802.11 Wi-Fi Standards Update (2013 London)

BRKEWN-2066
Wireless Standards Update

- mostly Wi-Fi and 802.11
Andrew Myles amyles@cisco.com
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2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
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Andrew Myles has participated in a variety of standards activities over 25 years

SDOs/ITAs Officer positions
1987-88: ANSI X3T9.5

1988-89: ITU-T 1991-94: IETF
IEEE 802
802.11h editor (2001-3) IEEE 802 JTC1 SC Chair (2009-)
2001-: IEEE 802

2003-: Wi-Fi Alliance 2005-: ISO/IEC JTC1/SC6
Wi-Fi Alliance
Director (2004-) Vice Chairman (2005-6) Chairman (2006-11)
... with dabbling in many other SDOs/ITAs over the years
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC6/WG1
US NB HoD (2011-)
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Why is Wi-Fi so exciting?
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Wi-Fi is touching our lives
The Wi-Fi Alliance found ...
... 90% would rather go without their daily Starbucks than their Wi-Fi
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Wi-Fi is touching our lives
The Wi-Fi Alliance found ...
... 70% would rather give up chocolate rather than give up Wi-Fi
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and the way it is touching our lives is getting a little bit weird
The Wi-Fi Alliance found ... ... more than 70% of 17-29 year olds agreed it would impossible to maintain relationships without Wi-Fi (and would give up beer too!)
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What is todays agenda?
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Todays presentation is going to focus on various aspects of Wi-Fi & standards
Why is Wi-Fi so successful? Wi-Fi flexibly meets the needs of all users Who are key players in Wi-Fi standards?
IEEE 802.11 WG, Wi-Fi Alliance ... with Cisco leadership!

What is coming down the standards pipeline? A lot of exciting stuff, even after 20+ years of development!
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Todays presentation comes with some important caveats
Todays talk WILL NOT ... Provide any information about Ciscos specific wireless product plans because I am a standards dweeb and not a product guy Represent the views or plans of any SDOs or ITAs because I am representing Cisco today and am not authorised to speak on behalf of any SDOs or ITAs
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and a request for questions later if there is no time today
There is too much material in this presentation
and so there will be little time for questions today

Instead, please save up your questions and ask them at the Meet The Engineer session in which I can provide detailed answers and controversial views by sending me an e-mail at amyles@cisco.com
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11
Why is Wi-Fi so successful?
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Wi-Fi has grown from almost nothing in 2000 to over 1.5 billion devices per annum in 2012
Wi-Fi chipsets sold per annum (millions)
1,600 1,400 1,200
1,000
800 600 400 200 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
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... in many thousands of Wi-Fi certified devices (& increasingly diverse devices)
Wi-Fi Alliance product certifications per annum (by category)
3,500
Other
3,000
Nov 2012 Growth areas
Mobile Handsets
2,500 2,000
Consumer Electronics Networking Equipment PCs and Computing Devices
1,500 1,000 500 0

2000
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2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
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2009
2010
2011
2012
... generating more Wi-Fi data traffic than wired data traffic by about 2015
Monthly data traffic (by category)
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... in a myriad of devices Wi-Fi is in anything that might ever have a need to communicate
Smart TV Air Conditioner
Refrigerator Plant sensor Projector
Bathroom scales
Industrial sensors
Thermostat
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Smartphone
Security Camera
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Automobile
Wi-Fis success is based on a bit of luck and a great brand with good interoperability ...
Unlicensed spectrum become available at just the right time
2.4Ghz then 5GHz and more likely in future
Most cellular SPs are now realising unlicensed Wi-Fi spectrum will get them through the licensed spectrum crunch
Wi-Fi Alliance certification ensures interoperability and is associated with a great brand
Wi-Fi is so much better than WECA!
This brand actually means something in the market!
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Wi-Fis success is mainly based on good enough simply meeting all its users needs ...
IEEE 802.11 standards focused on incrementally meeting user needs
They are not perfect!
So anyone can set up a good enough Wi-Fi network anywhere, any time
Cheaply and easily
And serious users can build Wi-Fi networks that meet their needs too
With visibility, control and reliability assuming you use Cisco gear
And Wi-Fi is continually being used as the basis of innovation

P2P, Smartgrid, M2M,
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Who are the key players in Wi-Fi standards?
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Wi-Fis ecosystem is mainly based on cooperation between three main stakeholders
Standards
Certification
Vendors
Standards
Standards
Standards
My favourite vendor
IEEE 802 is probably the most famous example of a very successful IEEE standards activity
Sponsor IEEE Computer Society develops Local Area Network standards and Metropolitan Area Network standards. 802.1 - architecture, internetworking, security, network management 802.3 - Ethernet 802.11 - Wireless LAN 802.15 - Wireless PAN 802.16 - Broadband Wireless 802.18 - Radio Regulatory 802.19 Coexistence 802.21 - Handover Services 802.22 - Wireless RAN 802.24 Smart Grid
Formal goal Current activities
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Of course, the IEEE process is not perfect ...

