Mosquito Repellent

Mosquito repellents are substances that are designed to make surfaces unpleasant or unattractive to mosquitos. They typically contain an active ingredient that repels mosquitos as well as secondary ingredients, which aid in delivery and cosmetic appeal. They are available in many forms, from creams to lotions to oils, but are most often sold as aerosol products.

History
Traditionally, various types of substances have been used to repel mosquitos. These include such things as smoke, plant extracts, oils, tars, and muds. As insect repellent technology became more sophisticated, individual compounds were discovered and isolated. This allowed the formulation of new, more efficient forms of mosquito repellents. The first truly effective active ingredient used in mosquito repellents was citronella oil. This material is an herbal extract derived from the citronella plant, an Asian grass. While citronella had been used for centuries for medicinal purposes, its repellence was only accidentally discovered in 1901, when it was used as a hairdressing fragrance. Since citronella oil is a fragrant material, it is thought that the chemical terpenes of which it is composed are responsible for its repellent activity. Citronella oil does repel mosquitos, but it has certain characteristics which limit its effectiveness. For example, it is very volatile and evaporates too quickly from surfaces to which it is applied. Also, large amounts are needed to be effective. The disadvantages of using citronella oil prompted researchers to study alternative synthetic compounds. Many of the early attempts at creating synthetic insect repellents were initiated by the United States military. Out of this research came the discovery of the repellent dimethyl phthalate in 1929. This material showed a good level of effectiveness against certain insect species, but it was ineffective against others. Two other materials were developed as insect

repellents. Indalone was found to repel insects in 1937, and Rutgers 612 (2-ethyl1,3-hexane diol) was synthesized soon after. Like dimethyl phthalate, these materials had certain limitations which prevented their widespread use. Pyrethrum oils are another natural insect repellent with a history. Derived from the seed coating of the pyrethrum daisys, genus Chrysanthemum, found in both Persia and the dalmation coast, it is thought that these plants proliferated along the caravan routes of the ancient world into Asia. Popularlised through its inclusion in incense sticks, pyrethrum is now used not only for Hindu or Buddhist ceremony but also as day to day insect repellent. In its powder form, pyrethrum was used by Napoleon and in World War 2 to protect from lice and fleas. The powder is still the active ingredient in the 30 billion mosquito coils sold each year, which evolved from incense sticks. The trouble is the coils are toxic and you cannot safely be in the same room as them, which, although more expensive, makes incense sticks a better option. Herodotus, who noted that in ancient Egypt, the oil of a particularly awful smelling castor-oil plant was burnt in lamps, made the first recorded human use of an insect repellent. This observation also included documenting the use of rudimentary bed nets too. In various documentations from other civilizations, the practice of burning things seems rather prevalent. The general idea seems to have been to burn anything that made a smell. Sources have shown the use of fish, snakeskin even feathers. Some cases show the use of asafoetidia, which in old French is known as Devils dung for the pungency of its odor. In reality, the fumes would have been highly noxious and wouldnt have repelled insects especially effectively. However, they have masked the human kairomones and created convection currents strong enough to disturb any homing mosquitoes. The first truly effective active ingredient used in mosquito repellents was citronella oil. This material is an herbal extract derived from the citronella plant, an Asian grass. While citronella had been used for centuries for medicinal

purposes, its repellence was only accidentally discovered in 1901, when it was used as a hairdressing fragrance. Since citronella oil is a fragrant material, it is thought that the chemical terpenes of which it is composed are responsible for its repellent activity. Citronella oil does repel mosquitos, but it has certain characteristics which limit its effectiveness. For example, it is very volatile and evaporates too quickly from surfaces to which it is applied. Also, large amounts are needed to be effective Of course the most significant development in the last century was DEET. N, Ndiethyl-2-methylbenzamide (DEET) was developed by the U.S government.

