Regional Implementation Matrix

Dist.
LIMITED ECLAC/POS/CDCC24/TAC4/2012/1 25 May 2012 ORIGINAL:ENGLISH
Fourth Meeting of the Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) of the Regional Coordinating Mechanism (RCM) for the Mauritius Strategy for the further implementation of the Barbados Programme of Action for the sustainable development of Small Island Developing States (BPoA/MSI) Georgetown, Guyana, 25 May 2012
REGIONAL IMPLEMENTATION MATRIX FOR THE MONITORING OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MAURITIUS STRATEGY FOR THE FURTHER IMPLEMENTATION OF THE BARBADOS PLAN OF ACTION FOR 1 THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF SIDS
Previously called the CARICOM Matrix
2
ACRONYMS
ACP ACS AOSIS BPOA BSAP CaMPAM CCDRM CANARI CAP CAPE CARDI CXC CReW CARICOM CAS CBD CBI CBWMP CCA CCCCC CCNTP CCRIF CCST CDB CDCC CDEMA CDKN CDM CDM CEHI CEP
African,CaribbeanandPacific AssociationofCaribbeanStates AllianceofSmallIslandStates BarbadosProgrammeofAction BiodiversityStrategyandActionPlan CaribbeanMarineProtectedAreaManagers CanadaCaribbeanDisasterRiskManagement CaribbeanNaturalResourcesInstitute ConservancyAdaptationProject CaribbeanAdvancedProficiencyExamination CaribbeanAgriculturalResearchandDevelopmentInstitute CaribbeanExaminationCouncil CaribbeanRegionalFundforWastewaterManagement CaribbeanCommunity ComplexAdaptiveSystem ConventiononBiologicalDiversity CaribbeanBasinInitiative CaribbeanBasinWaterManagementProgramme CaribbeanConservationAssociation CaribbeanCommunityClimateChangeCentre CaribbeanCarbonNeutralTourismProgram CaribbeanCatastropheRiskInsuranceFacility CaribbeanCouncilforScienceandTechnology CaribbeanDevelopmentBank CaribbeanDevelopmentandCooperationCommittee CaribbeanDisasterEmergencyManagementAgency ClimateandDevelopmentKnowledgeNetwork CleanDevelopmentMechanism ComprehensiveDisasterManagement CaribbeanEnvironmentalHealthInstitute CaribbeanEnvironmentProgramme
3 CERMES CFC CHAMP CHENACT CHTA CIDA CIMH CIPORE CKLN CLME CMA CMI CNIRD COTED CP CP&SCICC CPACC CPDC CREBAP CRECS CREDP CRETAF CRFM CRMI CSA CSEP CSME CTO CUPIDE CWWA CYEN DEC CentreforResourceManagementandEnvironmentalStudies CaribbeanFoodCorporation CaribbeanHazardMitigationCapacityBuildingProgramme CaribbeanHotelEnergyEfficiencyActionProgramme CaribbeanHotelandTourismAssociation CanadianInternationalDevelopmentAgency CaribbeanInstituteforMeteorologyandHydrology CaribbeanInformationPlatformonRenewableEnergy CaribbeanKnowledgeandLearningNetwork CaribbeanLargeMarineEcosystem CaribbeanMarineAtlas CaribbeanMaritimeInstitute CaribbeanNetworkforIntegratedRuralDevelopment CouncilforTradeandEconomicDevelopment CleanerProduction CleanerProduction&SustainableConsumptionInformationCentrefortheCaribbean CaribbeanPlanningforAdaptationtoClimateChange CaribbeanPolicyDevelopmentCentre EnergyEfficiencyandBioenergyActionProgram CaribbeanRenewableEnergyCapacitySupportCaribbeanRenewableEnergyCapacitySupport CaribbeanRenewableEnergyDevelopmentProgramme CaribbeanRenewableEnergyTechnicalAssistanceFacility CaribbeanRegionalFisheriesMechanism CaribbeanRiskManagementInitiative CaribbeanShippingAssociation CaribbeanSustainableEnergyProgramme CaribbeanSingleMarketandEconomy CaribbeanTourismOrganization CaribbeanUniversitiesProjectforIntegratedDistanceEducation CaribbeanWaterandWastewaterAssociationCaribbean CaribbeanYouthEnvironmentalNetwork DistanceEducationCentre
4 DFID DRM DRRC EC ECACC ECCAA ECLAC ECPA ECTEL EIA EMA ERI EU FTAA GEF GEO GFDRR GIS GIWA GIZ GM GMOS GPA GSEII GSU GWP HRI ICT4D ICTS ICZM IDB IDRC DepartmentforInternationalDevelopment DisasterRiskManagement DisasterRiskReductionCentre EuropeanCommission EnhancingCapacityforAdaptationtoClimateChange EasternCaribbeanCivilAviationAuthority EconomicCommissionforLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean EnergyandClimateChangePartnershipoftheAmericas EasternCaribbeanTelecommunicationsAuthority EnvironmentalImpactAssessment EnvironmentalManagementAuthority EnvironmentalResearchInstitute EuropeanUnion FreeTradeAreaoftheAmericas GlobalEnvironmentFacility GlobalEnvironmentOutlook GlobalFacilityforDisasterReductionandRecovery GeographicInformationSystem GlobalInternationalWatersAssessment GermanAgencyforInternationalCooperation GlobalMechanism GeneticallyModifiedOrganism GlobalProgrammeofAction GlobalSustainableEnergyIslandsInitiative GlobalSupportUnit GlobalWaterPartnership HealthyReefsInitiative InformationandCommunicationTechnologyforDevelopment InformationandCommunicationTechnologies IntegratedCoastalZoneManagement InterAmericanDevelopmentBank InternationalDevelopmentResearchCentre
5 IFI IIC IMET INC INSMET IP IRDC IUCN IW IWCAM IWRN JICA LAC LBS LCDS LDCs M.Sc. MACC MDGs MEA MOU MRP MSI MSP NAPS NARI NCSA NDS NEEC NFPs NGO NPA InternationalFinancialInstitution IwokramaInternationalCentre ItalianMinistryforEnvironmentandTerritory InitialNationalCommunications InstituteOfMeteorology ImplementationPlan InternationalDevelopmentResearchCentre InternationalUnionforConservationofNature InternationalWaters IntegratingWatershedandCoastalAreasManagement IntegratedWaterResourcesManagement JapanInternationalCooperationAgency LatinAmericaandCaribbean LandBasedSources LowCarbonDevelopmentStrategy LesserDevelopedCountries MasterofScienceDegrees MainstreamingandAdaptationtoClimateChange MillenniumDevelopmentGoals MultilateralEnvironmentalAgreement MemorandumofUnderstanding MastersDegreeinTelecommunicationsRegulation MauritiusStrategyofImplementation MediumSizedProject NationalActionProgrammes NationalAgricultureResearchInstitute NationalCapacitySelfAssessment NationalDevelopmentStrategy NationalEnvironmentalEducationCommittee NationalFocalPoints NonGovernmentalOrganisations NationalProgrammeofAction
6 NSDI NSDS NTFPs ODA ODS OECS OPDEM PA PACT PIOJ PISLM POPs PRSP RCM RDDS RE REDD+ RT SEES SES SIDS SLM SLR SNC SPACC SPARC
SPREP
NationalSpatialDataInfrastructure NationalSustainableDevelopmentStrategies NonTimberForestProducts OfficialDevelopmentAssistance OzoneDepletingSubstances OrganizationofEasternCaribbeanStates OfficeofDisasterPreparednessandDisasterManagement ProtectedArea ProtectedAreasConservationTrust PlanningInstituteofJamaica PartnershipInitiativeforSustainableLandManagement PersistentOrganicPollutants PropertyReductionStrategyPaper RegionalCoordinatingMechanism RegionalDigitalDevelopmentStrategy RenewableEnergy ReducingEmissionsfromDeforestationandForestDegradation RevisedTreaty SchoolofEarthandEnvironmentalSciences SocialEcologicalSystem SmallIslandDevelopingStates SustainableLandManagement SeaLevelRise SecondNationalCommunication SpecialProgrammeforAdaptationtoClimateChange SupporttoPovertyAssessmentandReductionintheCaribbean
SecretariatofthePacificRegionalEnvironmentProgramme
SRAP TAC UB UG UN
SubRegionalActionPlan TechnicalAdvisoryCommittee UniversityofBelize UniversityofGuyana UnitedNations
7 UNCCCD UNDP UNEP UNFCCC UNGCSIDS UNCLOS URC USAID UVI UWI WRI

UnitedNationsConventiontoCombatDesertification UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme UnitedNationsEnvironmentalProgramme UnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange UnitedNationsGlobalConferenceontheSustainableDevelopmentofSmallIslandDevelopingStates UnitedNationsConventionontheLawoftheSea UNEPRisoeCentre UnitedStatesAgencyforInternationalDevelopment UniversityoftheVirginIslands UniversityoftheWestIndies WorldResourcesInstitute
THEREGIONALIMPLEMENTATIONMATRIXFORTHEMONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHEMAURITIUSSTRATEGYFORTHEFURTHER IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHEBARBADOSPLANOFACTION FORTHESUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTOFSIDS ACTIONFOR IMPLEMENTATION REGIONALIMPLEMENTATION MATRIXFORTHE MONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE MSI2 Acceleratenational a) Mobilizeandincrease andregional theeffectiveuseof implementationof financialresourcesto theMauritius supportthe Strategythrough implementationofthe thestrengthening CaribbeanSIDS ofregionaland Programme. national institutionsalong withadequate financial resources, includingthrough Global Environment Facilityfocalarea, transferof environmentally soundtechnologies andassistancefor capacitybuilding fromthe international MAURITIUS STRATEGY OBJECTIVE ACTIVITIESUNDERTAKEN3 GAPSIN IMPLEMENTATION4
a) CARIBBEAN SIDS PROGRAMME Facilitatethe developmentand implementationof theCaribbeanSIDS programmeandits continuousreview andassessment,so astoreflectthe goalsofthe MauritiusStrategy andtheemerging development priorityneedsof theregion.
2
GovernmentsandInternational FinancialInstitutions(IFIs)continueto assisttheregionwithfinancialand technicalassistance,someofthemas grantswhiletheothersremainasloans. Theseinclude:TheInterAmerican DevelopmentBank(IDB),TheWorld Bank,GlobalEnvironment Facility(GEF),theUnitedNations(UN), GermanAgencyforInternational Cooperation(GIZ),UnitedStates AgencyforInternationalDevelopment (USAID),EuropeanCommission(EC) (RefertoAppendix1fordetails) TheODAforimplementingtheMSIin theCaribbeanisbothbilateraland regional,althoughthetendenciesseem topointmorefavourablytowards regionalinitiatives.5
Financingdevelopment activitiesischallengedbythe insufficiencyofdomestic savingstofundtheupgrading oftraditionalsectorsandnew activities.10 TheRegionalSustainability FundforCaribbeanSIDS agreedtobytheForumof MinistersofEnvironmentfor LatinAmericaandthe Caribbean,inNovember 2004,shouldbeembraced Increasedsupportfromthe donorcommunityisneeded. Theglobaltrendofdeclining officialdevelopment assistance(ODA)hasbeen evidentinSIDS
ActivitiesproposedbyCaribbeanWorkingGroup(PreviouslycalledtheCARICOMMatrix,2007)
3ActivitiesundertakenasreportedintheCaribbeanRegionalReportforFiveyearReviewoftheMSIoftheBoPAforSIDS,LC/CAR/L.2584thMay,2010 4AsreportedinMSI+5LC/CAR/L.258 5CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010)

10CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010)
ACTIONFOR IMPLEMENTATION
REGIONALIMPLEMENTATION MATRIXFORTHE MONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE MSI2 community. Supportthe replicationofbest practicesof sustainable development actionsinthe regionandassistin thedetermination ofpriorities containedinthe SIDS/POAbyinter b) Periodicallymonitorand alia,moreeffective reviewtheCaribbean utilizationof SIDSProgrammeto availableresources ensurethatitreflectsthe andreinforcing regionsneedsand theirnational priorities. sustainable development strategiesand c) Developcapacityfor mechanisms. monitoringand evaluationatnational andregionallevels throughworkshopsand thedevelopmentofa reviewmechanism.
MAURITIUS STRATEGY OBJECTIVE
ACTIVITIESUNDERTAKEN3
GAPSIN IMPLEMENTATION4
Monitoring of key elements of the Caribbean SIDS programme has been facilitatedthroughseveralinitiatives. TheECLACSubregionalHeadquarters fortheCaribbeanhasembarkedona processofdocumentingprogressmade byCaribbeanSIDSinimplementingthe MSI,theconcreteactionstakeninorder toachievethetargets,bestpractices andanychallengestheymaybe encountering,oranticipatethatthey mayface,inimplementingtheMSI Fore.g.ECLACpreparedaCaribbean RegionalReportfortheFiveYear ReviewoftheMSIin2010which includedsurveytoascertainthestatus
Approximately63%of countriesundertakingan ECLACsurveyin2010to ascertainthestatusof implementationoftheMSIin theCaribbeanmentionedthat thefinancialresourcesat theirdisposalwouldonly allowthemtoachieve minimumsuccessin implementingtheMSI11 Many countries did not participateintheECLAC2010 surveytoascertainthestatus ofimplementationoftheMSI in the Caribbean (of the 19 countries covered in the report, only eight countries responded) The establishment of formal systems for monitoring and evaluation of activities is needed. There are a number
REGIONALIMPLEMENTATION MATRIXFORTHE MONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE MSI2
of implementationoftheMSIinthe Caribbean. Thestartingpointofthereviewprocess oftheBPOAintheCaribbeanwasatthe nationallevelwithNational AssessmentReports(NAR)that individualcountrieswererequiredto prepare.Todate5reportshavebeen submitted6 Manynationalandregionalreporting processesaddfurtherinformationon theelementswithintheCaribbeanSIDS programme.Theseinclude:National CapacitySelfAssessment(NCSA), NationalDevelopmentStrategies(NDS) andNationalProgressreportsonthe MDGs. Caribbeancountriesarecurrently engagedinvariousregionalinitiatives, suchasthemultidonorinitiative, Supporttopovertyassessmentand reductionintheCaribbean(SPARC), andanECLACsubregionalprojectthat providestechnicalassistancetothe subregiontoenhancemonitoringand reportingcapacitiesMDGsandother
ofchallenges,includingalack of benchmarking indicators, processes that are driven by donors, and a shortage of financial, technical and institutionalcapacity.Todate, although such systems exist, theyappeartobeadhocand, inessence,ineffective12
6http://www.sidsnet.org/msi_5/nars.shtml.Dateviewed:18thMarch,2012
REGIONALIMPLEMENTATION MATRIXFORTHE MONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE MSI2 d) Facilitatethe implementationofthe MauritiusStrategy throughtheinclusionof itsobjectivesinthe relevanttechnical
internationallyagreeddevelopment goals.ECLACsRegionalCoordinating Mechanism(RCM)supportsmonitoring (refertosection2) ECLACsregionalimplementation matrixisausefultoolthatmonitors theimplementationofMSIby CaribbeanSIDS. Manynationalandregional consultationsandconferenceshelpto facilitatethemonitoringandreview process.ForexampletheLatinAmerica andCaribbean(LAC)Regional PreparatoryMeetingfortheUNCSD/ Rio+20(79September2011)assessed progresssincethe1992EarthSummit interalia.7 Caribbean SIDS have made progress, with regards to the implementation of the MSI since the convening of the UNGCSIDSin1992.8 CaribbeanSIDS,inrespondingtoan
Therateofimplementation oftheBPoAandtheMSIis stillslow.Islandsface challengesintheareaof technical,financialand humanresourcecapacitythat havebeencompoundedby
7IISD:http://larc.iisd.org/news/latinamericaandcaribbeanmeetingdiscussescontributionto
uncsd/?utm_source=lists.iisd.ca&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Latin+America+%26+Caribbean+Regional+Update++13+September+2011+ +Latin+America+%26+Caribbean+Regional+Coverage 8UnitedNationsGlobalConferenceontheSustainableDevelopmentofSmallIslandDevelopingStates
REGIONALIMPLEMENTATION MATRIXFORTHE MONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE MSI2 componentsofthe CaribbeanSIDS Programme. e) Promotewider awarenessofthe MauritiusStrategyand theCaribbeanSIDS programmeatthe nationalandregional levelthroughworkshops andothermedia.
ECLACsurveyontheimplementationof theMSIin20109,indicatedthatmost,if notall,ofthethematicareasfoundin theMSIwerearticulatedintheNDPs. Many countries and regional bodies have developed public awareness programmesandorganizedworkshops on many of the thematic areas of the MSI including climate change, water management, SLM, renewable energy interalia. (Refer to specific thematic areasbelowformoredetails) Recently,anincreaseinsuch programmesisnotedintheregion leadinguptotheupcoming
thefinancialcrisis.13 Althoughsomeprogresshas beenwithregardstopublic awarenessontheMSI,the activitiesareunsustainableas theyaredependenton externalsourcesoffunding thatarealsonotregularly available Accesstofinancialand technicalresourcesto facilitateimplementationand publicawarenessoftheMSI continuestoencountermany seriousproblemsand constraints,bothendogenous andexogenous14
13CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010) 14Source:UNECLAC(SubregionalHeadquartersfortheCaribbean).2010.CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMauritiusStrategyfortheFurther
ImplementationoftheBarbadosProgrammeofActionfortheSustainableDevelopmentofSmallIslandDevelopingStates(MSI+5),4May2010.Unpubl
MAURITIUS STRATEGY OBJECTIVE Promotionof sustainable developmentof SIDSthroughinter alia: (a) Developing nationaland regional sustainable development strategies, including nationallyowned povertyreduction strategiesand sectoralpolicies andstrategies; (b) Developing andstrengthening legislative, administrativeand institutional structures; (c) Increasing theawarenessand involvementof relevant stakeholdersinthe implementationof sustainable development
b) Supportfurther preparationand developmentof awell establishedand welldefined Regional Coordinating Mechanism (RCM)forthe implementation oftheSIDSPOA andthe Mauritius Strategy.
REGIONALIMPLEMENTATION MATRIXFORTHE MONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE MSI2 a) Participateinthe TechnicalAdvisory Committee(TAC)tobe establishedforthe purposeofcoordinating andmonitoringthe implementationofthe BPOAintheCaribbean.
Atthe21stsessionoftheCaribbean DevelopmentandCooperation Committee(CDCC)inJanuary2006,the RCMfortheimplementationofthe BPoA/MSIwassetup.Itservesto coordinatetheeffortsoftheCaribbean SIDScountries,theRegional InstitutionsandtheInternational PartnerstohelptheCaribbeanSIDSto implementtheBPOAandtheMSI. TheRCMisgovernedbytheMinisterial ForumoftheCDCC. TheSessionsoftheMinisterialForum areheldgenerallyevery2yearsandin theyearswhereitdoesnotmeet,the MonitoringCommitteemeets. ATechnicalAdvisoryCommittee(TAC) fortheRCMwassetupin2007.The TACincludesrepresentativesof4 CaribbeanSIDSMemberStates,4 RegionalInstitutionsand4 internationalpartnerswhichhave ongoingprogrammesintheCaribbean.
TherealizationoftheRCM filledaseriousneedinthe processbywhichCaribbean SIDSsoughttoworktogether torealizetheobjectivesset outintheBPOAand subsequentlyintheMSI. TheMinisterialSessionsand themeetingsofthe MonitoringCommittee involvealargerparticipation ofMemberStatesandprovide anopportunityforgreater coordinationatthatlevel.All MemberStatesaremembers ofthesebodies. However,theeffectivenessof thefollowuponSIDSissuesis limitedbytheabsenceof dedicatedsupportstafffor theRegionalAdviser. Resourcesarestillneededto developthefull organizationalstructureof theRCM,anduntilthathas beenachieved,itsrole remainslimited.18
18
CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010)
REGIONALIMPLEMENTATION MATRIXFORTHE MONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE MSI2 programmes; b) SupportECLACand (d) Engaging CARICOMinitseffortsto corporateand establishtheRegional otherprivate CoordinatingMechanism sectoractorsto (RCM)asaleading contributeto mechanismtosupport sustainable SIDSeffortsto development; implementinternational (e) Promoting commitmentsfor public/private sustainable partnerships; development. (f) Mobilizing resourcesatthe nationallevelto meetthe sustainable developmentgoals andpriorities articulatedinthe Programmeof Action.
TheECLACSubRegionalOfficeforthe CaribbeanservesastheSecretariatfor theRCMandtheTAC. ECLAChasestablishedapostof RegionalAdvisertoactastheRegional CoordinatoroftheRCM,basedatthe ECLACSubregionalHeadquarters. StartingwiththeMinisterialSessionin January2006,therewere3Ministerial SessionsoftheCDCCfortheoversight oftheRCMin2006,2008and2010. Therewerealso4Monitoring CommitteeMeetingsin2007,2009, 2010and2011. TheTACmet3timesin2008,2009and 2011. ThethirdmeetingwasheldinApril 2011.15Participantsincluded representativesfrommemberstatesof theCDCC(4membersattended,an associatemember,theUNSecretariat, severalintergovernmental organizationsandregionaland internationalinstitutions
ThecompositionoftheTACis limitedto4countriesand4 regionalinstitutions.Thereis agapintermsofthefull involvementofother countriesandinstitutionsin theTAC.
Source:UNECLAC(SubregionalHeadquartersfortheCaribbean).2011.ReportofThirdmeetingoftheTechnicalAdvisoryCommitteeoftheRegionalCoordinating MechanismfortheImplementationoftheMauritiusStrategyforImplementationoftheBarbadosProgrammeofActionfortheSustainableDevelopmentofSmall IslandDevelopingStates(13April2011,PortofSpain).Unpubl
15
REGIONALIMPLEMENTATION MATRIXFORTHE MONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE MSI2 c) Facilitatethe developmentof appropriateinstitutional mechanismsatthe nationalleveltosupport theeffectivefunctioning oftheRCMand participateinmeetings tofinalizethedraftterms ofreferencefornational focalpointsandtheTAC. d) Contributetothefurther elaborationand implementationofthe Caribbeanregionalwork programmeonthe BPoA/MSIdraftedbythe CARICOMSecretariatto highlightbestpractices andtheidentificationof partnerships.
TheRCMworkscloselywiththe identifiedNationalFocalPoints(NFPs) andhasprovidedtechnicalassistance togovernmentsinthesubregionfor thenationalreportingprocessorthe MSI+5Reviewandintheir preparationsforthehighlevelreview oftheMSI ThemeetingsoftheRCMatthe MinisterialSessionsandtheMonitoring Committeesupportthepreparationof elaborateworkplansfortheBiennium whichincludesasignificantlevelof activitiesfocusingontheBPOA/MSI TheECLACSubregionalHeadquarters fortheCaribbean,throughitswork programme,seekstoprovidesupport tothediverseobligationsintheMSI. ECLAChasheldseveralRegional Workshopsonissuesidentifiedas CaribbeanprioritiesintheBPOA/MSI. Thesehavehelpedtoincrease knowledgeontheseissuesacrossthe Region.
TheworkoftheNFPscould behighlightedmore effectivelytofacilitatethe sharingofexperiencesamong theSIDSmemberstatesinthe Region. Thereisneedforfeedback fromtheNFPsonthelevelof implementationatthe Nationallevelsofthe elementsoftheBiennium workplans
REGIONALIMPLEMENTATION MATRIXFORTHE MONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE MSI2 e) Developmechanismsand proceduresto collaboratewith establishedregional agenciessuchasOECS ESDU,CARICOM,ACS.
TheRCMisengagedinthe establishmentofasubregional databaseonsustainabledevelopment activitiesandofcooperative agreementsandpartnershipsamong agencies.16 NonStateactorshaveaconsultative statuswithCaribbeanGovernments throughtheRCM.Todate,through participationontheTAC, representationhascomefromthe UniversityoftheWestIndies(UWI), theUniversityoftheVirginIslands (UVI),UnitedNationsEnvironmental Programme(UNEP),CaribbeanPolicy DevelopmentCentre(CPDC),Caribbean NetworkforIntegratedRural Development(CNIRD)andtheCropper Foundation.17 ECLACexpects,inthe20122013 bienniumstoincreaseitsfocusonthe sustainabledevelopmentofCaribbean SIDS.Itplanstostrengthen collaborationwithorganizations includingCARICOM,theOrganisationof
16
ECLAC.2010.InstitutionalReportOfTheECLACSubregionalHeadquartersForTheCaribbeanOnTheSupportProvidedToCaribbeanSmallIslandDevelopingStates ForTheImplementationOfTheMauritiusStrategy(5March2010).ECLAC
17
10
c) Strengthenthe institutional capacityofSIDS atthenational andregional level,including accesstonew andemerging technologies.
Disseminationof informationon resiliencebuilding technologies deployedinSIDSin collaborationwith theSmallIsland DevelopingStates network (SIDSNET)and tertiary institutionsin otherSIDSregions. Promotethe incorporationof appropriate scienceand technology elementsinto national
a) Promote the development of a coherent approach to strengthen national and regional institutions responsible for environmental management, promoting implementation of environmental programmes and plans and enhancing their contribution to national sustainable development and poverty reduction strategies. b) Promotetheintegration ofenvironmental initiativesand programmesagreedat
EasternCaribbeanStates(OECS)and theAssociationofCaribbeanStates (ACS)aswellasdevelopmentpartners suchastheCaribbeanDevelopment Bank(CDB),IDB,TheCaribbean DisasterEmergencyManagement Agency(CDEMA),theCaribbean CatastropheRiskInsuranceFacility (CCRIF)andotherregionalentities. SIDShavemadeprogressatthe nationalandregionallevelsinbuilding institutionalcapacityforsustainable development,informulatingstrategies andactionplans,andincarryingout policyreforms.19 Progress was achieved primarily through the efforts of the Caribbean SIDS themselves, with critical support from international development partners and intergovernmental regional organizations and non governmental organizations, and the internationalfinancialinstitutions. IssuesrelatedtotheMauritiusStrategy are typically well integrated into the national development plans and strategies of Caribbean SIDS, the majority of which cover the most
Systemicinstitutionalaswell asgovernancereformsat national,regionaland internationallevelsare essential.Theneedforshort tomediumterm programmingfocus,to strengthenpoliciesand capacitiesinkeysectors,such ashumanresource development,energy, financialandinformation technologyand communicationservices,is critical.28 GovernmentsofSIDSshould takeaproactivestance towardssystemiccapacity buildingbystrengthening
19
28
CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010) CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010)
10
11
REGIONALIMPLEMENTATION MATRIXFORTHE MONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE MSI2 sustainable regionallevelsand development supportthe strategies development, emphasizingthe enhancementand importanceof implementationof environmentally regionalandsubregional sound environmentalstrategies technologies. andactionplans. Promotescience developmentand intersectoral synergiesand undertaketargeted investmentsalong withthe developmentof appropriate programmesto enhanceSIDS appropriate scienceand technology capacity,givenits importanceto resiliencebuilding. Supportfor technology
salientthematicareasoftheStrategy. Significantchangesinperceptionhave takenplaceovertheBPoA implementationperiodabouttherole oftheenvironmentinsustainable development. Caribbean SIDS have reported mixed success in integrating national sustainable development strategies, where they existed, into the National DevelopmentPlans(NDPs)20 Nationalinitiatives: SomeCaribbeanSIDShavenow embracedmajorpolicyshifts,adopting variousapproachestotransformtheir economiesintogreeneconomies. (RefertoAppendix3formoredetails) Several regional mechanisms and institutions have developed programmes to support efforts. These include : CARICOM institutions addressing aspects of environmental management , Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre (CCCCC), CDEMA, Caribbean Regional Fisheries
nationalsustainable developmentbodies, enhancingtheirpoliticaland legalstatus,increasingtheir staffinglevels,andimproving theirmodalitiesof operation.29 Manyoftheinstitutionsthat haveresponsibilityfor implementingtheMSIare constrainedbythelackof interinstitutionaland intersectoralcooperation. Strengtheninglegaland operationalmandatesofkey institutionsanddeveloping strategiesforpromotingand enhancinginteragency collaborationwouldgreatly enhancethecapacityfor implementingtheMSI..30
CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010) CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010) 30 CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010)

