DRPT2008 6-9 April 2008 Nanjing China

A Fault Location Algorithm for Urban Distribution Network with DG

Zhu Guo-fang, Lu Yu-ping, Senior Member, IEEE

Abstract--Conventional power distribution system is radial in nature, characterized by a single source feeding a network of downstream feeders. The distribution automation fault location, primarily considering the fault current amplitude signals, has traditionally been designed assuming the system to be radial. However, the system with distributed generation (DG) may no longer radial, which means more fault direction signals to be needed for fault location. The paper suggests a novel algorithm, based on fault current amplitude difference of zone. The algorithm realizes direction detection using the difference of short - circuit capacity between system source and DG. The PSS/E simulation results indicate the method could locate fault zone correctly in urban distribution network with DG. Index Terms--amplitude difference; distributed generation; distribution automation; fault current; fault location; feeder terminal unit; PSS/E

N the last decades, electric power systems undertook several modifications toward a more decentralized energy system paradigm, allowing the increase of distributed generation (DG) levels. Connection of DG fundamentally alters distribution network operation and creates a variety of impacts with relay protection, reclosing and distribution automation (DA) based on feeder terminal unit (FTU) [1, 2]. Currently, the distribution automation solution, based on feeder terminal unit (FTU), has been successfully applied in urban distribution network. In the scheme the FTU, installed on the disconnect switches, plays the role of the over-current fault detector. The fault information, such as over-current fault state and over-current amplitude, is sent by FTU to the master system. And the master system implements the functions such as fault location, isolation and restoration. Conventional power distribution system is radial in nature, characterized by a single source feeding a network of downstream feeders. The distribution automation fault location, primarily considering the fault current amplitude signals, has traditionally been designed assuming the system to be radial. The conventional fault location algorithm, given by document [3, 4], is suitable for fault location with single source radial supply line or single fault with multi-source open loop operation. After adding virtual node, paper [5] fixes the terminal dead zone in paper [3]. Paper [6] proposes an optimal
This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under award number 50577006. The authors are with School of Electrical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing (210096), China. (e-mail: zhuguofang@gmail.com)

I. INTRODUCTION

location algorithm that is applied to non-single fault with multi-source open loop operation. The algorithm in paper [7] is suitable for complex system with arbitrary number sources. However, it also has terminal dead zone and it is invalid for multiple faults in different lines. Paper [8] fixes the terminal dead zone problem and is suitable for non-single faults with single source. Considering of fault current direction based on document [3], the paper [9] suggest an algorithm is valid to single fault location on closed loop operation. But it also has terminal dead zone and it would misjudge in case of multiple faults with multiple sources. However, the system with distributed generation (DG) may no longer radial, which means more fault direction signals to be needed for fault location. The paper suggests a fault location algorithm for urban distribution network with DG. This algorithm based on two assumptions: (1) single fault; (2) the system source supplies larger fault current than DG sources do. This algorithm realizes direction detection by using the difference of short-circuit capacity between system source and DG. The core of the algorithm states that, the zone, that has largest amplitude difference, is the fault one. The algorithm is suitable for not only conventional distribution network but also the network with small or medium shortcircuit capacity DG source. II. THEORY Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL) states that, at any node of network, the sum of all currents entering the node is zero. Current amplitude approximately imposes the relationship of KCL. A. Definition of amplitude difference The isolation zones in urban distribution network could be defined as 3 types: single-switch, double-switch and multipleswitch zone. Each switch is one node that has measurability. To double-switch zone, the amplitude difference is defined as the absolute value of the difference between two ports fault current amplitude. The equation (1) is definition formula.

1 Considering influence of add-assist current of DG in multiple-switch zone, the fault location should be after the node that has the largest fault current. If that node is considered as one node and other nodes are considered as another node, the multiple-switch zone could be regarded as double-switch zone. The equation (2) is definition formula about multiple-switch zone.

