Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
August 2012
What it is about?
The main objective is a collaborative, inclusive and transparent knowledge sharing curriculum, developed and designed to help us strengthen our market position.
Why participate?
The participation in the training program A flavour of audit approach will :
Enable you to be better equipped with more in-depth knowledge of your Audit colleagues work; Ensure you present yourself as a well-rounded professional by demonstrating borderless behaviors externally and internally; Assist you in your professional development; Help you to build your internal network and make it even stronger
Program overview
Duration 2 * 1/2 day three sessions
Bucharest
Deloitte office TAX Consulting ERS All All All
18
Audit professionals
Contents
Day 1
A. Audit Framework and Regulation
1. Concept of Audit
2. Other assurance engagements 3. Statutory audits, IFRS audits and others
B. Audit Approach 1. Planning and Risk Assessment 2. Objectives and assessing the risks 3. Understanding the entity
Contents - continued
Day 2
B. Audit Approach (continued)
4.
5. 6.
Materiality computation
Fraud, laws and regulations Analytical Procedures
7.
8.
C.
1. 2.
Audit Evidence
Audit Procedures Audit of specific item
3.
Audit Sampling
Concept of audit
1. An examination of records or financial accounts to check their accuracy. 2. An adjustment or correction of accounts.
3. An examined and verified account.
This is achieved by the expression of an opinion by the auditor on whether the financial statements are prepared, in all material respects, in accordance with an applicable financial reporting framework.
In the case of most general purpose frameworks, that opinion is on whether the financial statements are presented fairly, in all material respects, or give a true and fair view in accordance with the framework.
ISAs do not impose responsibilities on management or those charged with governance and do not override laws and regulations that govern their responsibilities. However, an audit in accordance with ISAs is conducted on the premise that management and, where appropriate, those charged with governance have acknowledged certain responsibilities that are fundamental to the conduct of the audit. The audit of the financial statements does not relieve management or those charged with governance of their responsibilities. (Ref: Para. A2-A11)
To obtain Reasonable Assurance about whether the Financial Statements as a whole are free from material Misstatement, whether due to Fraud or Error, thereby enabling the Auditor to express an opinion on whether the Financial Statements are prepared, in all material respects, in accordance with an Applicable Financial Reporting Framework
To report on the Financial Statements and communicate as required by The Manual and Professional Standards and applicable legal and regulatory requirements, in accordance with the Auditors findings. [ISA 200.11]
When reasonable assurance cannot be obtained and a qualified opinion in the auditors report is insufficient in the circumstances for purposes of reporting to the intended users of the financial statements, the ISAs require that the auditor disclaim an opinion or withdraw (or resign) from the engagement, where withdrawal is possible under applicable law or regulation.
Subject matter informationThe outcome of the evaluation or measurement of a subject matter. It is the subject matter information about which the practitioner gathers sufficient appropriate evidence to provide a reasonable basis for expressing a conclusion in an assurance report. Assurance engagementAn engagement in which a practitioner expresses a conclusion designed to enhance the degree of confidence of the intended users other than the responsible party about the outcome of the evaluation or measurement of a subject matter against criteria. [IFAC]
c)
Audit opinion on the financial statements (Independent auditors report); review report, etc
Auditing standards of a specific jurisdiction or country (Eg.: US GAAS, Standardele de audit adoptate de Camera Auditorilor Financiari din Romania )
Other relevant legal, regulatory or professional obligations
ISA require that we comply with ethical requirements and plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance whether the financial statements are free from material misstatement [stnd para in the report].
II.
The ISAs require that the auditor exercise professional judgment and maintain professional skepticism throughout the planning and performance of the audit.
The performance of assurance engagements other than audits or reviews of historical financial information requires the service auditor to comply with ISAE 3000 ASSURANCE ENGAGEMENTS OTHER THAN AUDITS OR REVIEWS OF HISTORICAL FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Examples Report on controls at a service organisation report for use by user entities and their auditors on the controls at a service organization that provides a service to user entities that is likely to be relevant to user entities internal control as it relates to financial reporting.
Auditul statutar reprezint auditul situaiilor financiare anuale sau al situaiilor financiare anuale consolidate, aa cum este prevzut de legislaia comunitar, transpus n reglementrile naionale [ORDONAN DE URGEN nr. 90 din 24 iunie 2008 privind auditul statutar al situaiilor financiare anuale i al situaiilor financiare anuale consolidate]
Summary financial statements Historical financial information that is derived from financial statements but that contains less detail than the financial statements.
