Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Bui Xuan Nguyen, Ph.D- University Paris VI VAST, USTH Hanoi, Vietnam Buixn(@gmail.com
Embryo
-Etymology : First attested in English in the mid-14c., the word embryon derives from Medieval Latin embryo, itself from Greek (embruon), plural (embrua), lit. "young one - An embryo is a multicellular diploid eukaryote in its earliest stage of development, from the time of first cell division until birth, hatching, or germination. In humans, it is called an embryo until about eight weeks after fertilization and from then it is instead called a fetus. (wikipedia] - Parthenogenetic haploide, trysomy ???
Embryo development
- Embryogenesis: The development of the embryo - Embryo differentiation: The process by which specialized and diversified structures arise during development of the embryo. The process involves (1) an increase in the number of cell types, and (2) an increase in morphological heterogeneity through the arrangement of cells into increasingly complex structural patterns in the form of tissues and organs. (wikipedia]
Sperm
Oocyte
EMBRYO
Fetus
New organism
Embryo differentiation
1. Adult Stem Cells 2. Embryonic Stem Cells (ES) 3. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS)
Sperm
Oocyte
Totipotent
EMBRYO
Pluripotent
Multipotent
Cells
Unipotent
New organism
REPRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY
BIO-MEDICAL APPLICATION
IVM-IVF
38 0C, 5% CO2
EMBRYO
Cryobanking
XX
In vitro Fertilization
TRANSGENIC PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY REGENERATION MEDICINE XENOTRANSPLANTATION GENE THERAPY INFERILITY TREATMENT
Stem cells
PGD
Cells Somatic cloning
Biotechnology: Definition
The fusion of biology and technology. Biotechnology is the application of biological techniques to product research and development. (http://www.medterms.com/ ) Any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use. (The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity ) A field of applied biology that involves the use of living organisms and bioprocesses in engineering, technology, medicine and other fields requiring bioproducts. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology)
Biotechnology: Definition
Classic Biotechnology arose from the field of zymotechnology, which began as a search for a better understanding of industrial fermentation Modern Biotechnology: The origins of biotechnology culminated with the birth of genetic engineering. -the 1953 discovery of the structure of DNA, by Watson and Crick - 1973 discovery by Cohen and Boyer of a recombinant DNA technique by which a section of DNA was cut from the A plasmid of an E. coli bacterium and transferred into the DNA of another
Technology
Life application
Bio-Medical Biotechnology At central first life stage for all life aspects
Trong khong 440 triu nm qua c 5 ln sinh vt b tiu dit hng lot (V Qu, Biodiva 2007)
Ln gn y nht, cch nay khoang 65 triu nam l do thin thch ri vo tri t, 20 % s h v 50% s ging b tiu dit, trong c cc loi khng long Hin nay, ang din hin tng cc loi b tiu dit hng lot, nhng nguyn nhn chnh l do hot ng ca loi ngi.
(V Qu, Biodiva 2007)
Kt qu nghin cu ca hn 1500 nh khoa hc trn th gii trong bn Millennium Ecoystem Assessment (2005) th trong khong 400 nm qua c 484 loi ng vt v 654 loi thc b tiu dit, v c khong 30000 loi V v TV ang nguy cp. Tc cc loi b tiu dit nhanh gp 100-1000 ln so vi bnh thng. Trong cc thp k sp ti tc mt cc loi cn cao hn.
(V Qu, Biodiva 2007)
Danh lc Sch ca IUCN (2004): - 23% s loi th (1101 loi) - 12% s loi chim (1213 loi) ang nguy cp - cc nhm khc khong 38% n 86% s loi nguy cp. T 1970 n nay c 58 loi c, 9 loi chim v 1 loi th b tiu dit.
(V Qu, Biodiva 2007)
Nguyn nhn suy thoi cc loi: 1- Ni sinh sng b thu hp li 2- Xm ln ca cc loi ngoi lai 3- nhim mi trng 4- Sn bt qu mc 5- Thay i kh hu ton cu.
(V Qu, Biodiva 2007)
Slow
Rapid freezing (Nguyen-JP Renard 1983) Vitrification (Rall & Fahy, 1985).
RT
Rapid freezing
(Nguyen, Renard,1983, 1984)
-30oC
Rabbit, cattle
Survival in vitro: 60-88% In vivo: 33-81%
-196oC 5 30 300-500
Cloning Cloning by by Somatic SCNT Somatic cell cell nuclear nuclear transfer transfer //SCNT
1997, Doily
clone a woolly mammoth in the next five years. Led by Akira Iritani, Kinki
SCNT : conservation
Wells et al, 1999: Enderby island cattle Robert et al, 2000, Gaur Smith et al, 2001.