20
29
11
12
MAURITIUS STRATEGY OBJECTIVE transferon mutuallyagreed termsandfor capacitybuilding.
REGIONALIMPLEMENTATION MATRIXFORTHE MONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE MSI2 c) AssistSIDSinthe integrationof
Mechanism (CRFM), CCRIF, Caribbean Environment Programme (CEP), Caribbean Maritime Institute (CMI), Caribbean Food Corporation (CFC), Caribbean Environmental Health Institute (CEHI) , Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute (CARDI), OECS EMS,ACS UNEP,ECandtheACPSecretariatand several other partners are supporting the ACP MEAs project enhance the capacityofCaribbeanandotherregions to implement MEAs. The Caribbean Hub of the project is hosted by the CARICOMSecretariatandisexpectedto be completed in 2013.21 (Refer to Appendix 3.a for details) Caribbeancountrieshavebeenworking with many international partners to strengthen efforts. (Refer to list in Appendix1.a)
21
http://www.acpmeas.info/hubs-cari-overview.asp 12
13
REGIONALIMPLEMENTATION MATRIXFORTHE MONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE MSI2 implementationofthe BaliStrategicPlaninto regionalandsubregional programmes,including: Supportandinitiatethe workofresearchinstitutions inSIDSfocusingonlocally andregionallydefined problemsandprioritiesfor environmentalmanagement.
Manynationalandregionalinstitutions, supportedbyregionalmechanismsand international partners in some cases (refer to list in Appendix 3a) support research initiatives related to environmentalmanagement. Several national and regional universities support environmental management programmes (Refer to Appendix8formoredetails). Fore.g the Centre for Resource Management and Environmental Studies (CERMES) of UWI, conducts research on a wide range of resource managementandenvironmentalissues intheCaribbean. Regional institutions such as CEHI promote and coordinates applied research relevant to the environment. CARDI provides market research and analysisintheagriculturefield,andthe
Investmentinresearchand developmentintheCaribbean SIDSisfairlyminimaland accountsforanaverageof 0.13percentofGDP,leading toextremelylimiteddomestic developmentoftechnologies. 31 Thereisalackofcapacityfor researchbasedanalysisand scientificexperimentation.32 Increasedresearchisneeded onseveralmajorareas, includingontheeconomic impactsofclimatechangeon theeconomiesofSIDS,the complexnatureof vulnerability,coralreef protectionandregeneration andsustainableforestry.
31UnitedNationsGeneralAssembly.2010.FiveyearreviewoftheMauritiusStrategyfortheFurtherImplementationoftheProgrammeofActionfortheSustainable
DevelopmentofSmallIslandDevelopingStates:ReportoftheSecretaryGeneral(6July,2010).UnitedNations
32
13
14
REGIONALIMPLEMENTATION MATRIXFORTHE MONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE MSI2 PromoteandsupportSouth Southcooperationinthe transferofenvironmentally soundtechnologiesandbest practices.
Caribbean Energy Information System (CEIS),undertakesresearchinthefield of energy. ECLAC in collaboration with the CCCCC conducted research on the potential economic costs of climate changeintheCaribbean22 Severalinitiativessupportthiseffort: TheSouthSouthCooperationbetween PacificandCaribbeanSIDSonClimate ChangeAdaptationandDisasterRisk
Solicitingofinternational supportandcooperation amongSIDStopromoteand enhanceresearchinto existingnaturalresourcesfor traditionalandalternative useisneeded. Itwouldbeusefulfor CaribbeanSIDStoidentify commonalitieswithrespectto skillsrequirementsand addressthemonaregional basis,especiallyinareas wherecollaborationin researchandtrainingcould providesolutionstonational resourceconstraints,facilitate theexchangeofbest practices,andincreasecost effectiveness.33
AssessmentswereconductedineightsectorsidentifiedasvulnerablebyCaribbeanstakeholders,across14countries.Theresearchwasconductedincollaboration withtheCaribbeanCommunityClimateChangeCentre(CCCCC),withfundingprovidedbytheDepartmentforInternationalDevelopment(DFID)oftheUnitedKingdom. Source:ECLAC:http://www.eclac.cl/cgibin/getProd.asp?xml=/portofspain/noticias/noticias/2/44622/P44622.xml&xsl=/portofspain/tpl i/p1f.xsl&base=/portofspain/tpli/topbottom.xsl

33
22
14
15
REGIONALIMPLEMENTATION MATRIXFORTHE MONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE MSI2 Contributeandguidethe effortsofdonorstosupport ScienceandTechnology capacityinSIDSinareas suchasinfrastructure development,energy,water andsanitation.
ManagementProjectsupportsthe transferandexchangeoftechnologies currentlybeingusedbySIDSfor disasterriskmanagementandclimate changeadaptation,betweenthePacific andtheCaribbeanregions. ItiscoordinatedbytheUNDPPacific Centre,withextensivesupportfromthe CaribbeanRiskManagementInitiative (CRMI).Regionalpartnersinclude: CDEMA,CCCCCandUWI. UNESCOpromotesscienceand technologyinSIDS.Regionalinitiatives includeCarisciencewhichfunctionsas theregionalpolicyframeworkfor science,technologyandinnovationin theCaribbean,andtheCaribbean CouncilforScienceandTechnology (CCST).23CCSTpreparedaRegional PolicyFrameworkforScience, TechnologyandInnovation(STI)24 whichidentifiespriorityareasfor Caribbeandevelopment.Theseinclude environmentalmanagement,waste
Despitetherelativelyhigh levelsofeducationinSIDS, investmentinscienceand technologyhasbeenvery limited.Suchunder investmentintechnology innovationisdirectly associatedwiththedeclineof traditionalsectorsandhas hamperedeffortstodiversify intonew,highvalueadded sectors.34
23UnitedNationsGeneralAssembly.2010.FiveyearreviewoftheMauritiusStrategyfortheFurtherImplementationoftheProgrammeofActionfortheSustainable 24http://www.ccstcaribbean.org/projects.html#PolicyFrameworkSTI 34
DevelopmentofSmallIslandDevelopingStates:ReportoftheSecretaryGeneral(6July,2010).UnitedNations
United Nations General Assembly. 2010. Five-year review of the Mauritius Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States : Report of the Secretary-General (6 July, 2010). United Nations
15
16
REGIONALIMPLEMENTATION MATRIXFORTHE MONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE MSI2 d) Developmentofa frameworkandstrategy forstrengthening technologysupportand cooperationand supportingthecreation ofanenabling environmentfor technologytransfer. e) Strengthencapacityof
management,IntegratedWater ResourcesManagement,alternative energyandenergymanagementand disastermanagement EUCARINETisafouryearINCONET CoordinationAction,supportedbythe EC(DGRTDINCO),whosemaingoalis tostrengthenbiregionalsustainable dialogueonScienceandTechnology betweenEuropeandtheCaribbean. (OCTs).25 Several regional institutions and mechanisms (refer to list in Appendix 3a) with support from international partners in some cases support these efforts. Someexamples: TheGlobalWaterPartnership(GWP) Caribbeanprovidesaregional mechanismforknowledgeand technologytransfer,includingbest practiceanditsreplication.
Thereisasignificantscience andtechnologygapthat CaribbeanSIDSmustbridge tomodernizeproductionand institutionalstructuresto pursueselfsustaininggrowth anddevelopment.35 Increasedfocusoncapacity buildingandscienceand technologyprojectsand programmesisneeded.36 Theinternationalcommunity cansupportcapacitybuilding fortechnologytransferand assistancewitheducationand training. Allcountriesintheregion sufferfromalackofaccessto improvedtechnologies. AreviewoftheTechnology
25 35 36
http://www.eucarinet.eu/
16
17
REGIONALIMPLEMENTATION MATRIXFORTHE MONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE MSI2 SIDStoadoptthese technologies.
TheCCCCChasimplementedmany projectswhichsupporttechnology transfer.Fore.g.throughtheSpecial ProgrammeforAdaptationtoClimate Change(SPACC)project,asolar poweredreverseosmosisplantwas setuptopurifyseawateratBequiain St.VincentandtheGrenadines.26 SIDSDOCK,aninitiativedeveloped jointlybytheCCCCCandtheSecretariat ofthePacificRegionalEnvironment Programme(SPREP),providesa vehicleformobilizingfinancialand technicalresourcestocatalyzelow carboneconomicgrowthinthe Caribbeanandotherregions. CREDPhasprovidedtechnical assistancetoidentifyRenewable Energy(RE)potentialandtodevelop REsystemsinseveralCaribbean countries. Countriesaresupportedalsothrough theirparticipationinMEAs.Fore.g.the UNFCCChasestablishedaTechnology TransferClearinghouseanda
AssessmentReports,that werepreparedforanumber oftheCaribbeancountries, indicatesthat37: Thetransferand developmentof technologiesfor mitigationmustbe integratedwitha countrysenergypolicy andmustreflectits developmentgoals. Capitalcostsarethe mainbarrierto technologytransfer. Attitudes,perceptionsand lackofinformationare keybarrierstothe transferoftechnology.
Improvedaccessto,and transferof,environmentally soundtechnologiesrelatedto climatechangeby,interalia, assessmentofitstechnology needs,identificationof
26IISD:http://larc.iisd.org/news/unisdrhighlightscaribbeaneffortstowardscarbonneutrality/ 37
17
18
TechnologyMechanismwas establishedatthe16thsessionofthe UNFCCCCOPin2010.Thisisexpected toincreaseopportunitiesfortheregion. ThroughtheCleanDevelopment Mechanism(CDM)somecountriesin theregionarereceivingsupportinthe areaoftransferoftechnology.Guyana, Jamaica,CubaandtheDominican RepublichaveregisteredCDMprojects inthepipeline. TheEUCARINETinitiativeaimsto createtheconditionsofthesustainable multistakeholderspolicydialogueon technologybetweenEU,itsMember StatesandtheCaribbeanRegion,inter alia Therehasbeenincreasedadvocacyfor measuresthatspecificallysupport technologytransferintheCaribbean. Manynationalandregionalpolicyand plansreflecttheneedforcapacity buildingfortechnologytransfer Fore.g.theneedforincreasedsupport fortechnologytransportisreflectedin the2011CARICOMsubmissiontothe UNCSD(Rio+20)27
27November2011,http://www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?page=view&type=510&nr=483&menu=20
barrierstotechnology transfer,improvementof enablingenvironmentsfor technologytransferandthe identificationofcapacity relatedneedstofacilitate technologytransferwould supportadaptationto,and mitigationagainstclimate change.38 Theregionshouldmaximize accessto,anduseof,theof theCDMinordertopromote renewableenergy(RE)use andtoachievesubstantial technologytransfer.39
18
19
d) CLIMATE CHANGEAND SEALEVELRISE Continuesupportto theCaribbean CommunityClimate ChangeCentre (CCCCC)asameans ofstrengtheningthe regions institutionaland technicalcapacity toadaptand respondtothe adverseimpactsof climatechangeand todevelop cooperative initiativeswith similarinstitutions withinLatin Americaandthe Caribbean.
(a)Fully implementthe UnitedNations Framework Conventionon ClimateChange andfurther promote international cooperationon climatechange; (b)Continueto take,inaccordance withthe Conventionand theKyotoProtocol, asapplicable,steps toaddressclimate change,including through adaptationand mitigationin accordancewith theprincipleof
a) Continuesupportofthe Severalcountrieshaveprepared countriesoftheregionin nationalclimatechangeactionplans theformulationof andpolicieswithsupportfromregional nationaladaptation andinternationalpartnersinsome strategiesforclimate cases.Fore.gtheCCCCCCaribbean change. PlanningforAdaptationtoClimate Change(CPACC)projectsupported developmentofvulnerability assessments,adaptationplanning,and capacitybuildingactivitiesinseveral countries.TheCCCCCsMainstreaming andAdaptationtoClimateChange (MACC)projectsupportedthe developmentofNationalAdaptation Strategiesforseveralcountries. MostCARICOMMemberStateshave ratifiedtheUNFCCCandseveralhave alsoratifiedtheKyotoProtocol(KP).40 AlmostallCARICOMmembershave submittedtheirInitialNational Communications(INC)totheUNFCCC 41andmanyarepreparingtheirSecond NationalCommunication(SNC)and
Continueddevelopmentof nationalclimatechange actionplansisakeystep towardsbuildingoflegal, institutionalandtechnical capacity Aseriousimpedimentfaced byCaribbeanSIDSinthe buildingofinstitutional,legal, andtechnicalcapacityto adapttoclimatechangeisa clearlackofscientificdata throughouttheregion Several islands of the Caribbean have highlighted the need for continual capacitybuilding as an adaptationoption. Fore.g.Bahamashas identifiedanumberof projectswhichwillrequire
38 39 40
http://unfccc.int/national_reports/items/1408.php
41
19
20
REGIONALIMPLEMENTATION MATRIXFORTHE MONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE MSI2 common,but differentiated, responsibilities andrespective capabilities,and theeffective implementationof theKyotoProtocol bythosecountries thathaveratified it;(c)Promote increasedenergy efficiencyand developmentand theuseof renewableenergy asamatterof b) Enhanceregional priority,aswellas institutionalcapabilities advancedand forcoordinationof cleanerfossilfuel nationalresponsesto technologies,inter negativeeffectsof alia,throughpublic climatechange. and/orprivate partnerships, marketoriented approaches,as wellassupportive
somehavesubmittedtheirs. Thesereportsgenerallyincludea vulnerabilityandadaptation assessment. TheCCCCCandCCRIFsignedanMOU in August 2011 to formalize their growing collaboration in assisting Caribbeancountriestodevelopclimate change adaptation strategies. The objective of the MOUis to help Caribbean governments better understand the risks of climate change totheireconomies.42 Manyregionalinstitutions,mechanisms andinitiativeswithsupportfrom internationalpartnersinsomecases aresupportingclimatechange initiatives. Theseinclude:CCCCC,CRMI,CCRIF, CDEMA,CARDI,CEHI,CREDP,CEPand CaribSave,interalia Manyofthesearesupportedby partnersincludingIDBandtheWorld Bank
bothresearchandeffective capacitiestobebuilt.Grenada hasnotedanumberof institutionalsystemswhich areneededforvulnerability analysisandadaptation assessments Capacitybuilding is critical for the Caribbean to address the challenges posed by climate change, and this capacitybuilding must be a dynamicprocess.62
42
CCRIF: http://www.ccrif.org/news/caribbean-countries-benefit-partnership-develop-climate-change-adaptation-strategies
62
20
21
REGIONALIMPLEMENTATION MATRIXFORTHE MONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE MSI2 publicpoliciesand international cooperation,and supporttheiruse insmallisland developingStates (SIDS),where appropriate,andin accordancewith theirnational policies;(d) Implementthe BuenosAires programmeof workon adaptationand response measures,in particularthose elementsthatare relevanttoSIDS; (e)Workto facilitateand promotethe development, transferand disseminationof
Regionalfinancialinstitutionssuchas theCDBarehelpingtobuildcapacity. For e.g CDB is expected to receive a ClimateActionLineofCreditequivalent to EUR 50 million from the European Investment Bank (EIB) to address the severe vulnerability of CDBs borrowing member countries to the effectsofclimatechange,interalia.43 In2009,theHeadsofGovernmentof CARICOMapprovedtheLiliendaal DeclarationonClimateChangeand Developmentwhichdefinesthe nationalandinternationalpositionsof theCARICOMmemberstates. TheyalsoapprovedARegional FrameworkforAchievingDevelopment ResilienttoClimateChange,prepared bytheCCCCCwhicharticulatesthe strategicdirectionfortheCaribbeans responsetoclimatechangerisks(2009 to2015)44In2012,theyapprovedan ImplementationPlan(IP)todeliverthe
43Source:CDB(January6th,2012):http://www.caribank.org/titanweb/cdb/webcms.nsf/AllDoc/38ABAEE11854EC260425797D00468788?OpenDocument Dateaccessed:14thMarch,2012 44 CCCCC. (2009), Climate Change and the Caribbean: A Regional Framework for Achieving Development Resilient to Climate Change (2009-2015), CCCCC, Belmopan, Belize
21
22
REGIONALIMPLEMENTATION MATRIXFORTHE MONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE MSI2 SIDSof appropriate technologiesand practicesto addressclimate change;(f)Build andenhance c) Institutionalsupportfor scientificand theCaribbean technological CommunityClimate capabilities, ChangeCentre(CCCCC). includinginSIDS, interalia,through continuingsupport to Intergovernmental PanelonClimate Changeforthe exchangeof scientific d) Enhancethecapabilityof informationand thecentertoprocureand data,including, offertechnicalsupport whererelevant,to servicestoCaribbean SIDS;(g)Enhance SIDS. the implementationof national,regional andinternational strategiesto monitorthe Earths atmosphere, includingas appropriate,
actionsenvisagedwithintheRegional Framework. TheIPisexpectedtosupportthe strengtheningofregionalinstitutions. TheCCCCCwasofficiallyopenedin 2005tocoordinatetheCaribbeans responsetoclimatechange. A major initiative supporting the Centrewasthesigningofanagreement betweentheCentreandAusAIDinMay, 2011whereAusAIDisprovidingatotal of Au$4.7 million for institutional supporttotheCentrethrough2015. Throughitsprogrammeof collaborationwithotherregional institutionsandsupportfrom internationalpartnersinsomecases, theCentrepromotedanumberof climatechangerelatedworkshopsand projects: CPACC,ACCandMACC(thesehave beencompleted) Enhancing Capacity for Adaptation to Climate Change (ECACC) in the UK Caribbean Overseas Territories Project.
22
23
REGIONALIMPLEMENTATION MATRIXFORTHE MONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE MSI2 strategiesfor integrated observations,inter alia,withthe cooperationof relevant international organizations;and workwithSIDSto strengthentheir involvementin monitoringand observingsystems andenhancetheir accesstoanduse ofinformation. (h)SIDS,with necessarysupport oftheinternational community, includingthrough thefacilitationand improvementof accesstoexisting resourcesand, whereappropriate, throughallocation ofdedicated financial resources,willas anintegral e) Supportthecentreinthe
The SPACC: Implementation of Adaptation Measures in Coastal ZoneProject45 TheCaribbeanCarbonNeutral TourismProgram(CCNTP) TheIPwasdevelopedbytheCCCCC with financial assistance from the UK Department for International Development (DFID) and the Climate Development and KnowledgeNetwork(CDKN). In June, 2011 an agreement was signedbetweentheCentreandthe EuropeanUnion(EU)wheretheEU hasallocated8milliontomeetthe challenges of climate change in the 17 CARIFORUM countries in the Caribbean. The CCCCC will be managingtheproject. TheCDBClearinghouseProject (RefertoAppendix4foradditional detailsandactivitiesoftheCentre) InMay2011,anMOUwassigned
45
As of March 27, 2012
23
24
REGIONALIMPLEMENTATION MATRIXFORTHE MONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE MSI2 componentoftheir strengtheningoflinkages national withcounterpart sustainable agenciesinotherSIDS. development strategies,where appropriate, developand f) Organizationofnational implement andregionalseminarson national CDMtechnologyand adaptation assistinthedevelopment strategiesand ofappropriateCDM facilitateregional projects andinterregional cooperation, g) AssisttheCCCCCin includingwithin assessingandrealizing theframeworkof potentialtoserveasa theUnitedNations regionaloperational Framework entityfortheCDM. Conventionon ClimateChange. (i).SIDS,with assistancefrom regional development banksandother h) Continuedsupportin financial internationalforumon institutions,as thevulnerabilitiesof appropriate, SIDS. shouldcoordinate
betweenSPREPandCCCCCto strengthencollaborationbetweenthe twoagencies Caribbeancountrieshavebeen participatinginseminars,workshops andotherforumstostrengthentheir capacitytodevelopandimplement CDMprojects. Forexample,theCCCCCandtheUNEP RisoeCentre(URC)organizeda CaribbeanRegionalWorkshopfor DesignatedNationalAuthorities(DNA) oftheCDMinMarch2011inCuba.
Thereareafewcountriesin theCaribbeanthathave registeredCDMprojects. Thereisaneedforthe maximizationoftheregions accessto,anduseofthe CDM63 Belize is participating in a CDM capacity building programme, implemented through the UNEP RISO CentreandtheCCCCC MostCaribbeanSIDShaveratifiedthe UNFCCC,andmanyplayanactiverole Inordertobuildresilience,it intheofficialUNFCCCnegotiationsand isnecessarytoseekthe collaboratewithwidergroups assistanceoftheinternational includingtheAllianceofSmallIsland communityforthe States(AOSIS)todevelopglobal developmentofclimate positions46.
46
http://unfccc.int/national_reports/items/1408.php
24
25
MAURITIUS STRATEGY OBJECTIVE further,ona regionalbasis,to establishor strengthen nationaland regionalclimate change coordination mechanisms.
REGIONALIMPLEMENTATION MATRIXFORTHE MONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE MSI2 i) Integratingclimate changeintodevelopment issuesparticularlyland useplanning,tourism, fishing,forestry,disaster mitigation.
TheUNFCCCissupportingmany climatechangeadaptationand mitigationinitiativesintheregion. Countriescanbenefitthroughnew mechanismssuchastheGreenFund, theCancunAdaptationFramework,the AdaptationFundandTechnology Mechanisms.Fore.g.inJune,2011,the UNFCCCAdaptationFundBoard endorsedaprojectconceptfor Jamaica47 TheUNFCCChassupportedcountries inpreparingtheirSNCs. GEFhasbeenfinancingmanyprojects intheregion. Many countries have been actively involved in developing initiatives to mainstream climate change in their developmentprocess. For e.g. one of the major goals of Barbados National Strategic Plan (20062025) speaks specifically of buildingaGreenEconomy48.
changemodelsatscales appropriatetoSIDS.64 Effortsshouldbemadeto buildontheworkalready achievedinmainstreaming adaptationtoclimatechange intoothersectorsandto incorporateclimatechange adaptationconcernsin nationalsustainable
63
47
http://larc.iisd.org/news/adaptation-fund-board-accredits-national-and-regional-implementing-entities/?referrer=latin-america-&-caribbean-regionalupdate&utm_source=lists.iisd.ca&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Latin+America+%26+Caribbean+Regional+Update+-+5+July+2011++Latin+America+%26+Caribbean+Regional+Coverage
48
http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/AdvisoryServices/Barbados/tabid/56246/Default.aspx
25
26
Guyanas Low Carbon Development Strategy(LCDS)setsoutadevelopment path for the country that is based on Guyanadeployingitsforeststomitigate globalclimatechange. Cubas IndEco project integrates climate change into its broader institutional, policy and national goals andprogrammes. Many disaster management projects implemented include considerations for climate change. For e.g. a Project Cooperation Agreement was signed inFebruary2011betweenUNEPand the Planning Institute of Jamaica (PIOJ), for the Climate Change AdaptationandDisasterRiskReduction Project. Some countries are adopting sustainable tourism initiatives which help to reduce the impacts of climate change in the long term. In 2009, the
developmentplans. Adaptationandmitigation effortshavetobevertically integratedfromtheregional, nationaltocommunitylevels, aswellashorizontally integratedacrossthevarious sectors,andsupportedby appropriateinstitutional, legalandpolicymechanisms65 Alackoflegalauthorityand institutionalcapacity (appropriatelegislativeand regulatoryframeworksfor coordinatedmanagementand monitoring)neededfor implementationand enforcement.
64UNECLAC(SubregionalHeadquartersfortheCaribbean).2010.CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMauritiusStrategyfortheFurther
ImplementationoftheBarbadosProgrammeofActionfortheSustainableDevelopmentofSmallIslandDevelopingStates(MSI+5),4May2010.Unpubl 65UNECLAC(SubregionalHeadquartersfortheCaribbean).2010.CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMauritiusStrategyfortheFurther ImplementationoftheBarbadosProgrammeofActionfortheSustainableDevelopmentofSmallIslandDevelopingStates(MSI+5),4May2010.Unpubl
26
27
Caribbeans public and private sector tourism groupings, the CTO and the Caribbean Hotel and Tourism Association (CHTA) launched a project tohelptheCaribbeanhotelsectormove towardsenergyefficiency.49 TheCCCCCsCaribbeanCarbonNeutral Tourism Program (CCNTP) aims to reduce the sectors vulnerability to climatechange Several countries have setup climate changeofficesordepartments.Fore.g. in 2011, Suriname established a Climate Compatible Development Agency (CCDA) to help formulate a more structured approach to climate changematters. Also some countries have setup national climate change committees which includes representatives from major sectors including land use planning,tourism,fishing,forestry,and disastermitigation. Sectoralassessmentshavebeencarried
UN ECLAC (Subregional Headquarters for the Caribbean). 2010. Caribbean Regional Report for the Five-Year Review of the Mauritius Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Barbados Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States (MSI +5) ,4 May 2010. Unpubl
49
27
28
REGIONALIMPLEMENTATION MATRIXFORTHE MONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE MSI2 j) Conductsectoralimpact assessmentstudies. k) Considertheimpactsof changingweather patternsoncoastal
outwiththesupportfrom OrganisationsincludingCCCCCand ECLAC. TheCCCCsMACCprojectconducted VulnerabilityandCapacityAssessments (VCAs)anddevelopedNational AdaptationStrategiesinseveral countriesforkeysectorssuchas agriculture,water,healthandtourism ECLAC in cooperation with the CCCCC conducted a study on the potential economiccostsofclimatechangeinthe Caribbean subregion by 2050 if mitigation and adaptation actions are nottaken.50 Sectoralassessmentsarealso developedthroughSNCProjects. The Caribsave study, Modelling the Transformational Impacts and Cost of Sea Level Rise (SLR) in the Caribbean provides a detailed analysis to date of
Capacitybuildingisneeded developmentofdetail technicalmodelstoaid vulnerabilityanalysisinthe Caribbean. Thereisaclearlackof scientificdatathroughoutthe region.Thisaffectsthe buildingofinstitutional,legal, andtechnicalcapacityto adapttoclimatechange Climatechangemodels shouldbedevelopedatscales appropriatetoSIDS,soasto
50AssessmentswereconductedineightsectorsidentifiedasvulnerablebyCaribbeanstakeholders,across14countries.Theresearchwasconductedincollaboration
withtheCaribbeanCommunityClimateChangeCentre(CCCCC),withfundingprovidedbytheDepartmentforInternationalDevelopment(DFID)oftheUnitedKingdom. Source:ECLAC:http://www.eclac.cl/cgibin/getProd.asp?xml=/portofspain/noticias/noticias/2/44622/P44622.xml&xsl=/portofspain/tpl i/p1f.xsl&base=/portofspain/tpli/topbottom.xsl
28
29
REGIONALIMPLEMENTATION MATRIXFORTHE MONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE MSI2 communitiesparticularly theirabilityto successfullyadapt.
the damages and costs associated with SLRfortheCARICOMnations51 CCCCChassupportedtheestablishment of a regional network of stations for: the collection, analysis, and dissemination of hydro meteorological and sealevel data relevant to the observation of climate change, and the measurement of climate changerelated impact on potentially vulnerable sectors of the regionseconomies,suchasagriculture, health,tourism,etc. The CCCCC in a cooperation with the Cuban Institute of Meteorology (INSMET) , is actively engaged in calculating climate models and projections for the Caribbean. The Centre has provided training in the region in the use of climate model outputsinimpactstudies ECLACpublishedareportin2011that examinedcurrentandfuturetrendsin climate variability and their likely impacts on the Caribbean and Latin Americansextensivecoastline.52
affordthemsupportin planningforadaptationto climatechange.
51
http://caribsave.org/index.php?id=5 http://larc.iisd.org/news/eclac-report-examines-climate-change-impacts-on-latin-america-and-caribbean-coasts/
52
29
30
REGIONALIMPLEMENTATION MATRIXFORTHE MONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE MSI2 l) Facilitatethetransferof appropriatetechnologies forrespondingtothese challenges.
TheCCCCChasimplementedmany projectswhichsupporttechnology transfer.Fore.g.throughtheSPACC project,asolarpoweredreverse osmosisplantwassetuptopurify seawateratBequiainSt.Vincentand theGrenadines.53 TheUNFCCChasestablisheda TechnologyTransferClearinghouse andaTechnologyMechanismwhichis expectedtoincreaseopportunitiesfor theregion. ThroughtheCDMsomecountriesinthe regionarereceivingsupportinthearea oftransferoftechnology.Guyana, Jamaica,CubaandtheDominican RepublichaveregisteredCDMprojects inthepipeline.
All countries in the region sufferfromalackofaccessto improved technologies. The need for technology transfer and environmentally sound technologies has been recognized as critical in averting the threat of climate change throughout the UNFCCCprocess66 Improvementsarerequiredin the access to and transfer of technologies, assessment of technology needs and the identification of barriers to transfer.67 Improvementofenabling environmentsfortechnology transferandtheidentification ofcapacityrelatedneedsto facilitatetechnologytransfer
53
IISD : http://larc.iisd.org/news/unisdr-highlights-caribbean-efforts-towards-carbon-neutrality/ CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010)
66
30
31
REGIONALIMPLEMENTATION MATRIXFORTHE MONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE MSI2 m) Promotionand implementationof relevantpublic awarenessprogrammes.
Many regional institutions and mechanisms such as the CCCCC and OECS, and national organizations and NGOs help to promote public awareness on climate change. Governments have supported many local initiatives, for e.g. though annual eventssuchasWorldEnvironmentDay andEarthDay. Many countries and regional organisationshavedevelopedwebsites andonlinetoolstoincreaseawareness. Fore.g.CCCCChasdevelopedan InformationClearingHousewhich facilitatesthesharingofclimate changeandotherrelatedinformation anditsimpactontheregion54
wouldsupportadaptationto, andmitigationagainstclimate change. Maximizationoftheregions accessto,anduseof,theCDM inordertopromote renewableenergyuseandto achievesubstantial technologytransfer. Sustainable public awareness initiativesareneeded. Broadbased, targeted public awareness programmes are needed. Improved access to financial and technical resources to facilitate implementation and publicawareness
54
http://www.caribbeanclimate.bz/index.php?Itemid=108&option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper
31
32
The UNFCCC supports countries through several programmes including theNewDelhiworkprogramme Someotherkeyinitiativesinclude: MyIslandMyCommunityisa ProgrammeorganisedbyPCIMedia ImpactandtheOECSthatusesmedia andcommunicationstoaddress environmental;issuesincludingclimate change.55 Panos Caribbean has been supporting efforts to raise awareness on climate change in the Caribbean.56 The VOICES forClimateChangeEducationisajoint project of The National Environmental Education Committee (NEEC) and PanosCaribbean CYEN a youth based organisation has been developing programmes to raise awarenessonclimatechangeforyouth intheCaribbeanregion. Climate and Development Knowledge
55
http://www.comminit.com/?q=naturalresource/content/myislandmycommunity
56http://panoscaribbean.org/home
32
33
REGIONALIMPLEMENTATION MATRIXFORTHE MONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE MSI2 n) SupportforIntegrated FloodManagement ApproachesforGuyana.
Network (CDKN) has developed a climate change handbook for the media CARIBSAVEisproducingaseriesof highqualityshortfilmsonclimate changeforawarenessraising, educationandcapacitybuildingin communitiesandgovernmentsacross theregion.57 Guyana is undertaking the GEF funded Conservancy Adaptation Project (CAP) to reduce the vulnerability of catastrophic flooding in the Guyana lowlyingcoastalarea.Itisexpectedto becompletedin201358 In 2009, IDB approved a US$1 million grant to support the design and implementation of an Integrated Disaster Risk Management Plan for Guyana. The approved operation will
57
http://caribsave.org/index.php?id=5
58
Source : Guyana - Conservancy Adaptation Project : P103539 - Implementation Status Results Report : Sequence 08. Available at: World Bank http://wwwwds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679&entit yID=0000A8056_2011082810541589&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679
33
34
REGIONALIMPLEMENTATION MATRIXFORTHE MONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE MSI2 o) Sedimentationfor Amazoncurrents, estuarinesiltationin Guyana.
fund the identification of country risk indicatorsandfloodriskevaluation59 TheAmazonRiverischaracterisedby averyhighturbidity.Itdischargesper yearanestimated731milliontonnesof sedimenteroded.Ithasbeenestimated thatabout150.106m3peryearoffine sedimentistransportedinsuspension alongthecoastsoftheGuyanas (NEDECO,1968).60 Theeffectsofoceancurrentsresultina compressedbandofthesediments alongtheshoreleadingtofrequent blockagesofthedrainagesystems alongGuyanaCoast. AkeyresponseinGuyanahasbeento usepontoonswithdredgingequipment tocleartheoutfallsatthemouthsof drainageriversandcanalsseveral
59
http://www.iadb.org/en/news/newsreleases/20090805/idbsupportsguyanaseffortstoimprovedisasterrisk,5556.html
FAO.RegionalReviewsandNationalManagementReportsFourthWorkshopontheAssessmentandManagementofShrimpandGroundfishFisheriesontheBrazil GuianasShelf,Cuman,Venezuela,213October2000.Availableat:http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/Y1715E/y1715e06.htm#TopOfPage
60
34
35
timesayear. In2008,forexample,theGuyana MinistryofAgricultureacquireda (Guy)$40Mpontoontodredgeoutfall channelsalongtheCoastinareasthat wereaffectedbysilt.61
61
Source:GINA,July27,2008:http://gina.gov.gy/archive/daily/b080727.html 35
36
MAURITIUSSTRATEGY OBJECTIVE
e) NATURALAND ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTERSAND VULNERABILITY Strengthentheability ofCaribbeanSIDSto addressrisks,mitigate andrespondtothe consequencesof naturaldisasters includingmatterssuch asinsuranceand reinsurance.
StrengthenSIDSregional mechanismstoimprove nationaldisaster mitigation,preparedness andearlywarning capacity,increasingpublic awarenessaboutdisaster reduction,stimulate interdisciplinaryand intersectoralpartnerships andsupportthe mainstreamingofrisk managementintothe nationalplanningprocess. Usetheoutcomesofthe WorldConferenceon DisasterReductionto considerthespecific concernsofSIDSinissues relatingtoinsuranceand reinsurance. Strengthenthecapacityof SIDStopredictand respondtoemergency situations,includingthose
REGIONAL IMPLEMENTATIONMATRIX FORTHEMONITORINGOF THEIMPLEMENTATIONOF THEMSI a) Supportthe strengtheningof nationalandregional mechanismstoimprove capacityfordisaster mitigation, preparednessandearly warningsystems includingclosingthe gapsbetweenearly warningandearly responseinnational planningstrategies. b) Mainstreamrisk managementintothe nationalplanning processandincrease financingforpost disasterstabilization andreconstruction.
ACTIVITIESUNDERTAKEN
GAPSINIMPLEMENTATION
Therehavebeenmajor developmentsintheregionto supportstrengtheningof disastermanagementatthe nationalandregionallevels, andtomainstreamingrisk managementintonational planningprocesses Somecountrieshavea nationalstructureand institutionalarrangements forDisasterRiskManagement (DRM).Manyhavebeen workingwithkeypartnersto supportDRMactivitiesandto mainstreamitintothenational planningprocess.Cubais notedashavingawell establishedDRMsystem.(See appendix5forcountryefforts) TheCDEMAandEUDisaster RisksManagementSub RegionalProgramme promotesmainstreamingof DRMatnationallevelsand incorporationintokeysectors
Despiterenewed preventativeeffortsat regionalandinternational levels,theriskassociated withnaturaleventshasnot decreased.85 Increasedeffortsare requiredinmainstreaming DRRintodevelopment planning, In preparing and responding to natural disasters, it is recommendedthatmeasures for risk transfer be explored at the sector level, particularly in regard to the agriculturalandthelow incomehousingsectors.86 Risk reduction measures havetobeseenasanintegral part of development planning, and strategic plans and/or sectoral plans should be reviewed with a view to ensuring that DRR measures
85DisasterRiskReductionCentre,UniversityoftheWestIndies,UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme.2011.CaribbeanImplementationOfTheHyogoFramework
forAction,HFAMidTermReview.UNDPhasundertakenareviewofHFAimplementationinCuba,Dominica,Jamaica,theVirginIslands(UK)andtheCaymanIslands 86CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010)
36
37
REGIONAL IMPLEMENTATIONMATRIX FORTHEMONITORINGOF THEIMPLEMENTATIONOF THEMSI
affectinghuman settlementsstemming fromnaturaland environmentaldisasters.
ofnationaleconomiesin severalcountries. Keyinstitutionsand mechanismsthatare supportingprojectsand initiativesinDRMinclude: CDEMA,TheCCRIF,CRMI,The CDB,TheACS,RedCross Caribbean,ECLAC,The AllianceforDisaster Management,TheOECS Secretariat,TheCanada CaribbeanDisasterRisk Management(CCDRM)Fund ,CARIBSAVE,UWIDisaster RiskReductionCentre(DRRC) andtheCCCCC Oneofthekeyinitiatives supportingtheregionisthe CCRIF,whichisariskpooling facility,owned,operatedand registeredintheCaribbeanfor Caribbeangovernments.68The
have been fully integrated intotheseplans.87 Inadequatelevelof resources,whichunderlies theinabilitytostaffdisaster managementofficesat appropriatelevelsofskilled personnelandtocarryout thenationalprogrammes withoutdonorassistance.88 Lackofenforcementof existinglaws,resultingin situationssuchas developmentinriskareas andunregulatedbuilding whichincreaseslevelsof exposuretonatural hazards.89 Itisrecommendedthatthe issueofinsuranceandre insuranceschemesshould againbehighlightedandthat anappropriateinternational institutionbeidentifiedto
68
http://www.ccrif.org/content/aboutus
37
38
REGIONAL IMPLEMENTATIONMATRIX FORTHEMONITORINGOF THEIMPLEMENTATIONOF THEMSI c) Supportin collaborationwith CDEMA,the
CCRIFClimateRiskAdaptation andInsuranceintheCaribbean programmewilldesignand implementproductsthat combineriskreductionand insurancetoprotectthe livelihoodsoflowincome groupsintheCaribbean. (refertoAppendix5for details) CDEMAmadeastrategicshift infocusfromdisaster preparednessandresponseto comprehensivedisaster
undertakeafeasibilitystudy oncosteffectiveand affordablefacilitiesthat couldbemadeavailablefor SIDS.TheCCRIFservesa usefulpurposebutitswidth ofcoveragefordisastersstill requiresreexamination WhileCCRIFcanserveasa usefulmodelforother regions,thelevelofthe recentdisbursementtoHaiti (US$7millionearlyin2010) illustratestheneedfor greaterfinancialresources.90
forAction,HFAMidTermReview.UNDPhasundertakenareviewofHFAimplementationinCuba,Dominica,Jamaica,theVirginIslands(UK)andtheCayman Islands 89DisasterRiskReductionCentre,UniversityoftheWestIndies,UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme.2011.CaribbeanImplementationOfTheHyogoFramework forAction,HFAMidTermReview.UNDPhasundertakenareviewofHFAimplementationinCuba,Dominica,Jamaica,theVirginIslands(UK)andtheCayman Islands 90UnitedNationsGeneralAssembly.2010.FiveyearreviewoftheMauritiusStrategyfortheFurtherImplementationoftheProgrammeofActionfortheSustainable DevelopmentofSmallIslandDevelopingStates:ReportoftheSecretaryGeneral(6July,2010).UnitedNations
38
39
REGIONAL IMPLEMENTATIONMATRIX FORTHEMONITORINGOF THEIMPLEMENTATIONOF THEMSI implementationof CARICOMregional programmeframework 20052015.
management(CDM). With supportfromkeypartners,itis implementingprojectsand initiativesthatsupportmany areasoftheCARICOMregional programmeframework.These includeCDM,community disastermanagement,flood preparedness,hazard mitigation,saferbuildings, searchandrescue, vulnerabilityassessments, incorporatingclimatechange considerationsintodisaster managementinteralia CDEMAhasdevelopedanaudit instrumentforitsmember stateswhichassistsin identifyingthelevelof preparednessofeach participatingcountry.It provideswarningsaswellas situationreportsforallthreats totheregion,andhasalso organisedtrainingincrisis management,contingency planning,exercise developmentandanumberof
39
40
REGIONAL IMPLEMENTATIONMATRIX FORTHEMONITORINGOF THEIMPLEMENTATIONOF THEMSI d) Facilitatethe developmentof programmesfor traininginhazard mitigationandproject managementfor nationaldisaster coordinators,thesocio economicand environmentalimpacts ofnaturalhazardsfor damageassessment teams,awareness raising.
otherareasrelatedto preparednessandresponse.69 (SeeAppendix5.cforkey CDEMAprojectsand initiatives) Trainingisprovidedasamajor component in many Disaster Risk Management (DRM) projects in the region, for e.g through CCRIF and CDEMA projects CDEMAs Caribbean Disaster Management Project (CADM) intendstotrainthroughmodel works, professionals for hazard mapping and disaster management planning in CDEMA and equip them to prepare hazard maps and disastermanagementplansfor hazard vulnerable areas in the CDEMAcommunity. In some cases training is offered to Community DRM groups by national disaster
forAction,HFAMidTermReview.UNDP
40
41