Opinion:
The summary financial statements are consistent, in all material respects, with the audited financial statements, in accordance with [the applied criteria];
The summary financial statements are a fair summary of the audited financial statements, in accordance with [the applied criteria].
Summary
End Section A
B. Audit Approach
Audit approach
1.
2.
3. 4. 5.
6.
7. 8.
Analytical procedures
Planning and audit Audit documentation
Perform Pre-Engagement Activities Perform Preliminary Planning Develop the Audit Plan Perform the Audit Plan Conclude & Report
Benefits of planning:
Helps the auditor to devote appropriate attention to important areas of audit Helps the auditor to identify and resolve potential problems on a timely basis Helps the auditor to properly organize and manage the audit engagements
The auditor shall develop an audit plan that shall include a description of:
The nature, timing and extent of planned risk assessment procedures The nature, timing and extent of planned further audit procedures at the assertion level Other planned audit procedures that are required to be carried out so that the
Analytical procedures.
Observation and inspection. The auditor shall identify and assess the risks of material misstatement at:
Assess the identified risks, and evaluate whether they relate more
pervasively to the financial statements as a whole and potentially affect many
assertions;
Relate the identified risks to what can go wrong at the assertion level, taking account of relevant controls that the auditor intends to test;
The degree of subjectivity in the measurement of financial information related to the risk, especially those measurements involving a wide range of measurement uncertainty; Whether the risk involves significant transactions that are outside the normal
Control Environment
The entitys risk assessment process The information system, including the related business processes, relevant to
uses to monitor internal control over financial reporting, including those related
to those control activities relevant to the audit, and how the entity initiates remedial actions to deficiencies in its controls
Internal factors
Obtaining an understanding of the entitys selection and application of accounting policies includes our consideration of whether the accounting policies are appropriate for the entitys business and consistent with the applicable financial reporting framework and accounting policies used in the relevant industry.
In most businesses, management uses certain ratios, financial indicators, or analyses to monitor the effective functioning and overall control of the business. Performance measures create pressures on the entity and these pressures may motivate management to take action to improve the business performance or to misstate the financial statements.
Understanding the Entity ISA 315 Audit procedures to obtain the understanding
We shall perform risk assessment procedures to provide a basis for the identification and assessment of risks of material misstatement at the financial
Understanding the Entity ISA 315 Audit procedures to obtain the understanding
Risk assessment procedures related to accounting estimates Risk assessment procedures related to related parties
Risks of material misstatement that require special audit consideration are referred to as significant risks
Identify risks of material misstatement
control
Assess risks of material misstatement at the financial statementor at the assertion level
Apply professional judgment throughout. Refer to Appendix 1 for examples of risks of material misstatements relating to payroll.
Consider both the likelihood of a material misstatement in a class of transactions, account balance, or disclosure, and the magnitude of the account
An example of determining the material classes of transactions, account balances, and disclosures
An example of determining the material classes of transactions, account balances, and disclosures
An example of determining the material classes of transactions, account balances, and disclosures
An example of determining the material classes of transactions, account balances, and disclosures
An example of determining the material classes of transactions, account balances, and disclosures
helps to enhance the quality of the audit and facilitates the effective review and
evaluation of the audit evidence obtained and conclusions reached before the
auditors report is finalized. Documentation prepared after the audit work has
been performed is likely to be less accurate than documentation prepared at
The results of the audit procedures performed, and the audit evidence
obtained Significant matters arising during the audit, the conclusions reached thereon, and significant professional judgments made in reaching those conclusions.
