cq
0,5
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 Speed ratio lambda
3,5
0 =
1 k 1+ k 1 1 = = 1+ k 1 k 0
where = k CDL / CDH
Maximum overspeeding level

The maximum overspeeding for the drag coefficient model can be derived as: (1 - k )2 A Taylor series expansion around Ti=0 leads to the simple relation: Ti 2 (1 + k ) 2 2 Os , Ti = = FO Ti 2 (1 0 )(1 + 0 ) 4 k O s , = 2 k - 4k - (1 - k )2 Ti
2
46400 Wind Speed Measurements - Cups Modeling of cup anemometers

Parabolic torque coefficient model and drag model Maximum overspeeding level Os,max=F0*Ti2
Overspeeding factor Fo (Os,max=Fo*Ti^2) 2 1,8 1,6 1,4 1,2 1 lambda1<lambda0 Drag model: lambda1=1/lambda0 lambda1>lambda0
Fo
0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 -0,2 -0,4 -0,6 -2 -1,5 -1 -0,5 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 lambda0=0,3
Parabolic model Drag model 2,5 3 3,5 4
lambda1 (for lambda0=0,3)
46400 Wind Speed Measurements - Cups Modeling of cup anemometers

Parabolic torque coefficient model and drag model Torque coefficients
2
1 Drag model Zero overspeeding Straight line Intermediate
Cq
-1
-2
-3
-4 -1 -0,5 0 0,5 1 1,5 Lambda 2 2,5 3 3,5 4

Field operation of cup anemometers - Classification
IEC61400-12-1 standard on power performance measurements, annex I: Influence parameters for classification
Influence parameter ranges (based on 10min averages) of Classes A and B Class A Class B Terrain meets requirements Terrain does not meet of flat site requirements of flat site Min Max Min Max Wind speed range to cover [m/s] 4 16 4 16 Turbulence intensity 0,03 0,12+0,48/V 0,03 0,12+0,96/V 1/0,8/0,5 1/1/1 Turbulence structure u/v/w (non-isotropic turbulence) (isotropic turbulence) 0 40 -10 40 Air temp. [C] 3 Air density [kg/m ] 0,9 1,35 0,9 1,35 -3 3 -15 15 Average flow inclination angle [] For assessment of a class using simulation it is suggested the wind spectrum is a Kaimal wind spectrum with a longitudinal turbulence length scale of 350m

IEC61400-12-1 standard on power performance measurements, Annex J: Classification procedure with the use of general time domain model
Real cup-anemometer
Calibrations
-friction -torque curves -inertia -angular char.
Cup-anemometer model
Fitting to cup-anem. model
Environmental operational conditions
Classification index
Calculation of responses
Class

A systematic analysis of deviations from the calibration line due to influence parameters using artificially generated 3D wind and general time domain model
0,4 0,3 0,2
Deviations [m/s]
0,1 0 -0,1 -0,2 -0,3 -0,4 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Wind Speed [m/s] Class 1 Class 2 Deviations
Example of deviations of a Class 2.0A cup anemometer

IEC61400-12-1, Annex I Class selection of cup anemometers
The selection of an anemometer class for a specific measurement depends on the terrain or the accuracy that is needed for the measurement. Class A: Class B: Class S: Associated to flat terrain, and with general influence parameter ranges for this type of terrain. Associated to terrain that does not meet the requirements of flat terrain, and with general influence parameter ranges for complex terrain. Associated to a specified accuracy, where the influence parameter ranges are restricted to allow for the specified accuracy of the anemometer. Alternatively the class may be associated to influence parameter ranges that are not specifically covered by class A or class B or to influence parameter ranges that are verified during the power performance measurements.

IEC61400-12-1, Annex I Class description of cup anemometers
The class number k shall be determined as the maximum anemometer response deviation (from the horizontal wind speed input) in the wind speed range corresponding to the formula:
wi= 5m / s + 0,5 U i
= k 100 max i / wi
where
wi
is a weighting function that defines the deviation envelope is the maximum deviation for any wind speed bin i in the wind speed range in m/s is the class number
max,i
k
The classification of an anemometer is specified by the class number k and the class type by kA and kB or kS, for example 1,7A and 2,5S.

IEC61400-12-1, Annex I Classification of cup anemometers ACCUWIND project results
Classification IEC61400-12-1 Model: General time domain +FOI tilt response Horizontal Vector wsp definition wsp definition Cup anemometer Class A Class B Class A Class B NRG max 40 2.4 8.3 2.7 3.0 Ris P2546 1.4 5.1 1.7 9.2 Thies FC 1.8 3.8 1.6 4.4 Vaisala WAA151 2.2 11.9 1.7 6.1 Vector L100 1.8 4.5 1.6 4.0