70
officesaswellasNGOssuchas the Red Cross through their nationaloffices. Some tertiary institutions include DRM as part of the academic programme. UWI offers a Masters course in DRM, and includes DRM in its undergraduateprogramme.70 UWIs Disaster Risk Reduction Centre (DRRC) support training to enhance disaster mitigationandmanagementin theCaribbeanregion71 In Cuba DRM is included in the curriculum at all levels of the education system. Cuba prioritized special training for civil defence to enable immediate response followingahurricane72
DisasterRiskReductionCentre,UniversityoftheWestIndies,UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme.2011.CaribbeanImplementationOfTheHyogoFramework forAction,HFAMidTermReview.UNDP 71 DisasterRiskReductionCentre,UniversityoftheWestIndies,UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme.2011.CaribbeanImplementationOfTheHyogoFramework forAction,HFAMidTermReview.UNDP 72DisasterRiskReductionCentre,UniversityoftheWestIndies,UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme.2011.CaribbeanImplementationOfTheHyogoFramework forAction,HFAMidTermReview.UNDP
41
42
REGIONAL IMPLEMENTATIONMATRIX FORTHEMONITORINGOF THEIMPLEMENTATIONOF THEMSI e) (SaintLucia)Enhance emergencyresponse communications systemsthrough: DevelopmentofGIS withinemergency management organizationsto facilitatedisasterrisk reductionand management; ProvisionofGISand hazardMitigation trainingincludingin hazardmappingand vulnerability assessments.

73
Several countries are integrating GIS systems to improvedisastermanagement. Fore.g. Jamaicas Office of Disaster Preparedness and Disaster Management (ODPEM) has integrated the use of GIS technologyinitsoperationto better manage the physical and human environment at thelocal/nationallevelbefore (planning, mitigation, preparedness), during (response) and after (recovery)disasterevent,73 The GIS Unit at ODPEM is geared at developing and managinganationaldisaster
Manycountriesexperience challengesinestablishing adequatedatabasesaswell aswithsystematicgathering ofdata. Byimprovingaccessto climatologicaland hydrologicaldatathrough implementingand maintainingGIS infrastructure,practitioners canusegeospatialdatato provideinputfor hydrologicaland climatologicalriskanalyses toenhancenationalclimate adaptationanddisasterrisk managementstrategies.91
http://www.odpem.org.jm/BePrepared/HowODPEMPreparesJa/UseofGIS/tabid/70/Default.aspx
91GovernmentofGrenada,ClimateInvestmentFunds(CIF),WorldBank.2011.Proceedings:EasternCaribbeanOpenSourceGeospatialDataSharingandManagement
Workshop,St.GeorgesGrenada(October67,2011).
42
43

74http://www.gfdrr.org/gfdrr/node/949
database, providing technical supportandtrainingofstaff, interalia. Efforts have been made in the Developmentof region to develop NSDI to nationalspatialdata infrastructure(NSDI)to supportDRM. facilitatedevelopmental activitiesgenerallyand, TheGlobalFacilityforDisaster Reduction and Recovery inparticular,disaster (GFDRR) is supporting the riskreductionand installation of four GeoNodes disastermanagement in Saint Lucia, Grenada, Saint activities; Vincent and the Grenadines, and at UWI Indies in Trinidad and Tobago. A GeoNode is an opensource platform that facilitatesthecreation,sharing, and collaborative use of geospatialdata.Thereisalsoa GeoNodefor Haiti thatwas deployedin the aftermath of theearthquake.74 The Government of Grenada with support from several partners, held the Eastern Caribbean OpenSource Geospatial Data Sharing and Management Workshop in
43
44
2011 to discuss the problems and solutions of sharing geospatialdata to improve disaster risk management in the Caribbean.75 Participants were trained on the installation and use of GeoNodeapplications SaintLucialaunchedanational data sharing and management platforminMarch,2012which allows GIS users to quickly locate collected geospatial (GIS) data and use it on national webbased site. By integrating GIS data and information into longterm physical planning and development, decision makers arebetterequippedtodevelop efficient DRM strategies and adapt to increasing climate variability and other climate relatedimpacts.76
management/?utm_source=lists.iisd.ca&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Latin+America+%26+Caribbean+Regional+Update++29+November+2011+ +Latin+America+%26+Caribbean+Regional+Coverage 76http://www.gfdrr.org/gfdrr/node/1164
75Source:IISD:http://larc.iisd.org/news/caribbeanworkshopfocusesonimprovingdisasterrisk
44
45
REGIONAL IMPLEMENTATIONMATRIX FORTHEMONITORINGOF THEIMPLEMENTATIONOF THEMSI f) Supportthe improvementof communications systemswithin emergency management organizationsand providerequisite trainingbothforbasic useandatthe technician/maintenanc elevel.
Jamaicas ODPEM is implementing a project, which commenced in July 2008, is intended to improve disaster management communication and planning systems at the national, parish and communitylevels.77 Cuba has established an efficient national communication network that has become vital for giving citizens sufficient warning of upcominghurricanes78 CDEMAwithfundingfromthe InternationalDevelopment ResearchCentre(IDRC) implementedaResearch Project(September2007 February2009)whichaimed toenhancetheeffectivenessof DisasterManagement practicesintheCaribbean regionthroughthe identificationandtestingof
77CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010) 78CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010)
45
46
REGIONAL IMPLEMENTATIONMATRIX FORTHEMONITORINGOF THEIMPLEMENTATIONOF THEMSI g) Strengthenemergency sheltersthroughthe retrofitting,installation ofstandbyequipment, suchas,generators. h) Improveemergency responsethrough
innovativeInformationand CommunicationTechnologies (ICTs) CDEMAs Caribbean Hazard Mitigation Capacity Building Programme(CHAMP)supports the strengthening of safe building practices building training and certification, interalai. CHAMP activities will be carried out in the four pilot states of Belize, British VirginIslands,GrenadaandSt. Lucia.79 The CCCCCS SPACC project is implementing the Marchand Building Project to demonstrate the design and implementationofappropriate interventions to reinforce critical infrastructure, used in the management of natural disasters. In 2009, USAID/OFDA provided assistance to
79http://www.cdema.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=66&Itemid=85
46
47
REGIONAL IMPLEMENTATIONMATRIX FORTHEMONITORINGOF THEIMPLEMENTATIONOF THEMSI trainingintheuseof IncidentCommand Systemsforpredictive purposes. i) Promoteandsupport theestablishmentof marineprotectedareas particularlyofcoral reefsandmangroves whichserveasnatural shorelineprotectors.
BarbadosinimplementingICS. In2009membersofthe emergencyresponseforcesin St.VincentandtheGrenadines undertookintensivetraining coursesatatheNational EmergencyManagement Organisation(NEMO)inICS Several programmes are supporting this effort in the Region. Guyanas Mangrove Restoration Project supports the protection and development of sustainable mangrove forests. The project commenced in 2010 and is supporting areas of administrative capacity development, research, community development and capacity building, mangrove restoration, monitoring and awarenessandeducation.80 MPAs are an important management tool for
Public awareness initiatives, including the strengthening of communitybased natural resource management programmes should be promoted. Although some progress has beenmadeinthisregard,the activities are unsustainable as they are dependent on external sources of funding that are also not regularly available. Further research into coral reef protection and regeneration, and sustainable forestry, as well as into management of mangroveandseagrassbeds
80http://mangrovesgy.org/
47
48
conserving coral reefs. Many Caribbean nations have established parks or protected areas to safeguard marine biodiversity.81 In Belize , considerable effort has been directed towards developing a system of marine protected areas and the legal and institutional policy framework for managing coral reefs is in place82 The CCCCC has supported project studies which relate to strengthening coral reef resilience to climate change impactsintheCaribbean. WRI conducted economic valuationstudiesofcoralreefs andmangrovesatnationaland subnational levels in five Caribbean countries. The resultsareusedtoidentifyand build support for policies that help to ensure healthy coastal
to preserve their integrity is required.92 There is a need for basic assessment of coral reefs, particularlyintheOECS
81http://www.wri.org/publication/content/7849
82http://www.wri.org/publication/content/7877
48
49
REGIONAL IMPLEMENTATIONMATRIX FORTHEMONITORINGOF THEIMPLEMENTATIONOF THEMSI j) Facilitatethe rehabilitationof degradedcoastal resources.
ecosystems and sustainable economies.83 Many countries in the Caribbean are undertaking a number of activities to mitigatefurtherdegradationof the coastal resources. 84Many regional institutions and mechanisms with support from international partners in some cases are supporting initiatives. Several countries have adopted an Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) approach to reduce degradation.Fore.g.Barbados, Belize and Saint Lucia have established coastal zone management units to effectively manage their coastal resources through the creation and implementation of coastal zone management
Improvedsurveillanceof coastalandmarineactivities especiallyinmultiuser areas,andcontinued research,mappinganddata collectionofcoastaland marineresourcesinthe restorationand rehabilitationofdamaged ecosystemsis recommended93 Improvementinthe developmentand managementofcoastaland marineresourceswould necessitatethe mainstreamingofpolicieson coastalzonemanagement withotherpolicies,such as, watershed management, for the benefit of all the communities.
92
83http://www.wri.org/project/valuationcaribbeanreefs
93
49
50
plans. Guyana has an ICZM Plan Barbadosdevelopeda BarbadosBeachManagement Planwhichcreatesclear guidelinesforthesustainable managementofbeach resourcesandtheDominican Republicisimplementinga projecttomitigatetheimpacts ofIndustrialWastesonits Coast. TheCCCCCSCPACCandMACC projectssupportedclimate vulnerabilityandadaptation assessmentsforcoastalareas inseveralregions.TheSPACC projectissupportingthe effortsofDominica,St.Lucia, andSt.Vincentandthe Grenadinestoimplement specific,integrated,pilot adaptationmeasuresthat primarilyaddresstheimpacts ofclimatechangeontheir naturalresourcebase,witha focusonbiodiversityandland degradationalongcoastaland nearcoastalareas. The CEP is an important mechanism for regional cooperation, particularly on
50
51
issues relating to coastal and marineconservation. TheGEFfundedprojecton IntegratingWatershedand CoastalAreasManagementin SIDSoftheCaribbean(GEF IWCAMProject)supported capacitybuildingofthe participatingcountriesto implementanintegrated approachtothemanagement ofwatershedsandcoastal areas. f) ENERGY RESOURCES TheForumof Ministerstofurther developtheSouth Southcooperation betweenLatin Americancountries andCaribbeanSIDS, takingintoaccountthe priorityareas identifiedbythe MinisterialSupport Group,inparticular, supportforrenewable energies.
94
SIDSarecommitted,with thenecessarysupportof theinternational community,todevelopand implementintegrated energyprogrammes. Theseprogrammesshould include,interalia, comprehensive assessmentsofenergy resources,currentand projectedpatternsof energyuse,andwaysto enhanceenergyefficiency inSIDS,andpromotethe developmentanduseof
a) Implementationof projectsthatsupport theintroductionof cleanerproductionwith specialemphasisonthe useofrenewable energy(RE)
TheCleanerProduction(CP) andEcoEfficiencyforSmall MediumandMicroEnterprises andtheTourismSectorProject CEHIservesastheCleaner Production&Sustainable ConsumptionInformation CentrefortheCaribbean (CP&SCICC).TheCP&SCICCis ajointinitiativewithUNEP. TheCentreisdesignedto disseminateandshare informationonSCPtoall interestedusers.94
http://www.cehi.org.lc/cpii/index.htm
51
52
REGIONAL IMPLEMENTATIONMATRIX FORTHEMONITORINGOF THEIMPLEMENTATIONOF THEMSI b) Supportthroughthe SouthSouthfacilitythe deliveryofREtraining workshops,transferof soundREtechnologies, developmentof innovativemechanisms forfinancingRE projects,exchangeof