from another;
the auditor has doubts over the reliability of information to be used as audit
evidence,
the auditor shall determine what modifications or additions to audit procedures are necessary to resolve the matter, and shall consider the effect of the matter, if
Confirmation (An external confirmation represents audit evidence obtained by the auditor as a
direct written response to the auditor from a third party) Recalculation (consists of checking the mathematical accuracy of documents or records) Re-performance (involves the auditors independent execution of procedures or controls that were originally performed as part of the entitys internal control)
Inquiry (consists of seeking information of knowledgeable persons, both financial and nonfinancial, within the entity or outside the entity)
Although inquiry may provide important audit evidence, and may even produce evidence of a misstatement, inquiry alone ordinarily does not provide
Procedures for Obtaining Audit Evidence : As required by ISA 315 and ISA
330, audit evidence to draw reasonable conclusions on which to base the auditors opinion is obtained by performing:
There is a significant risk and other means do not provide sufficient appropriate audit evident The repetitive nature of a calculation of process performed automatically by an information system makes a 100% examination cost effective
audit evidence about whether changes in inventory between the count date and
the date of the financial statements are properly recorded. If attendance at physical inventory counting is impracticable, the auditor
to do so, the auditor shall modify the opinion in the auditors report
If inventory under the custody and control of a third party is material to the financial statements, the auditor shall :
Request confirmation from the third party as to the quantities and condition of
inventory held on behalf of the entity
The auditor shall obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence regarding the presentation and disclosure of segment information in accordance with the
the circumstances.
Identify the account balance or disclosure and the related potential errors to be tested.
Develop an expectation.
Determine the threshold. Identify differences requiring further investigation. Obtain, quantify, and corroborate explanations. Evaluate results.
Tests of Details
Non-representative selection
Testing of all items in the population
Tests of Details
What is the difference between samples selected using nonrepresentative selection and representative sampling?
This International Standard on Auditing applies when the auditor has decided to use audit sampling in performing audit procedures. It deals with the auditors
use of statistical and non-statistical sampling when designing and selecting the
audit sample, performing tests of controls and tests of details, and evaluating
items within a population of audit relevance such that all sampling units have a
chance of selection in order to provide the auditor with a reasonable basis on
When designing an audit sample, the auditor shall consider the purpose of the
audit procedure and the characteristics of the population from which the sample
will be drawn
The auditor shall determine a sample size sufficient to reduce sampling risk to an acceptably low level.
The auditor shall select items for the sample in such a way that each sampling
unit in the population has a chance of selection For tests of details, the auditor shall project misstatements found in the sample to the population. The level of sampling risk that the auditor is willing to accept affects the sample
size required. The lower the risk the auditor is willing to accept, the greater the
sample size will need to be.
Risk (Not Significant) and relying on controls Normal Extent of Testing 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 7 7 11 14 18 21 28 35 70 75(*)
Significant Risk (!) and Relying on Controls, or Risk (Not Significant) and not Relying on Significant Risk (!) and Not Relying Controls on Controls 2 3 3 6 5 9 6 12 8 15 9 18 11 21 12 24 14 27 15 30 23 45 30 60 38 75 45 75(*) 60 75(*) 75 75(*) 75(*) 75(*) 75(*) 75(*)
(*) The numbers in red indicate the situations that are impacted by the existence of a maximum sample size (i.e., if we didnt have a maximum sample size, the required number of selections would be larger in these situations) - The sample sizes represent minimum samples sizes. Engagement Management may determine that, in some circumstances, it is appropriate to increase the sample sizes above those in this table - For populations in between the listed levels of Monetary Precision, we may interpolate to obtain the appropriate sample size (!) For a population that contain Significant risk, we arre required to perform substantive procedures that are specifically responsive to that risk (Topic 2820.13). These specifically responsive substantive procedures frequently involve non representative selection.
2012 Deloitte Romania
Representative Sampling
What are the main characteristics of representative sampling? It may be either statistical or nonstatistical. We seek to infer characteristics over the entire population.
Appropriate if it provides assurance about the items in the population that are
not selected and examined.
Non-representative Selection
What are the main characteristics of non-representative selection? We select items from a population and obtain audit evidence to support them. We examine support for the items selected and do not attempt to make
When might it be appropriate to test the entire population? Sometimes it is efficient to test the entire population. Used where populations consists of one or a few large items or where we can
Evaluation of Misstatements
What are the three different types of likely misstatements? Projected probable misstatements in populations tested through representative
Evaluation of Misstatements
What do we mean by CTT threshold? Level above which identified uncorrected misstatements are aggregated and
Evaluation of Misstatements
As each misstatement is found, what processes are carried out? Each misstatement is evaluated individually, giving consideration to nature and cause and discussed with the appropriate level of management. Impact on the controls reliance strategy is also reviewed and whether our tests of the operating effectiveness of those controls were adequate. Conclude as to whether we have achieved our desired level of assurance for the potential error being tested. After we have concluded whether we have achieved our desired level of assurance:
If misstatement exceeds CTT threshold, its taken to overall summary of known and
likely misstatements.