I k =| I k1 I k 2 |

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i III. ALGORITHM DESIGN To single-switch zone, if the node detects severe fault In this section, the description of calculation steps in matrix current, the amplitude difference is defined as the fault current. is given. The realization below implicates the definition of Otherwise, the amplitude difference is defined as zero. By single-switch zone. comparing with other zones fault current, the condition could Step 1: Number all nodes that have monitor functions, be obtained. The equation (3) is definition formula about including switches, load switches and loop switches and single-switch zone. number all zones that are been isolated by nodes. Here the I k I k K p * I max number of nodes is n and zones number is m. Then the 3 I k = network topology matrix element D is: < I K I 0 * k p max 1 node i interconnects with zone j Where, K p is a parameter less than 1. dij = 0 node i disconnects with zone j B. Fault location algorithm based on amplitude difference (i = 1, 2...n; j = 1, 2...m) The algorithm based on amplitude difference is derived Step 2: Construct fault current vector G. This vector from current differential protection. And it realizes direction contains all nodes fault current information. It is defined as: detection using the difference of short-circuit capacity gi = I ki , (i = 1, 2...n) between system source and DG. Step 3: Calculate the fault current distribution matrix P. Here, pij = gi dij , (i = 1, 2,...n, j = 1, 2,...m) Start

I k =| 2 * I k max I ki |, I k max = max{I ki }

algorithm.

Input network parameter and fault current data Obtain nodes set detecting suspected largest current Obtain suspected fault zones set

Step 4: Construct suspected fault nodes vector J by use of I k max = max{gi , i = 1, 2...n}; . 1 gi K p * I k max , i = 1, 2...n ji = 0 gi < K p * I k max Where, K p is typical taken 0.8. vector G. J is defined as: Step 5: Calculate suspected fault zones set vector F on the basis of matrix D and vector J. Here, f j = ji dij , i = 1, 2...n, j = 1, 2...m;
i

Calculate the amplitude difference of suspected fault zones set

Step 6: Obtain amplitude difference distribution vector S by dealing with column vectors of matrix P. We have: I j max = max{ pij , i = 1, 2...n, j = 1, 2...m}; . s j =| 2* I j max pij |, i = 1, 2...n, j = 1, 2...m
i

Find out fault zone that have largest amplitude difference

Step 7: Obtain suspected fault zones amplitude difference vector H by using vector S and F. We have: s j f j > 0 hj = , j = 1, 2,...m . 0 fj = 0 Step 8: Obtain fault zone vector M by comparing elements I k max = max{h j , j = 1, 2...m}; .We 1 h j = I k max mj = , j = 1, 2...m 0 h j I k max could draw a conclusion that m j = 1 stands for zone j is the of vector H. We have: fault zone. IV. TEST CASE As a test system, we consider the 69-segment, 8-lateral distribution feeder, based on [10], and distributed generators are placed at the end of each lateral, at buses 26, 34, 38, 54, 58 and 90. The feeder layout is shown in Figure 2. We assume the capacity of DG and connecting transformer are 1MVA, the capacity of generator and transformer connecting bus 0 are

End
Fig.1 Flow chart of fault location algorithm

This algorithm based on two assumptions: (1) single fault; (2) the system source supplies larger fault current than DG sources do. And the algorithm has two rules: (1) the most serious fault current flows through the fault zone; (2) the fault zone has largest amplitude difference. Based on the rules, the master could find out all nodes flowing through the suspected fault current. According to these nodes, the suspected zones could be found. Then the fault zone could be located by comparing the amplitude difference of the suspected fault zones. Figure 1 shows flows chart of the fault location

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10MVA. Other parameters please refer to paper [11].

G
0 1 2

TABLE THE ZONE INDEX OF NETWORK DESCRIPTION MATRIX

No. node 76 0 1 2 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 14 15 17 18 19 21 22 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 3 38 39 40 41 42 38 39 40 41 42 43 1 2 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 14 15 17 18 19 21 22 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 23 20 16 13 7 3 4 node node node No. 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 node 43 44 7 45 46 47 13 48 16 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 58 59 60 61 62 20 63 23 64 4 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 76 75 64 63 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 58 59 60 61 62 57 48 45 46 47 node 44 node

3 4 35 36 37 38 5 6 7 8 9 10 55 56 57 58 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Legend: Load 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

0
27e 28e 65 66 67 68 69 70

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 bus 51 52 53 55 57 27e 28e 65 66 67 68 69 70