95
renewableenergyaswell asadvancedcleanenergy technologiesthatare affordableandreadily adaptabletothe circumstancesofSIDS. Promotewider disseminationand applicationoftechnology thatisappropriatetoSIDS andtostrengthenexisting mechanisms,suchasthe UnitedNationsrenewable energyfundandtheUnited NationsDevelopment Programmethematictrust fundonenergyfor sustainabledevelopment, forthispurpose. CooperationamongSIDS shouldbefurtherpursued inareaswheresuccesshas beenachieved,suchasa collaborativeagencyfor financingrenewable energyandenergy efficiencyprojectsinSIDS.
wascarriedoutbyCEHIin conjunctionUSAID.The objectivesofthisproject included:buildingcapacityat theregionalandnationallevel intheCaribbeantoadopteco efficiencyandCPtechnologies, processesandpractices; sensitizingstakeholdersabout CPandecoefficiencyand conductingabaselinestudyon cleanerproductioninthe Caribbeanforthefurther developmentofacleaner productionprogramme.95 Somekeyinitiatives: TheSupportingPolicy DialogueonSustainable EnergyServicesforSIDS throughSouthSouth Cooperationprojectaimedto encouragecooperationand dialoguebetweenthe countriesoftheregionin
Regionalcooperationfor researchanddevelopment forSIDSappropriate applicationsofREandenergy efficiency,suchasthe BagasseprojectinCubaand Belize,isrecommended.129
http://www.cehi.org.lc/index.php/projects/10-programmes-a-projects/32-cleaner-production-and-eco-efficiency
129
52
53

96
REGIONAL IMPLEMENTATIONMATRIX FORTHEMONITORINGOF THEIMPLEMENTATIONOF THEMSI practiceandtechnical cooperation programmes
ordertofacilitatemore effectiveprovisionof sustainableenergyservices andenhanceenergysecurity. Thisprocesswasexecuted withtheexpertiseprovidedby theCCCCCandfundedbythe UnitedNationsFoundation96 AOSISinAugust2011, launchedtheSIDSDOCK,an internationalorganization intendedtocatalyze sustainableenergyprojects includingrenewableenergyin SIDS.Itwasdevelopedjointly bytheCCCCCCandthe SecretariatofthePacific RegionalEnvironment Programme(SPREP)97It servesasamechanismto facilitateexchangebetween thedifferentregions. TheCaribbeanRenewable EnergyCapacitySupport (CRECS)projectissupporting theestablishmentofa
http://cipore.org/regional-page-3/bioenergy-in-the-caribbean2/ http://sids-l.iisd.org/news/sids-dock-launched-to-catalyze-renewable-energy/?referrer=linkages-iisdrs
97
53
54
REGIONAL IMPLEMENTATIONMATRIX FORTHEMONITORINGOF THEIMPLEMENTATIONOF THEMSI c) Supportthe implementationofthe CaribbeanRenewable EnergyDevelopment Programme(CREDP)
frameworkforsouthsouth cooperationbetweenthe energysectorofCARICOMand theDominicanRepublic CREDPisthemostsignificant Regionalrenewableenergy projectoverthelastdecadein CARICOM98 Itwasfinancedfrom2 sources:GEFoftheWorld BankwithUNDPasthe ImplementingAgencyandGIZ. TheGEFcomponentwas fundedintheamountof US$4.426Millionand implementedthroughthe UNPD,andisreferredtoas CREDP/UNDP.Theother componentwasfundedin amountofUS$2.2millionby CREDP/GIZduringthePhase I.UnderPhaseII(20082012) additionalfundinginamount 5.25millionwereprovided. CREDP/GIZwasexpectedto
TodateCREDPhashadsome successes,butthebarriers havelargelyremained,andit isconsideredthatinteralia, themorecomprehensive frameworkoftheCARICOM energyprogrammewill continuetobuildonthese successes.130
98
Source: Caricom Energy Programme: http://cc-energyprogramme.org/index.php/component/content/article/2-uncategorised/38-caribbean-renewable-energy-developmentprogramme-credp
54
55

130 99
ThemainobjectivesofCREDP Policysupportwasquite aretodismantleidentified barrierstotheincreaseduseof limitedowingtoanumberof challenges131 renewableenergyinthe regioninareasof:Policy, Finance,Capacityand Information/awareness. CREDPachievements: SeveralCARICOMcountries weresupportedin developmentofnational energypolicies. Mechanismswereestablished forfinancingREprojects.The projectprovidedsmallgrants tosupportvariousRE objectivesunderpolicy development;feasibility studies;supportof governmentofficialtoattend criticalenergyrelated
runtotheendofMarch2012. 99
Source: Caricom Energy Programme: http://cc-energyprogramme.org/index.php/component/content/article/2-uncategorised/38-caribbean-renewable-energy-developmentprogramme-credp

131
55
56

100
meetings REProjectsweresupportedin AntiguaandBarbuda, Barbados,Dominica,Guyana, Jamaica,St.Lucia,St.Vincent, Suriname100 CapacityBuildingwas provided.Thisaspectof CREDP/UNDPwasconsidered tobemostsuccessfulinterms ofthenumberoftraining workshopsconducted CREDPhassupportednational andregionalcapacitybuilding activitiesincludingthe CaribbeanSustainableEnergy Forum,TeachersTrainingon RE(Grenada,St.Kittsand Nevis)Assistance,supporting NationalEnergyAwareness Week(Guyana,StLucia) (RefertoAppendix7.cfor detailsofCREDPactivitiesin theregion) EffortstoincreaseREuse:
http://credp-gtz.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=48&Itemid=58.
56
57

132
REGIONAL IMPLEMENTATIONMATRIX FORTHEMONITORINGOF THEIMPLEMENTATIONOF THEMSI d) Assistgovernmentsin formulating appropriatepolicies, legislationand economicincentivesor increasetheuseof renewableenergy
Manycountriesare developingnewpoliciesand strategiesthatreflectadesire totakemoresustainable energypathwayswhich includeREsystems.CEISand CIPOREprovidesalistofkey projectsincountries
Lackofpublicawarenessin theareaofenergy,namely efficiencyandRE technologieshindering successfulimplementationof initiativesforthereduced useoffossilfuelsasenergy sources.132 Thereshouldbeincreased Severalregionalinstitutions, programmesandmechanisms developmentofprojectsto utilizetheabundantRE withsupportfrom internationalpartnersinsome resourcesandgeothermal sourcesasviablealternatives caseshavebeensupporting toaddressprohibitiveenergy thedevelopmentofRE costs.133 projectsintheregion.: Keyinitiativesinclude: TheCARICOMEnergy Programme,TheCaribbean InformationPlatformon RenewableEnergy(CIPORE), theCaribbeanEnergy InformationSystem(CEIS), TheCaribbeanSustainable EnergyProgramme(CSEP), SIDSDOCK,CHENACT,CRECS Project,BiofuelsAgreement executedbyGovernmentsof
133
57
58
REGIONAL IMPLEMENTATIONMATRIX FORTHEMONITORINGOF THEIMPLEMENTATIONOF THEMSI e) Buildlegalcapacity amongSIDSforfurther developmentofenergy policyandother relevantlegislation whichwillexpedite furtherexploitationof RETsintheregion
BrazilandtheUnitedStates, IDBandtheJapan InternationalCooperation Agency(JICA),Caribbean RenewableEnergy,Energy EfficiencyandBioenergy ActionProgram(CREBAP), Caribbeanrenewableenergy, energyefficiencyandcarbon financefacility,EUCARINET, EasternCaribbeanGeothermal DevelopmentProject(Geo Caraibes),ACPEnergyFacility, EnergyandClimateChange PartnershipoftheAmericas (ECPA)Initiative,Global SustainableEnergyIslands Initiative(GSEII) (RefertoAppendix7.dfor moredetailsoninitiatives) Supportpolicies,legislation andeconomicincentivesand buildingoflegalcapacity ManyCaribbeanSIDShave developednationalenergy policiesandothersareindraft formawaitingapproval.This progresswasachieved primarilythroughtheefforts oftheCaribbeanSIDS
58
59

101
themselves,withcritical supportfrominternational developmentpartnersand intergovernmentalregional organizationsandnon governmentalorganizations, andtheinternationalfinancial institutions.101 AdraftCARICOMEnergy Policyhasbeendevelopedand isnowbeingfinalized;target finalizationdateismid2012 102 UndertheCREDP/UNDP, selectedCARICOMcountries weresupportedin developmentofnational energypolicies. NationalEnergyPoliceswere approvedinSt.Vincent&the GrenadinesandJamaica. DraftnationalEnergypolices intheBahamas,Barbados, Dominica,St.Lucia,St.Kitts&
UNECLAC(SubregionalHeadquartersfortheCaribbean).2010.CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMauritiusStrategyfortheFurther ImplementationoftheBarbadosProgrammeofActionfortheSustainableDevelopmentofSmallIslandDevelopingStates(MSI+5),4May2010.Unpubl 102 Source : CARICOM Energy Programme: http://cc-energyprogramme.org/index.php/component/content/article/2-uncategorised/52-caricom-energy-policy
59
60
Nevis,Suriname,Belizeand Guyanaarebeingformulated. LawspertainingtoEnergy wereenactedinNevisand Dominica. Policypreparationinthe regionwasenhancedto establishnational consultationsand stakeholdersparticipationas partofthepolicyformulation process. Oneoftheaimsofthe SupportingPolicyDialogueon SustainableEnergyServices forSIDSthroughSouthSouth Cooperationprojectisto assesscapacityneedsofSIDS governmentsinordertodraft aregionalsustainableenergy strategy TheECPACaribbeanInitiative promotessustainableenergy policiesandprogramstoassist governmentsinthe deploymentofREtechnologies byprovidingshorttermlegal counselandtechnical assistanceoncleanenergy
60
61
REGIONAL IMPLEMENTATIONMATRIX FORTHEMONITORINGOF THEIMPLEMENTATIONOF THEMSI f) Supportthe developmentof regionalfinancing mechanismfor RenewableEnergy

103
134
projects,interalia.103 TheCaribbeanRenewable EnergyCapacitySupport (CRECS)projectseeksto assistMemberStatesin formulatingprimaryand secondarynational,electricity andenergysupplylegislation withREfocusandwith regionalmodellegislationas guide. TheCREDP/UNDPproject aimedatdevelopinga demonstrationinnovative financinginstrumentto supportREdevelopment.A vehiclecalledCaribbean RenewableEnergywas designedbutnot implemented. AlsoaCaribbeanRenewable EnergytechnicalAssistance Facility(CRETAF)whichwas designedasacontingentloan facilitywasnotimplemented asdesigned.Thiswas
Explorationofthepossible useofregionaldevelopment banksasfacilitatorsfor energytransfercouldbe explored.Considerationof theestablishmentofan internationalSIDS investmentfundtofinance investmentsinprogrammes towardsenergyefficiency, REandcapacityforthe developmentofenergy servicescouldalsobe examined.134
http://www.ecpamericas.org/initiatives/default.aspx?id=25 CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010)
61
62

104
Severalprogrammesand projectsintheregionare g) Developregionaland supportingtheseactivities. nationalcapacityto Manynationalinstitutionsare evaluateREproposals alsodevelopingcapacityinthis areathroughtheirownefforts. h) Strengthenhumanand institutionalcapacityin CREDPhasprovidedtechnical SIDStoassess,evaluate assistancetoidentifyRE thesuitabilityof potentialandtodevelopRE renewableenergy systemsinseveralcountries technologiestonational includingAntiguaand
convertedtoastraightgrant duringtheextensionwhere10 REprojectsin6countries weresupported.CRETAFwas designedtofocusongrid connectedREtechnologiesand solarwaterheating.104 Manyfinancingpartnershave beensupportingkeyRE projects. Theseinclude:CIDA,CDB,GIZ, EuropeanInvestmentBank (EIB),GEF,IDB,TheWorld Bank
Source : CARICOM Energy Programme: http://cc-energyprogramme.org/index.php/component/content/article/2-uncategorised/52-caricom-energy-policy\
62
63
REGIONAL IMPLEMENTATIONMATRIX FORTHEMONITORINGOF THEIMPLEMENTATIONOF THEMSI andregional circumstances
CREDPhassupportednational andregionalcapacitybuilding activitiesincludingthe CaribbeanSustainableEnergy Forum,TeachersTrainingon RE(Grenada,St.Kittsand Nevis)Assistance,supporting NationalEnergyAwareness Week(Guyana,StLucia) TheCRECSprojectis supportingthestrengthening ofhumanandinstitutional capacityinSIDStoassess, evaluatethesuitabilityof renewableenergytechnologies tonationalandregional circumstances ManyoftheREprogrammes i) RenewableEnergyfrom andprojectsintheregionare biodiesel,biomass supportingbiodiesel,biomass gasification,wind gasification,windgeneration generation initiatives.IntheCaribbean, Cubahasadvancedthe furthestwithplanstomove
Barbuda,Barbados,Dominica, Guyana,Jamaica,St.Lucia,St. Vincent,Suriname(referto Appendix7.cfordetails)
63
64
REGIONAL IMPLEMENTATIONMATRIX FORTHEMONITORINGOF THEIMPLEMENTATIONOF THEMSI j) Sharingexperiences withcountriessuchas BrazilandCubathat haveexperiencewith

105 106
107
fromsimplyflaringmethane gastousingitforenergy generation.105Jamaicaand Barbadoshavebothproduced windpowerandareseekingto expand.106Currentbiofuel productionisnotsignificantin theCaribbean,butthereare severalongoingeffortsinthe development,orconversion,of sugarcanelandsforethanol production107 RefertoAppendix7.iforalist ofprojects.Acomprehensive listofREprojectsinthe RegionisavailableattheCEIS WebplatformandCIPORE AU.S.BrazilBiofuels Agreementwassignedin March2007108andincludes provisionstosupportthe establishmentofsustainable
UNECLAC(SubregionalHeadquartersfortheCaribbean).2009.AStudyOnEnergyIssuesInTheCaribbean:PotentialForMitigatingClimateChange.ECLAC UNECLAC(SubregionalHeadquartersfortheCaribbean).2009.AStudyOnEnergyIssuesInTheCaribbean:PotentialForMitigatingClimateChange.ECLAC
http://www.cuopm.com/newsitem_new.asp?articlenumber=1324
108
64
65
REGIONAL IMPLEMENTATIONMATRIX FORTHEMONITORINGOF THEIMPLEMENTATIONOF THEMSI biofuels k) Viabilityofbiomass derivedethanol
bioenergyprogramsand projectsinseveralcountriesof LatinAmericaandthe CaribbeanincludingSt.Kitts andNevis,theDominican RepublicandHaiti. IDBandOASissupportingthe partnership. Intheregionthereareseveral ongoingeffortsinthe development,orconversion,of sugarcanelandsforethanol production. Severalcountrieshavebeen identifiedashavingpotential todevelopethanolprojects andsomearesupporting projectsatthisstage.Fore.g in2007,ECLACconducteda studyon"BiofuelPotentialin Guyana".Resultsofthestudy indicatedthattherewas tremendouspotentialforthe useofsugarcaneanditsby productsassourcesofethanol inthetransportsector. InBarbados,recognizingthat ethanolcanbeusedinthe
65
66
REGIONAL IMPLEMENTATIONMATRIX FORTHEMONITORINGOF THEIMPLEMENTATIONOF THEMSI l) Pilotprojectonuseof cassavaassourceof biofuelforGuyana

109
110
productionofbiodiesel,the Governmenthaspledgedto encouragefurtherinvestment inethanolproduction.109 InJamaica,threeplantsare exportingdehydratedfuel gradeethanolintotheUSA, undertheCBI Jamaicas10%Ethanol program(E10)wasintroduced in2008toreducetheusageof MethylTertiaryButylEther (MTBE)ingasoline.Jamaicas US$10millionethanolplant usesBrazilianfeedstockand exportstotheUnitedStates.110 In2009,FAO,theNational AgricultureResearchInstitute (NARI)andInternational TradeCentreconducted researchoncassava developmentinGuyana.The findingsnotedthatthereisa greattechnicalpotentialfor increasingcassavaproduction inGuyanaandforproduct
UNECLAC(SubregionalHeadquartersfortheCaribbean).2009.AStudyonEnergyIssuesInTheCaribbean:PotentialForMitigatingClimateChange.ECLAC UNECLAC(SubregionalHeadquartersfortheCaribbean).2009.AStudyonEnergyIssuesinTheCaribbean:PotentialForMitigatingClimateChange.ECLAC
66
67
g) ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATIONAND AWARENESS SupporttheCaribbean

111
Supportthefurther developmentofeducation forsustainable developmentthrough:
developmentintermsoffood, feedandbiofuel.111 CREDPhassupportedefforts totrainteachersandto m) Developmentofa providetechnicalsupportto regionaltertiary educationalinstitutionsonRE, educationprogramme inrenewableenergyin fore.g.itsupportedthe introductionofPVclassesin SaintLucia thecurriculumoftheSir ArthurLewisCommunity CollegeinSt.Luciain2010 JamaicalaunchedtheE10 PilotProjectin2006(E10is n) Conductstudiesto assessthepotentialfor gasolineblendedwith10% renewableenergyinthe ethanol).Itwasasixmonth pilotstudyconductedwith70 transportationsector vehicles.InNovember2008, JamaicalauncheditsE10 blendedgasolineto motorists.112 a) Supporttheintegration Themainregionalinter ofnationalsustainable governmentalprogrammes developmentstrategies cateringforchildreneducation ontheenvironmentare:the andenvironmental
Muchattentionstillneedsto befocusedondeveloping highlyskilledandcompetent techniciansandpolicymakers
FAO.NationalAgricultureResearchInstitute(NARI),InternationalTradeCentre.2009.CassavaDevelopmentinGuyana(April,2009).FAO.
http://ceebip.org/country-pages/jamaica/
112
67
68
SIDSinthe developmentand strengtheningof environmental awareness programmes, campaignsand materialsinvolvingall stakeholderspublic, privateandcivil societyusing Caribbeanartistic, culturalandsporting activitiesand experiencesatthe primarymedia.
Supportingtheeffortsof therespectiveMinistriesof Educationand Environment Promotingtechnicaland vocationaleducationin ordertoenhanceskillsand facilitatethe entrepreneurship necessaryforthepursuit ofsustainablelivelihoods Integratingnational sustainabledevelopment strategiesand environmentaleducation withintheeducation systems Assistingwithbasic infrastructure,curriculum development,where appropriate,andteacher training,workingtowards anintegratedgender perspective.
REGIONAL IMPLEMENTATIONMATRIX FORTHEMONITORINGOF THEIMPLEMENTATIONOF THEMSI educationwithin nationaleducation systems
toadvancesustainable developmentunderthe MSI+5programme.135 Educationintheregion remainsinadequatetothe taskofdeveloping individualsandworkerswith TheCaribbeanAdvanced ananalyticalandproblem ProficiencyExamination (CAPE)hasanEnvironmental solvingmindsettotacklethe challengesintheworkplace ScienceSyllabuswhich andsocietyatlarge.136 providesopportunitiesfor studentstoacquireknowledge Muchattentionstillneedsto andskillstoidentify,prevent befocusedondeveloping andsolveproblemsand highlyskilledandcompetent preparesthemforcareersin techniciansandpolicymakers diversefieldsrelatedto toadvancesustainable environmentalmanagement developmentunderthe andtosustainable developmentoftheCaribbean MSI+5programme.137 Region.114 Themainchallengein b) Promotetheintegration Regionalandnational Caribbeaneducationand ofenvironmental universitieshavemade trainingremainsthequality educationintothe considerableprogressin curriculaofnational, diversifyingtheircurriculums andrelevancegap.138 secondaryschoolcurriculum oftheCaribbean ExaminationCouncil(CXC) andthedirectivesofthe OECSEducationReformUnit forprimaryschools(forOECS countries)113
Caribbean.
114
113UNICEFOfficeforBarbadosandEasternCaribbean.2009GapAnalysis:ChildrenandClimateChangeintheSmallIslandsDevelopmentStates(SID)ofTheEastern
http://www.cxc.org/examinations/exams/cape/list-subjects/environmental-science
68
69
REGIONAL IMPLEMENTATIONMATRIX FORTHEMONITORINGOF THEIMPLEMENTATIONOF THEMSI regionaland internationaltertiary institutions.
tomakethemmorerelevantto thedevelopmentneedsof Graduatetraininginclimate SIDS.115 changeandsustainable developmentisneeded. UWIoffersMasterofScience Trainingcanincorporate degrees(M.Sc.)in environmentalfieldsandM.Sc. distancelearningacross SIDS,allowingforthesharing andMPhil/PhDprogrammes ofexperiencesacross inNaturalResourceand Caribbean,Pacificandother EnvironmentalManagement SIDS. whichisdonethrough CERMES. TheSchoolofEarthand EnvironmentalSciences (SEES)attheUniversityof Guyana(UG)offersaB.Sc. DegreeinEnvironmental Sciences.TheEnvironmental ResearchInstitute(ERI),the newestdepartmentofthe
135
CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010) CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010) CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010) CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010)

136
137
138
115
69
70
UniversityofBelize(UB),was inauguratedinJanuary 2010.116 In June 2011, the World Bankapproved a US$10 million loan to strengthen Guyana's science and technology tertiary education and advance its LCDS. The project is expected to benefit6,300 students. It is expected to support applied research in the area of low carbon development, inter alia.117 CARISCIENCEisanetworkof R&DandPostgraduate ProgrammesintheBasic SciencesintheCaribbean supportedbyUNESCO118 UNESCOpromotes,drivesand guidesglobal,regionaland
116
http://eriub.org/
World Bank Press Release (No:2011/566/LAC) http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:22948286~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html

118
117
http://sta.uwi.edu/fsa/dmcs/cariscience/index.asp
70
71
REGIONAL IMPLEMENTATIONMATRIX FORTHEMONITORINGOF THEIMPLEMENTATIONOF THEMSI c) Developappropriate curriculaandteacher trainingmodules, whereappropriate
nationalinitiativestoadvance qualityeducationforall,the essentialfoundationfor sustainabledevelopment. Manylocaladregion institutionsandprogrammes, NGOsandinternational partnersareprovidingsupport inthisarea. CREDPsupportedthe introductionofPhotoVoltaic (PV)classesinthecurriculum of:St.VincentTechnical College(2010),St.LuciasSir ArthurLewisCommunity College(2010)andGrenadas T.A.MarryshowCommunity College(2010)119CREDPalso providedTeacher'sTrainingof SecondarySchoolTeacherson RenewableEnergy TechnologiesandEnergy EfficiencyinGrenadaandSt. Kitts120 TheGuyanaMinistryof Educationisreviewingits
119 120
http://credp-gtz.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50&Itemid=60
http://credp-gtz.org/ 71
72