too slow Many standards take 6+ years to develop The process is often rule bound The process relies on standardisation by: research travel to interesting places
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too political Sometimes not very good at dealing with conflict The conflicts are based on combinations of: Technology Business Religion
too compromising Contention is often resolved by compromise This can lead to very long & complex standards with many options Quality often suffers
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And for fun it looks like 802.16 (aka WiMax) has proven the evil of even numbers in IEEE 802!
Successful 802.1 Hypothesis An odd numbered standard is a necessary but insufficient condition for long term success in IEEE 802 ? Unclear 802.19 802.22 802.24 Unsuccessful 802.2 802.14
802.3
802.11 802.15
802.4
802.5 802.6 802.9
802.16
802.17 802.20 802.21
802.10 802.23
802.12
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The Wi-Fi Alliance is an international trade association (ITA) for 802.11 based products
Certifies the interoperability of 802.11 based products 12 test labs in 8 countries 16,000+ products certified since March 2000 Facilitates collaboration within the ecosystem With some spec development Acts as a thought leader on all issues related to Wi-Fi products and technology
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The goal is to help ensure multi vendor interoperability Most testing utilises a test-bed of golden products and low bar performance testing This is a pragmatic solution well suited to the WLAN industry
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The Wi-Fi Alliance has over 500 members across the value chain in different segments
Sponsor members Selection of regular members
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who have a shared vision of seamless connectivity
Seamless connectivity ... using Wi-Fi

WLAN standards at Cisco are a vital component of a virtuous circle

Cisco contributes to open WLAN standards
WLAN standards enable market growth Cisco vision: Enable a seamless mobile user experience Cisco promotes the use of open WLAN standards
Cisco is a champion of wireless innovation
Cisco is a champion of wireless standards
Cisco innovates based on open WLAN standards

Note: even Cisco cannot do it alone
Cisco is a champion of wireless standards
By developing certified WLAN products Cisco policy is to implement useful 802.11 standards as soon as practical Cisco policy is to prove interoperability by Wi-Fi certifying equipment
By investing in open WLAN standards Cisco provides officers & contributions to IEEE 802.11 WG Cisco is Sponsor of Wi-Fi Alliance & provides major contributions
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Cisco supports the development of the 802.11 standard with officers & participation
TG
802.11e 802.11g 802.11h 802.11i 802.11j 802.11k
802.11ma 802.11mb 802.11mc 802.11n 802.11p 802.11r 802.11s
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Officer Participate

Done
2005 2003 2003 2004 2004 2008
2007 2012 2009 2010 2008 2011
Comment
QoS 54Mb/s at 2.4GHz DFS and TPC Security Regulatory domain support Radio Resource Measurement
Maintenance of standard Maintenance of standard Maintenance of standard >100 Mb/s at 2.4GHz and 5GHz Vehicular Fast roaming Mesh
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Cisco supports the development of the 802.11 standard with officers & participation
TG
802.11v 802.11w 802.11y 802.11z 802.11aa
802.11ac 802.11ad 802.11ae 802.11af 802.11ah 802.11ai 802.11aj 802.11ak
Officer Participate

Done
2011 2009 2008 2010 2012
2012 2012 -
Comment
Radio Resource Management Management Frame Protection 3.6GHz operation Direct link a consumer issue Video
>1Gb/s @ 5GHz >1Gb/s @ 60GHz QoS for management frames TV White Space <1GHz PHY Fast Initial Link Setup 802.11ad for China Cisco Public 802.1 bridging over Wi-Fi
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2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. -
Cisco is involved in many current Wi-Fi Alliance activities as a Sponsor member and in Task Groups
Near term
Hotspot 2.0 VHT in 5G Cisco * Long term 60 GHz NPS Cisco Other activities Board Cisco
Spectrum.
Health & Science Enterprise Healthcare Operator
Direct Services
Security
Consumer