Mode of Action
Most repellent chemicals work by interfering with the mosquito's homing system. This homing system, located on the antennae, is made up of a number of chemical receptors. Research has shown that these chemical receptors are activated by lactic acid, which naturally evaporates from the skin of warmblooded animals. The mosquitos have the innate ability to follow the lactic acid emissions to their source. However, when a repellent ingredient such as DEET is applied to the skin, it also evaporates. It is thought that the chemical inhibits the binding of the lactic acid to the mosquito's chemical receptors. This essentially "hides" the protected person from the mosquito. Since the active ingredient must evaporate from the surface to work, the repellent activity lasts for a limited time.

Raw Materials
The active ingredient in a mosquito repellent is primarily responsible for its usefulness. For a material to be valuable as a mosquito repellent, it must meet certain criteria. First, it must effectively discourage insect attack on the treated area for many hours and on many different types of surfaces. Second, it must work under a variety of different environmental conditions. Next, it must not be toxic or cause irritation when applied to human or animal skin. Additionally, it must be cosmetically acceptable, having a pleasant odor, taste, and feel. It should

also be harnless to clothing. Finally, it should have a relatively low cost and be effective against other common types of insects, such as flies. While thousands of compounds have been studied for their use as insect repellents, DEET (n, n-diethyl-m-toluamide) has been used more than any other. DEET is the compound which results from a reaction of m- toluic acid with thionyl chloride followed by a reaction with diethyl amine. This material is isolated and purified before it is supplied to mosquito repellent manufacturers. Other repellent ingredients used include Citronella oil, Dimethyl phthalate, Lavender, Lemon-grass oil, Peppermint oil

It has been found that mixtures of various repellent compounds often provide greater effectiveness than any one compound alone. The active ingredients contained in the mosquito repellents generally make up 5-30% of the final products. The inert ingredients that are in a mosquito repellent depend on the form that the product will take. Currently, mosquito repellents are sold as aerosols, pumps, lotions, and oils. Mosquito repellents that are sold as lotions or creams are essentially skin creams which have DEET added at a certain level. They are primarily composed of water, surfactants, fatty alcohol, fragrance, and other emollients. When applied to the skin, these products have the dual benefit of repelling mosquitos and moisturizing skin. These products are generally less effective than aerosol forms, however, because they do not allow the active ingredients to evaporate as easily. Aerosols are the most common form for mosquito repellents. They are made up of a few different types of ingredients, including a solvent, a propellant, and

miscellaneous ingredients. The solvent is usually an organic alcohol such as ethanol or propanol, whose primary responsibility is to dilute the active ingredient to an appropriate concentration. It also aids in keeping all of the raw materials mixed, ensuring that the product will remain effective even after longterm storage. The propellant is a volatile compound which creates the pressure that causes the rest of the product to be forced out of the container. Common propellants include liquefied hydrocarbon gases like propane, butane, or isobutane, hydro fluorocarbons, and dimethyl ether. Other ingredients such as fragrances and emollients are added to aerosol mosquito repellents to make them more cosmetically appealing. Still other compounds are added to prevent corrosion and other stability problems. Common insect repellents

DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) Essential oil of the lemon eucalyptus (Corymbia citriodora) and its active compound p-menthane-3,8-diol (PMD)

Icaridin, also known as picaridin, Bayrepel, and KBR 3023 Nepetalactone, also known as "catnip oil" Citronella oil Permethrin Neem oil Bog Myrtle Dimethyl carbate Tricyclodecenyl allyl ether, a compound often found in synthetic perfumes IR3535 (3-[N-Butyl-N-acetyl]-aminopropionic acid, ethyl ester) Propylene Glycol 2.0% Hampene 100S 0.3%

Methyl Paraben USP 0.2% Triethanolamine (TEA) 0.17% Oil Phase Cold pressed oil mixture Neem, Citronella, Cedarwood with 0.1% Ethoxyquin/BHA 35.0%

Cedarwood Oil (Expeller Grade) 5% Neem Oil (Expeller Grade) 10% Ethoxyquin/BHA 0.1%