Vietnam
American Bison - Bison bison European Bison - Bison bonasus Auroch - Bos primigenus Wild Yak - Bos mutus Banteng - Bos javanicus Gaur - Bos gaurus Kouprey- Bos Sauveli African Buffalo - Syncerus caffer Wild Water Buffalo - Bubalus arnee Lowland Anoa - Bubalus depressicornis Mountain Anoa - Bubalus quarlesi Tamaraw - Bubalus mindorensis Saola - Pseudoryx nghetinhensis
Kouprey : Numbers estimated before XX 1938 1940 1970 1975 1986 2003 2000 800 1000 30-70 50 >200 >250 (IUCN 2004)
(V Qu, Biodiva 2007)
2,500,000
1,500,000 60 1,000,000 40 500,000 20 0 Year 1954 Year 1975 Year 1986 Year 1993 Year 2003
Sites
Ha
Cattle
150
91 (60.67)
72 (79.12)
25 (27.5)
Saola
312
166 (50.21)
131 (78.92)
65 (39.15)
46 (27.71)
Nbre cell. totales Nbre cell. ICM Nbre cell. tropho. 88 36 (40.9) 52 (59,1)
Software ART
Bio-Medical application
animals
1988 Lm ch rng trng trn tru 1986 1983 1978 B cy phi Phng php ng lnh nhanh phi Th cy phi u tien
(2) (1)
Vi phu thut PCR
Primer ci Primer c
NST
sRY
(3)
Chn phi
t bo phi ci c
Cy phi
Vn : kh nng phc v cy phi quy m 30-60 phi/ngy, a im xa 70-2000 km) Ch tiu: Thi gian Vi phu thut phi, t l phi sng , thi gian PCR, t l xc nh, mc chnh xc 2 t hp mi : INRA1-148bp-c, INRA2-443 bp-loi, BRY4a-300bp-c, STS -216bp-loi
phi
FSH PG
PG
phi
PROGESTERON
Estrus-superovulation synchronisation-ET
PG1
PG2
DDuc1
Dduc2
AI
Embryo
PG1
PG2
DDuc1
Dduc2
ET
Loi phi
S b nhn (n)
B con
B ci n ( %)
GT Khng GT
16 20
11 15
9 (81,8) 6 (40,0)
Tng th
T l cha chun : > 50 % T l cha do cy phi GT: > 50% S b sinh ra : 41 S b ci: 31 T l b ci do cy phi GT: 80% T l b sinh i do cy 2 phi: 50% Thi gian mang thai: 258- 275 ngy Trng lng s sinh: 22-50 kg Tc pht trin: tng ng Holstein
Php:5000
VN: 3 2 cc/per
50000 2000 200000 2010 1.5 tr ???
30 years
1
Sexing Embryo
SCNT
30
A.I
300
B H-n Top:
B c sa+Nhit i
(2) (1)
Xc nh gii tnh:VPT phI+PCR
TINH
XX
(3)
(4)
Phi cI cy phi vo b LaiSind
c ging phn phi Qung canh Qung canh Qung canh Qung canh Qung canh Qung canh
Hypothesis of epigenesis, Each organism develops anew from an undifferentiated condition. - each differentiated cell retain the full complement of genetic information present initially in the zygote? Hans Speman, 1938
Hans Spemann (1869-1941) Nobel award 1935 for discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development";
Direction : cells-embryo-gametes
Shinya Yamanaka et al
C
a
Genomic RNA profiling and the programme controlling preimplantation mammalian development , Christine E. Bell et all, 2008
Epigenetic regulation in mammalian preimplantation embryo development, Lingjun Shi and Ji Wu, 2009
General view of the main epigenetic reprogramming pathways in preimplantation development. (A) DNA methylationreprogramming in the mouse embryo. Active demethylation happens in paternal PN(pronucleus) followed by passive demethylation of the entire genome during cleavage stage.
X- inativation
Mechanisms from initiation of XCI to the shortand long-term maintenance of silencing status. After selection, Xist coats the Xi chromosome to initiate XCI. A ncRNA (RepA) then usher polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) to the Xi chromosome, recruiting histone modification changes such as H2A-K119 ubiquitination (U) and H3K27 methylation (M). Histone modifications bring about short-term silencing followed by histone variant incorporation (macroH2A) and de novo DNA methylation, mediating long-term silencing