WNM TV White Spaces

WPS (NFC) NAN Docking Service Discovery Serial Bus

Consumer Consumer Watching Consumer
Smart Grid
Voice WMM-AC Display IBSS
Consumer
Consumer
* = officer Note: Cisco provided Board Chair from 2006-2011
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Even Cisco cannot do it alone when building products
Cisco could use its market influence to define a standard based on proprietary protocols, eg CCX However, this is generally unworkable:
Customers are uncomfortable with proprietary standards It is hard to provide resources to define proprietary standards over the long term Proprietary standards need the support of costly eco system Proprietary standards fail to leverage the good ideas of others
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There are many examples where Cisco has driven an 802.11 activity with CCX & other material
Standard Activity
Spectrum management Security Multiple regulatory domains Wireless Network Measurement
Cisco contribution
Editor and main author, enabling 5GHz operation; participated in WFA certification process Significant contributor, based on 802.1X for LEAP & group key rotation, TKIP; part of WPA/WPA2 certification test bed Editor and main author, enabling operation in multiple regulatory domains Significant contributor of various features, many based on CCX features; elements now certified by WFA as part of Voice Enterprise with Cisco in test bed
802.11h
802.11i
802.11j
802.11k
802.11r
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Significant contributor, with CCKM (Cisco) + WARP (Airespace) as Fast roaming basis; now certified by WFA as part of Voice Enterprise with Cisco in test bed Cisco Public 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
There are many examples where Cisco has driven an 802.11 activity with CCX & other material
Standard Activity Cisco contribution Reinvigorated group and incorporated into Hotspot 2.0 activity (in SIG, WFA, WBA and GSMA) with Cisco in test bed Author and contributor of a variety of location, diagnostic and other features, some derived from CCX features; participating in the certification processes Editor and significant author, based on CCX feature; participated in certification process in WFA Editor and main author, documenting new ways of opening up new spectrum Significant contributor of reliable multicast features, based on CCX feature
2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
802.11u
WIEN Wireless Network Management Management Frame Protection
802.11v
802.11w
802.11y 802.11aa
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3.6GHz Video
There are many examples where Cisco has driven an 802.11 TG with CCX & other material
Standard Activity Management frame priority VHT <6GHz Cisco contribution Significant contributor of mechanisms to allow prioritisation of management frames Contributions to ensure useful for dense enterprise environment, especially better multi-channel operation & MU-MIMO and Suite B Contributions to ensure useful for sea of desks enterprise environment and not just the consumer space Editor and main driver, focused on developing mechanisms that can be used to open up new spectrum Redirected work to a more useful direction; they originally wanted to replace 802.11 security
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802.11ae
802.11ac
802.11ad
VHT 60GHz
802.11af
TVWS Fast initial link setup
802.11ai
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Cisco aims to use standards to be the prettiest ship on the biggest ocean
Proprietary systems are good for a while .
but global standards & certifications open up the world
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Cisco innovates, and then contributes its innovations into the standards process
Cisco feeds tested features back into standards
Standards group
Defines complex, feature-rich technical standards for PHY & MAC Technical
Industry association
Specifies subsets of IEEE standards Undertakes limited compatibility testing Supports industry-wide branding and communications Technical
Cisco
Adds differentiating features based on standards, but often before standards Markets Ciscos wireless products Technical Marketing
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Marketing
Sells & supports Ciscos wireless products
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Feature bloat
Minimal features
Differentiated features
Sales
Actually the standards world is even more complicated than presented ...
Anti-trust laws Partners Cisco
Regulations
Industry
Competitors
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What is coming down the standards pipeline?
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The remainder of the presentation will provide an update of the 802.11 and Wi-Fi alphabet soup status
Topics Connectivity QoS Spectrum Management Security Wi-Fi Direct Hot Spot 2.0
IEEE standards The alphabet soup from 802.11a to 802.11aq
Wi-Fi certifications Another set of indecipherable names
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Wi-Fi Connectivity
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Wi-Fi connectivity is based on a series of 802.11 PHY standards
802.11b
802.11a
802.11n
802.11ac
802.11g
802.11ah
802.11af The Past The Future
802.11ad
802.11b
802.11a
802.11n
802.11ac
802.11g
802.11ah
802.11ad
Wi-Fi connectivity today is based on the 802.11a/b/g/n PHY standards ...
Technology Band DSSS OFDM
2.4Ghz
5GHz PHY rate
802.11b-1999
802.11g-2003
802.11a-1999
802.11n-2009 (D2.0-2006)
<11Mb/s
<54Mb/s
<600Mb/s
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... with 802.11n predominant in the market, although not for long
2012
Tri-band 60 GHz 11ad, 11ac (5 GHz) and 11n (2.4 GHz) Dual-band 11n
Single-band 11n
Dual-band 11n + 11ac
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802.11b
802.11a
802.11n
802.11ac
802.11g
802.11ah
802.11ad
802.11ac, the next generation Wi-Fi, is just around the corner literally!
Use cases
IEEE 802.11ac
Similar to 802.11n Voice/video/data for consumer/enterprise Extension of 802.11n in 5GHz only Few cool, new features, eg MU-MIMO Similar range to 802.11n Faster than 802.11n up to ~2.5Gb/s
Technology
Functionality
Availability
First usable draft standard in early 2012 First wave of certification in early 2013
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802.11ac mainly just extends 802.11n technology and adds MU-MIMO

Feature Comments
5Ghz only Features could be applied to 2.4GHz

80MHz channels Optional 160MHz and 80+80MHz 256QAM 802.11n has lower modulations Up to 8 spatial streams 1 SS mandatory, 2 SS for non-battery APs at WFA Beamforming Single mechanism this time MU-MIMO Cool new technology! MU = Multi-User RTS/CTS Improvements for wider bandwidths
Better CCA Detects energy in secondary channel

Deletes stuff Dark corners of 802.11n left to die
802.11ac uses MU-MIMO to provide switch rather than hub technology

Single User MIMO in 802.11n sends one frame to one receiver Multi-user MIMO in 802.11ac sends multiple frames to multiple receivers
AP with 4 antennas can send 1 stream each to 3 smartphones, all at the same time AP must beam form 1 space-time stream to the each receiver & simultaneously null-steer that space-time streams to the two other receivers
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802.11ac supports extended RTS/CTS mode for dynamic wider bandwidth

Initiator txs multiple RTS on free channels Responder txs CTS on channels it:
Rxed an RTS Senses as free Supports bandwidth-wise
RTS RTS RTS
CTS CTS
Data frame Data frame
Channels not clear RTS
Initiator txs data only over free channels
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802.11ac can be managed to provide effective use of wide bandwidths

Wider bandwidth options in 11ac are: 80MHz, 160MHz, and 80+80MHz
Appears to reduce the number of channels available if predominantly 11a/11n clients ... but not so
Primary channels need not be aligned, so a deployment can work as a collection of 40 MHz channels, plus a 80 MHz ultra-speed mode
Frequency 40
48
40
20
80
80
20
44
80
80
40
80 40
40 20
20
BSS1
BSS2
36
40
20
40
Time
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80
802.11ac goes faster with more bits/carrier, bandwidth & spatial streams
Data Bits per Subcarrier 802.11ac AP 256QAM@r5/6 64QAM@r5/6 802.11n AP Channel Bandwidth 160 (MHz)
4 8 Spatial streams
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20
40
80
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802.11ac can plausibly operate at up to ~3.5Gb/s (@PHY) or ~2.5Gb/s (@MAC)