INSECT

REPELLENT

FOR

PLANTS,

TREES,

FRUITS

AND

VEGETABLES Formula C - Oil/Water Emulsion Concentrate Cedarwood oil (Expeller pressed) 5% Margosa oil (Expeller pressed) 10% Citronella Oil (Expeller pressed) 55 Ethoxyquin/BHA 0.1% PEG Dioleate (Polyethylene Glycol) 3.5% Light Mineral Oil 76.4%

Plants That Repel Mosquitoes There are a variety of both wild and cultivated plants that repel mosquitoes. Almost anywhere you go, it is reasonable to find several plant species that you can use to ward off these pesky critters. Plant-based mosquito repellents are especially useful for people who spend a great deal of time in the wilderness. It is important to note that it is compounds found within the plants that do the repelling. These compounds need to be released from the plant to unlock the mosquito-repelling qualities. Depending on the species of plant, they can be released by crushing, drying, or infusing the plant into an oil or alcohol base that can be applied to skin, clothing, or living spaces. Others are best used as a

smudge, which releases the compounds in a smoke. Just standing near living plants that repel mosquitoes is often not effective. Below are separate lists of wild and cultivated plants that repel mosquitoes: 1. Cultivated Plants That Repel Mosquitoes a. Citronella Grass (Cymbopogon nardus) is the most popular cultivated plant used for repelling mosquitoes. Its oil, citronella oil, is the primary ingredient in most natural insect repellents sold in stores. Products applied to the skin are most effective. It grows in tropical regions. b. Catnip (Nepeta cataria) is a common garden plant that can be used to repel mosquitoes. The crushed plant can be applied directly to the skin or the dried plant can be infused in oil, such as olive oil. c. Additional cultivated plants that repel mosquitoes: i. Peppermint ii. Rosemary iii. Marigolds iv. Lemon balm v. Garlic vi. Clove vii. Eucalyptus viii. Tea tree ix. Lavendar (Mentha piperita) (Rosmarinus officinalis) (Tagetes spp. (Melissa officinalis) (Allium sativum) (Syzygium aromaticum) (Eucalyptus spp.) (Melaleuca alternifolia) (Lavandula angustifolia )

2. Wild Plants That Repel Mosquitoes a. Vanilla Leaf (Achlys triphylla) is a plant native to the northwest and Japan. Indigenous peoples were known to hang bundles of the dried plants in and around their dwellings to keep mosquitoes and flies away. The plant can be rubbed on the skin fresh or dried to deter mosquitoes.

b. Sagebrush, Wormwood, and Mugwort (Artemisia spp.) are in the same genus (plant grouping). All of these species can be used as an aromatic smudge that is known to be a very effective mosquito repellent. The crushed leaves can also be applied directly to the skin. These species grow in the drier habitats of the west, including the plains, deserts, and mountainous regions. c. Pineapple weed (Matricaria matricarioides) (pictured above) is a common weedy species that grows all over North America. It can be found growing in lawns, edges of roads, and other disturbed areas. The aromatic crushed plant can be applied to the skin to help repel mosquitoes. 3. Additional wild plants known to repel mosquitoes: a. Nodding onion b. Wild bergamot c. Snowbrush d. Sweetfern e. Cedars (Allium cernuum) (Mondarda fistulosa) (Ceonothus velutinus) (Comptonia peregrina) (Thuja spp.)

Additional Tips on Repelling Mosquitoes In addition to using mosquito repelling plants, you may want to consider some other factors that can help keep mosquitoes away. Mosquitoes find their prey by following carbon dioxide and other components that animals breath out. Many outdoors-people have noticed that mosquitoes have a greater attraction to people that have been eating processed, sugary foods, and less attracted to people eating more of a natural diet such as whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. The processed food diet may make your odor and blood chemistry more attractive to mosquitoes. You can choose to eat less processed foods and sugars during the mosquito season. Additionally, diets high in garlic and onions have been noted to help reduce the attraction of mosquitoes.