121
Manycountrieswithsupport d) Promotethe fromregionaland developmentofnew internationalpartners,and educationstrategies NGOshavebeenimplementing usingCaribbeanartistic, newnationalenvironment culturalandsporting educationstrategies. activitiesand experiencesthat For.e.gUNEPCEPlaunched strengthenthe theWiderCaribbeanLBS participatoryprocessin ProtocolCollagecompetition thedevelopmentof tocommemorateWorld environmental WetlandsDayin2011.The knowledge competitioninvitedschool childrenthroughouttheregion toillustratehowtoprotectthe CaribbeanSeafromlandbased sourcesofpollution. PanosCaribbeanhasbeen supportingeffortstoraise
curriculaforprimaryand secondaryschoolstoinclude interactivelessonsthatfocus onclimatechangeawareness. Thisdriveisbeingexecutedin partnershipwithseveral agencies121
http://www.education.gov.gy/web/index.php/moe-media/latest-news/276-climate-change-being-integrated-in-schools-curricula.html
72
73
awarenessonclimatechange intheCaribbean.122The VOICESforClimateChange Educationajointprojectof theNationalEnvironmental EducationCommittee(NEEC) andPanosCaribbean,isa nationalclimatechange communicationstrategywhich utilizestheexpertise,talent, influenceandvoicesof establishedperformingartiste aswellasnew,upcoming talentintheindustryto educateandspreadawareness onclimatechangeissuesand promoteenvironmentally friendlybehaviour.
MyIslandMyCommunity, organisedbyPCIMedia ImpactandtheOECS,isa3 partcommunicationsinitiative regionalradiosoapopera, nationalradiomagazinecallin shows,andnational CommunityActionCampaigns thatwaslaunchedin September2011.The programmeisusingmediaand
122http://panoscaribbean.org/home
73
74
REGIONAL IMPLEMENTATIONMATRIX FORTHEMONITORINGOF THEIMPLEMENTATIONOF THEMSI e) Supportthe strengtheningof distancelearning arrangements,the developmentof environmentaltraining coursesandother coursesofpriorityto theregionthatsupport capacitybuilding
communicationstoaddressa suiteofpressing environmental,social,health andeconomicissues, encouragingcommunity resiliencetoclimatechange andsustainable development.123
CARIBSAVEisproducinga seriesofhighqualityshort filmsforawarenessraising, educationandcapacity buildingincommunitiesand governmentsacrossthe region. TheUWIDistanceEducation Centre(DEC),workswith facultiesofUWIaswellaswith otherorganizations,todevelop anddeliverprogrammesby distance,tomeetthelearning needsofthepeopleofthe Caribbean.TheDECcurrently operatesin16countriesand
123
http://www.comminit.com/?q=natural-resource/content/my-island-my-community
74
75
REGIONAL IMPLEMENTATIONMATRIX FORTHEMONITORINGOF THEIMPLEMENTATIONOF THEMSI f) Supportthe developmentof capacityfor environmental educationandsocial marketingamongthe publicsector,private sectorandcivilsociety.
30sitesthroughoutthe Caribbean.124 TheCaribbeanUniversities ProjectforIntegratedDistance Education(CUPIDE)provides improvedICTanddistance educationtechnologiesforfive universitiesacrossthe Caribbean.125 Many regional environmental organisations and initiatives including the CCCCC, CREDP, CEHI and CEP have supported training activities that address differentenvironmentissues Many national environmental agencies including the EPA of Guyana, the Environmental Management Authority (EMA) of Trinidad and Tobago and the National Environment and Planning Agency (NEPA) of Jamaica , interalia, promote education and awareness activities to wide stakeholder
124 125
http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=33403&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html
75
76
REGIONAL IMPLEMENTATIONMATRIX FORTHEMONITORINGOF THEIMPLEMENTATIONOF THEMSI g) Promoteprivatepublic partnershipsand rewardeffortsat environmental managementand education
groups through a variety of programmes. For e.g. the EMA provides lectures and workshops on environmental issues for the benefit of community groups and NGOs, businesses,civilsocietygroups andteacher training,interalai 126 Many regional environmental organisations and initiatives including the CCCCC, CREDP, CEHI , CDEMA and CEP have included environmental education programmes within theirgeneralworkplans Many countries have developed activities to encourage and promote environmental awareness among the privatesector. For e.g. annual events are held in many countries to commemorate World EnvironmentDaywheremany private sector groups and businesseshelptofundevents.
126
http://www.ema.co.tt/cms/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=36&Itemid=44
76
77
JamaicasSateofthe EnvironmentReport,2010,, indicatedthattheprivate sectordemonstratedincreased appreciationofthelink betweenbusiness performance,conservation andtheneedtoprotectthe naturalresourcesofthe country.Fore.g.14hotelsare GreenGlobecertifiedanda numberofprofessional organizationsareinvolvedin environmentalactivities. TheseincludetheJamaica ManufacturersAssociation, JamaicaHotelandTourist AssociationandtheSmall BusinessAssociation. Increasingly,theyare promotingenvironmental stewardshipamongtheir members.
In2012,CCRIFlaunchedits ExtraRegionalScholarship ProgrammeforCaribbean nationalswheretheFacility willprovidethreescholarships annuallyforcitizensinits memberstateswishingto obtainaMastersorMBA degreeinareasrelatedto
77
78
REGIONAL IMPLEMENTATIONMATRIX FORTHEMONITORINGOF THEIMPLEMENTATIONOF THEMSI h) Supporteffortsby CaribbeanSIDStoforge harmonizedapproaches toenvironmental educationand awareness i) Supporttheconductof baselinesurveysto providesnapshotsof currentlevelsof environmental awareness
disasterriskmanagementat a universityintheUnited Kingdom,UnitedStatesor Canada.127 Manyregionalenvironmental organisationsand programmeshelpto coordinateeducationand awarenessactivitiesinthe region.Theseinclude:the CaribbeanConservation Association(CCA),CANARI, UNEPCEP,theCaribbean MarineProtectedArea Managers(CaMPAM),the regionalarmoftheglobal SIDSnet,CCCCC,CREDP,CEHI andCDEMA. Severalregional environmentalorganizations andprogrammesthathelpto coordinateeducationand awarenessactivitiesinthe region,andseveralnational environmentalagencieshave producedreportsthatindicate levelofenvironmental awarenessfordifferent
127
http://www.ccrif.org/news/ccrif-launches-extra-regional-scholarship-programme-caribbean-nationals
78
79
environmentalissues.This typeofinformationiscaptured inavarietyofstudiesand reports. j) Publicationand disseminationofbooks, Throughnationalandregional SoEreportsand effortsandinternational facilitategreater support,manypublic participationintheGEO educationandawareness processamong materialshavebeenpublished CaribbeanSIDS,and ondifferentthematic nationalILACindicators environmentalareastocater toencourageawareness fordifferentstakeholder amongpolicymakers groups.National EnvironmentalManagement Strategies,National SustainableDevelopment Strategies,reportstoMEAs (NationalCapacitySelf AssessmentProjects)and othersuchreportscapture verydetailedassessmentson thestateofenvironmentin manycountries. Overthepast12years,within theGlobalEnvironment Outlook(GEO)framework, UNEPhasproducedaseriesof globalintegrated environmentalassessment reportsaimedatproviding comprehensive,scientifically
79
80
credible,andpolicyrelevant assessmentsontheinteraction betweenenvironmentand society.In2009,UNEP producedaGEOforLatin AmericaandtheCaribbean.In 2004,aspecificCaribbean EnvironmentOutlookwas produced. k) Integratedsoftware systemsacrossagencies Oneofthekeydevelopments tomainstream intheregiontofacilitatethisis environmentin thedevelopmentofaRegional decisionmaking Informationand communicationstechnology (ICT)Strategywhichis facilitatedbytheInformation andCommunication TechnologyforDevelopment (ICT4D)Programmeofthe CARICOMSecretariat.Workis movingapaceintheCARICOM tosustainamechanismthat wouldfacilitatethe compilationofrelevantand harmonisedICTStatisticsto measure(ICT4DintheRegion. AnICTStatisticsSub CommitteeoftheRegionalICT SteeringCommitteeformsthe basisofthismechanism.The Committeewasestablishedin
ICTisnecessaryifSIDSareto benefitfromtheinformation thatisavailablefromthe Internet Itisnecessarytoshare informationespeciallybest practicesamongSIDSandto promotenetworkingasa mechanismforbridgingthe digitaldivide AfullyfunctionalSIDSNET wouldactasavital knowledgemanagement portalforSIDS.
80
81
2007and,overthepastthree years,itworkedondeveloping afocusedandstructured arrangementforestablishinga frameworkformeasuring ICT4DintheRegion.128
128
http://www.caricomict4d.org/
81
82
ACTIONFOR IMPLEMENTATION MAURITIUSSTRATEGY OBJECTIVE REGIONALIMPLEMENTATION MATRIXFORTHE MONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE MSI a) Developmechanismsto facilitatetheexchange ofexperiencesinland managementpractices betweenparticipating countriesandlanduse policyoptions ACTIVITIESUNDERTAKEN GAPSINIMPLEMENTATION
h) SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT Buildlocaland regionalcapacityin theCaribbeanto supportSLMalong withthecompletion ofNAPSusing CaribbeanSIDS Programme.
DevelopcapacityforSLM throughinteralia: Developmentofcapacityto implementMEAsrelatedto landmanagement; Developmentofcapacity forsustainableland managementandself generatingagro ecosystemstakinginto accounttheincreasing competitionforland resourcesresultingfrom tourism,urbanizationand otheractivities; Developmentof appropriateprojectstobe fundedthroughtheGlobal EnvironmentalFacilityto developandimplement projectsandaddressland management; Facilitateanenabling environmentfor
The Partnership Initiative for Sustainable Land Management (PISLM) is one of the main institutional responses by the Caribbean SIDS with respect to landresources. Itwasformulatedaspartofthe Technical Programme of the Caribbean SIDS Programme. It is led by the Global Mechanism (GM)/UNCCD, has a number of partners including UNEP, FAO, CARICOM Secretariat, and UWI, civil society, GIZ and Caribbean SIDS. It is hosted at the Caribbean Network for Integrated Rural Development (CNIRD). The partnership consists of a series of commitments and actionoriented coalitions focused on deliverables, intended to translate political commitment into action.139 The PISLM serves as a mechanism to facilitate exchange of experiences and good land
82
83
sustainableagricultural activitiesincluding improvedproductivityand thepromotionof agriculturaldiversification andfoodsecurity; Promotionofrelevant researchanddevelopment andtheuseofappropriate moderntechnologies.
b) Developmechanismfor stimulatingthe replicationof appropriatetoolsand methodologies throughouttheregion tobeusedasblockfor theSubRegionalAction Programme(SRAP).
managementpracticesbetween participatingcountries.140 The Global Mechanism (GM) of the UNCCD is working with the Government of Dominican Republic to develop a programme of work aimed at increasing binational cooperation with Haiti in combating land degradation in the Caribbean. The programme of work is part of a series of SouthSouth cooperation activities developed by scope|acp in the Caribbean to supportthePISLM.141 ADraftCaribbeanSubRegional Action Plan (SRAP) has been prepared. At a Special Meeting oftheCOTEDheldinSeptember 2011, the draft document was expected to be reviewed and approved.Themeetingwasalso expected to ascertain how Caribbean SRAP activities wouldbefinanced.142
140
http://cnirdregional.org/pislm/ http://global-mechanism.org/en/news/promoting-south-south-cooperation-in-the-caribbean
141
142
http://www.caricom.org/jsp/pressreleases/press_releases_2011/pres324_11.jsp?null&prnf=1
83
84
c) Facilitateclose coordinationamong relevantstakeholders, regionalexchangeand knowledge managementinSLM
Several regional institutions, programmes and mechanisms withsupportfrominternational partners in some cases, are supportingthiseffort. ThePISLMseekstostrengthen partnershipwithnationaland subregionalresearchentities andpromotetheeffectiveand systematicidentificationof existingsuccessstories,pilot casesandbestpractises regardingSLMinCaribbean SIDS. In May 2011, the SouthSouth Cooperation programme of the GMoftheUNCCDlaunchedthe Sustainable Land Management Finance (SLMF) knowledge exchange and learning tool which seeks to providetools to enhance the use of existing resourcesaswellastoincrease access to new and innovative financial resources for SLM. It seekstoprovideinformationon funding opportunities and procedures of development partners,supportstrengthening coordination and synergy of existing initiatives inaffected regions, help to improve stakeholders response
84
85
d) AssistthoseSIDSthat havenotcompleted theirNAPs

143http://sidsl.iisd.org/news/unccdsglobalmechanismlaunchesscopeacpwebsite/
TheNAPshouldbeacentral AsofApril2010,10outof19 Caribbeancountriescoveredin andintegralpartofabroader processofformulating anECLACassessment144 submittedtheirNationalAction nationalpolicies.Caribbean SIDSconsidersthatthe Programmes(NAPS).The PISLMprovidedassistancetoa developmentand implementationofan numberofCaribbeanSIDSin IntegratedFinancialStrategy thepreparationoftheirNAPs. mustnecessarilybepartof thealignmentprocess.155 TheLesserDeveloped Countries(LDCs)andSIDS the problems TargetedPortfolioApproachfor Among identified for the slow CapacityDevelopmentand progress in submitting NAPs MainstreamingofSLM(LDC is the lack of dedicated SIDSSLMPortfolioProject) financial and technical supportsthecompletionof 145 resources; multiple NAPSthrough : of the Elaboration,validationand responsibilities national technical focal adoptionoftheNAP/SLM, includingcountryanalysis, points,dispersedinformation; and lack of specialised problemanalysis, equipment for data handling. prioritizationofactions. Publication, dissemination 156 includingtranslation.
capacity.143
UN ECLAC (Subregional Headquarters for the Caribbean). 2010. Caribbean Regional Report for the Five-Year Review of the Mauritius Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Barbados Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States (MSI +5) ,4 May 2010. Unpubl 145 http://cehi.org.lc/SLMLDC-SIDS/cehi_slm_main.html
155
144
156
85
86
e) Supportindividual, institutionaland systemiccapacity buildingthrough MediumSizedProjects (MSPs)tocompleteand implementthe provisionsoftheir NAPS.

146 147
Under the GEF LDCSIDS SLM Portfolio Project, 13 countries in the Caribbean region will be able to access an expedited MediumSizedProject(MSP). The project is intended to developindividual,institutional and systemic capacities to mainstream SLM into national policies and development planning. The project will also assist national governments in identifying appropriate mechanisms for financing SLM. The MSPs prepared will contributetoimplementationof theNAPs.146 These projects are also largely consistentwithvariousregional frameworks such as the Barbados Plan of Action, and both Regional and Subregional Action Programmes of the UNCCD.147 Theprojectconsistsoftwo maincomponents: Attheregionalandglobal level,supportisprovided byaGlobalSupportUnit
http://regionalcentrebangkok.undp.or.th/practices/energy_env/GEF/index.html
86
87
Atthenationallevel countriesaredeveloping theirownMSPfornational executionwithtechnical assistancefromtheUNDP RegionalTechnicalSupport UnitinPanamaandCEHI f) Integratespatialand ManyCaribbeancountrieshave landuseissuesinto Managinglandresourcesin takencriticalstepstosupport nationaldevelopment theCaribbeanmustbegiven theintegrationofspatialand strategies paramountimportance landuseissuesintotheirNDS. Fore.gbybecomingsignatories Itisnecessarytoestablish totheUnitedNations g) Assistintheadoptionof ConventiontoCombat nationalauthoritiesfor regionalandnational administrationand Desertification(UNCCD)and developmentplansto managementoflandand throughthedevelopmentof guidenational theirNAPS.Manyhavereflected forwatershedmanagement, developmentand toaddressissuessuchasland theneedfortheintegration reduceenvironmental degradation,soilerosionand throughpolicystatements. impactsofdevelopment Countrieshavetakenlocal desertification.157 actionsinmanycases.Fore.g. Planningforsustainable overtheyearstheBarbados managementofland governmenthasembarked resourceshasnotfeatured uponanumberofSLM prominentlyinnational initiativesthathaveimpacted
(GSU)createdunderthe PortfolioProjecttofacilitate projectcoordination, preparationand implementation.
157
87
88

148
significantlyonthequalityof lifeinseveralrural communities.148 TheGEFLDCSIDSSLM PortfolioProjectissupporting severalcountriesinthe Caribbeantosupportthe mainstreamingand harmonizationofSLMinto nationalmacroeconomic policies149150Initiatives include:
developmentpolicies. Localstakeholderstendnotto besufficientlyempoweredto engageinprocessesthat wouldalleviateland degradation,andfinancial resourcesrequiredto effectivelyaddressthe problemareoftenvery limited.158 Harmonizationand synergieswithotherMEAs (esp.NAPA,Persistent OrganicPollutants(POPs), BiodiversityStrategyand ActionPlan(BSAP), InternationalWaters(IW)) policiesandprojects; IntegrationofNational ActionPlans(NAP)/SLM intodevelopmentprocesses (PropertyReduction StrategyPaper(PRSP), MilleniumDevelopment
149
Countries: Anguilla, Antigua & Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St. Kitts & Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent & the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad & Tobago, Turks and Caicos
150http://cehi.org.lc/index.php/projects/10programmesaprojects/28sustainablelandmanagement
158
88
89
Goals(MDG),National StrategyforSustainable Development(NSSD), NationalEnvironmentTrust Funds,etc.)policiesand budgets; The PISLM supports the elaboration of NAPS by enhancing the technical and financial support for Country Parties so as to move forward in the process of effectively mainstreamingtheNAPprocess into national and regional development agendas and its linkages with programme priorities on SLM of the UNFCCCandCBD. InCuba,fore.g,GEFPISLMis pilotingaprojectwhich comprisesapackageof interventionstoaddressland degradation,includingpolicy, regulatoryandinstitutional reforms,capacitybuilding,and investments. The GEF Small Grants Programme provides funding forSLMinitiatives The UNCCD scope | acp project enhances the capacity of Caribbean and other countries
89
90
h) Assistinaddressingthe impactsofcoastal development,coastal tourismandpoorland usepracticesonthe integrityoftheislands coastalandmarine resources.Consider integratedresources planningmechanisms thataddressthe terrestrialandmarine interfaceand interactionsare required.
to implement MEAs. The Caribbean component of the projectinvolves12countries.151 It aims at encapacitating national stakeholders to mobilize resources to effectively address the causes and effects of land degradation and achieve SLM, be it through supporting technology transfer or developing SLM programmes..152 Many countries have adopted an integrated approach to land useplanningsuchasIntegrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM). For e.g. the Cuban government has established safeguards designed to ensure that tourism and other development do not result in significant environmental impacts.
Despitetheavailabilityof fundstoundertakeSLM initiatives,CaribbeanSIDS havestillnotachieved progressinthecreationofthe necessaryenabling environmentforincreased agriculturalproductivityand forpromotingfoodsecurity.
Caribbean SIDS believe that a ManyoftheSLMprojectsbeing comprehensive synergistic implemented support approach should result in the harmonization and synergies aligned NAP articulating the
151
: Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Grenada, Jamaica, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Cuba, Dominican Republic and Haiti. 152 http://scopeacp.net/scope-acp/welcome-to-the-caribbean-slm-finance-corner
90
91