80 MHz PHY rate MCS (QAMr5/6) 160 MHz PHY rate Spatial streams 1 430 3301 2 6502 870 2 3 1300 2000 1700 2600 MCS (QAMr5/6)
Spatial streams
64 2901
256
64 650
256 870
3
4 8 Easy
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9801
1300
1700 3500
1
2
4
8
3500
6900
Mandatory for battery devices, long GI

Mandatory for powered APs
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Plausible
Fantasy
Certified 802.11ac is expected in two waves; Wave 1 in 2013 & Wave 2 in 2014
802.11ac D2.0 balloted 802.11ac Dx.0 ratified
Q2
Q3 2011
Q4
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q1
Q2 2014
Q3
2012
2013
Estimates only
80 MHz 256QAM 1-3 SS
Wave 1 certified
160 MHz 1-4 SS MU-MIMO?
Wave 2 certified
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The enterprise should upgrade to 802.11ac during the next upgrade cycle
Recommendation
802.11ac definitely represents a useful refinement of 802.11n functionality

However, 802.11ac is not really compelling enough to justify an immediate fork lift upgrade
Certainly do not buy anything pre certification
Instead, you should transition to 802.11ac as part of your regular AP and client upgrade cycle
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802.11b
802.11a
802.11n
802.11ac
802.11g
802.11ah
802.11ad
Use of 60Ghz by 802.11ad (aka WiGig) means very high rate, beam formed, room area networking
Lots of spectrum About 7 GHz of spectrum available (varies by country) Small wavelength 5mm wavelength Propagates like light Easily blocked by books, humans, whiteboards, walls & concrete But much less interference from neighbours
Beam forming for less interference & more range

Syncronisation needed in dense environments
Rates >1Gb/s
Beam forming
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Room area networking
802.11ad will realistically be able to achieve PHY rates of 4.6Gb/s @ ~10m

Modulation SC OFDM SC MCS BPSK-r3/4 QPSK-r3/4 16QAM-r3/4 PHY rate (Mbps) 1200 2100 4600 Comment Required Plausible Plausible
OFDM
64QAM-r13/16
6800
Fantasy!
Assumption: bandwidth = 2520MHz, spatial streams = 1
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802.11ad has the potential to create new user experiences

IEEE 802.11 WG standard 802.11ad WiGig Alliance specifications
Potential issues Potential applications

Wireless docking Wireless peripherals Syncngo HDMI replacement WLAN applications
A/V PAL PCIe PAL USB PAL etc
HDMI using 60GHz failed commercially ($600) 802.11ac may be good enough, particularly if video compression is acceptable!
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The certification of 802.11ad has slipped and the scope of the initial certification reduced
802.11ad D3.0 balloted 802.11ad ratified
Q2
Q3 2011
Q4
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q1
Q2 2014
Q3
2012 Delayed by two years!
2013
AP cert
Estimate only P2P functionality
Wave 1 certified
Wave 2 certified
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802.11ad is unlikely to be of interest to the enterprise for quite some time

Recommendation
Once 802.11ad is ratified & certified, there may be some interest in the enterprise for docking and video applications
However, dense enterprise rollout is likely to be constrained by need for AP synchronisation
Particularly in sea of cubicles environment Cisco has inserted some hooks in the draft to enable synch
It also maybe constrained by plans to use non enterprise class WPS based security Watch this space because Cisco is!
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802.11b
802.11a
802.11n
802.11ac
802.11g
802.11ah
802.11ad
802.11ah is focused on wireless applications below 1 GHz
802.11 has been remarkably successful as a solution in 2.4GHz & 5GHz

Flexibly & cheaply meeting the needs of users
The obvious question is what about new applications in new bands?

Intelligent Transportation System @5.9Ghz was first
802.11ah is focused on lower power/rate & longer range in licence exempt bands below 1 GHz
Excluding TV broadcast bands
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The 802.11ah applications will tend to be lower power/rate & longer range
Proposed niche use cases
Smartgrid Primary application

Strong requirement for low power, low rate and long range Field & Neighbour Area networks 802.15.4g is possible competitor?
Video surveillance Consumer electronics, eg cameras Healthcare, eg bio-sensors
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802.11ah is focusing on >100kb/s at <1km with a traditional Wi-Fi feel

What is 802.11ah specification? Europe: 868-868.6 MHz Japan: 950-958 MHz China: 314-316, 390Spectrum 434, 470-510 & 779-787 MHz Kor: 917-923.5 MHz USA: 902-928 MHz 1,2,4,8,16 MHz Channel (compared to 20/40 MHz width in 802.11n) PHY Based on 802.11ac What will 802.11ah achieve? Rate Range > 100kb/s (less than traditional 802.11) < 1km the IEEE 802.11 WLAN user experience for fixed, outdoor, point to multi point applications (source: PAR)
Feel?
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802.11ah should be monitored until standards & market situation clearer