When it is mosquito season, you can also choose to camp and hike away from their core habitat, areas of standing water. Instead, you can camp in places away from water with a breeze, which can help keep mosquitoes at a minimum. At home you can minimize mosquitoes by eliminating their breeding areas (standing water), such as old tires, buckets, trash cans, or anything that holds standing water. Getting bitten by mosquitoes is unpleasant to say the least. Unfortunately, depending on the area you live, the climate, and a number of other contributing factors; mosquitoes may be attracted to your home and garden. Being overrun by mosquitoes is a common problem for many during the summer months, but luckily there are plenty of mosquito repellent plants available for you to take advantage of. Most gardeners and outdoor enthusiasts are constantly looking for a way to cope with and control mosquitoes. Although some choose to purchase commercial mosquito repellent, an increasing amount of people are looking for natural mosquito repellent plants that are not harmful or toxic to the environment or to children. Discovering the Attraction The initial factor to consider is what may be attracting the mosquitoes in the first place. Mosquitoes can be drawn to an area for all sorts of reasons. Stagnant water is the number one attraction for mosquitoes, which is why it is important to keep your water pumps running and operating smoothly at all times.

How do Mosquito Repellent Plants Work? Mosquito repellent plants are a naturally effective way to keep mosquito levels to a minimum. It is the compounds that are found within the mosquito plants mosquito repellent that does the repelling, and these compounds have to be released from the plant, for the process to work. Depending on the species of the plant, they can be released by;

Drying Crushing Infusing

All three of these methods can be adopted, and they can be used on the skin, on clothing, or in living spaces. What Are the Best Mosquito Repellent Plants? Although there are numerous mosquito repellent plants, the best and easiest ones to grow at home are:

Citronella: Citronella is the most popular and most common natural ingredient in mosquito repellents. The distinctive and strong aroma works by masking other attractants to the mosquitoes, and subsequently it makes it harder for them to find you. Citronella is very popular in candle form.

Horsemint: Horsemint works in much the same way as Citronella, and is one of the best mosquito repellent plants Texas. Horsemint is most recognizable by its strong and powerful incense like smell. It is a fast growing and drought resistant plant, that does well in dry sandy conditions.

Marigolds: These mosquito repellent plants are most commonly grown as ornamental border flowers. They have a very distinctive smell that both mosquitoes and many gardeners find offensive. Pyrethrum is a compound found within Marigolds that is also widely used in insect repellents.

Ageratum: Ageratum emits coumarin, which is a compound used in many commercial insect repellents. The plant itself is also particularly offensive smelling. It is a low lying mosquito repellent plant that thrives in full sun. It can be crushed to release the odor, but it is not advisable to use the crushed leaved on the skin.

Catnip: This is one of the most known natural mosquito repellent plants. Recent studies have shown that Catnip is 10 times more effective than other types of commercial insect repellents. This plant is extremely easy and is an effective plant to grow.

The Manufacturing Process

General Steps The production of mosquito repellents can be broken down into two steps. First a large batch of the repellent formulation is made, and then the batch is filled into the packaging. Since aerosols are the most common form of mosquito repellent, The following Description details their production.

Other forms of repellents like creams and lotions are produced in a similar way, except that the filling process is less involved.

Compounding

The first step in the manufacturing process is compounding. In the compounding area, raw materials are mixed together in large stainless steel tanks. For an aerosol, the alcohol is pumped into the tank, and the other materials, including DEET, fragrance, and emollients, are manually poured in and allowed to mix. All of the ingredients except the propellant are added at this phase of production. Since some of the materials in this process are flammable, special precautions are taken to prevent explosion, such as using spark-proof electrical outlets and blast-proof walls.

When the batch is finished, a sample is sent to the quality control lab and tested to make sure it meets the set standards for the product. After passing these tests it is pumped to the filling lines to make the finished product.

Filling

The filling line is a series of machines connected by a conveyor belt system that combine all of the components to make the finished mosquito repellent product.

The next step in the filling process involves topping the bottles The finished cans are then moved to the boxing area, where they are put into boxes, typically a dozen cans at a time. These boxes are then stacked on to pallets and hauled away in large trucks to distributors.

