BASICS

Dr. T.K. Jain.

AFTERSCHOOOL
M: 9414430763
tkjainbkn@yahoo.co.in
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 WHAT IS AP?
• Arithmetic Progression is called AP
• For example: 101,103,105,107
• The difference in each case is 2.
• The difference is same
• Starting term is called A.
• Difference is called D.
• In this case , A= 101, D = 2.
• Tn = (7th term) = A+(n-1)D = 101+(6*2) = 113.
• Sn = (sum of 4 terms) = N/2(2a+(n-1)d)
• Sn = N/2 (first term+last term)

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 What is GP?
• Geometric Progression.
• Here ratio is fixed – for example –
2,4,8,16,32,64 .. So. On…
• Here also we have a starting term = A = 2
• Ratio can be identified by dividing second
term by first term. = 4/2 =2
• Tn= A*R^(n-1)
• Sn = A (R^n -1)/ (R-1)

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 What is HP?
• Harmonic Progression
• It is just opposite of AP.
• Example:1/2, ¼, 1/6, 1/8, 1/10

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What are AM,GM, & HM?
• Arithmetic mean, Geometric Mean
and Harmonic Mean.
• AM will be heighest among these.

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 Calculate AM,GM,HM of
2&4, which is lowest?
• AM = (2+4)/2 = 3
• GM = (2*4)^1/2 =2.83
• HM = ½ (1/2 +1/4 ) = ½ * 6/8 =
• = 3/8 – now reverse it = 8/3 =2.66.
• So HM is lowest.

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 What is the average speed of
Mukesh, who goes to college at the
speed of 20 but returns back at
the speed of 30 km p.h.?

• Is it 25?
• No – it isnt 25.
• We have to calculate HM not AM.
• ½(1/20+1/30) = ½(50/600) = 25/600= now reverse
it : 600/25 = 24ans..
• For speed calculations, use HM.

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Some amount is Rs. 10035 after 6
years, but Rs. 4460 now, what is it
after 3 years (compound interest
is followed)?

• Is it 7247.5 (simple mean) ?

• No – it isnt AM.
• We have to calculate GM here :
• (4460*10035)^1/2 =44756100^1/2
• Square root of 44756100 = 6690. ans.
• In compound interest questions, calculate GM.

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How did we calculate square
root of 44756100?
• Take factorization of 44756100 and
get all the factors.
• List down all the factors – and take a
factor once – which has come twice –
multiply it and get the answer.

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 How to calculate square
root of 44756100 –
alternative method?
• Let us take pairs of two numbers from last – the first pair is 44, II – 75,
III – 61 IV- 00.
• 44 can be divided by square of 6. remainder is 8
• Now we will bring next pair 75 – so we have 875.
• Since we had divided by 6, double it – so 6+6 =12.
• Now 12 with 5 will give us 125*5=625 – which is very less.
• 127*7 = 889 – which is very high – so we have to get middle number., now
we have 875, divide it by (6+6) = 126*6= 756, remainder = 119, +61, we have
11961.
• Remember to add last digit – 126+6 = 132 (rule).
• Now we will divide by 126+6 = 1329*9= 11961 – so remainder is zero. But 00
is still left, so we will divide by 13380*0 = to get 000000.
• All thenumber which we have used in dividing, have to be put together - the
final answer is 6690. Ans.

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 Which is bigger : ½ or
1/3 ?
• Step 1.: find LCM of 2 and 3
• Multiply 2*3 = 6
• Step 2: multiply 6 to both the
numbers: ½ *6 = 3
• 1/3*6 = 2.
• Which is bigger = 3 – so ½ is bigger.

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 Which is bigger 11/852
or 19/1491. ?
• Step 1.: find LCM of 852 and 1491.
• LCM is 5964.
• Step 2: multiply 5964 to both the
numbers.
• Firs number becomes 77, Second
number becomes 76, naturally first
number is bigger. Ans.

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 How did I get LCM of
852 and 1491
• LCM = least cost multiple
• HCF = Heightest common factor
• To calculate LCM, I have multiplied
these numbers and divided them by
their HCF.

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 How did I get HCF of
852 and 1491
• HCF = heightest common factor
• There are two ways – first factorize them
- and find common factors.
• Second – faster – divide 1491 by 852, you
get 639 as remainder. No divide 852 by
639 – you get 213 as remainder. Now
divide 639 by 213, remainder is Zero -
therefore 213 is HCF.

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 How many factors are
possible in 4?
• 2*2*1

• So total number of factors are two –

1 and 2. two comes twice – and 1
comes once.

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How many factors are there
is 12, how many sub factors
can you make?
• 2*2*3*1= there are three factors – 1,2,3 -
2 comes twice.
• The main factors are 2 & 3.
• To find how many subfactors can we make
– we use the formulae: n stands for
number of a factor.
• (n+1)(n+1)… -1
• (2+1)(1+1) -1
• =5 Ans. Check it: 12,2,3,4,6

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How many subfactors are
possible in 192?
• Factors are: 2*2*2*2*2*2*3.
• (6+1)(1+1)-1
• =13 ans.
• Check
it:,2,3,6,4,8,12,16,24,32,48,64,96,192

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 How many factors are there in 24 and
how many sub factors can you make out
of it?
• =2*2*2*3
• To find how many subfactors can we
make – we use the formulae:
• (n+1)(n+1)… -1
• (3+1)(1+1) -1
• =7 Ans.
• Check it :24,2,3,4,6,8,12,

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 What is the average of
first 25 prime numbers?
• Prime number has no other factor than
itself. The first prime number is 2.
• First 25 prime numbers are
2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29,31,37,41,47,53,59
,61,67,71,73,79,83,89,97.
• We will find their AM. – add them and
divide the total by 25 = 1017/25 = 40.68
ans.

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 Which is smallest natural
number and smallest whole
number?
• Smallest natural number is 1
• Smallest whole number is 0

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 Is 571 a prime number?
• Square root of 571 is approx. 24.
• So divide 571 by all prime numbers
till 24. We will try by
2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23
• But it is not divisible by any of these
numbers, so 571 is a prime number.

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 Test of divisibility of
8,9,11?
• To find divisibility by 9 or its sub factor 3 – we
have to add all the digits and divide the total by 9
–if it is divisible – it is divisible by 9. for example
= 4470444 =is divisible (total = 27)
• For 8, look at last three digits (for four look at
last 2 digits and for 2 look at the last digit) – if
that is divisible - the number is divisible.(in the
above figure – 444 is not divisible by 8 – so the
number is not divisible)
• For 11, take alternate digits – if the difference in
total of alternate digits is divisible by 11 (or it
may be zero), the number is divisible by 11. (19-8)
– so above number is divisible by 11.

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 Thanks
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