Recommendation
We dont expect significant market success for 802.11ah in the near future
Need a standard planned for 2014 Need a certification none yet discussed Need an ecosystem chip vendors interested and a SIG has formed! Need to compete there is competition from 802.15.4g/WiSun Not a lot of common spectrum worldwide
Watch this space!
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802.11b 802.11a 802.11n 802.11ac
802.11g
802.11ah
802.11af The Past The Future 802.11ad
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802.11af will define operations in TV White Space bands
The newly possible sharing of TV bands in many countries has resulted in opportunity for new unlicensed spectrum
This spectrum is often called TV White Space (TVWS)
New rules are being designed to protect assigned users from interference from unlicensed devices
Especially protecting digital TV & wireless microphones
An amendment of 802.11, called 802.11af, is being defined to enable the use of this new spectrum
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802.11af is focusing on using a database to avoid interfering

What is 802.11af specification? 470-698 MHz (UHF) Spectrum VHF varies by country 6, 7, 8 MHz (vs Channel 20/40 MHz in width 802.11n) What will 802.11af achieve? Rate
Less than traditional 802.11 due to narrow channels

More (3.5x) than traditional 802.11 due to superior propagation of TVWS
Range
PHY
Based on 802.11ac
Database enabled to avoid interfering with Coexistence TV & licensed microphones
Geolocation data base contains info about protected users; it will be able to authorise the use of a channel at a particular time, location & power for unlicensed operation
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The potential of TVWS is often oversold
There was been a lot of publicity related to TVWS

The FCC even called it Super Wi-Fi starting in 2010
However, much of the TVWS publicity is hype

Regulations are not yet in place in most/all countries There is often not much available TVWS where people live
Particularly in US metro areas (10% have 2 channels or less)
Likely some of todays TVWS will be allocated to cellular Standards & certification not ready until 2014 Not clear the case for yet another new radio is compelling given alternate solutions for most/all use cases
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The real value of 802.11af is the database approach to protect existing users
Recommendation
We dont expect significant market success for 802.11af in TVWS in the near future
Too much hype, not enough reality until beyond 2014 Possible cellular offload & extended coverage interesting
The real value of TVWS is the database approach

Approach could be used to open up other bands by providing a mechanism to protect existing users
Proposed for use in 3.55-3.65GHz band in the US
Trials of database sharing have already occurred in US, UK, Singapore, Japan, .
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Spectrum
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Wi-Fis success has resulting in a growing need for more spectrum

802.11/Wi-Fi has been a wildly successful technology, and is now going into everything! Wi-Fi requires more & more spectrum to support its rapidly growing use everywhere
Recall the forecasts of Wi-Fi use!
This requirement has led to a series of efforts to:

Identify new Wi-Fi spectrum for niche & mainstream use Define rules to allow sharing with existing users
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A variety of new Wi-Fi spectrum has been identified over the years ...
Spectrum in 2000
Mainstream
2.4 GHz 5150-5350 MHz 5725-5850 MHz 5Ghz not often used
Spectrum since 2000

5250-5350 MHz New rules 5470-5725 MHz DFS/TPC used for sharing
Planned new spectrum

All of 5GHz! Required to obtain full benefit from 802.11ac US & Europe
Niche
5850-5925 MHz Automotive applications 36503700 MHz (US) 60 GHz
<1GHz (various) eg. smartgrid TVWS (various) eg. rural broadband 3550-3650 MHz (US)
Note: spectrum availability varies by country; this table is representative
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... the new Wi-Fi spectrum has been supported by various 802.11 amendments
Year 1999 Amend. 802.11a Description Defined operation in 5GHz bands Mainstream
2003
2004
802.11h
802.11j
Enabled sharing with radar at 5Ghz

Defined regulatory classes
Mainstream
Mainstream
2008 2010 2012

2014 2016
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802.11y 802.11p 802.11ad

802.11af 802.11ah
Defined enablement concept 5.9GHz for automotive applications Defining operation in 60GHz bands
Defining operation in TVWS bands Defining operation in bands < 1Ghz
Niche Niche Niche?

Niche Niche
The key to most new Wi-Fi spectrum are various techniques for sharing
Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS) Typically used to avoid radar after detection Mostly successful technique, but some issues in relation to weather radar that are being resolved ... with more to be done Cisco led development of this technique with regulators Transmit Power Control (TPC) Typically used to avoid interfering with satellites by reducing power to the level actually needed Also useful to avoid interfering with neighbours Geolocation Database Database records characteristics of primary users Users must consult database to determine if & how allowed to operate at a particular location & time Cisco led development of this technique with regulators
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It is hoped that sharing techniques will soon enable use of all of 5GHz by 802.11ac
802.11ac defines use of 20, 40, 80, 80+80 & 160 MHz channels
The use of multiple 160 MHz channels requires more contiguous spectrum
There are regulatory & legislative efforts in US & Europe to allow more sharing of 5Ghz spectrum
5350-5470 MHz (sharing with radar) 5855-5925 MHz (sharing with ITS)
It is likely 5GHz band will open soon in China