The Manufacturing Process

The active ingredient in a mosquito repellent is primarily responsible for its usefulness. For a material to be valuable as a mosquito repellent, it must meet certain criteria. First, it must effectively discourage insect attack on the treated area for many hours and on many different types of surfaces. Second, it must work under a variety of different environmental conditions. Next, it must not be toxic or cause irritation when applied to human or animal skin. Additionally, it must be cosmetically acceptable, having a pleasant odor, taste, and feel. It should also be harmless to clothing. Finally, it should have a relatively low cost and be effective against other common types of insects, such as flies. OPTION 1 While thousands of compounds have been studied for their use as insect repellents, DEET (n, n-diethyl-m-toluamide) has been used more than any other. DEET is the compound which results from a reaction of m-toluic acid with thionyl chloride followed by a reaction with diethyl amine. This material is isolated and purified before it is supplied to mosquito repellent manufacturers. Other repellent ingredients used include 1. citronella oil 2. dimethyl phthalate 3. lavender 4. lemon-grass oil 5. peppermint oil It has been found that mixtures of various repellent compounds often provide greater effectiveness than any one compound alone. The active ingredients contained in the mosquito repellents generally make up 5-30% of the final products. The inert ingredients that are in a mosquito repellent depend on the form that the product will take. Currently, mosquito repellents are sold as aerosols, pumps, lotions, and oils. Mosquito repellents that are sold as lotions or creams are

essentially skin creams which have DEET added at a certain level. They are primarily composed of water, surfactants, fatty alcohol, fragrance, emollients. When applied to the skin, these products have the dual benefit of repelling mosquitos and moisturizing skin. These products are generally less effective than aerosol forms, however, because they do not allow the active ingredients to evaporate as easily. OPTION 2 A composition that has insect repellent properties is made from cold processed extracted oils and an antioxidant, particularly from a combination of 1. Neem, 2. Citronella 3. Cedarwood oils. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS More than 95% of essential oils commercially sold are usually in the refined state (either solvent processed, filtered, steam distilled or a combination). This is either because of cost or the easy spoilage of the crude oils and their unsightliness due to impure coloration, floating residue and sediments, usually consisting of waxes and gums, which appear to bind or complex with different fractions, and bio-synergists present in the crude oil. Most such oils are also processed at temperatures ranging from 60-200 C. However, it is these various fractions and bio-synergists that function as adjunct insect repellents. These essential bio-active ingredients are frequently left behind or destroyed in the common commercially used processes for extracting oils from vegetable matter. The commercial processes generally include steam distillation and solvent extraction. In contrast, by extracting the oils by means of cold expeller pressing, rolling or centrifugation, for example, the essential ingredients are also extracted from the

vegetable matter, yielding an oil with superior insect repellent properties. For example, some of the essential ingredients found in Neem oil are various fractions of limonoids, terpenes and terpenoids such as nimben, salannin, and nimbiol, present in the Azadirachta Indica (Neem) tree and its leaves, bark and seeds. Some of the bio-chemicals, which are more numerous in the crude cold pressed oil than in the refined oil, are meliantriol, nimbinin, nimbidin, nimbidol, thionimone, nimatone, nimidol, nimbedic acid, nimbedinic acid, neo-nimbidin, nimidinin, gedunim, vapinin, meldenin, and vilasinin, as well as certain phyto sterols like beta sitosterol, kaemferol, and some flavanoids such as quercetin and myricetin. Further, azadirachtin has numerous homologs remaining in the crude pressed oil that do not seem to carry over as well when solvent extracted or heated. They are azadirone, azadiradione, beta hydroxy azadiradione, and delta epi azadiradione. By themselves, these bio-chemicals may not have the same bioactivity or insecticidal properties as azadirachtin, but together they show superior effectiveness as insect repellents. The effectiveness can be further improved by combining the bio-chemicals with other crude cold expeller pressed or ultracentrifuged essential oils and ingredients that also possess insect repellent properties. In particular, it is most effective to combine Neem oil with Citronella oil and Cedarwood oil processed in the same manner. The crude cold expeller pressed oil of Citronella contains citral, citronellal, limonene, geraniol, linalool, dipentene and pentinoids, and, just like Neem oil, when it is processed by solvent extraction, usually with hexane, some of these are lost, destroyed, oxidized, polymerized or diminished. Cedarwood oil acts as a repellent due to the various cedar terpenes, cedral and camphors present in it. It is very difficult to find commercial expeller or cold pressed oil of cedar because the most abundant way to extract the oil from the bark, leaves and wood of cedar trees is by steam distillation. Ultra centrifugation has been used to produce pilot quantities of a cold processed oil, which insures that all of the bio-active ingredients, both identifiable and unknown, are retained in the oil and work synergistically, perhaps even catalytically, in repelling most biting insects.