DG

DG

88 89 90

DG

DG

G DG

Generator

DG Distributed
Generator

DG

Fig.2 The test system with six DG located at lateral ends

The paper numbers the nodes in Table 1 and numbers the zones in Table 2.
TABLE I THE NODE INDEX OF NETWORK DESCRIPTION MATRIX
node 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 bus 1 2-1 2-3 2-27 2-27e 3-2 3-4 3-35 4 5 6 7-6 7-8 7-40 8-7 8-9 8-42 9 10-9 10-11 node 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 bus 10-55 11-10 11-12 11-57 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 27 28 node 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 bus 29 30 31 32 33 35 36 37 40 42 43 44 45 46 47 48-47 48-49 48-88 49 50 node 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76

24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

88-70 88-89 88-48 89

Using PSS/E 30.1 simulation software, the paper simulates 3-phase short circuit fault in the test system at the operation model that the tie line, between 48th bus and 88th bus, is open loop. We could verify the algorithm using the simulation data. If the 3-phase short circuit fault locates at middle-point of the 30th zone, the fault current distribution shows in Figure 3.

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12
G
0.667 0.667 0.667 0 1 2

1.250 0.000 0.833 0.833 0.416 0.833 0.833 0.000 0.833 0.390 0.451 0.416 0.451 0.505

3.271 0.000 3.271 3.605 0.337 0.971 0.971 0.000 0.971 0.454 0.525 0.337 0.525 0.254

1.226 5.283 1.226 0.818 0.409 0.818 0.818 0.000 0.818 0.382 0.443 0.409 0.443 0.316

1.229 0.000 1.229 0.254 1.481 0.254 0.254 0.000 0.254 0.119 0.137 0.533 0.137 0.096

2.098 0.000 2.098 2.313 0.216 2.313 2.313 0.000 2.313 0.385 2.655 0.216 0.971 0.163

0.501 0.000 0.501 0.334 0.167 0.334 0.334 0.000 0.334 0.156 0.181 0.167 0.181 0.556

13 14 15 16 18
0.066 0.066 0.066 0.066 40 41 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Legend: Load 0.066 0.066 0.066 0.066 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 0.068 0.068 0.068 0.068 0.068 0.068 0.068 0.068 0.068 0.068 0.068 27e 28e 65 66 67 68 69 70 88 89 90

0.798 3 0.868 0.070 35 0.070 0.070 0.070 36 37 38 0.957 0.957 0.957 55 56 0.184 0.184 57 58 1.097 1.097 1.097 1.097 1.097 1.097 1.097 1.097 1.097 1.097 1.097 1.097 1.097 0.552 0.552 0.868 0.868 0.868 0.868 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

19 20 21 22 23 62 64 76

DG

DG

DG

DG

TABLE CALCULATION PROCESS AND RESULTS OF TEST EXAMPLES Fault zone 1 13 45 58 63 Suspected fault zones set (1) (2,3,4,5,6,7, 8,9,10,11,12,13) (9,44,45) (4,5,6,7,8,9,10, 11,46,47,48,49,50,51, 52,53,54,55,56,57,58) (11,12,13,14, 15,16,62,63) (2,64,65,66,67,68, 69,70,71,72,73,74,0) Amplitude difference of suspected fault zones set (2.263) (0.013,0,0.006,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0.003,0,2.634) (0.006,0,5.283) (0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0.002,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0.948) (0.001,0,0,0, 0,0.043,0,1.684) (0.025,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,2.318) Location result 1 13 45 58 63 0

G DG DG

Generator Distributed Generator

DG

Fig.3 Current distribution chart of the 30th zone fault

Following the calculation process in section , we could obtain that the suspected fault nodes set is (15,17,18,19,21, 22,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36), suspected fault zones set is (11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26, 27,28,29,30) and the amplitude difference of suspected fault zones set is (0.001,0,0,0,0,0.044,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0.545). The result of fault location is 30th zone. To simulate the 3-phase short circuit fault locates at middle-point of the 1st, 13th, 45th, 58th, 63rdand 0th zone, Table 3 records the key nodes fault current and Table 4 shows the results of algorithm.
TABLE THE 3- PHASE SHORT C IRCUIT CURRENT OF PSS/E SIMULATION Key nodes 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 11 Fault zones 1 4.996 2.733 1.746 0.491 0.505 1.746 1.250 0.522 1.250 13 2.513 2.513 3.001 0.247 0.254 3.001 3.271 0.264 3.271 45 3.121 3.121 3.735 0.307 0.316 3.735 4.063 0.327 4.063 58 0.944 0.944 1.130 0.093 0.096 1.130 1.229 0.099 1.229 63 1.612 1.612 1.929 0.158 0.163 1.929 2.098 0.169 2.098 0 2.002 2.002 0.700 0.197 2.874 0.700 0.501 0.209 0.501