If misstatement does not exceed CTT threshold, qualitative factors are considered to
determine if it is taken to the overall summary of known and likely misstatements.
Evaluation of Misstatements
At what stage do we discuss misstatements with management? Best practice to discuss with the Field Senior first.
Discuss all misstatements resulting from fraud or error, whether or not material, with the appropriate level of management. Discussions with management consider correction of the error, the reasons for the misstatement and the potential impact on our audit. Discuss misstatements discovered in performing interim auditing procedures with the appropriate level of management during, or at the completion of, the interim work.
Discuss disclosure deficiencies with the appropriate level of management.
Evaluation of Misstatements
In what circumstances do we ask management to correct misstatements? Best practice to discuss this with the field senior first. Request management to correct known misstatements that, quantitatively or qualitatively, exceed the CTT threshold. Request management to correct likely misstatements arising from estimates
Evaluation of Misstatements
What is the impact, if any, if the misstatement is indicative of fraud? Consider the implications of fraud and significant error in relation to other
Audit report
Managements Responsibility for the Financial Statements Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of these
to enable the preparation of financial statements that are free from material
misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.
Audit report
Auditors Responsibility Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on
plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the
financial statements are free from material misstatement.
Audit report
An audit involves performing procedures to obtain audit evidence about the
amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. The procedures selected
statements.
We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our audit opinion.
2012 Deloitte Romania
Audit report
Opinion In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, (or
give a true and fair view of) the financial position of ABC Company as at
December 31, 20X1, and (of) its financial performance and its cash flows for the
Audit report
Report on Other Legal and Regulatory Requirements [Form and content of this section of the auditors report will vary depending on
[Auditors address]
(a) The auditor, having obtained sufficient appropriate audit evidence, concludes
that misstatements, individually or in the aggregate, are material, but not pervasive, to the financial statements; or
(b) The auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence on which
to base the opinion, but the auditor concludes that the possible effects on the
Basis for Qualified Opinion The companys inventories are carried in the statement of financial position at xxx.
Management has not stated the inventories at the lower of cost and net realizable
value but has stated them solely at cost, which constitutes a departure from
Qualified Opinion In our opinion, except for the effects of the matter described in the Basis for
Qualified Opinion paragraph, the financial statements present fairly, in all material
respects, (or give a true and fair view of) the financial position of ABC Company
as at December 31, 20X1, and (of) its financial performance and its cash flows for
the year then ended in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards.
Adverse Opinion The auditor shall express an adverse opinion when the auditor, having obtained
Adverse Opinion In our opinion, because of the significance of the matter discussed in the Basis for
and its subsidiaries as at December 31, 20X1, and (of) their financial performance
and their cash flows for the year then ended in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards.
Disclaimer of Opinion The auditor shall disclaim an opinion when the auditor is unable to obtain
sufficient appropriate audit evidence on which to base the opinion, and the auditor
concludes that the possible effects on the financial statements of undetected
Basis for Disclaimer of Opinion The companys investment in its joint venture XYZ (Country X) Company is
allowed access to the management and the auditors of XYZ, including XYZs
auditors audit documentation. As a result, we were unable to determine whether any adjustments were necessary in respect of the companys proportional share of XYZs assets that it controls jointly, its proportional share of XYZs liabilities for which it is jointly responsible, its proportional share of XYZs income and expenses for the year, and the elements making up the statement of changes in equity and cash flow statement.
Disclaimer of Opinion Because of the significance of the matter described in the Basis for Disclaimer of
Opinion paragraph, we have not been able to obtain sufficient appropriate audit
evidence to provide a basis for an audit opinion. Accordingly, we do not express
Thank you !
Materiality
B. Audit Approach
4. Materiality
The concept of materiality in audit:
Materiality is considered in terms of the smallest aggregate level of misstatements that could be considered material to any one of the statements that comprise the financial statements.
We do not establish separate materiality amounts to individual statements that comprise the financial statements.