Pure cold processed crude Neem oil has the same degree of repellent effectiveness as a 30% DEET formula. When combined with the other crude expeller pressed oils in a formula containing two parts cold processed Neem oil (50%), one part cold processed Citronella oil (25%) and one part cold processed Cedarwood oil (25%) by total weight of the oils, the effectiveness of this combination, as far as repellency, increases to a duration of time from 2 hours to 3 to 6 hours, depending on factors such as age, sex, temperature, humidity, pH, etc. Generally, formulations may include Neem oil in an amount of from about 10-50% by weight, Citronella oil in an amount of from about 5-30% by weight, and Cedarwood oil in an amount of from about 5-30% by weight. However, quantities of the constituent components outside of these ranges can be used in embodiments. An antioxidant formula combining Ethoxyquin with butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and/or TBHQ (tertiary butyl hydroquinone) is added in percentages ranging from about 0.01% to about 0.5% in the final composition. Other antioxidants that can also be used are butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), propyl or dodecyl gallate, dilauryl dithiopropionate or ascorbyl palmitate. If no antioxidant is added to the essential oil or the final composition, the essential oil slowly coalesces and loses its efficacy over time, most likely due to oxidation, precipitation and/or polymerization. Lifetime and efficacy are preserved by factors of ten times or more when antioxidants, and, in particular, the above antioxidant formula, are incorporated into the final composition as early as possible. The Parabens, Imidureas, Quats and other similar preservatives that are typically used in cosmetics prevent bacterial and fungal growth when added to the composition, but they do not control the lipid oxidation process and subsequent rancidity that result without the antioxidant formula or antioxidants. Other ingredients may be added to increase the efficacy of the essential oil composition, including thymol or oil of thyme, peppermint oil, menthol, camphor, garlic oil (allyl sulfide), wintergreen oil (methyl salicylate), oil of

pennyroyal (pulegone), oleoresin capsicum, and other like substances. However, taken alone, these substances have minimal effect. Further, thymol may be used more as an antioxidant then to increase the effectiveness of the essential oil composition. UV absorbers or stabilizers may also be added in order to preserve these cold pressed oils against the potential harmful effects of sunlight. Further, the addition of UV absorbers forms a combination sunscreen/insect repellent. Some useful UV absorbers or stabilizers are benzophenones, salicylate esters, cinnamate esters, p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) esters, and the like. Besides direct application of the composition to animals, humans and vegetation, the composition of the present invention may also be polymerized, allowing a range of products with insect repellent properties to be made. For example, the essential oil composition may be added to an epoxidized soy or castor oil used as a plasticizer. This mixture is then added to a polymer such as polyethylene, eventually producing a polyethylene film containing 0.5 to 1.0% of the active oil ingredients, preferably in a 50/25/25 ratio of Neem oil, Citronella oil and Cedarwood oil. Alternatively, the mixture can also be added to other polymers such as polypropylene and polyolefins, which would require different plasticizers such as polyvinyl chloride/polyvinyl alcohol (PVC/PVA) copolymers, adipates, azelates, chlorinated hydrocarbons, other epoxidized oils, glycolates, pentaerythritol esters, phthalates (butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP), diisooctyl phthalate (DIOP), dioctyl phthalate (DOP)), polymeric esters, sebacates and tricresyl phosphate. The polymerized composition can then be incorporated into various plastics. The plastic films of the composition of the present invention increase the effectiveness of the composition by providing resistance to water and the elements. The effectiveness of the plastic films may last up to one year. Up to a 5% concentration of the composition may be incorporated into plastic films, although lesser or greater amounts may be used in embodiments.