159
with other MEAs. This helps development of projects to consider a wide range of environmentalissuesstemming from coastal tourism and poor landusepractices,interalia The CEHI and OAS project Preventing Land Degradation in Small Island Ecosystems in the Caribbean through SLM aimed at building local and regional capacity to SLM and develop pilot demonstration activities to address land degradationatcommunitylevel intheprojectsitesidentifiedby thecountries. The promotion of the establishment of an environmental rehabilitation program with the participation ofyouthintheCaribbeanStates (Y&E Caribbean) is a subregionalinitiativewithinthe framework of the UNCCD, designed to promote youth involvement in environmental issueswhilecontributingtothe formulation of a Subregional Action Programme for UNCCD implementation in the Caribbean. It focuses on
realdirectlinksbetweenland degradation, climate change and biodiversity. Particular attention should be paid to theissuesofthelinkbetween climate change, food security, water scarcity and the protectionofforest159
91
92
i) Promotethe developmentand implementationof EnvironmentalImpact Assessmentlegislation toguidedevelopment alongfragileareas
sustainable agro forestry and land management issues to address land degradation, drought and poverty with a view to foster youth employment while addressing these pressing environmental issues. IntheCaribbeanenvironmental assessments are generally undertaken as part of the physical development planning process, and the Town and Country Planning Acts that govern this process were established in the 1970s. More recently, in the 1990s some countries in the region have developed specific EIA Legislation153 For many development activitiesintheregion,EIAsare required. The rules and regulations vary among countries. In March, 2011, the CARICOM Secretariat, in collaboration withtheGovernmentofCanada, held a regional training workshop on Environmental
153
92
93
j) IncorporateSLM practicesintosystems developedforextreme climaticevents
Impact Assessments (EIAs) for senior national planning/physicalplanningand environmentalofficers.154 SLMpracticeshelpstoimprove the ability of systems to cope with and adapt to extreme climate events. Additionally, actions to address extreme climate events such as improved flood management help to reduce land degradation. Manyprojectsintheregionare considering this relationship. For e.g. the GEF SLM project includes components relating to: Situation Analysis that identifiespotentialareaswhere Early Warning Systems can be applied and analysis of existing Climatic and other Spatial and Temporaldata,interalia. The adoption of an ICZM approach by many countries supports an integrated approach which supports SLM andimprovedactionstoreduce theimpacts ofextremeclimatic events.TheGEFIWCAMProject supports an integrated
154http://sidsl.iisd.org/news/caricomsecretariatorganizestrainingworkshoponenvironmentalimpactassessments/
93
94
approachtothemanagementof watershedsandcoastalareas. k) Assistindevelopmentof The Mayor and City Council of GEOCityProjectsfor Guyana and the SEES of the Guyanapartnership University of Guyana, with the InitiativeonLand technical and financial support Degradationand of UNEP, conducted an Urban SustainableLand Environmental Assessment of Management Georgetown. The project was facilitated by the Office of the President,Guyana. As part of the process of preparing the GEO Georgetown report, the GEO Cities Methodology (Drivers PressureImpactResponses) was followed. Initially, a workshop on the methodology was held over the period July 11 13, 2007. Following the assessment, a verification workshop was held on October 30, 2008. The GEO Georgetown reportwaslaunchedonOctober 28,2010.
94
95
ACTIONFOR IMPLEMENTATION REGIONALIMPLEMENTATION MATRIXFORTHE MONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE MSI Developand a) Supportfor promote mainstreamingIWRN programmesinthe intonational CaribbeanSIDS developmentpolicies whichwould andplansgiventhat facilitate,interalia: wateriscriticaltoall Meetingthe spheresofactivity Millennium necessarytomaintaining Development agoodqualityoflife. GoalsandWorld Summiton Sustainable Development2015 targetson sustainableaccess tosafedrinking waterand sanitation, hygiene,andthe productionof integrated resource managementand efficiencyplans. Capacitybuilding inCaribbeanSIDS forthe developmentand further implementationof MAURITIUS STRATEGY OBJECTIVE ACTIVITIESUNDERTAKEN GAPSINIMPLEMENTATION
i) FRESHWATER RESOURCES Further developmentof integratedplanning approaches,taking intoaccountthe linksbetweenland use,watershedand coastalarea managementfor CaribbeanSIDS.
Manycountrieshaveputmeasuresin placetomainstreamingIntegrated WaterResourcesManagement(IWRN) intonationaldevelopmentpoliciesand plans,withsupportfromregional institutionsandmechanisms,and internationalpartnersinsomecases. Keyinitiatives: TheGEFfundedprojecton IntegratingWatershedandCoastal AreasManagementinSIDSofthe Caribbean(GEFIWCAMProject) supportedeffortstostrengthenthe commitmentandcapacityofthe participatingcountriestoimplementan integratedapproachtothe managementofwatershedsandcoastal areas. CARIWINissupportingaprojecton IWRMintheCaribbean,ledbythe BraceCentreforWaterResources Managementat McGillUniversityandtheCaribbean Institutefor MeteorologyandHydrology(CIMH), Barbados.Itaimstoimproveexisting capacityin3pilotcountries(Grenada,
95
96
MAURITIUS STRATEGY OBJECTIVE freshwaterand sanitation programmesand thepromotionof integratedwater resources management, includingthrough theGlobal Environmental Facilityfocalarea.
REGIONALIMPLEMENTATION MATRIXFORTHE MONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE MSI
GuyanaandJamaica)byinvolvinglocal communityorganizations,wateruser associationsandregionalandnational networks160 TheGlobalWaterPartnership Caribbean(GWPC)supportscountries inthesustainabledevelopmentand managementoftheirwaterresources andtofullypromoteandapplyan IWRMapproachatthecommunity, nationalandregionallevels.GWP Caribbeanisfacilitatingthe establishmentofCountryWater Partnershipsasthemechanismfor takingtheIWRMagendaforward TheCaribbeanRegionalFundfor WastewaterManagement(CReW), establishedin2011,seekstoprovide sustainablefinancingforthe wastewatersector,supportpolicyand legislativereform,andfosterregional dialogueandknowledgeexchange amongkeystakeholdersintheWider CaribbeanRegion.Thefouryear projectisbeingfundedbyGEF.IDB andUNEPwillbethecoimplementing agenciesfortheproject.161
160
http://www.mcgill.ca/cariwin/ http://gefcrew.org/
161
96
97
REGIONALIMPLEMENTATION MATRIXFORTHE MONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE MSI b) Promotetheadoption andoperationof comprehensivesystems tosupportwater resourcesmanagement
ThemajorprojectsincludingtheGEF IWCAMProject,GWPCandthe CARIWINprojectsupportthe establishmentofcomprehensive systemsforwaterresource management. AmajorinitiativeistheConsortiumof CARICOMInstitutionsonWaterwhich wasestablishedin2008ataSpecial MeetingofCARICOMsCOTEDtoassist MemberStateswithdevelopingand implementingtheirIWRMPlans.The bodywastaskedwithresponsibilityfor developingaCommonWater FrameworkfortheCommunity
TheConsortiumcomprises representativesfromtheCARICOM Secretariat,CARDI,CEHI,theCaribbean BasinWaterManagementProgramme (CBWMP),theCaribbeanWaternet, CCCCC,CDB,CIMH,theCaribbean WaterandWastewaterAssociation (CWWA),regionaluniversitiesof Guyana,SurinameandtheWestIndies andtheInstituteofHigherEducation,
97
98
REGIONALIMPLEMENTATION MATRIXFORTHE MONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE MSI c) Promotetheadoptionof alternativestoincrease wateravailabilityin CaribbeanSIDS.
Research,ScienceandTechnology. Desalinationtechnologiesareseeing increasedapplicationinthemore waterstressedCaribbeancountries wherethedemandforfreshwater substantiallysurpassesthesupplyfrom naturalsources162 CCCCCsSPACCprojectsupportedthe developmentofaprojectattheisland ofBequiainSt.Vincentandthe Grenadineswhereasolarpowered reverseosmosisplanthasbeensetup topurifyseawateraconvertingitinto drinkingwater.163 SPACCalsosupportedtheVieuxFort ProjectinSt.Lucia,whichaimedto enhancetheefficientuseofavailable watersuppliesandincreaseresilience towaterscarcityconditionsanticipated fromclimatechange.Theproject reducedwaterrequiredbythehotel chainby25%,andmadethewater availabletothecommunity.164
162
163IISD:http://larc.iisd.org/news/unisdrhighlightscaribbeaneffortstowardscarbonneutrality/ 164IISD:http://larc.iisd.org/news/unisdrhighlightscaribbeaneffortstowardscarbonneutrality/
98
99
REGIONALIMPLEMENTATION MATRIXFORTHE MONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE MSI d) Promoteharmonization oflegislationinthefield asappropriateand supportthedevelopment andimplementationof appropriatelegal frameworks.
UndertheTheGEFIWCAMnational policiesandinstitutionalstructures relatedtoIWCAMwerereviewed. Theprojectproposedremedial activities,andpreparedguidance materialtoassistCaribbeancountries inamendinglegislationandbyso doing,advanceratificationoftheLBS ProtocoltotheCartagenaConvention. 165 ALegislativetoolkitforIWCAMwas published The GWPC publication regarding the Grenada Review of Legislation with respect to the Water Sector helped set inmotionaprocessthatled,in2008,to Grenada becoming one of four Caribbean countries with a water policy.166 TheCReWisexpectedtosupportpolicy
Asignificantchallengeto achievingtheobjectivesofthe IWCAMProjectisthelegal andinstitutionalframework thatsupportsthem.173
165GEFIWCAMProject.ToolkitforInstitutional,PolicyandLegislativeImprovementsinSupportoftheIWCAMApproachinCaribbeanSIDS.GEFIWCAM2008.GEF 166http://www.gwp.org/en/gwpinaction/Caribbean/NewsandActivitiesGWPCarribean/AnationalwaterpolicyforGrenada/
IWCAMProjectCoordinationUnit.SaintLucia.
173GEFIWCAMProject.ToolkitforInstitutional,PolicyandLegislativeImprovementsinSupportoftheIWCAMApproachinCaribbeanSIDS.GEFIWCAM2008.GEF
IWCAMProjectCoordinationUnit.SaintLucia.
99
100
REGIONALIMPLEMENTATION MATRIXFORTHE MONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE MSI e) Developandimplement relevantguidelinesas theyrelatetovarious effluenttreatmentand disposal.
andlegislativereform The Countries of the Wider Caribbean Basin demonstrated their support for efficient and effective domestic waste water management by ratifying the Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment in the Wider Caribbean Region (Cartagena Convention) and signing the Protocol on Land based Sources of Marine Pollution (LBS Protocol). Both of these legal instruments set ambitious goals to govern domestic sewage discharges intothewatersofthewiderCaribbean.. 167 UNEP GPA in collaboration with UNEP ROLAC and UNEP CAR/RCU have identifiedNational Programmes of Action (NPAs) for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from LBS and Activities as possible
Inthemainstreaming processoftheNPAsthe Caribbeantodatehas experiencedmixed fortunes.Asinthecaseof developinganNPA, mainstreamingeffortshave beenchallengedby unsupportivepolitical climate,limitedfundingand lackofcohesiveness amongststakeholders. Thislackofcohesivenesshas madetheestablishmentofa collaborativeeffortdifficult causingdelaysin implementation174
167
http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/WS/newsnov07.asp
174UNEPCAR/RCU,2011.MainstreamingNationalProgrammesofAction(NPAs):CaribbeanCaseStudies.UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme.TR51.
100
101
REGIONALIMPLEMENTATION MATRIXFORTHE MONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE MSI f) Promotetheconceptof IntegratedWatershed andCoastalManagement (IWCAM) g) Promotethe enhancementofpublic awarenessonissuesof IntegratedWater
frameworks through which pollution prevention could be addressed in a comprehensive and integrated manner in individual countries. To this end, four pilot countries Barbados, Saint Lucia, Jamaica, and Trinidad and TobagoagreedtodevelopNPAs Anumberofactivitiesareunderwayin relation to wastewater management including the Caribbean Regional Fund for Wastewater Management and the IWCAMProject168 ThroughtheGEFIWCAMproject,9 demonstrationprojectswere implementedin8differentcountries onsuchissuesasintegratedwatershed resourcesmanagement(IWRM), wastewatertreatmentand management,andlanduseplanning andzoning. ManyIWRMprojectsandinitiatives beingimplementedintheregionhavea publicawarenesscomponenttoit.For e.g.GWPCestablisheditsfirstMedia
101
102
REGIONALIMPLEMENTATION MATRIXFORTHE MONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE MSI ResourcesManagement Conductwaterresource studiesincludingstudies onthestateofaquife
AwardsonWater toraiseawarenesson sustainablewatermanagementinthe Caribbean,andtocommemoratethe UnitedNationsWorldWaterDay (WWD)2012.169GWPCproduces videostoraiseawarenessonIWRMand supportsawarenessbuildingtraining forCaribbeanmedia.170 Studieswerefacilitatedthroughmany oftheprojectsandinitiativeslisted above. TheCCCCCrecentlyexecutedaproject, Adaptation Measures to Climate Change Impacts on Coastal Aquifer Systems in the Caribbean which was funded by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization International Hydrological Programme (UNESCO IHP) and the Italian Ministry for EnvironmentandTerritory(IMET)).171
169http://www.gwp.org/en/gwpinaction/Caribbean/NewsandActivitiesGWPCarribean/GWPCMediaAwardsonWater/
170http://www.gwp.org/en/gwpinaction/Caribbean/NewsandActivitiesGWPCarribean/GWPCaribbeanBroadcastsVideo/ 171http://caribbeanclimate.bz/projects/unescoihp.html
102
103
The main objective of the project was to develop and apply a Groundwater Management Model to assess and manage selected aquifer systems in Trinidad and Tobago and Jamaica on a continuous basis, and to make recommendationsonbestpracticesfor the protection and development of those sites and other similar aquifer systems in the project countries and within the Region using the opportunitytobuildcapacity. ACaseStudywaspreparedontheGEF IWCAM Saint Kitts & Nevis Demonstration Project: "Rehabilitation and Management of the Basseterre Valley as a Protection Measure for the underlying Aquifer." 172 The project aimed to demonstrate the proper management and protection of a criticalaquiferandwellfieldthrougha parallelprocessofmitigatingthreats from contaminants; ontheground protection through specific managementactivities;andimproved userresource management through the establishment of a management regimeintheformofanationalpark.
172http://iwcam.org/documents/gefiwcamprojectknowledgedocuments/gefiwcamdemonstrationprojectcasestudies
103
104
ACTIONFOR IMPLEMENTATION REGIONALIMPLEMENTATION MATRIXFORTHE MONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE MSI j) TRADE, Continueto a) Promotionof ENVIRONMENT improvethe programmefortraining AND mutualsupportto andexchanging DEVELOPMENT tradeandthe experiencesontradeand POLICY environmentand theenvironment, developmentin emphasizingissueson Providefurther ordertoattain negotiationcapabilities, supportfortrade sustainable sectoralimpactanalysis andenvironment development andenvironmental issues,particularly throughactionat systems withaviewtoentry alllevels. intoforceofthe CARICOMSingle Specialattentionto Marketand include: Economy. Capacity constraints; Harmonized, coordinated and sustainable financed technical assistance; Structural handicapsand MAURITIUS STRATEGY OBJECTIVE ACTIVITIESUNDERTAKEN GAPSINIMPLEMENTATION
Severalnationalandregional environmentalorganizations, mechanismsandprogrammeshave includedconsiderationforissues relatedtotradeandtheenvironment. Fore.gthejointworkbetweenUNEP, otherImplementingAgenciesand nationaleffortssupportedthe developmentofnationalcapacitiesin severalCaribbeancountriestomeet andsustaincompliancewiththe MontrealProtocolonOzoneDepleting Substances(ODS).175Theinitiative supportedtrainingmaterialsand informationresourcestosupport customsofficersintheirworkto enforcenationallicensingsystemsfor ODS. UNEPsEconomicsandTradelaunched a4yearinitiativeincollaborationwith theSecretariatofCBDtobuildnational capacitiesintheCaribbeanandother regionstoassess,designand
175http://www.unep.org/ozonaction/RegionalNetworks/LatinAmericaCaribbean/tabid/6208/Default.aspx
104
105
MAURITIUS STRATEGY OBJECTIVE vulnerabilities toSIDS; Tradeandfood security
REGIONALIMPLEMENTATION MATRIXFORTHE MONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE MSI b) Furtherdevelopmentof holisticapproachesto sustainabledevelopment atalllevels c) Developmentofcoherent policyanddata management programmesthat promotetheintegration oftheenvironmentinto tradepolicies
implementpoliciesthatmaximize developmentgainsfromtradeinthe agriculturesectorwhileminimizingthe impactonbiodiversity.Jamaicawas involvedintheproject. Threerecentagreementsnegotiatedby CARICOMarenoteworthybyvirtueof theirenvironmentalprovisions.These aretheRevisedTreatyofChaguaramas, andtheCARICOM DominicanRepublicandCARICOM Colombiaagreements.176 TheCaribbeanSingleMarketand Economy Article13.2(h)requiringCOTEDto promoteanddeveloppoliciesforthe protectionandpreservationofthe environmentfor sustainabledevelopment; Article51.2(g)requiringthat Communityindustrialpolicyshould aimatenhancedindustrial productiononanenvironmentally sustainablebasis; Article55whichcallsforthe formulationofproposalsfor sustainabletourismdevelopmentand
Thereistheneedfor internationalagenciesto increaseODAtotheregion, especiallyforcapacity buildingforimproving production,tradeandhuman resourcedevelopment.187
176
105
106
whichrecognizestheimportanceofthe tourismsubsectortotheeconomic developmentofthe regionandtheneedtoconservethe culturalandnaturalresourcesandto maintainabalance betweenahealthyecologyand economicdevelopment; Article56.1(a)requiringthat Communityagriculturalpolicyshould aimatthefundamental transformationoftheagricultural sectortowardsmarketoriented, internationallycompetitiveand environmentallysoundproductionof agriculturalproducts;and Article58requiringtheCommunityto adoptmeasuresfor(a)theeffective managementofthesoil,airandall waterresources,theexclusive economiczoneandallothermaritime areasunderthenationaljurisdictionof theMemberStates;and(b)the conservationofbiologicaldiversityand thesustainableuseofbiological resources,especiallythoseofimportant medicinalandtraditionalvalue. TheCARICOMDominicanRepublic FreeTradeAgreement Theagreementincludesthreespecific considerationsrelatedtothe environment,asfollows:
106
107
REGIONALIMPLEMENTATION MATRIXFORTHE MONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE MSI d) Conductstudiesonthe environmental implicationsfromtrade
ItallowsthepartiestoConductrisk assessmentsofenvironmental implicationsaslongastheyarenot usedastechnicalbarrierstotrade; Itdefinesdangerouswastesand hazardoussubstancesand establishesconcernsregardingthe environmentalandhealth implicationsassociatedwithtrade inandmovementofthesegoods withintheregion;and Itestablishesspecificobligations regardingenvironmental protection.
TheCARICOMColombiaAgreement Thispreferentialtradeagreement specificallyincludesprovisions regardingtechnicalcooperationin environmentalmanagementasoneof theareasofcooperation. Somestudieshavebeenconducted: ECLACconductedareviewon Trade,Environmentand Development:Implicationsfor CaribbeanCountriesin2001177
177
ECLACSubRegionalHeadquartersfortheCaribbean.2001.Trade,EnvironmentandDevelopment:ImplicationsforCaribbeanCountries.
107
108
REGIONALIMPLEMENTATION MATRIXFORTHE MONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE MSI andeconomic agreementssuchas CSME,FTAA e) Supportregional
Amajorstudyonthestateofthe culturalindustriesinCARICOMwas commissionedbytheOfficeof TradeNegotiations,CARICOM Secretariat,andcompletedin December2006.Thestudy,titled TheCulturalIndustriesin CARICOM:TradeandDevelopment Challengeswasthefirsttopresent acomprehensiveanalysisofthe culturalindustriesintheregion,by examiningseveralculturesectors intheCaribbeanintermsof employment,exportsingoods, servicesandintellectualproperty, andcontributiontoGDP.179 Severalregionalmechanismsand policyframeworksconsiderthe environmentalchallenges.
OASsupportedareviewofTrade LiberalizationandEnvironmental ConsiderationsfortheCaribbeanin 2007178
Caribbean(BackgroundPaperpreparedbytheDepartmentofSustainableDevelopmentoftheOrganizationofAmericanStatesfortheConferenceontheCaribbean. Washington,DC,June1921,2007 179CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010)
178DepartmentofSustainableDevelopmentoftheOrganizationofAmericanStates(OAS).2007.TradeLiberalizationandEnvironmentalConsiderationsforthe
108
109
REGIONALIMPLEMENTATION MATRIXFORTHE MONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE MSI prioritiesrelatedtothese environmental challenges f) Institutional strengtheningof regulatoryframeworks particularlythe Caribbeanthatfocuses onconservationand sustainabilityinthe
Fore.gCOTEDsupportspolicy initiativesfortheregion.TheRT chargestheCOTEDwiththe responsibilityfor(a)establishingand promotingmeasurestoaccelerate structuraldiversificationofindustrial andagriculturalproductionona sustainableandregionallyintegrated basis;and(b)promotingand developingpoliciesfortheprotection andpreservationoftheenvironment andforsustainabledevelopment.180 TheStGeorgesDeclarationof PrinciplesforEnvironmental SustainabilityintheOECSrecognizes therelationshipsbetweentradeand environment The Iwokrama International Centre (IIC) for Rain Forest Conservation and Development is an autonomous nonprofit institution in Guyana which managesthenearlyonemillionacre IwokramaForestincentralGuyanato show how tropical forests can be
TheRegionalprioritiesas theyrelatetoissuesofTrade andEnvironmenthavetobe consideredwithinthe nationalobjectivesof increasedtradeforeconomic growthandthedesireto eradicatepoverty.
180
109
110
REGIONALIMPLEMENTATION MATRIXFORTHE MONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE MSI Caribbean Promotionofecotourism withtheinvolvementof localcommunitiesand bestpracticesto safeguardthe environmentforGuyana
conserved and sustainably used to provide ecological, social and economicbenefitstolocal,nationaland internationalcommunities181 The IIC builds partnerships with local communities and the private sector. Thesepartnershipscombinetraditional knowledge, science and business to develop "green", socially responsible and sustainable forest products and services. Ecotourism is one of the important componentsofIwokramasstrategyfor financialselfsufficiency. Someofthese unique business ventures include the Canopy Walkway as a tourism enterprise and sustainable forest management. Iwokrama shares the forest a community within the Iwokrama ForestthathasLandTitleto21,950.83 haoftheIwokramaForest;andoptsto remainapartoftheProtectedArea.A MoU where their rights under the Amerindian Act 2006 are fully respectedandastakeholderagreement ensures benefits from the ISTI joint
181
http://www.iwokrama.org/wp/
110
111
REGIONALIMPLEMENTATION MATRIXFORTHE MONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE MSI Supportforbiotradein nontimberforest products
ventureisshared. Awiderangeofnontimberforest products(NTFPs)ofsocial,economic andmedicinalimportanceare harvestedinmanyCaribbeancountries. However,thereisalackofknowledge relatedtothetrade,marketsandthe socioeconomicimpactsonthe stakeholdersinvolvedintheNTFP sector.182 Somecountriesaretakingstepsto facilitateimprovedtradingofNTFPs. Fore.g.Guyanarecentlyupdated additionalguidelinesforsustainable forestmanagement(includingNTFPs). TheCountrysupdatedForestPlan indicatesthatNTFPsaretobe expandedandpromoted.Special surveyswillberequiredforNTFPs resourceswhilestandardsshallbe developedfortheharvestand managementofNTFPs.183Effortswill bestrengthenedtodevelopand introduceappropriateproduct standardsandspecificationswith
Itisclearthatinorderforthe NTFPsectortobedeveloped, ithastobeanalyzedbeyond thenarrowconfinesof biodiversityconservationand framedwithinthebroader contextofpoverty alleviationandsustainable livelihoods. Withinthiscontext,theneeds ofthesectortobeaddressed shouldincludepolicyand institutionalarrangements, resourcemanagementand access,marketing,financeand training.
182
CANARI.2005.ThepotentialoftheNonTimberForestProductssectortocontributetorurallivelihoodsintheWindwardIslandsoftheCaribbean.CANARI
183GuyanaForestryCommission(GFC).2011.GuyanasNationalForestPlan(2011)
111
112
REGIONALIMPLEMENTATION MATRIXFORTHE MONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE MSI Conductassessment studiestoidentifythe stateoftradein biodiversitybased products Workshopsandcapacity buildingondeveloping fiscalinstrumentsfor environmental managementin CaribbeanSIDS.
regardstoGradingRulesforNTFPs, andamarketingstrategywillbe developed. Nationalreportssubmittedby countriesthroughMESsincludingthose ontheConventiononBiodiversity providesomeinformation. New approaches and instruments, includingenvironmentservicemarkets, have begun to be promoted by some donors, governments and non governmentalorganizations. The use of economic instruments to stimulate the market penetration of environmental goods and services in theCSMEisprobablybestillustratedby the Barbados experience with respect to the solar water heating market in Barbados (Griffith, 2009). Fiscal incentives were initially used to help stimulate the demand for solar water heaters. From an installation capacity of approximately 12 units in 1974 when the incentives were first introduced; there are approximately 35,000 solar water heating units
Thiscallsforapolicy environmentthatallowsfor participatorybased approachesprovidingNTFP stakeholderswith information,accesstoanda roleinmanagementofthe NTFPresourcebaseandtheir personaldevelopment.188
188CANARI.2005.ThepotentialoftheNonTimberForestProductssectortocontributetorurallivelihoodsintheWindwardIslandsoftheCaribbean.CANARI
112
113
installed on the island, over 25,000 systems on homes and the remainder on hotels and other tourist accommodations.184 ThroughtheestablishmentoftheGreen Fund in Trinidad and Tobago where a 0.1% taxthe Green Fund Levyis imposed on the gross sales or receipts ofallcompaniesconductingbusinessin Trinidad and Tobago; the proceeds of which, enables grants to be made to community groups and organisations engaged in activities to remediate, reforest,andconservetheenvironment In Belize, the Belize Protected Areas Conservation Trust (PACT), created in 1996, derives its resources from conservation taxes paid by foreign touristsupondeparture,protectedarea entry fees, and taxes paid by cruise shipsvisitingBelize. Some highly forested Caribbean countries are building capacity to support opportunities for addressing environmental issues through mechanism such as Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forestDegradation(REDD+)
Griffith,D.2009.AConceptNoteonTradeinEnvironmentalServices:TowardstheFormulationofaStrategicFrameworkandActionPlanfortheCaribbean CommunitySingleMarketandEconomy(CSME).PreparedforCaribInvest(WestIndies)LimitedandtheCaribbeanCommunitySecretariat,CaribInvest(WestIndies) LimitedandtheCaribbeanCommunitySecretariat(CARICOM),January2009.
184
113
114
GuyanasLCDSconsolidatesa developmentpathforthecountrythat isbasedonGuyanadeployingits foreststomitigateglobalclimate changeandinreturnreceiving paymentsfromtheworldforthe carbonservicetheforestsprovide.The forestscontainawealthofbiodiversity andprovidevaluableecosystem services,bothatalocallevel.In2009 anMOUbetweentheGovernmentsof NorwayandGuyanawassigned regardingcooperationonissues relatedtothefightagainstclimate change,inparticularthoseconcerning REDD+.IntheMoUitwasagreedthat NorwaywouldprovideGuyanawith performancebasedpaymentsfor avoideddeforestationwhichwill amounttocontributionsofupto US$250millionby2015. UNEPGEFhassupportedseveral biosafetyprojectsintheCaribbean. Manycountrieshavecompleted NationalBiosafetyProjects.Jamaicais theonlycountrywithaNationalPolicy onBiotechnologyinplace.Most countries(approximately12)has preparedanationalpolicyonbiosafety
114
115
REGIONALIMPLEMENTATION MATRIXFORTHE MONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE MSI Implementationof biosafetyframeworkfor CaribbeanSIDSincluding Developingregulatory mechanismsfor biosafetytominimize risksofdisastersfrom GMOswithrespecttoits theimpactonhuman healthandenvironment includingbiological resources.
butitremainsindraftform(ie.isnot official).185 Therearedraftbiosafetyregulations notyetapproved,andmanyrequiring updating. NationalCompetentAuthoritieshave beendesignatedin7countries: Antigua& Barbuda,TheBahamas,Barbados, Grenada,Jamaica,StLucia,Trinidad& Tobago Therearebiosafetycommissionsin place:TheBahamasandJamaicahave ScientificAdvisoryPanels.Six countrieshaveestablishedaNational BiosafetyCommitteeforcoordination purposes. UNEPsupportedbyGEFis implementingaRegionalProjectfor ImplementingNationalBiosafety FrameworksintheCaribbeanSub region.Countriestobesupported include:Antigua&Bermuda,Bahamas, Belize,Dominica,Grenada,Guyana,St. Kitts&Nevis,St.Lucia,Suriname,
185
PresentationontheUNEPGEFBiosafetyintheCaribbean:TeaGarcaHuidobroCabrera,June2011UNEP
115
116
Trinidad&Tobago,St.Vincent&The Grenadines186 ACTIONFOR IMPLEMENTATION MAURITIUS STRATEGY OBJECTIVE REGIONAL IMPLEMENTATIONMATRIX FORTHEMONITORINGOF THEIMPLEMENTATIONOF THEMSI ACTIVITIESUNDERTAKEN GAPSIN IMPLEMENTATION
g) Biodiversity Resources
StatusofResources The Caribbean SIDS region has dozens of highly threatened species. The Wider Caribbean has been
186
http://www.thegef.org/gef/node/4181
116
117
GAPSIN IMPLEMENTATION
identified as one of the worlds biodiversity hot spots189The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List evaluated 2074speciesintheCaribbeanislands alone and found that 2.2% were extinct and 38% threatened.190 Despite extinctions, the Caribbean is one of the most biologically diverse regions in the world, and due to its insular nature also has an unusually highproportionofendemicspecies. Valuationofecosystemservices A variety of ecosystem services have beenidentifiedfortheCaribbeanand have long been important to human wellbeing and livelihoods. To date, there have been few economic valuations of terrestrial ecosystem servicesintheregion.191
There is inadequate awareness of the critical importance of ecosystem services. Consequently, areas important for these services are undervalued, and destroyed for economic developmentormanagedin ways that undermine or
189 190
191
www.biodiversityhotspots.org. Accessed on April 20 2010. This amounts to more than 2,074 species as some species occupy more than one type of habitat.
117
118
Regional and International Agreements Caribbean countries are active participants in global and regional environmentalagreements. ECLAC conducted a review on the implementationoftheMSIin2010in 19countries192.Allcountriescovered in the report are active participants in MEAs. All are signatories to the UNCBD , UNCCD, and the UNFCCC and most are members of the other key biodiversity related agreements, such as Ramsar, World Heritage Convention and Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species,exceptfortheConventionon MigratorySpecies.193 At the regional level, the main agreement is the Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of the Wider Caribbean Region (Cartagena
degrade provision of the services.202 The ability of Caribbean countries to meet their obligations under these agreements is hampered by thelackofcoherentenabling policy frameworks and the limited human and technical capacity of executing agencies and their implementationpartners.203 In many instances, reporting requirements(particularlyin the absence of adequate systems for monitoring and data management) place excessive burdens on small environmental management agenciesatthenationallevel The crosscutting nature of
192CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010).CountriescoveredincludeAntiguaandBarbuda,Aruba,theBahamas,Barbados,
Belize,Cuba,Dominica,theDominicanRepublic,Grenada,Guyana,Haiti,Jamaica,SaintKittsandNevis,SaintLucia,SaintVincentandtheGrenadines,Suriname,The NetherlandsAntilles,TrinidadandTobagoandtheUnitedStatesVirginIslands. 193CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010)
118
119
Convention) and its three Protocols, which together constitute the only legal instrument for regional cooperation on environmental issues forthewiderCaribbean.194 NationalProjectsandInitiatives A number of countries have established national mechanisms to coordinate implementation of MEAs, such as the Cabinetlevel National Coordinating Mechanism on Antigua
some MEAs is a challenge. Countries are required to adopt sectorally integrated, socially inclusive implementation strategies and to create multisectoral awareness about their purpose. Countries of the region would benefit from technical assistance and policy guidance that would help themtoparticipatebetterin, and to take fuller advantage of,regionalandinternational instruments. There exists significant variation among countries with regard to their comprehensiveness and effectiveness, particularly
202
119
120
and Barbuda, and the Environmental CoordinatingUnitonDominica.195 Most countries have significantly updated, or are in the process of updatingtheirpoliciesandlegislation on biodiversity, environmental management and sustainable development,inthelast20years,and obligations under international agreements have helped drive this process.196 New approaches and instruments, including environment service markets, have begun to be promoted by some donors, governments and nongovernmental organizations as means of changing destructive patternsofbehaviour. ProtectedAreaSystems
withregardtotheprotection of threatened biodiversity andecosystems.204 Overall, national public policy frameworks for environmental management remain largely oriented toward control, regulation and a reactive approach to environmentalissues.205
196
204
Brown, N., Geoghegan, T. and Y. Renard. (2007) A Situation Analysis for the Wider Caribbean. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. BirdLife International (2008) Important Bird Areas in the Caribbean: key sites for conservation. Cambridge, U.K.: BirdLife International. (BirdLife Conservation Series No. 15).
120
121
ProtectedArea(PA)reviewsandgap analyses have been undertaken recently on some islands under the OECSProtectedAreasandAssociated Livelihoods Project. These islands include the Bahamas, Dominican Republic, and some OECS countries (Antigua and Barbuda Dominica, Grenada, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines) JamaicaiscurrentlycompletingitsPA System Master Plan that will provide a framework for the sustainable management of Jamaicas existing and future protected areas. Saint Luciahasalreadycompletedasecond Plan. Only a few countries have strong centralized and wellcoordinated institutional arrangements for the management of PAs. Chief amongst these are Cuba and the Dominican Republic. National Parks and other protected areas are well established in many dependent territories, for example the Netherlands Antilles
AlthoughPAreviewsandgap analyses have been conducted, most Caribbean countries have not had a systematic approach to the establishmentofPAs. The PA gap analyses have shownthatmanynationalPA networks are not comprehensive with key ecosystem types missing or underrepresented. Apart from inadequate coverage and under representation, PA management is weak and ineffectiveonmanyislands
121
122
(BonaireandSabaMarineParks),and theU.S.VirginIslands.197 Many of the GEF and other donor fundedprotectedareaprojectsinthe region have been focusing on trying toimprovethefinancialsustainability of national protected area networks through the creation of protected area trust funds, debtfornature swaps and other approaches, but financingcontinuestobeachallenge. 198 Invasivespecies A review of the threats in the
SustainablefinancingforPAs remains one of the biggest challenges in the insular Caribbean, and probably all protected areas are under funded, which impacts their managementandhencelong termsurvival.206 Payment for the services provided by PAs is not fully captured and where payments are made (usually as entrance fees) these frequently have little relationship to the true cost of maintaining the protected area or the real value of the ecosystem services provided bythePA. Quantitative data on
197
ibid
122
123
Caribbean region identified alien species,199,200. Numbers on individual islands can be very high. At the national level, most countries in the regionhaveidentifiedinvasivealiens as one of the major threats to their biodiversity and the need for control activities.201
Caribbean invasive species are still considered inadequate and limits the ability to design effective responses.207 There is also a low level of awareness from public to policymakers of the threats posed by invasive aliens and their environmental and economicimpacts.208 A particular challenge to addressing invasive aliens arises from the fact that many of the major pathways for species introductions are critical to national economies.
199
Kairo, M., B. Ali, O. Cheesman, K. Haysom and S. Murphy. 2003. Invasive species threats to the Caribbean region: report to The Nature Conservancy. CAB International. Available at www.issg.org/database/species/reference_files/Kairo percent20et percent20al,percent202003.pdf. Accessed on April 23 2010. 200 http://i3n.iabin.net/. Accessed on April 24 2010
201CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010) 207CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010) 208CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010)
123
124
Refer to the section on Biosafety frameworkintheSectiononTrade. The Dominican Republic has established the Biotechnology and Biodiversity Centre (Centro de Biotecnologia y Biodiversidad) to serve as the national and scientific base for finding biotechnology solutions to the main problems affectingtheagriculture,forestryand fisheries sectors. This Centre serves as the base for exploiting modern biotechnologies. Specialized laboratories which focus on tissue culture, molecular biology, molecular diagnostics, germplasm management, industrial biotechnology, and nutraceuticals havealsobeenestablished.Emphasis isalsobeinggiventohumanresource development; a new Masters Degree programme has been setup and protocols have been developed for a wide variety of biotechnology products (biopesticides, medicinal extracts,diagnosticmethods,scaleup oftissuecultureprotocols). Since the early 1980s and consistently over the last 20 years, Cuba has invested in red
124
125
biotechnology and has become an important producer of biotechnology derived medicines, vaccines and diagnostic kits. The foreign exchange generated through sales of these productsisanimportantcontribution tothecountrysGDP. TheFirstRegularNationalReporton Implementation of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety was to have been submitted by 2007. The Convention Secretariats database indicates that only four reports (Barbados,Cuba,DominicanRepublic and Saint Lucia) were received from the13CaribbeanSIDS.
125
126
h) Transport& Communicati on
Thetransportsectorisfacedwith inefficiencieswhicharesignificant barrierstoglobalcompetitiveness. ThelargestCaribbeancountriespay uptothreetimesmorethantheworld averageintransportandinsurance costsasapercentageoftheirimports. InsmallerCaribbeannationstransport costsareevenhigher.209 Seatransport TheCaribbeanshippingindustryfaces significantobstacles:itmustovercome theunfavourableeconomiesofscale characteristicoftheindustryandthe inherentdisadvantagesofoperating fromandbetweenbothsmalland isolatedislands.210 TheCaribbeanliesatthecrossroadsof severalmajorshippingroutesthat,if managedproperly,couldgreatly increasecargoflowthroughCaribbean ports. Developingthemostefficientnetwork
Harmonizedregulatoryand legalreformisneededto createincentivestoimprove managementand administrativepractices, stimulateinvestmentfor existingfacility modernizationandensure efficientpoolingofresources inthisarea.Industryreforms shouldemphasizegreater competition,regional cooperationandmodern efficiencytechniques.220
209
CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010) CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010) CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010)
210
220
126
127
wouldrequireregionalagreementsto shareintheinfrastructureinvestment costssothatallmightbenefitfrom increasedtrafficflows. Regionalorganizationssuchasthe privatesectorCaribbeanShipping Association(CSA),theCARICOM SecretariatandtheACSprovidea muchneededregionalperspectivein thedialogueonshippingproblemsand shouldbeencouragedtodeliverthe impetusandleadershipforinciting reform.Allthreehaveaddressedthe shippingsituationandhavemadein depthrecommendations.211 AirTransport Sustainableandreliableair transportationisextremelyimportant totheregionseconomicsustainability. Theoverwhelmingdependenceofthe regionstourismindustryonair transportationandtheincreasing vulnerabilityofairlinestoeconomic phenomenasuchasescalatingenergy costs,highwagerates,overcapacityin majormarketsandsuicidalpricewars,
211
Reformstostrengthen independentportauthority institutionsandseparate regulatoryandoperational functionsareneeded. Improvedmaritimetraining andtechnicalhelpisneeded toensurethatlocalseafarers trainedlocallymeet internationalcertification standardsandCaribbean shippingcomplieswith internationalmaritimesafety andenvironmentallaws. AmoreliberalisedCaribbean airservicesregimewith appropriatesafeguards againstabusesofdominant marketpositionsandmarket failureiscommendedasan essentialmeasurefor
127
128
necessitateanurgentreviewofthe businessmodelsandpolicy approachesforsustainableoperation oftheregionsvitalairtransportation sector.212 Thereisaneedforeffectivepolicyand regulatorycapacity.Agoodstart,for example,hasbeenmadeinthis directionintheEasternCaribbeanin regardtothemanagementofairsafety andsecuritywiththeestablishmentof theEasternCaribbeanCivilAviation Authority(ECCAA).213 Thetelecommunicationssector Manycountriesandterritorieshave beenseekingtouseICTtoconnect theircitizensforeducation,commerce, healthandculturaldevelopment.An ICTstrategywasadoptedbyregional MinistersresponsibleforICTsin October2004andstillremains relevant.214
CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010) CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010) 214 CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010) 221 CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010) 222 CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010)
212 213
amelioratingthecurrent unstableconditionofthe regionsairtransportsector. 221 Regionalgovernmentsmust stillhavethecapacityand knowhowtoeffectively managetheopportunities createdbycompetitionin ordertoensurethatpolicy objectivesaremetand satisfactoryservicestothe consumeraresecured.222 Itisclearthatthereare significantlevelsof fragmentationatboththe regionalandnationallevels thathaveinhibitedthe regionsabilitytocreatea trueinformationsociety withintheCaribbean.223
128
129
In2011,aCARICOMRegionalDigital DevelopmentStrategy(RDDS)was approvedbyCOTED.Adraft implementationplanwasalso developed215TheStrategyaimsto establishacoordinatedregional approachforimprovingICTinthe RegionandtouseICTasacritical developmenttooltoadvancethe Regiononitspathtoaninformation andknowledgesociety. Work is moving apace in CARICOM to sustain a mechanism that would facilitate the compilation of relevant and harmonised ICT statistics to measureICTforDevelopment(ICT4D) in the Region. An ICT Statistics Sub Committee of the Regional ICT SteeringCommitteeformsthebasisof thismechanism.216 TheCARICOMConnectivityAgenda adoptedinJuly2002bythe ConferenceofHeadsofGovernmentof
CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010) CARICOMPressreleaseNF08/2011(2December2011)http://www.caricom.org/jsp/pressreleases/press_releases_2011/nf08_11.jsp 216 http://caricomict4d.org/ict-for-development-topics-mainmenu-132/statistics-a-indicators-mainmenu-188/e-indices/204-mechanism-in-place-for-measuring-ict4d-in-caricom.html