Source: Determining Materiality and Performance Materiality, A Guide for Auditors in DTTL Member Firms (March 2012)- For internal distribution only
B. Audit Approach
4. Materiality
Financial reporting frameworks explain the concept of materiality as follows: Misstatements, including omissions, are considered to be material if they, individually or in the aggregate, could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of the financial statements; Judgments about materiality are made in light of surrounding circumstances, and are affected by the size or nature of a misstatement, or a combination of both; Judgments about matters that are material to users of the financial statements are based on a consideration of the common financial information needs of users as a group. The possible effect of misstatements on specific individual users, whose needs may vary widely, is not considered.
B. Audit Approach
4. Materiality
Materiality determination
B. Audit Approach
4. Materiality
Materiality determination assumptions Auditor assumes that users: a) Have a reasonable knowledge of business and economic activities and accounting and a willingness to study the information in the financial statements with reasonable diligence; b) Understand that financial statements are prepared, presented and audited to levels of materiality; c) Recognize the uncertainties inherent in the measurement of amounts based on the use of estimates, judgment and the consideration of future events; and d) Make reasonable economic decisions on the basis of the information in the financial statements.
B. Audit Approach
4. Materiality
Determining materiality in Planning Phase
RISKS
Determine Materiality
B. Audit Approach
4. Materiality
The concept of materiality in audit: The concept of materiality is applied by us : in planning and performing the audit - when establishing the Overall Audit Strategy, we shall determine materiality for the Financial Statements as a whole. [2210.01]),
in evaluating the effect of identified misstatements on the audit and of uncorrected misstatements, if any, on the financial statements, and in forming the opinion in our audit report.
We determine performance materiality for purposes of assessing the risks of material misstatement and determining the nature, timing, and extent of further audit procedures.
B. Audit Approach
4. Materiality
Computation of materiality: A percentage is often applied to a chosen benchmark as a starting point in determining materiality, depending on several factors:
The elements of the financial statements (for example, assets, liabilities, equity, revenue, expenses); Whether there are items on which the attention of the users of the particular entitys financial statements tends to be focused (for example, for the purpose of evaluating financial performance users may tend to focus on profit, revenue or net assets);
The nature of the entity, where the entity is in its life cycle, and the industry and economic environment in which the entity operates; The entitys ownership structure and the way it is financed;
The relative volatility of the benchmark.
B. Audit Approach
4. Materiality
Determining materiality Steps to determine M: 1. 2. 3. Identify an appropriate base (considering quantitative and qualitative guidelines developed to assist our professional judgment). Estimate its amount based on the financial statements (consider potential need to annualize the amount). Apply an appropriate percentage to the base amount. NOTE: Certain account balances or disclosures which could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of the financial statements should be reviewed in greater detail than is indicated by M.
B. Audit Approach
4. Materiality
Example
CALCULATIONS Benchmark chosen Specify other benchmark: Benchmark balance: Input selected factor Calculated materiality: Revenues
INSTRUCTIONS
Determined based on professional judgment.
1,500,000
$ 1,500,000 Selecting materiality is not a mechanical exercise, it requires us to apply professional judgment. This is the amount that should be entered as "materiality".
Selected materiality:
Total anticipated uncorrected misstatements is the total amount of factual, judgmental, projected and SAP misstatements that we anticipate remaining uncorrected at the end of the current engagement.
This amount or a rounded equivalent should be entered as "performance materiality" in Form 1810.
Up to five percent of materiality 5.00% This amount or a rounded equivalent should be entered as "trivial misstatements level" in Form 1810.
2012 Deloitte Romania
B. Audit Approach
4. Materiality
Materiality (M) vs. Performance Materiality (PM)
Materiality
PM
Each misstatement adds water to the glass. If the glass overflows, the financial statements are misstated. We use PM (less than a full glass) when performing tests to allow extra room for unexpected errors.
We use prior-year errors to estimate how much extra room to allow for in the current year.
B. Audit Approach
5. Fraud, laws and regulations (ISA 250)
Non-compliance with laws and regulations may result in fines, litigation or other consequences for the entity that may have a material effect on the financial statements.
Management
B. Audit Approach
5. Fraud, laws and regulations (ISA 250)
Management responsibility:
to ensure that the entitys operations are conducted in accordance with the provisions of laws and regulations.