The simulation results illustrate the amplitude difference is a sensitive quantity of fault zone. To terminal zone, the algorithm has no dead zone. V. DISCUSSION The paper is devoted to hunt a new fault location algorithm of urban distribution network with DG if only fault current amplitude is available. The simulation results of PSS/E illustrate the amplitude difference is a sensitive quantity of fault zone and the algorithm has no terminal dead zone. In the new algorithm, FTU only implements the functions including over-current judgment and fault report sending same as in the conventional DA scheme. The new algorithm is suitable for not only conventional distribution network but also the network with small or medium short-circuit capacity DG source. If the DG source has huge short - circuit capacity, there are two schemes to fix the problem. The first one is to cut down the short - circuit capacity of DG by equipping fault current limiter [12]. And another one is to equip fault direction element in FTU. Further research is needed in these two aspects. VI. REFERENCES
[1] Dugan, R. C. Price, S. K. Issues for distributed generation in the US, in Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, 2002. IEEE, pp.121-126.

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[2] Zhang Chao, Ji Jian-ren, et al. Effect of distributed generation on relay protection and automation of distribution network, East China Electric Power, vol.34, pp.23-26, Sep.2006. [3] Liu Jian, Ni Jianli, Du Yu. A unified matrix algorithm for fault section detection and isolation in distribution system, Automation of Electric Power System, vol. 23, pp.31-33, Jan.1999. [4] Zhu Fa-guo, Sun De-sheng et al. Optimized matrix arithmetic of line fault location based on field terminal unit, Automation of Electric Power System, vol.15, pp. 42-44, Aug.2000. [5] Liu Hui-jia, Wang Zheng, Chen Wei. Revision of unified matrix algorithm for fault-location detection in distribution system, Journal of University of Hydraulic and Electric Engineering, vol.24, pp.308-310, Aug.2002. [6] Liu Hui-jia, Li Ning. An optimized algorithm for feeder fault location based on FTU, Relay, vol.32, pp.40-43, May 2004. [7] Wei Zhi-nong, He Hua, Zheng Yu-ping. A novel algorithm for fault location in power distribution network, Automation of Electric Power System, vol.25, pp.48-50, July 2001. [8] Jiang Xiu-jie, Xiong Xin-yin, et al. Improved matrix algorithm and its application in fault location of distribution network, Power System Technology, vol.28, pp.60-63, Oct.2004. [9] Wang Fei, Sun Ying. An improved matrix algorithm for fault location in distribution network of power system, Automation of Electric Power System, vol.27, pp.45-49, Dec.2003. [10] Pregelj A., Begovic et al. On optimization of reliability of distributed generation-enhanced feeders, in Proceedings of the 36th Hawaii International Conferences on System Sciences, IEEE Computer Society, Hawaii(USA),pp.1-6 [11] Kojovic Lj. A., Willoughby R. D. Integration of distributed generation in a typical USA distribution system , in Proceedings of the 16th CIRED, Amsterdam ,pp.1-5. [12] Wu Gang, Lu Yu-ping, et al. Impact of fault current limiter to the performance of relay protection in distributed generation , Jiangsu Electrical Engineering, vol.26,pp 1-4, feb.2007.

VII. BIOGRAPHIES

Zhu Guo-fang is currently pursuing a Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Southeast University of China. He received the M.S. degree from Southeast University in 2006. His research interests are protection and control technique to distribution system with DG.

Lu Yu-ping has received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the City University, UK in 2003. He is working as a professor in Southeast University of China. His research interests are power system protection, especially digital relaying of generatortransformer unit, and protection and control technique in distribution system with DG.

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