5150-5250 MHz 5470-5725 MHz
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Wi-Fi QoS
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Wi-Fi QoS is mainly based on a Wi-Fi Alliance variant of 802.11e called WMM
Original 802.11 had two forms of access 802.11e defined two new forms of access EDCA: Enhanced Distributed Channel Access CSMA/CA access QoS on 8 statistical priority levels HCF Controlled Channel Access (HCCA) Scheduled access at any time QoS defined Wi-Fi Alliance certifies Wi-Fi QoS as WMM 802.11e took so long to finish that the Wi-Fi Alliance decided to certify a subset of a variant called WMM (Wireless Multimedia) This has caused ongoing issues ever since There was also a non certified variant of HCCA called WMMSA
DCF: Distributed Coordination Function CSMA/CA access No QoS defined Wi-Fi Certified Point Coordination Function (PCF) Scheduled access using a super frame structure QoS defined Never Wi-Fi Certified
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Wi-Fi QoS features have been progressively certified by the Wi-Fi Alliance since 2004
802.11e standard
2005 2005 2005 2005 2005
Wi-Fi specification
EDCA
WMM Not progressed (Wireless Multimedia) Specification 2004 Admission control 2010 Tunnelled Direct Link Setup
Wi-Fi certification
WMM No certification WMM-Power Save 2005 2004
EDCA
HCCA APSD Admission control Direct Link
WMM-Admission Control 2012 Tunnelled Direct Link Setup 2012
802.11z standard
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WMM-AC has enabled certified admission control for voice from mid 2012
WMM defines four priorities but does not limit the use of any priority, and so can increase congestion WMM-AC forces devices to request bandwidth before using higher priorities AC mechanism likely to be used in enterprise first, especially for voice (but also video)
Cisco has a similar mechanism in CCXv4 and CCX Lite
Wi-Fi certification occurred in mid 2012

Cisco AP are in the test bed, but not with an FCSed product yet
Certifications have been very slow
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Wi-Fi Voice Enterprise brings together roaming, performance, measurement & management ...
802.11k based measurement Clients measure the radio environment on behalf of AP & to troubleshoot performance AP summarises data for clients so they can choose BSS
802.11v based management APs recommend BSS transitions to clients to move to another AP based on network load & network topology
Measurement
Wi-Fi CERTIFIED
802.11r based transition Client is enabled to transition quickly to new AP within the same mobility domain, by reuse of 802.1X security keys Transition within 50ms
Roaming Performance
Voice Enterprise
802.11e based performance Uses WMM-AC (based on 802.11e) to reduce congestion Clients required to satisfy limits on latency, jitter, packet loss & consecutive lost packets
Management
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Wi-Fi Voice-Enterprise is a solution, rather than a feature certification

Most Wi-Fi certifications have been historically been feature based
In contrast, the Wi-Fi Voice-Enterprise certification focuses on certifying a voice solution

The certification was released in mid 2012
Cisco AP are in the test bed, but not with an FCSed product yet Certifications have been very slow
Interestingly, Cisco has provided similar features in CCX for many years
Cisco is likely to recommend this certification at some point And we do support 802.11r in released products
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Work on QoS for video continues with 802.11aa but there are no certification plans
Feature Groupcast with retries (GCR) Description Defines reliable multicast using unsolicited retries or a block ACK scheme Comment Contributed by Cisco from CCX
Interworking with 802.1AVB

Overlapping BSS management Stream classification service Intra-access category prioritization
Supports 802.1Qat stream reservation requests for end to end reservations

Assists AP to avoid overlap and share in an overlap situation Classifies MSDUs for transmission in a particular stream Adds extra EDCA queues for video & voice Heuristic attempting to provide guarantees
Unlikely to work
=> but not enough interest yet to start a Wi-Fi certification programme yet!
Wi-Fi Management
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Wi-Fi certified management is expanding to include 802.11k/v/ae/w

IEEE 802.11 standard Done
802.11k
Measurement
802.11v
Management
802.11ae
QoS for man.
802.11w
Security
2008
Voice Enterprise
2011
2012
2009
Management Frame Protection
Wi-Fi certification
Soon
Network Power Save
Later
WNM (Location, Operations & Troubleshooting)

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IEEE 802.11k, based on CCX features, is focused on measurement

802.11k was ratified in 2008 Was certified in Voice Enterprise, and maybe in WNM Measurement reports Beacon Frame Channel Load Noise Histogram STA Statistics Location Neighbor Report Link Measurement Transmit Stream Other features Measurement Pilot Status
Features
Simplify and/or automate WLAN radio configuration Better utilize radio resources Achieve better performance in dense deployments Alert administrator of problems Notify clients of radio status
Goals
Cisco
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Cisco contributed many CCX features to 802.11k amendment

IEEE 802.11v (aka the kitchen sink) is focused on management

BSS transition management Co-located interfer. reporting Diagnostic reporting Event reporting Flexible Multicast Service Multicast diagnostics reporting Multiple BSSID & SSID support An extension of the 802. 11k work into management of: Proxy ARP STAs by APs Presence & location WLANs by higher layers TIM broadcast Traffic filtering service (TFS) Cisco Cisco contributed many CCX features to 802.11v amendment
802.11v was ratified in 2011 Wi-Fi certifications could eventually include: Voice Enterprise (done!) Network Power Save WNM
The kitchen sink of features
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Goals
Status
IEEE 802.11ae is focused on appropriate QoS for management frames

IEEE 802.11ae was ratified in 2012 802.11ae could be certified as part of WNM Define mechanisms for prioritizing IEEE 802.11 management frames using existing mechanisms for medium access Traditionally, management frame were transmitted at the highest priority However, this make less sense as management frames are used to transmit less time sensitive (albeit still useful) information 802.11ae has been defined to allow management frames to be sent at appropriate priorities
Status
Features
Goals
Cisco
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Cisco contributed many of the core ideas used in 802.11ae