Auditors responsibility:
to obtain reasonable assurance that the financial statements, taken as a whole, are free from material misstatement, whether caused by fraud or error.
to identify material misstatements of the financial statements due to non-compliance with laws and regulations. However, the auditor is not responsible for preventing non-compliance and cannot be expected to detect non-compliance with all laws and regulations.
1. Direct effect on the determination of material amounts and disclosures in the financial statements (e.g.: tax and pension laws and regulations) The auditors responsibility is to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence regarding compliance with the provisions of those laws and regulations.
2. No direct effect on amounts and disclosures, but compliance is fundamental to the operating aspects of the (e.g.: compliance with the terms of an operating license, compliance with regulatory solvency requirements, or compliance with environmental regulations); Non-compliance with such laws and regulations may therefore have a material effect on the financial statements The auditors responsibility is limited to undertaking specified audit procedures to help identify non-compliance with those laws and regulations that may have a material effect on the financial statements.
2012 Deloitte Romania
B. Audit Approach
5. Fraud, laws and regulations ISA 250
Audit Procedures in case of Non-compliance :
Auditor should respond appropriately to non-compliance or suspected non-compliance with laws and regulations identified during the audit. If the auditor becomes aware of information concerning an instance of non-compliance or suspected non-compliance with laws and regulations, the auditor shall obtain:
An understanding of the nature of the act and the circumstances in which it has occurred; Further information to evaluate the possible effect on the financial statements. Discuss the matter with management
Consider the need to obtain legal advice. Evaluate the effect of non-compliance on the auditors opinion Report
2012 Deloitte Romania
B. Audit Approach
5. Fraud, laws and regulations ISA 250
Matters Relevant to the Auditors Evaluation
The potential financial consequences of non-compliance with laws and regulations on the financial statements including, for example, the imposition of fines, penalties, damages, threat of expropriation of assets, enforced discontinuation of operations, and litigation. Whether the potential financial consequences require disclosure.
Whether the potential financial consequences are so serious as to call into question the fair presentation of the financial statements, or otherwise make the financial statements misleading.
B. Audit Approach
5. Fraud, laws and regulations ISA 240 Fraud
Characteristics of Fraud Misstatements in the financial statements can arise from either fraud (intentional) or error (unintentional) Fraud is a broad legal concept, but the auditor is concerned with fraud that causes a material misstatement in the financial statements. Two types of intentional misstatements : misstatements resulting from fraudulent financial reporting, and misstatements resulting from misappropriation of assets.
Although the auditor may suspect or, in rare cases, identify the occurrence of fraud, the auditor does not make legal determinations of whether fraud has actually occurred.
B. Audit Approach
5. Fraud, laws and regulations ISA 240 Fraud
Management vs. employees
B. Audit Approach
5. Fraud, laws and regulations ISA 240 Fraud
Fraud triangle For fraud to occur, three factors must be present:
INCENTIVE / PRESSURE
B. Audit Approach
5. Fraud, laws and regulations ISA 240 Fraud
Professional skepticism An attitude of professional skepticism means an auditor:
Makes a critical assessment with a questioning mind of the validity of the audit evidence obtained Is alert to audit evidence that contradicts Brings into question the reliability of documents and responses to inquires and other information obtained from management and those charged with governance.
B. Audit Approach
5. Fraud, laws and regulations ISA 240 Fraud
Gray zone
Fraudulent accounting
Within
GAAP
Violates
GAAP
2012 Deloitte Romania
Misappropriation of assets
Skimming of cash:
Diversion of funds
Lapping schemes Skimming of funds received from sales
Misappropriation of assets
Procurement frauds:
Misappropriation of assets
Inventory schemes:
Removal of inventory
False sale of inventory False write-offs and other debits to inventory
Misappropriation of assets
Larceny of cash
Pay and return schemes Theft of entity checks
Ghost employees
Falsified work hours
B. Audit Approach
5. Fraud, laws and regulations ISA 240
Audit Procedures to address Risks of Material Misstatement Due to Fraud: Auditor should determine overall responses to address the assessed risks of material misstatement due to fraud at the financial statement level.
Assign and supervise personnel taking account of the knowledge, skill and ability of the individuals to be given significant engagement responsibilities and the auditors assessment of the risks of material misstatement due to fraud for the engagement
Evaluate whether the selection and application of accounting policies by the entity, particularly those related to subjective measurements and complex transactions, may be indicative of fraudulent financial reporting resulting from managements effort to manage earnings; and Incorporate an element of unpredictability in the selection of the nature, timing and extent of audit procedures.