223
215
129
130
CARICOMisstillveryrelevantinthe Region.217 Theregionhasbeenmakingsome progressinseekingtoaddressthe challengesbeingcreatedbydigital convergenceandseizethemany opportunitiestheinformation revolutionismakingpossible.218 RefertoAppendix12fordetailsof countryactions. UWISofferaMastersDegreein TelecommunicationsRegulation (MRP)toprovidemuchneeded trainingintelecommunicationspolicy andregulationparticularlywitha Caribbeanfocus. TheCaribbeanKnowledgeand LearningNetwork(CKLN)was establishedistoenhancethe competitivenessofCaribbean countriesbyupgradingand diversifyingskillsandknowledge throughincreasedregional collaborationanduseofICTtoconnect citizens.
217 218
130
131
TheEasternCaribbean TelecommunicationsAuthority (ECTEL)embarkedonaWorldBank fundedprojectonbehalfofitsfive memberstatestodesignand implementabroadbanddeployment strategyandthedevelopmentof guidelinesforuniversalservice implementation. Thereisgoodinfrastructureinthe Caribbeanbutitisunevenly distributedandexpensivetouse.219 ACTIONFOR IMPLEMENTATION MAURITIUS STRATEGY OBJECTIVE REGIONALIMPLEMENTATION MATRIXFORTHE MONITORINGOFTHE IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE MSI ACTIVITIESUNDERTAKEN GAPSINIMPLEMENTATION
i) Coastal& Marine Resources
CoastalzonesintheCaribbeanare currentlyexperiencingintenseand sustainedenvironmentalpressures fromexpandingsocioeconomicsystems andarangeofotherdrivingforces.224 ECLACconductedareviewonthe
Improvedsurveillanceof coastalandmarineactivities especiallyinmultiuserareas, andcontinuedresearch, mappinganddatacollection ofcoastalandmarine resourcesintherestoration
219 224
131
132
implementationoftheMSIin 2010in 19countries225.Allcountriescovered inthereportarecognizantofthe degradationoftheircoastalandmarine resourcesandmarineresourcesand arekeenlyawareoftheimpactof climatechangeandsealevelriseon theseresources. Nationalactions Eachcountryisundertakinganumber ofactivitiestomitigatefurther degradationofthecoastalandmarine resources. Severalcountrieshaveadopted IntegratedCoastalZoneManagement (ICZM)andotherapproachesto managingtheircoastalandmarine resources.RefertoAppendix13for moredetails Countrieshavealsojoinedforcesto craftregionalandcollectiveresponses tothisburgeoningproblem. RegionalInitaitives TheGEFfundedCLMEandAdjacent regionsProjectwascreatedinresponse totheseriouschallengesfacingthe
andrehabilitationofdamaged ecosystemsisrecommended Improvement in the development and management of coastal and marineresourceswould necessitate the mainstreaming of policies on coastal zone management withotherpolicies,such as watershed management, for the benefit of all the communities. Thereisurgencyforthe countriesoftheCaribbeanto worktogethertoaddress
Belize,Cuba,Dominica,theDominicanRepublic,Grenada,Guyana,Haiti,Jamaica,SaintKittsandNevis,SaintLucia,SaintVincentandtheGrenadines,Suriname,The NetherlandsAntilles,TrinidadandTobagoandtheUnitedStatesVirginIslands.
132
133
marineecosystemsoftheCaribbean. TheProjectaimstobringcountriesand communitiestogethertojointlyidentify andprioritizekeyregionalactionsthat willresultintangibleimprovements. TheCaribbeanismoreadvancedthan manyotherLMEregions.Regional fisheriesinstitutions,togetherwith nationalgovernments,civilsocietyand otherregionalbodies,alreadyhave significantfisheriesdata,knowledge, andexperience. Inpartnershipwiththeexisting regionalnetwork,theCLMEanumber ofCaribbeancountriesareembarking onaninitiativetodevelopaCaribbean MarineAtlas(CMA).226Thepurposeof theCMAistoidentify,collectand organizeavailablegeospatialdatasets intoanatlasofenvironmentalthemes fortheCaribbeanregion. CERMES(UWI)isundertakingapplied researchonmarineresource governanceintheeasternCaribbean throughtheMarGovproject.227Usinga conceptualframeworkderivedfrom complexadaptivesystem(CAS)and
CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010) http://www.cavehill.uwi.edu/cermes/margov_profile.html 233 CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010)
226 227
thesechallengesandto developacommonposition ontheprotectionand sustainableuseofmarine resources.233 Thereisanurgentneedto buildcapacity,andnetwork connectionsforadaptation andresilience,intopresent andplannedmarineresource
133
134
socialecologicalsystem(SES) perspectives,theresearchfocuseson understandinggovernancerelatedto smallscalefisheriesandcoastal managementintheeasternCaribbean mainlythroughnetworkanalysis. MarineReservesandParks AlltheSIDScoveredintheECLAC reviewontheimplementationofthe MSI(2010)228haveestablishedMarine ReservesandParks.The CommonwealthofDominicahas establishedthreemarinereserves.Of thesixBiosphereReservesdeclaredin Cuba,fiveincludemarineorcoastal areas.IntheDominicanRepublic,there aretwoMarineMammalssanctuary andsixMarineNationalParks. Thereareinexcessof20marine reservesandparksinTheBahamas RefertoAppendix13formoredetails
governanceintheeastern Caribbean234 InasmuchasCaribbeanSIDS haveallestablishedmarine parksandprotectedareas, onlyaverysmallpercentage ofthesedeclaredprotected areasexistinactualfact.Most arepaperparksinwhichno managementoccurs.235 However,whilethepolitical willtoestablishprotected areasmaybestrong,thewill tobudgetfortheir managementhasshownitself tobeveryweak,inthefaceof urgentnationalprioritiesand continuousfiscalcrisis.Thisis borneoutbythefindingsof ansurveyonthe
Belize,Cuba,Dominica,theDominicanRepublic,Grenada,Guyana,Haiti,Jamaica,SaintKittsandNevis,SaintLucia,SaintVincentandtheGrenadines,Suriname,The NetherlandsAntilles,TrinidadandTobagoandtheUnitedStatesVirginIslands.
MarGov Project Profile. Available at http://www.cavehill.uwi.edu/cermes/margov_profile.html. Accessed on April 23 2010.
234 235
134
135
implementationoftheMSIin 2010.236Allrespondents claimedthatself sustainabilityofthemarine parksandprotectedareas wasamajorchallenge. Agreements AllCaribbeanSIDSaresignatoriesto theUnitedNationsConventiononthe LawoftheSea(UNCLOS) Asmallnumberofcountrieshavemade progressinthepreparationand submissionofclaimstotheContinental ShelfCommissionaccordingtoUNCLOS requirements.TheBahamas,Barbados, Guyana,SurinameandTrinidadand Tobago,havepotentialclaimto extendedcontinentalshelf.229 Severalcountriesaresignatoriestothe AgreementonConservationand ManagementofStraddlingandHighly MigratoryFishStocks Seventeenofthe19countriescovered intheECLACReportfortheFiveYear ReviewoftheMSI(2010)subscribeto theCaribShipDatabase230whichis maintainedtoprovidetheMembersof
CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010) Available at http://www.caribshipmou.com/help.aspx?Control=help. Accessed on April 23 2010. 236CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010)
229 230
135
136
theCaribbeanMemorandumof UnderstandingonPortStateControl (CMOU)accesstoinformationonsmall shipsregisteredorlicensedwithineach MemberState.Ofthesecountries,10 aremembersoftheCaribbeanPort StateControlCommittee. WastewaterManagement As noted in the section on Greswater resources , a number of activities are underway in relation to wastewater management including the Caribbean Regional Fund for Wastewater ManagementandtheIWCAMProject231 Theimpactofwastewateron ecosystemservices,particularlyinthe coastalzone,isaddressedthroughthe GlobalProgrammeofActionforthe ProtectionoftheMarineEnvironment fromLandbasedActivities(GPA Marine). The Countries of the Wider Caribbean Basin demonstrated their support for
TheGlobalInternational WatersAssessment(GIWA) fortheCaribbeanIslandsin Region4237andtheGIWA AssessmentforRegion3, CaribbeanSea238ranked pollutionasthepriority concernduetoitsprevalence inmanylocationsinthe regionandthemagnitudeof itsimpacts. Suspendedsolidswere consideredtobethemost severepollutionissue, eutrophicationhasbeen
The region comprises the seas and islands of the Greater Antilles group, including the largest Caribbean islands of Cuba, Hispaniola (divided between Haiti in the west and the Dominican Republic in the east), Jamaica, Puerto Rico and the Archipelago of The Bahamas. 238 Sub-system 3a,comprises of Antigua and Barbuda, Anguilla, Aruba, United States Virgin Islands, Barbados, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Saint Vincent & the Grenadines, St. Kitts & Nevis, St. Lucia, Turks & Caicos and Trinidad & Tobago.
237
136
137
efficient and effective domestic waste water management by ratifying the Cartagena Convention and signing the LBS Protocol. Both of these legal instruments set ambitious goals to govern domestic sewage discharges intothewatersofthewiderCaribbean.. 232 UNEP GPA in collaboration with UNEP ROLAC and UNEP CAR/RCU have identifiedNational Programmes of Action (NPAs) for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from LBS and Activities as possible frameworks through which pollution prevention could be addressed in a comprehensive and integrated manner in individual countries. To this end, four pilot countries Barbados, Saint Lucia, Jamaica, and Trinidad and TobagoagreedtodevelopNPAs
severeinthebaysofthe regionandoilspillsposea significantthreat.239 Althoughmostcountriesof theregionhaveimprovedon theirsolidwastecollection systems,citizensarestill pronetodisposeoftheir wasteinmangroveswamps, drainagechannelsandalong riverbanks. Therehasbeengreater contaminationofsurface waterandaquifersby chemicaltoxinsandheavy metals. Inthemain,Caribbean countriesarestillfacing challengesinthe developmentofNPAs. Technicalandfinancial limitationareamongthe majorhurdleswhichalso includedifficulties encounteredin intersectoral/interagency
232 239
http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/WS/newsnov07.asp CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010)
137
138
coordination;finance; repositioningNPAandthe LBSwithintheNational PrioritiesofActionisa challengeforsomecountries.
138
139
139
140
Appendix11:BiodiversityResources StatusofResources The Caribbean SIDS region has dozens of highly threatened species. The Wider Caribbean has been identified as one of the worlds biodiversity hot spots240The InternationalUnionforConservationofNature(IUCN)RedListevaluated2074species intheCaribbeanislandsaloneandfoundthat2.2%wereextinctand38%threatened.241 Despiteextinctions,theCaribbeanisoneofthemostbiologicallydiverseregionsinthe world, andduetoitsinsularnaturealso hasanunusuallyhighproportion ofendemic species.242 Valuationofecosystemservices A variety of ecosystem services have been identified for the Caribbean and have long been important to human wellbeing and livelihoods. To date, there have been few economicvaluationsofterrestrialecosystemservicesintheregion. There is inadequate awareness of the critical importance of ecosystem services the benefitsfrompreservingthemandrisksandcostsfromtheirlossandtheyarepoorly understood and undervalued by markets. Consequently, areas important for these services(e.g.manyprotectedareas,forestreserves,wetlands,lowintensityagricultural areas, and indeed the highest priority key biodiversity areas are undervalued, and destroyedforeconomicdevelopmentormanagedinwaysthatundermineordegrade provisionoftheservices.243 RegionalandInternationalAgreements Caribbean countries are active participants in global and regional environmental agreements. ECLACconductedareviewontheimplementationoftheMSIin2010in19countries244. AllcountriescoveredinthereportareactiveparticipantsinMEAs.Allaresignatoriesto the UNCBD , UNCCD, and the UNFCCC and most are members of the other key biodiversity related agreements, such as Ramsar, World Heritage Convention and ConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpecies,exceptfortheConventionon MigratorySpecies.245
240
241Thisamountstomorethan2,074speciesassomespeciesoccupymorethanonetypeofhabitat. 242CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010) 243CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010) 244CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010).Countriescovered
www.biodiversityhotspots.org.AccessedonApril202010.
includeAntiguaandBarbuda,Aruba,theBahamas,Barbados,Belize,Cuba,Dominica,theDominican Republic,Grenada,Guyana,Haiti,Jamaica,SaintKittsandNevis,SaintLucia,SaintVincentandthe Grenadines,Suriname,TheNetherlandsAntilles,TrinidadandTobagoandtheUnitedStatesVirgin Islands. 245CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010)
140
141
At the regional level, the main agreement is the Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of the Wider Caribbean Region (Cartagena Convention)anditsthreeProtocols,whichtogetherconstitutetheonlylegalinstrument forregionalcooperationonenvironmentalissuesforthewiderCaribbean.246 TheabilityofCaribbeancountriestomeettheirobligationsundertheseagreementsis hampered by the lack of coherent enabling policy frameworks and the limited human andtechnicalcapacityofexecutingagenciesandtheirimplementationpartners. Thecomplexityoftheinternationalandregionalpolicyframeworkandthedemandsit places on governments often overstretch the limited staff and technical resources of nationalenvironmentalmanagementinstitutions(particularlyinthesmallerstates)and as a result, obligations under these agreements are sometimes not adequately carried out. In many instances, reporting requirements place excessive burdens on small environmentalmanagementagenciesatthenationallevel Reporting, particularly in the absence of adequate systems for monitoring and data management,isperceivedbymanyasacostlyexercisethatyieldsfewtangiblebenefits, consequently reporting on many of these international environmental obligations is ofteninadequate. ThecrosscuttingnatureofsomeMEAsisachallenge.Countriesarerequiredtoadopt sectorally integrated, socially inclusive implementation strategies and to create multi sectoralawarenessabouttheirpurpose. Countriesoftheregionwouldbenefitfromtechnicalassistanceandpolicyguidancethat wouldhelp them toparticipate betterin,andtotakefulleradvantage of,regionaland internationalinstruments. NationalProjectsandInitiatives A number of countries have established national mechanisms to coordinate implementationofMEAs,suchastheCabinetlevelNationalCoordinatingMechanismon AntiguaandBarbuda,andtheEnvironmentalCoordinatingUnitonDominica. Mostcountrieshavesignificantlyupdated,orarein theprocessofupdating(e.g.Haiti and St.Vincent and the Grenadines), their policies and legislation on biodiversity, environmental management and sustainable development, in the last 20 years, and obligationsunderinternationalagreementshavehelpeddrivethisprocess.247 Newapproachesandinstruments,includingenvironmentservicemarkets,havebegun tobepromotedbysomedonors,governmentsandnongovernmentalorganizationsas meansofchangingdestructivepatternsofbehaviour.
247
Brown, N., Geoghegan, T. and Y. Renard. (2007) A Situation Analysis for the Wider Caribbean. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
141
142
There exists significant variation among countries with regard to their comprehensiveness and effectiveness, particularly with regard to the protection of threatenedbiodiversityandecosystems.248 Overall, national public policy frameworks for environmental management remain largely oriented toward control, regulation and a reactive approach to environmental issues. ProtectedAreaSystems ProtectedArea(PA)reviewsandgapanalyseshavebeenundertakenrecentlyonsome islands under the OECS Protected Areas and Associated Livelihoods Project. These islandsincludetheBahamas,DominicanRepublic,andsomeOECScountries(Antigua and Barbuda Dominica, Grenada, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent andtheGrenadines) AlthoughPAreviewsandgapanalyseshavebeenconducted,mostCaribbeancountries havenothadasystematicapproachtotheestablishmentofprotectedareas. The PA gap analyses have shown that many national PA networks are not comprehensivewithkeyecosystemtypesmissingorunderrepresented. Jamaica, is currently completing its PA System Master Plan that will provide a frameworkfor the sustainable management ofJamaicas existing and futureprotected areas.SaintLuciahasalreadycompletedasecondPlan. Only a few countries have strong centralized and well coordinated institutional arrangements for the management of PAs. Chief amongst these are Cuba and the Dominican Republic. National Parks and other protected areas are well established in many dependent territories, for example the Netherlands Antilles (Bonaire and Saba MarineParks),andtheU.S.VirginIslands.249 Apart from inadequate coverage and underrepresentation, PA management is weak andineffectiveonmanyislands Many of the GEF and other donorfunded protected area projects in the region have been focusing on trying to improve the financial sustainability of national protected areanetworksthroughthecreationofprotectedareatrustfunds,debtfornatureswaps andotherapproaches,butfinancingcontinuestobeachallenge. Sustainable financing for PAs remains one of the biggest challenges in the insular Caribbean, and probably all protected areas are underfunded, which impacts their managementandhencelongtermsurvival. Payment fortheservicesprovidedbyPAs,such astourismandrecreationalactivities, watershed protection, and seed and seedling source banks are not fully captured and where payments are made (usually as entrance fees) these frequently have little
BirdLife International (2008) Important Bird Areas in the Caribbean: key sites for conservation. Cambridge, U.K.: BirdLife International. (BirdLife Conservation Series No. 15). 249 ibid
248
142
143
relationshiptothetruecostofmaintainingtheprotectedareaortherealvalueofthe ecosystemservicesprovidedbythePA. Invasivespecies AreviewofthethreatsintheCaribbeanregionidentifiedalienspecies,250,251.Numbers onindividualislandscanbeveryhigh.Atthenationallevel,mostcountriesintheregion haveidentifiedinvasivealiensasoneofthemajorthreatsto theirbiodiversityandthe needforcontrolactivities.252 Quantitative data on Caribbean invasive species are still considered inadequate and limitstheabilitytodesigneffectiveresponses. 253 Thereisalsoalowlevelofawarenessfrompublictopolicymakersofthethreatsposed byinvasivealiensandtheirenvironmentalandeconomicimpacts.254 Aparticularchallengetoaddressinginvasivealiensarisesfromthefactthatmanyofthe majorpathwaysforspeciesintroductionsarecriticaltonationaleconomies. BiosafetyandBiotechnology RefertothesectiononBiosafetyframeworkintheSectiononTrade. The Dominican Republic has established the Biotechnology and Biodiversity Centre (CentrodeBiotecnologiayBiodiversidad)toserveasthenationalandscientificbasefor findingbiotechnologysolutionstothemainproblemsaffectingtheagriculture,forestry and fisheries sectors. This Centre serves as the base for exploiting modern biotechnologies. Specialized laboratories which focus on tissue culture, molecular biology, molecular diagnostics,germplasmmanagement,industrialbiotechnology,andnutraceuticalshave alsobeenestablished.Emphasisisalsobeinggiventohumanresourcedevelopment;a new Masters Degree programme has been setup and protocols have been developed for a wide variety of biotechnology products (biopesticides, medicinal extracts, diagnosticmethods,scaleupoftissuecultureprotocols). Sincetheearly1980sandconsistentlyoverthelast20years,Cubahasinvestedinred
250
Kairo, M., B. Ali, O. Cheesman, K. Haysom and S. Murphy. 2003. Invasive species threats to the Caribbean region: report to The Nature Conservancy. CAB International. Available at www.issg.org/database/species/reference_files/Kairo percent20et percent20al,percent202003.pdf. Accessed on April 23 2010. 251 http://i3n.iabin.net/. Accessed on April 24 2010
143
144
biotechnology and has become an important producer of biotechnology derived medicines,vaccinesanddiagnostickits.Theforeignexchangegeneratedthroughsales oftheseproductsisanimportantcontributiontothecountrysGDP. The First Regular National Report on Implementation of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafetywastohavebeensubmittedby2007.TheConventionSecretariatsdatabase indicatesthatonlyfourreports(Barbados,Cuba,DominicanRepublicandSaintLucia) werereceivedfromthe13CaribbeanSIDS.
144
145
Seatransport TheCaribbeanshippingindustryfacessignificantobstacles:itmustovercomethe unfavourableeconomiesofscalecharacteristicoftheindustryandtheinherent disadvantagesofoperatingfromandbetweenbothsmallandisolatedislands. Harmonizedregulatoryandlegalreformisneededtocreateincentivestoimprove managementandadministrativepractices,stimulateinvestmentforexistingfacility modernizationandensureefficientpoolingofresourcesinthisarea. Industryreformsshouldemphasizegreatercompetition,regionalcooperationand modernefficiencytechniques. Reformstostrengthenindependentportauthorityinstitutionsandseparate regulatoryandoperationalfunctionsareneeded. EffortstoimprovecooperationamongCaribbeanportauthoritiesandshipping companiescouldprovidefurtherbenefits. TheCaribbeanliesatthecrossroadsofseveralmajorshippingroutesthat,if managedproperly,couldgreatlyincreasecargoflowthroughCaribbeanports. Developingthemostefficientnetworkwouldrequireregionalagreementstoshare intheinfrastructureinvestmentcostssothatallmightbenefitfromincreasedtraffic flows. Alackofcooperationamongcarriers,too,leadstoinefficientuseofcargospace. Improvedmaritimetrainingandtechnicalhelpisneededtoensurethatlocal seafarerstrainedlocallymeetinternationalcertificationstandardsandCaribbean shippingcomplieswithinternationalmaritimesafetyandenvironmentallaws. TheoverallapproachtowardsimprovingCaribbeanshippingshouldemphasize legalreformstoencouragemarketcompetitionandregionalcooperation,aswellas technicalassistancetoimprovelaborandinfrastructureefficiency. RegionalorganizationssuchastheprivatesectorCaribbeanShippingAssociation (CSA),theCARICOMSecretariatandtheACSprovideamuchneededregional 145
Appendix12:Transport&Communication Thetransportsectorisfacedwithinefficiencieswhicharesignificantbarriersto globalcompetitiveness. ThelargestCaribbeancountriespayuptothreetimesmorethantheworldaverage intransportandinsurancecostsasapercentageoftheirimports.Insmaller Caribbeannationstransportcostsareevenhigher.
146
perspectiveinthedialogueonshippingproblemsandshouldbeencouragedto delivertheimpetusandleadershipforincitingreform.Allthreehaveaddressedthe shippingsituationandhavemadeindepthrecommendations. Airtransport Sustainableandreliableairtransportationisextremelyimportanttotheregions economicsustainability. Theoverwhelmingdependenceoftheregionstourismindustryonairtransportation andthe increasingvulnerabilityofairlinestoeconomicphenomenasuchasescalatingenergy costs,highwagerates,overcapacityinmajormarketsandsuicidalpricewars, necessitateanurgentreviewofthebusinessmodelsandpolicyapproachesfor sustainableoperationoftheregionsvitalairtransportationsector.255 AmoreliberalisedCaribbeanairservicesregimewithappropriatesafeguardsagainst abusesofdominantmarketpositionsandmarketfailureiscommendedasanessential measureforamelioratingthecurrentunstableconditionoftheregionsairtransport sector.256 Thereisaneedforeffectivepolicyandregulatorycapacity.Agoodstart,forexample, hasbeenmadeinthisdirectionintheEasternCaribbeaninregardtothemanagement ofairsafetyandsecuritywiththeestablishmentoftheEasternCaribbeanCivilAviation Authority(ECCAA).257 Regionalgovernmentsmuststillhavethecapacityandknowhowtoeffectivelymanage theopportunitiescreatedbycompetitioninordertoensurethatpolicyobjectivesare metandsatisfactoryservicestotheconsumeraresecured.258 Thetelecommunicationssector ManycountriesandterritorieshavebeenseekingtouseICTtoconnecttheircitizens foreducation,commerce,healthandculturaldevelopment.AnICTstrategywas adoptedbyregionalMinistersresponsibleforICTsinOctober2004andstillremains relevant.259 TheStrategyrecognizestheneedforanaggressiveandfocussedICTstrategyfor theregionandurgestheCARICOMmemberstoadoptnewapproachestoICT policymakingandregulation,capacitybuilding,andresearchandinnovation.
CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010) CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010) 257 CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010) 258 CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010) 259 CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010)