Wi-Fi Network Power Save will certify some 802.11v power save features
Wi-Fi Network Power Save certification is in progress It is likely to be available some time in 2012-13 BSS Max Idle Period - AP to indicate period in which it wont disassociate STA ARP Proxy - allows an AP to indicate that it can proxy ARP frames for its associated STAs Wake on WLAN - allows devices to remain in a very low-power save state until they receive specified frames Directed Multicast Service - avoids waking all STAs by transmitting group frames as individual frames Flexible Multicast Service - allows STA to sleep longer using multicast delivery interval for longer than DTIM
Cisco Public
Status
Likely features
Wi-Fi Network Power Save certifies features from 802.11v that focus on enhancing battery life of clients
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Goals
Wi-Fi WNM may certify various enterprise focused features for location, operations and troubleshooting
Certification plans uncertain; maybe 201415, maybe not at all! Using 802.11v, 802.11k, 802.11ae & location Enable management of enterprise networks Improve network & device performance Enable new locationbased applications Help reduce IT support costs Status Net. connectivity diagnostic (11k/v) Net. inventory (11v) Net. health monitoring (11k/v) Load balancing (11k/v) E-911 location (11k/v) Asset recovery using location (11k/v) Location enabled troubleshooting (11k/v) Efficient channel utilization (11v) Efficient power & channel management (11k/v/y) Prioritization of man. frames (11ae) Other (accurate) location features
Cisco Public
Possible features
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Goals
IEEE 802.11w & Wi-Fi MFP are focused on securing management frames
802.11w was ratified in 2009 Wi-Fi certification was issued in Jan 2012 but very few cert.s Mandatory likely to be delayed WPA2/802.11i was defined to provide security for data frames, and not management frames At the time this made sense because few management frames were sensitive to attack Since then 802.11k & 802.11v, in particular, have defined management frames that could be misused if not secured 802.11w has been defined to secure selected Wi-Fi management frames
Cisco Public
Status
The problem & solution
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Cisco
Provide data integrity, data origin authenticity, replay protection, & data confidentiality for selected man. frames Maintain backward Cisco contributed the basis of compatibility 802.11w from CCX
Goals
Wi-Fi Security
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Wi-Fi security is well beyond the WEP debacle of the past

WEP Broken! Replaced by WPA & then WPA2 Do not use!!!! WPA Based on TKIP & 802.1X Transitional only Avoid use! WPA2 Based on AES & 802.1X Enterprise class
Wi-Fi Alliance is strongly encouraging use of WPA2 (for enterprise & consumer), and Wi-Fi Protected Setup (for consumer) There are ongoing efforts in 802.11ai to optimise the process of setting up WPA2 security And Suite-B features coming soon, eg GCMP-256
Wi-Fi Protected Setup Designed to encourage consumers to use security Not enterprise class but this may change in the future
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Wi-Fi Direct
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Wi-Fi Direct has had a slow start but is may take off once interoperable services are defined
Wi-Fi Direct was certified in 2009 to support peer to peer networking
Unfortunately, Wi-Fi Direct has been both over & underwhelming so far
Over 1000 certifications And almost no use
This is because no interoperable middleware was certified at the time

There is mostly no way to do anything useful with a Wi-Fi Direct connection
The Wi-Fi Alliance is planning to remedy this problem in late 2013 with a certification of Wi-Fi Direct services
Wi-Fi Certified Miracast (aka Display) was certified in 2012 and is an early example of middleware for sending a display cross a peer to peer link Docking, serial bus and other similar certifications are all in the pipeline
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At that point Wi-Fi Direct may take off

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The use of Wi-Fi Direct in the enterprise environment has some anticipated issues
Security issue Wi-Fi Direct uses Wi-Fi Protected Setup for security Wi-Fi Protected Setup is not enterprise level security Ciscos recommendation is that devices using Wi-Fi Direct not be cross connected to the corporate network Cisco contributed a feature into the specification to enforce this There are efforts starting to make WiFi Protected Setup suitable for use in the enterprise
RF issue A Wi-Fi Direct device looks like a rogue AP to the corporate network, with all the usual problems associated with rogues Ciscos recommendation is that devices using Wi-Fi Direct be directed to use a specific channel Cisco contributed a feature into the Wi-Fi Direct specification to suggest the use of a channel
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There is growing evidence that Wi-Fi Direct & soft APs may cause even bigger problems in the future
At a number of large events in recent times there have been a very large number of soft APs operating This has led to much of the bandwidth being used by management traffic normally associated with APs Indeed at one recent prominent stadium event up to 95% of the airtime was taken up by management traffic from soft APs There is a risk that Wi-Fi Direct will overwhelm the 2.4GHz and non radar channels in the 5HGz band
Cisco is leading an industry effort to understand and hopefully mitigate this issue
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Hotspot 2.0: making Wi-Fi easy
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There is a massive forecast increase in the amount of mobile data over the next few years
75 times greater than all global IP traffic (fixed and mobile) in 2000
Source: Cisco Visual Networking Index (VNI) Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast, 20102015
Forecast growth of 26x between 2010-2015
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but there is not enough licensed spectrum to satisfy mobile data demand
It is a truism that operators need spectrum to operate their networks
The question is how much?