IEC61400-12-1, Annex I Classification of cup anemometers ACCUWIND project results
Classification IEC61400-12-1 Model: General time domain +DEWI tilt response Horizontal Vector wsp definition wsp definition Cup anemometer Class A Class B Class A Class B NRG max 40 2.4 7.7 2.8 4.8 Ris P2546 1.9 8.0 2.4 12.0 Thies FC 1.5 2.9 1.9 6.3 Vaisala WAA151 1.7 11.1 1.2 5.5 Vector L100 1.8 4.5 1.7 4.0
46400 Wind Speed Measurements - Cups Mast and boom flow distortion
IEC61400-12-1 standard on power performance measurements Annex G Requirements for top mounting, one anemometer
Hub height relative to ground at met mast Minimum 0,75m Vertical tube
No flow disturbances alowed above this line Mast top Mast shall be within 1:5 cone (mast centre to cone relative to vertical distance to anemometer)
Minimum 1,5m
No other instruments on booms above this line
IEC61400-12-1 standard on power performance measurements Annex G Requirements for top mounting, two anemometers
Minimum 1,5m and maximum 2,5m
Hub height relative to ground at met mast Minimum 0,75m Minimum 1,5m No flow disturbances alowed above this line Minimum 15 times boom diameter Recommended 25 times boom diameter
No other instruments on boom above this line
Mast top Mast box with pressure sensor
IEC61400-12-1 standard on power performance measurements Annex G Requirements for top mounting, other sensors
Hub height relative to ground at met mast Free tube Minimum 0,75m Vertical tube
Minimum 1,5m and Maximum 2,5m mast within 1:5 cone (mast centre to cone relative to vertical distance to anemometer) Mast top
Tmp Boom
Control anemometer should be mounted as described in clause G.5
Mast box with pressure sensor
IEC61400-12-1 standard on power performance measurements Annex G Requirements for top mounting, other sensors
Minimum 1,5m and maximum 2,5m Hub height relative to ground at met mast Minimum 0,75m Minimum 1,5m and maximum 10% of hub height Minimum 15 times boom diameter Recommended 25 times boom diameter
Boom Mast top Mast box with pressure sensor
IEC61400-12-1 standard on power performance measurements Annex G Flow distortion round a tubular mast
1,000 0,995
Centreline Relative Wind Speed
0,990 0,985 0,980 0,975 0,970 0,965 0,960 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0 5,5 6,0 6,5 7,0 7,5 8,0 8,5 9,0 9,5 10,0 Distance to Center Divided by Mast Diameter R/d
IEC61400-12-1 standard on power performance measurements Annex G Flow distortion round a three-legged mast
1,000 0,995 Ct=0,1
Centreline Relative Wind Speed
0,990 0,985
Ct=0,3
Ct=0,5 0,980 Ct=0,7 0,975 0,970 Tubular (based on R/d) 0,965 0,960 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0 5,5 6,0 6,5 7,0 7,5 8,0 8,5 9,0 9,5 10,0 Distance to Mast Centre Divided by Mast Leg Distance R/L
Actuator disc Centreline wind speed deficit Ud L
Three legged mast
46400 Wind Speed Measurements - Cups Other influence factors on cup anemometers
Rime Ice Dust Bird shit Example: shit from cormorant
Example of influence of rime on a 116m mast: Jumps in wind speed from about 7.5m/s to 12.5m/s at 60m, 80m and 100m levels
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 1 37 73 109 145 181 217 253 289 325 361 397 433 469 505 10-min periods
Measured wind speed [m/s] or temperature [degC]
Wsp 116m Wsp 100m Wsp 80m Wsp 60m Tmp 60m
Icing (re. Vaisala)

DTU Wind Speed Course Cups

Cargado por

Información del documento

Descripción original:

Derechos de autor

Formatos disponibles

Compartir este documento

Compartir o incrustar documentos

Opciones para compartir

¿Le pareció útil este documento?

¿Este contenido es inapropiado?

Copyright:

Formatos disponibles

DTU Wind Speed Course Cups

Cargado por

Copyright:

Formatos disponibles

46400 Wind Speed Measurements - Cups

Troels Friis Pedersen Professor, Ris DTU Wind Energy Division

Wind Speed Measurements in Wind Energy

Turbulence measurements -Sonic anemometry -Cup anemometry

DTU Wind Energy Department

T F Pedersen Oct 2012

46400 Wind Speed Measurements - Cups

DTU Wind Energy Department

T F Pedersen Oct 2012

46400 Wind Speed Measurements - Cups Cup anemometry

DTU Wind Energy Department

T F Pedersen Oct 2012

DTU Wind Energy Department

T F Pedersen Oct 2012

DTU Wind Energy Department

T F Pedersen Oct 2012

46400 Wind Speed Measurements - Cups

DTU Wind Energy Department

T F Pedersen Oct 2012

46400 Wind Speed Measurements - Cups Cup anemometer calibration

DTU Wind Energy Department

T F Pedersen Oct 2012

46400 Wind Speed Measurements - Cups Cup anemometer calibration

DTU Wind Energy Department

T F Pedersen Oct 2012

46400 Wind Speed Measurements - Cups Field comparison of cup anemometers

Thies Compact Vector

Thies Classic (reference)

DTU Wind Energy Department

T F Pedersen Oct 2012

46400 Wind Speed Measurements - Cups Field comparison of cup anemometers

12 Log. (18% < Ti < 20%)

10 DTU Wind Energy Department

T F Pedersen Oct 2012

Angular respose RIS P2546 Cup Anemometer

5 m/s 8 m/s 8 m/s rep 11 m/s Cos

Tilt angle (positive from above) [deg]

11 DTU Wind Energy Department

T F Pedersen Oct 2012

12 DTU Wind Energy Department

T F Pedersen Oct 2012

13 DTU Wind Energy Department

T F Pedersen Oct 2012

14 DTU Wind Energy Department

T F Pedersen Oct 2012

15 DTU Wind Energy Department

T F Pedersen Oct 2012

16 DTU Wind Energy Department

T F Pedersen Oct 2012

17 DTU Wind Energy Department

T F Pedersen Oct 2012

18 DTU Wind Energy Department

T F Pedersen Oct 2012

2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 0 2 4 6 Wind speed (m/s) 8 10 12

Measured Torque Characteristics for one RIS cup

40 Angular speed (rad/s)

19 DTU Wind Energy Department

T F Pedersen Oct 2012

Ome=25 Ome=40 Ome=55 U=5 U=8 U=11 U=8, Tu=16, f=2

20 DTU Wind Energy Department

T F Pedersen Oct 2012

0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 -14 -16 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 Angular speed rad/s

21 DTU Wind Energy Department