255 256
146
147
ThestrategyalsoencouragesCARICOMmemberstatestodeveloppubliclyfunded ICTprogrammesthataddresstheneedfordisenfranchisedandunderserved communitiestoreapthebenefitsassociatedwithinvestmentsinICTs. Specialmentionismadeofprogrammesandpolicieslinkedtoeliteracy,e government,andskillstrainingforculturalorganisations/entrepreneurstoenable themtoeffectivelymarketCaribbeanculturalproductsandparticularattentionis paidtotheneedformemberstatestoprovidelowcosthighbandwidthconnectivity totheregionscitizens. In2011,aCARICOMRegionalDigitalDevelopmentStrategy(RDDS)wasapproved byCOTED.Adraftimplementationplanwasalsodeveloped260TheStrategyaimsto establishacoordinatedregionalapproachforimprovingICTintheRegionandto useICTasacriticaldevelopmenttooltoadvancetheRegiononitspathtoan informationandknowledgesociety.
Work is moving apace in CARICOM to sustain a mechanism that would facilitate the compilation of relevant and harmonised ICT statistics to measure ICT for Development (ICT4D) in the Region. An ICT Statistics SubCommittee of the Regional ICT Steering Committeeformsthebasisofthismechanism.TheSubCommitteewasestablishedin2007 and has worked on developing a focused and structured arrangement for establishing a frameworkformeasuringICT4DintheRegion.261
TheCARICOMConnectivityAgendaadoptedinJuly2002bytheConferenceofHeads ofGovernmentofCARICOMisstillveryrelevant.TheAgendaseekstoincrease competitivenessinservices,harnessthepotentialofelectroniccommerce particularlyforsmallandmediumsizedenterprises(SMEs)anddevelopnational and/orregional/subregionalinformationandbroadcastcommunicationsandmedia services. Theregionhasbeenmakingsomeprogressinseekingtoaddressthechallenges beingcreatedbydigitalconvergenceandseizethemanyopportunitiesthe informationrevolutionismakingpossible.262 SomeCountriesthathavetakeninitiativesinthisdirectionare: AntiguaandBarbudawhichin2003unveiledanICTpolicytogovernthe introductionof digitaltechnologiesintothecountrysschoolswithastatedmissiontoimprove theteaching,
260
CARICOM Press release NF08/2011 (2 December 2011) http://www.caricom.org/jsp/pressreleases/press_releases_2011/nf08_11.jsp
261
http://caricomict4d.org/ict-for-development-topics-mainmenu-132/statistics-a-indicators-mainmenu-188/eindices/204-mechanism-in-place-for-measuring-ict4d-in-caricom-.html 262 CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010)
147
148
learningandadministrativeprocessesintheeducationsystemwiththeuseof ICTandtoprovideallstudentswiththebasicICTskillsthatarenecessaryforthe informationage; TheBahamaswhichinreleasedapolicystatementonElectronicCommerce andthe BahamianDigitalAgendawhichoutlinedavisionoftransformingthecountry intoacentreof hemisphericexcellenceinecommerce; BarbadoswhoseNationalICTStrategicPlancompletedin2005seekstobring someordertoafragmentedsectoraswellaschartthecountryspathtowards realizationoftheknowledgebasedsocietyanddiffusingthenewdigital technologiesmoreeffectivelythroughouttheeconomyandsociety; GuyanawhichhasdraftedanITpolicycontainingnationalandstrategicICT objectives, strategiesforthedevelopmentofegovernment,ICTpolicieslinkedtosupport fortheeducationalsector,andapproachestofacilitatinggrowthwithinthe nationsinformationtechnologyproductivesector; JamaicawhereanIDBfundedprojectwillcontributetoJamaicasereadiness andsupport thedevelopmentoftheICTsector,inordertoincreasecompetitiveness,diversify exportsand expandproductiveemployment;and TrinidadandTobago,whichissueditsNationalInformationand CommunicationTechnologyPlaninDecember,2003andwhereanIDBfunded ICTprojectisabouttobeinitiated. UWISofferaMastersDegreeinTelecommunicationsRegulation(MRP)toprovide muchneededtrainingintelecommunicationspolicyandregulationparticularlywith aCaribbeanfocus. TheCaribbeanKnowledgeandLearningNetwork(CKLN)wasestablishedisto enhancethecompetitivenessofCaribbeancountriesbyupgradinganddiversifying skillsandknowledgethroughincreasedregionalcollaborationanduseofICTto connectcitizens. TheEasternCaribbeanTelecommunicationsAuthority(ECTEL)embarkedona WorldBankfundedprojectonbehalfofitsfivememberstatestodesignand implementabroadbanddeploymentstrategyandthedevelopmentofguidelinesfor universalserviceimplementation.
148
149
ThereisgoodinfrastructureintheCaribbeanbutitisunevenlydistributedand expensivetouse.263Fixedtelephonepenetration,anindexoftenusedtomeasure thestateofdevelopmentoftelecommunicationsinfrastructure,intheCARICOM MemberStatesandtheDominicanRepublicvariesbetweenabout50%inBarbados, Antigua&BarbudaandSt.Kitts&Nevisand1.7%inHaiti.Similarly,thereisawide disparityinthepenetrationratesofcellularmobile,InternetaccessandInternetuse.
263
149
150
Appendix13Coastal&MarineResources CoastalzonesintheCaribbeanarecurrentlyexperiencingintenseandsustained environmentalpressuresfromexpandingsocioeconomicsystemsandarangeofother drivingforces.264 ECLACconductedareviewontheimplementationoftheMSIin2010in19countries265. Allcountriescoveredinthereportarecognizantofthedegradationoftheircoastaland marineresourcesandmarineresourcesandarekeenlyawareoftheimpactofclimate changeandsealevelriseontheseresources. Eachcountryisundertakinganumberofactivitiestomitigatefurther degradationofthecoastalandmarineresources. Countrieshavealsojoinedforcestocraftregionalandcollectiveresponsestothis burgeoningproblem. Manycountrieshaveadoptedanintegratedapproachtocoastalzonemanagement IntegratedCoastalZoneManagement(ICZM). BelizehasaCoastalZoneManagementAuthorityandInstitutetosupporttheallocation, sustainableuseandplanneddevelopmentofBelize'scoastalresourcesthrough increasedknowledgeandthebuildingofalliancesforthebenefitofallBelizeansandthe globalcommunity.TheCoastalZoneManagementPlan,asprescribedintheCoastal ZoneManagementAct1998,definesthepolicies,strategiesandguidelinesforthe managementandconservationofBelize'scoastalresources. In2008,Cubabannedtheharvestingofallmarineturtlespeciesandproductsfromits beachesandseasforanindefiniteperiod. TheDominicanRepublicisimplementingaprojecttomitigatetheimpactsofIndustrial WastesontheLowerHainaRiverBasinanditsCoast.Thisprojectisbeingfinancedby theGEFIWCAMProject. SurinameisreceivingtechnicalassistancefromIDBforestablishingthefoundationfor ICZMasacoordinatedapproachtomanagingeconomicactivitiesoccurringandplanned forthecoastalzoneandpromotesustainableuseandconservationofthecoastalzones naturalresources.266 TheGovernmentofBarbadoscontinuestoplacehighpriorityontheprotectionofits vulnerablecoastalresources.TothiseffectthedevelopmentofaBarbadosBeach ManagementPlanwascompletedduring2008,fundedbytheNationalConservation
264
includeAntiguaandBarbuda,Aruba,theBahamas,Barbados,Belize,Cuba,Dominica,theDominican Republic,Grenada,Guyana,Haiti,Jamaica,SaintKittsandNevis,SaintLucia,SaintVincentandthe Grenadines,Suriname,TheNetherlandsAntilles,TrinidadandTobagoandtheUnitedStatesVirgin Islands. 266 IDB. Available at http://www.iadb.org/projects/project.cfm?id=SU-T1035&lang=en. Accessed on April 22 2010.
265CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010).Countriescovered
150
151
Committee(NCC)andOAS,creatingclearguidelinesforthesustainablemanagementof beachresourcestothebenefitofstakeholders.TheworkoftheCoastalZone ManagementUnitcontinuestobeabestpracticeintheregion SaintLuciahasformulatedaCoastalZoneManagementPolicy(CZM)267whichisguided byanumberofstrategies.TheCZMPolicyissupportedbyaninstitutionalframework thatcomprisesaCoastalZoneManagementandaCoastalZoneManagementAdvisory Committee. ThestartupoftheGEFfundedCLMEandAdjacentregionsProjecton1May 2009representstheculminationofoveradecadeofpreparatoryworkinvolving expertsfromovertheregion.TheProjectwascreatedinresponsetotheserious challengesfacingthemarineecosystemsoftheCaribbean.TheCLMEProject aimstobringcountriesandcommunitiestogethertojointlyidentifyand prioritizekeyregionalactionsthatwillresultintangibleimprovements. ThereisthereforeurgencyforthecountriesoftheCaribbeantoworktogetherto addressthesechallengesandtodevelopacommonpositionontheprotection andsustainableuseofmarineresources. TheCaribbeanismoreadvancedthanmanyotherLMEregions.Regional fisheriesinstitutions,togetherwithnationalgovernments,civilsocietyandother regionalbodies,alreadyhavesignificantfisheriesdata,knowledge,and experience.Inpartnershipwiththeexistingregionalnetwork,theCLMEa numberofCaribbeancountriesareembarkingonaninitiativetodevelopa CaribbeanMarineAtlas(CMA).268 TheCMAPilotProjectbeganasajointinitiativeof9countriesintheCaribbean regionincludingBarbados,Cuba,Dominica,Grenada,Guyana,Jamaica,Saint Lucia,TrinidadandTobago,andTurksandCaicosIslands.269 ThepurposeoftheCMAistoidentify,collectandorganizeavailablegeospatial datasetsintoanatlasofenvironmentalthemesfortheCaribbeanregion,under thesponsorshipoftheIntergovernmentalOceanographicCommission's(IOC) InternationalOceanographicDataandInformationExchange(IODE)and IntegratedCoastalAreaManagement(ICAM) Programmes. CERMES(UWI)isundertakingappliedresearchonmarineresourcegovernance intheeasternCaribbeanthroughtheMarGovproject.270Usingaconceptual frameworkderivedfromcomplexadaptivesystem(CAS)andsocialecological
267 268
Government of Saint Lucia, 2004. Coastal Zone Management in Saint Lucia: Policy, Guidelines and Selected Projects
CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010) 269 http://www.caribbeanmarineatlas.net/about 270 http://www.cavehill.uwi.edu/cermes/margov_profile.html
151
152
system(SES)perspectives,theresearchfocusesonunderstandinggovernance relatedtosmallscalefisheriesandcoastalmanagementintheeasternCaribbean mainlythroughnetworkanalysis. Thereisanurgentneedtobuildcapacity,andnetworkconnectionsforadaptation andresilience,intopresentandplannedmarineresourcegovernanceintheeastern Caribbean271.
AlltheSIDScoveredintheECLACreviewontheimplementationoftheMSIin 2010272haveestablishedMarineReservesandParks. TheCommonwealthofDominica,forinstancehasestablishedthreemarinereserves. Thereservesareallfisheriesdriven,protectingvaluablenurserygrounds,in conjunctionwiththegrowingdivetourism.Userfeesareemployedasalevytoensure maintenanceofthesystems.273 OfthesixBiosphereReservesdeclaredinCuba,fiveincludemarineorcoastalareas. Threeoftheseincludemarinecoastalecosystemsofveryhighimportance.274 InthecaseoftheDominicanRepublic,therearetwoMarineMammalssanctuaryandsix MarineNationalParks.TheMarineProtectedAreasalsoincludetwoSubmarine NationalParks,twoNaturalMonuments,andthreewildlifeRefuges.TheseMarineParks andProtectedAreasincludeterrestrial,andhistoricalandculturalresources.275 In2009,aPresidentialdecreeadded31newprotectedareasintoitsnationalprotected areas system.Thenewprotectedareasencompass1,321,024hectares,ofwhich1,103,569 hectaresspanthemarineenvironment.276 Thereareinexcessof20marinereservesandparksinTheBahamas.Mostofthe marineparksaredesignatedasNationalParksandallparksaremanagedand administeredbytheBahamasNationalTrustundertheBahamasNationalTrustActof 1959.Thusfar,theliteraturesuggeststhattheBahamasIslandsareadequately followingtheWorldCommissiononProtectedAreas(WCPA)guidelinesforMarine
271
MarGov Project Profile. Available at http://www.cavehill.uwi.edu/cermes/margov_profile.html. Accessed on April 23 2010.
includeAntiguaandBarbuda,Aruba,theBahamas,Barbados,Belize,Cuba,Dominica,theDominican Republic,Grenada,Guyana,Haiti,Jamaica,SaintKittsandNevis,SaintLucia,SaintVincentandthe Grenadines,Suriname,TheNetherlandsAntilles,TrinidadandTobagoandtheUnitedStatesVirgin Islands. 273 Dominica Marine Reserve. Available at http://www.dominicamarinereserves.com/. Accessed on April 23 2010. 274 The Nation System of Marine Protected Areas in Cuba. Available at http://www.edf.org/documents/3692_mpasCubaIngles.pdf. Accessed on April 23 2010.
275
272CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010).Countriescovered
189 Ing. Hctor Ivn Gonzlez Brioso. Marine Protected Areas of the Dominican Republic. Paper presented to the IABIN Marine Protected Areas Workshop March 11th-13th of 2008, Ocho Rios Jamaica 276 The Nature Conservancy. Available at http://www.nature.org/wherewework/caribbean/press/press4298.html. Accessed on April 22 2010.
152
153
ProtectedAreas.Allofthemarineparksandreserveshaveboundarieswhichinclude bothlandandmarinehabitats,acknowledgingtheconnectionbetweentheseemingly distinctecosystems.WithTheBahamasalreadytakingstepsintherightdirection, expandingthecurrentparks,creatingnewreserves,andzoningecologicallysensitive thecountrywillbeabletoretainitsuniqueandreveredhabitatsandspeciesaswellas ensurethesustainabilityofitsvariedmarineresources. InasmuchasCaribbeanSIDShaveallestablishedmarineparksandprotectedareas, onlyaverysmallpercentageofthesedeclaredprotectedareasexistinactualfact.Most arepaperparksinwhichnomanagementoccurs.277 However,whilethepoliticalwilltoestablishprotectedareasmaybestrong,thewillto budgetfortheirmanagementhasshownitselftobeveryweak,inthefaceofurgent nationalprioritiesandcontinuousfiscalcrisis.Thisisborneoutbythefindingsofthe ECLACsurvey:allrespondentsclaimedthatselfsustainabilityofthemarineparksand protectedareaswasamajorchallenge. Themajorobstaclefacedbygovernmentdepartmentsinimplementingrevenue generating mechanismssuchasuserfees,publicdonations,orgiftshopsales,isthatitisgenerally difficulttosegregatesuchrevenueformanagementoftheprotectedarea,sinceall governmentincomeisexpectedtobepaidintotheconsolidatedfundandallocated accordingtonationalpriorities. AllCaribbeanSIDSaresignatoriestotheUnitedNationsConventionontheLaw oftheSea(UNCLOS) AsofMarch12010,theDominicanRepublic,Suriname,Haiti,Barbados,Guyana,Saint VincentandtheGrenadines,SaintKittsandNevis,Dominica,Grenada,Antiguaand Barbuda,TrinidadandTobago,SaintLuciaCuba,Belize,andTheBahamas278have ratifiedtheConvention. Asmallnumberofcountrieshavemadeprogressinthepreparationand submissionofclaimstotheContinentalShelfCommissionaccordingtoUNCLOS requirements.TheBahamas,Barbados,Guyana,SurinameandTrinidadand Tobago,havepotentialclaimtoextendedcontinentalshelf. 279 Intermsofassessmentofnonlivingandlivingseabedresourceswithinnational jurisdictions,only25respondentsoftherespondentstotheECLACSurveyhave madeprogress,while50%havereportedmakingnoprogress.280
277
Oceans and Law of the Sea. Chronological lists of ratifications of, accessions and successions to the Convention and the related Agreements as at 01 March 2010 279 ibid.
280
278
153
154
Progressinestablishmentofeffectivemonitoring,reportingandenforcement measurestoaddressunreportedandunregulatedfishingandinthe implementationofsurveillanceandmonitoringsystemshasbeenachievedby about38%ofcountries,andanequalnumberhasnotrealizedanyprogressinall aspects.Onehalfofthecountrieshavemadeprogressintheanalysisand assessmentofthestatusoffishstockswhile25%havereportednosuch progress. OnlysixoftheCaribbeanSIDS281coveredintheECLACreportaresignatoriesto theAgreementonConservationandManagementofStraddlingandHighly MigratoryFishStocksasof1March2010. SeventeenofthecountriescoveredintheECLACReportfortheFiveYear ReviewoftheMSI(2010)subscribetotheCaribShipDatabase282whichis maintainedtoprovidetheMembersoftheCaribbeanMemorandumof UnderstandingonPortStateControl(CMOU)accesstoinformationonsmall shipsregisteredorlicensedwithineachMemberState.Ofthesecountries,10are membersoftheCaribbeanPortStateControlCommittee. TheCaribbeanMemorandumofUnderstandingonPortStateControlwas establishedin1996by11CaribbeanSIDS283inordertocreateaharmonized systemofshipinspectionaimedateliminatingtheoperationofsubstandard foreignflagmerchantshipsvisitingtheCaribbeanregion,ensuringthatthese shipsmeetinternationalsafety,securityandenvironmentalstandards,andthat crewmembershaveadequatelivingandworkingconditions.
Wastewatermanagement
TheGlobalInternationalWatersAssessment(GIWA)fortheCaribbeanIslandsin Region4284 andtheGIWAAssessmentforRegion3,CaribbeanSea285rankedpollutionasthe priorityconcernduetoitsprevalenceinmanylocationsintheregionandthe magnitudeofitsimpacts. Suspendedsolidswereconsideredtobethemostseverepollutionissue,eutrophication hasbeensevereinthebaysoftheregionandoilspillsposeasignificantthreat.286

281
282
Refer to Oceans and Law of the Sea. Chronological lists of ratifications of, accessions and successions to the Convention and the related Agreements as at 01 March 2010 Available at http://www.caribshipmou.com/help.aspx?Control=help. Accessed on April 23 2010.
Available at http://www.nihamarine.com/INFORMATION%20ABOUT%20CARIBBEAN%20MOU.pdf. Accessed on April 23 2010. 284 The region comprises the seas and islands of the Greater Antilles group, including the largest Caribbean islands of Cuba, Hispaniola (divided between Haiti in the west and the Dominican Republic in the east), Jamaica, Puerto Rico and the Archipelago of The Bahamas. 285 Sub-system 3a,comprises of Antigua and Barbuda, Anguilla, Aruba, United States Virgin Islands, Barbados, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Saint Vincent & the Grenadines, St. Kitts & Nevis, St. Lucia, Turks & Caicos and Trinidad & Tobago.
286
283
154
155
Althoughmostcountriesoftheregionhaveimprovedontheirsolidwastecollection systems,citizensarestillpronetodisposeoftheirwasteinmangroveswamps,drainage channelsandalongriverbanks. Therehasbeengreatercontaminationofsurfacewaterandaquifersbychemicaltoxins andheavymetals. Initiatives

As noted in (Appendix 10) a number of activities are underway in relation to wastewater management including the Caribbean Regional Fund for Wastewater Management and the IWCAMProject287
Theimpactofwastewateronecosystemservices,particularlyinthecoastalzone,is addressedthroughtheGlobalProgrammeofActionfortheProtectionoftheMarine EnvironmentfromLandbasedActivities(GPAMarine).

The Countries of the Wider Caribbean Basin demonstrated their support for efficient and effectivedomesticwastewatermanagementbyratifyingtheConventionfortheProtectionand Development of the Marine Environment in the Wider Caribbean Region (Cartagena Convention)andsigningtheProtocolonLandbasedSourcesofMarinePollution(LBSProtocol). Bothoftheselegalinstrumentssetambitiousgoalstogoverndomesticsewagedischargesinto thewatersofthewiderCaribbean..288 UNEPGPAincollaborationwithUNEPROLACandUNEPCAR/RCUhaveidentifiedNational ProgrammesofAction(NPAs)forthePreventionofMarinePollutionfromLBSandActivitiesas possible frameworks through which pollution prevention could be addressed in a comprehensiveandintegratedmannerinindividualcountries.Tothisend,fourpilotcountries Barbados,SaintLucia,Jamaica,andTrinidadandTobagoagreedtodevelopNPAs
InSaintLucia,FocusofNPAwasoncommunitypilotprojectsexaminingthe themeofpublicawareness.Communitieswerechosentoreflectgeographical differencesandpollutantsources. Barbadosispresentlyidentifyingpriorityareasandappropriateinstitutional arrangementswithinitsCoastalZoneManagementPlan. TrinidadandTobago,ontheotherhand,isintheprocessofcompilingitsNPA whichwillbeintegratedintoitsStateoftheEnvironmentReport.ThedraftNPA analysesexistingnationalpoliciesandinstitutionalmechanismsforpollution prevention. JamaicahascompletedtheNPAfortheperiod2005to2010andisnowinthe implementationphase.
288
http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/WS/newsnov07.asp
155
156
Inthemain,CaribbeancountriesarestillfacingchallengesinthedevelopmentofNPAs. Technicalandfinanciallimitationareamongthemajorhurdleswhichalsoinclude difficulties encounteredinintersectoral/interagencycoordination;finance;repositioningNPAand theLBSwithintheNationalPrioritiesofActionisachallengeforsomecountries. ECLACSurvey: Withrespecttoprogressmadeintheapplicationofpreventative,precautionaryand anticipatoryapproachestoavoiddegradationofthemarineenvironment,progress reportedrangedfrom25%(much)toapproximately38%(little),andabout13% (none). Intermsofprogressmadeinensuringpriorassessmentofactivitiesthatmighthave significantadverseimpactsonthemarineenvironment,responsestotheECLACSurvey rangedfrom38%whoclaimedthattheyhadmadeprogresswhileanother38%claimed thattheyhadmadelittleprogress. Inintegrationofprotectionofthemarineenvironmentintodevelopmentpoliciesand development,about38%reportedmakingmuchprogressand50%,statedthatlittle progresshadbeenachieved. Developmentofeconomicincentivesfortheapplicationofcleantechnologiessuchas thepolluterpaysprinciplerealized25%ofcountriesreportingthatmuchprogress wasmade;about38%statedthatlittlewasachievedand25%reportednoprogress. Withrespecttoimprovementinapplyingthetechniquesoutlinedintheglobal programmeinimprovingthelivesofcoastalcommunities,25%reportedverymuch progress;50%statedthattheyhadmademuchprogress;andapproximately13% indicatedthatnonehasbeenachieved.
156

Regional Implementation Matrix

Cargado por

Información del documento

Derechos de autor

Formatos disponibles

Compartir este documento

Compartir o incrustar documentos

Opciones para compartir

¿Le pareció útil este documento?

¿Este contenido es inapropiado?

Copyright:

Formatos disponibles

Regional Implementation Matrix

Cargado por

Copyright:

Formatos disponibles

Dist.

LIMITED ECLAC/POS/CDCC24/TAC4/2012/1 25 May 2012 ORIGINAL:ENGLISH

Previously called the CARICOM Matrix

SubRegionalActionPlan TechnicalAdvisoryCommittee UniversityofBelize UniversityofGuyana UnitedNations

3ActivitiesundertakenasreportedintheCaribbeanRegionalReportforFiveyearReviewoftheMSIoftheBoPAforSIDS,LC/CAR/L.2584thMay,2010 4AsreportedinMSI+5LC/CAR/L.258 5CaribbeanRegionalReportfortheFiveYearReviewoftheMSI(ECLAC,2010)

MAURITIUS STRATEGY OBJECTIVE

MAURITIUS STRATEGY OBJECTIVE