B. Audit Approach
5. Fraud, laws and regulations ISA 240
Audit Procedures (continued):
Analytical procedures
B. Audit Approach
6. Analytical Procedures ISA 520
Use Of Analytical Procedures (AP) In Auditing AP is one method of increasing auditor efficiency. AP consist of evaluations of financial information made by an auditor
B. Audit Approach
6. Analytical Procedures ISA 520
Use Of Analytical Procedures (AP) In Auditing The basic premise underlying the application of AP is: Predictability : Plausible relationships among data may reasonably be expected to exist and continue in the absence of known conditions to the contrary. Particular conditions that can cause variations in these relationships include, for example, specific unusual transactions or events, accounting changes, business changes, random fluctuations, or misstatements. Relationships involving income statement accounts are more predictable than relationships involving only balance sheet accounts.
B. Audit Approach
6. Analytical Procedures ISA 520
Analytical procedures used in planning the audit might include the following: Account balance comparison. Compare unadjusted trial balance amounts with adjusted tried balance amounts of the prior year. Computation of significant ratios. Compare current year ratios to current industry ratios and prior year computing ratios. Computation of ratios using nonfinancial and financial data . E.g., sales per square foot of sales space. Regression analysis. This procedure is discussed in a separate section below.
B. Audit Approach
6. Analytical Procedures ISA 520
Use Of Analytical Procedures (AP) In Auditing Common analytical procedures we do while assessing audit risk: Trend analysis: compare current financial figures to the same figures in the prior year. Ratio analysis: Some common ratios are the current ratio, and inventory turnover. Reasonableness: Does what were seeing make sense based on other facts? For example, does the depreciation expense appear accurate when you consider the book value of all fixed assets on the balance sheet?
B. Audit Approach
6. Analytical Procedures ISA 520
The auditors response to the results of AP in the planning stage When the results of AP signal possible errors ; Increase error risk and thus increase extent of testing
More audit testing than when the results indicate the possibility of no errors.
Investigate the reasons for deviations Investigate deviations from expectations Perform more inquiries with management and obtain corroborative audit evidence
B. Audit Approach
6. Analytical Procedures ISA 520
Use of Analytical Procedures in Concluding Phase of the Audit The application of AP in the final review of the audit is one of the last audit tests. Those procedures assist the auditor in assessing conclusions reached concerning certain account balances and in evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. Procedures such as the following may be applied: Comparisons with similar financial data of the prior year or of the clients industry. Ratio analysis. Trend analysis. Development of common-size financial statements.
B. Audit Approach
6. Analytical Procedures ISA 520
Use of AP in assessing a companys ability to continue as a going concern apply models using ratios and trends that have been developed to predict bankruptcy
For example: One of the models was developed using a statistical technique (multiple discriminant analysis) and five ratios. Those ratios for a public company are: Working Capital/Total Assets Retained Earnings/Total Assets Earnings before Interest and Taxes/Total Assets
B. Audit Approach
6. Analytical Procedures ISA 520
Analytical procedures include the consideration of comparisons of the entitys financial information with, for example: Comparable information for prior periods.
B. Audit Approach
6. Analytical Procedures ISA 520
The auditors substantive procedures at the assertion level may be:
tests of details
substantive analytical procedures a combination of both
Substantive analytical procedures are generally more applicable to large volumes of transactions that tend to be predictable over time. The auditor may inquire of management as to the availability and reliability of information needed to apply substantive analytical procedures, and the results of any such analytical procedures performed by the entity. It may be effective to use analytical data prepared by management, provided the auditor is satisfied that such data is properly prepared.
B. Audit Approach
6. Analytical Procedures ISA 520
The following are relevant when determining whether data is reliable for purposes of designing substantive analytical procedures: Source of the information available. ( more reliable when it is obtained from independent sources outside the entity); Comparability of the information available;
Nature and relevance of the information available. (whether budgets have been established as results to be expected rather than as goals to be achieved);
Controls over the preparation of the information that are designed to ensure its completeness, accuracy and validity (controls over the preparation, review and maintenance of budgets).
Thank you!
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