Further, the essential oil composition of cold pressed oils in particular can be hydrogenated into a semi-solidified state, allowing the formation of insect repellent candles and the like. The essential oil composition may also be added to a liposome, wax, resin, latex or polymeric time release composition to further enhance its lifetime. The various possible compositions can be used in a pump spray, roll on applicator, aerosol, pressure sprayer, fogger, ultrasonic mister, or applied directly as an oil solution or creamy lotion. They can be formed into waxed or plastic balls, pellets, and the like for use as a highly effective long term moth repellent as a safer replacement for naphthalene or para-dichloro benzene (PDB). Additionally, the composition can be added to waxes, paints, urethanes and varnishes to apply to floors and furniture to repel insects from these surfaces and, in particular, to prevent them from laying their eggs. By adding the composition to wood shavings or sawdust, clays, vermiculite, diatomaceous earth and the like, a repellent bedding material can be created to use in pet cushions, stockyards, stalls, barns, litter boxes or on the floors of steak houses. The insect repellent effect of the above described invention results from utilizing only cold pressed oils in their natural state, and protecting them from oxidation as soon as possible. The following examples are representative of some formulations that may be made based on the above disclosure. Those practiced in the art will recognize other various formulations and materials that are effective in achieving the invention disclosed herein. EXAMPLES A composition combining cold processed Neem, Citronella and Cedarwood oil (50/25/25) was diluted to 20% to 35% into formulated lotions or light mineral oil as the solvent carrier. These formulations were then compared to a similar percentage DEET product with comparable efficacy results. Lotions and creams

as per the following formulas were equally effective against comparable DEET products containing 15 to 20% DEET. It is believed that DEET is absorbed more readily into the skin than the lotion or gel formulations of the invention, thus shortening the efficacy period of DEET formulations. Option coil PRODUCTION FLOW CHART OF MANUFACTURING ANTI

MOSQUITO COIL

Manufacturing of anti mosquito coil is so simple. You just imagine how to make cookies, because the method is almost the same. Steps of making:

1. Preparation of material (powder, water, active agent, coloring, etc.) 2. Tapioca starch powder must be cooked in 95 0C hot water to overcoming the glue 3. Wood powder and coconut shell powder is mixed until uniform 4. Put water into it and mix again 5. While mixing put solution of active agent, perfume, coloring into mixed powder 6. After a few minutes put cooked tapioca starch into mixing 7.Mix it a few minutes to have good pasta 8. Place it into extruding machine to make it sheet form 9. Then pasta sheets will be stamped in stamping machine 10. Dry wet coil in chamber until moisture content less than 12 % 11. Coil is ready to be used Pest repellent compositions and methods

The invention is directed to a topical insect repellent with extended duration of protection and that was obtained by combining natural and organic plant essential oil compounds. The new natural repellent exhibits the longevity and repellency that is comparable to or better than N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET), a synthetic compound employed in almost all commercial formulations, while at the same time is more acceptable than DEET, which has an unpleasant odor, imparts a greasy feel to the skin, and carries certain health concerns when used on children. The inventive insect repellent, formulated in a suitable carrier repels and incapacitates flying insects and other pests, such as mosquitoes and other biting flies or insects, thus demonstrating the utility of the novel insect repellent for protecting pets and livestock as... Insect repellent fabric The fabric comprises a fabric base and an active insect repellent ingredient. The active ingredient is contained within microcapsules and the fabric base is impregnated with the microcapsules. The preferred active ingredient is a Citronella extract or DEET. Insect repellent mixture The present invention relates to the use of an insect repellent, preferably selected from the group 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-methylpropyl 1-piperidinecarboxylate, N,Ndiethyl-3-methylbenzamide, dimethyl phthalate, butopyronoxyl, 2,3,4,5-bis(2butylene)-tetrahydro-2-furaldehyde, propyl isocinchomeronate, N,N-diethylcaprylamide, 2-ethylhexane-1,3-diol, N,NNdiethylbenzamide, o-chloro-N,N-diethylbenzamide, dimethyl carbate, di-noctylbicycloheptenedicarboximide or piperonyl butoxide, particularly preferably 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-methylpropyl 1-piperidinecarboxylate, as action enhancer for a second insect repellent, to corresponding compositions, and to the preparation. Methods for testing insect control products

Disclosed are methods of determining how effective a product that dispenses an insect repellent or insecticide is in controlling flying insects such as mosquitoes, with no or reduced need for human test subjects. An insect trap or other automated monitoring device is positioned in a test environment and operated in a manner so as to mimic some human attribute (e.g. by dispensing carbon dioxide). Trap/monitoring results in the presence and absence of the operating product are obtained in order to judge relative effectiveness of the active. Further, the real time evaluation of insect populations permits evaluation of time needed to achieve base effectiveness and length of time that effectiveness can be sustained.

Quality Control
Quality control is an essential step in the production of mosquito repellents. Tests are performed at various points in the manufacturing process to ensure that the finished products are consistent from run to run, remain effective over a long period of time, and are safe to use. Before production begins, the incoming raw materials are checked to ensure they meet the previously set specifications. Tests such as pH, specific gravity, and moisture content are typically performed. Additionally, the cans are inspected for dents, corrosion, and other weaknesses. During manufacture, samples of the repellent are taken during different points along the filling line, and the characteristics or the product are tested. Some of the monitored parameters include the level of active ingredient, pressure, spray rate, and spray pattern. Other testing is conducted to ensure that the cans evacuate properly. Also, longterm stability studies may be done to establish that the cans do not show undue signs of corrosion. Mosquito repellency test Repellency of P. incanus and citronella oil (Java type) was compared using a test on human subjects by exposing hands treated with different oil quantities to caged mosquitoes by following method of [16]. Hands treated with different

concentrations of the oil were exposed to cages containing 100 adult female mosquitoes of Anopheles stephensi and Culex fatigans (4 day old and starved for 6 hours) for 3 minutes. Each concentration was tested against three volunteers. Repellency (%) 100 A B A Number of bites on control arm, B Number of bites on treated arm. Protection time Protection time was calculated by inserting treated hands in to the cages at 15 minutes intervals and observing for 3 minutes. The time between application of the repellent and landing of at least two mosquitoes, followed by confirmatory bite, was taken as a protection time.

The Future
The use of many available mosquito repellents is not without its drawbacks. Products that use DEET or citronella oil as the primary active ingredients have been reported to causes rashes in some people. There have even been cases in which children who used DEET products have become very ill. For this reason, research has focused on finding new types of repellents and methods for improving the safety of the ones that are currently available. One recent advance in repellent technology is the use of chemicals to "encapsulate" DEET. It is thought that this product form will protect the user from the harmful effects of DEET while still maintaining its repellent activity. More investigation will have to be completed before this is verified.

Ref
Knowlton, J. and S. Pearce. Handbook of Cosmetic Science and Technology. By Jason Knight

ORD COLLEGE MANUFACTURING METHOD

Procedure 1. Add poly gel in water and heat up to dissolve 2. Add citronella oil cedar wood oil and T20 3. Add dissolved Polygel in T20 and dissolve 4. Add TEA Slowly in the mixture up to thin gel formation 5. Add perfume and it is ready to pack 6. cover it to avoid evaporation

Costing
Ingredient Poly Gel TEA CITRONELLA OIL CEDAR WOOD OIL Menthol T20 Perfume Glycerin Water %age 0.30 1.5 3 5.5 0.1 43.5 0.4 0.5 45.20 100 Kg 3 15 30 55 1 435 4 5 452 1000 Price/Kg 5000 270 6000 600 6000 55 1000 700 0 9395 Costing/kg 15 0.285 180 33 6 23.925 4 3.5 0 265.71 Packaging cost Total Costing / 45ml B0ttel Costing / 45ml B0ttel in Market

@ 16 Rs/bottle

43

125

SAVING

= 82 / 125 * 100 = 65 .6 %