The answer is that they clearly do not have enough for future needs!
Operators are keenly lobbying for more licensed spectrum in most countries
Operators did not embrace Wi-Fi; now they cant get enough of it as they recognise it can be used for data offload
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and many people want to use Wi-Fi rather than 3G/4G on their smartphones
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but the traditional Wi-Fi hotspot experience is often frustrating compared to cellular
Todays cellular experience Todays Wi-Fi hotspot experience ? ? ?
? ? Operator has a cellular network and cellular roaming agreements worldwide Customer turns on phone and gets automatic and secure cellular connectivity anywhere in the world more voice bars in more places
Operator has home Wi-Fi network & some Wi-Fi roaming agreements However, customer does not get automatic and secure Wi-Fi connectivity (except maybe at home) and needs to intervene
Cisco Public
Connecting to a hotspot is way too hard today for the average person
Decide you want Wi-Fi connection

How do you know to even think their might be Wi-Fi available at a particular location?
Launch connection manager

Most people dont even know a connection manager exists on their device
Scan & select for correct SSID

But what is the correct SSID and on what basis is it selected?
Authenticate with hotspot
Sometimes requires password in connection manager, sometimes a splash screen
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The goal of Hotspot 2.0 is to make Wi-Fi as easy to use and secure as cellular
Todays cellular experience Hotspot 2.0 experience
Operator has a cellular network and cellular roaming agreements worldwide Customer turns on phone and gets automatic and secure cellular connectivity anywhere in the world more voice bars in more places
Operator has home Wi-Fi network & many Wi-Fi roaming agreements worldwide Customer turns on phone & gets automatic secure Wi-Fi connectivity anywhere in the world more data bars in more places
Cisco Public
Hotspot 2.0 consists of three basic technologies

Certified as Wi-Fi CERTIFIED Passpoint Network Discovery & Selection Provides discovery mechanisms (based on 802.11u) to assist automatic selection of most appropriate hotspot Either home or partner SP Based on a range of parameters available before association Provides secure connectivity (based on WPA2-Enterprise) Using well known EAP authentication methods & common credentials Credentials include SIM &
Online Signup Coming soon; probably in 2013 Allows an SP to securely signup a new customer via the HS2.0 hotspot Expands existing cellular capability Enables enhanced local services Operator Policy Provides mechanism for the home SP to specify connection policies & preferences SP policies may be over ridden by the user
Cisco Public
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The work being undertaken by the Wi-Fi Alliance to develop the HS2.0/Passpoint certifications is only part of the story
Developed 802.11u
Extended 11u concept to HS2.0
Refined and certified HS2.0 spec as Passpoint
Defines inter operator roaming
Working with WBA
Cisco led this group technically

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Cisco led a SIG like activity
Cisco leads this activity in HS2.0 TGs
Cisco was first vendor to join WBA Board

Cisco Public
Cisco participates in this activity
HS2.0/Passpoint is going to become the basis for a whole new user experience
Now suppose we have easy Wi-Fi connectivity ...
... and we add indoor location context

We can then define location based services anywhere ... a bit like a location based app store
Now we have a solution that will truly support the explosive growth of WiFi that has been forecast for so long
and allow venues to add real value to the customer experience
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DETECT
CONNECT
ENGAGE
GUEST PRESENCE
GUEST ACCESS
GUEST EXPERIENCE
Technology
Standard Beacon/Probe MAC HS2.0 (802.11u) Ext Beacon & Probe Based messaging Manual Web Page Portal Loyalty App
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HS2.0 802.1x, 802.11i Roaming/Subscription Pre-Association Service Advertisement e.g. MSAP Portal Redirect sign up/in Loyalty App App Store
OS - Post-Association Service Advertisement - e.g. Bonjour Browser Billboard Portal Redirect (venue owned) Loyalty Application 3rd Party Application Text Message
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Where have we been today?
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Todays presentation focused on various aspects of Wi-Fi & standards
Why is Wi-Fi so successful? Wi-Fi flexibly meets the needs of all users Who are key players in Wi-Fi standards?
IEEE 802.11 WG, Wi-Fi Alliance ... with Cisco leadership!

What is coming down the standards pipeline? A lot of exciting stuff, even after 20+ years of development!
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Call to action
Visit the Cisco Campus at the World of Solutions
to experience the following demos/solutions in action:
SP Wi-Fi WNG: Cisco Bonjour Gateway for Apple TV and Connected Mobile Experience WNG: 802.11ac Cisco Aironet Access Points and 802.11ac enabled laptops WNG: Cisco Midmarket Mobility Solution, featuring Policy Control on Cisco Wireless LAN Controllers
Get hands-on experience with the following Walk-in Labs Meet the Engineer Discuss your projects challenges at the Technical Solutions Clinics
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802.11 Wi-Fi Standards Update (2013 London)

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BRKEWN-2066

Wireless Standards Update

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Andrew Myles has participated in a variety of standards activities over 25 years

1987-88: ANSI X3T9.5

2001-: IEEE 802

... with dabbling in many other SDOs/ITAs over the years

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Why is Wi-Fi so exciting?

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Wi-Fi is touching our lives

The Wi-Fi Alliance found ...

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Wi-Fi is touching our lives

The Wi-Fi Alliance found ...

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

What is todays agenda?

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Todays presentation is going to focus on various aspects of Wi-Fi & standards

IEEE 802.11 WG, Wi-Fi Alliance ... with Cisco leadership!

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Todays presentation comes with some important caveats

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

and a request for questions later if there is no time today

There is too much material in this presentation

and so there will be little time for questions today

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Why is Wi-Fi so successful?

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Nov 2012 Growth areas

Consumer Electronics Networking Equipment PCs and Computing Devices

1,500 1,000 500 0

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Monthly data traffic (by category)

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Refrigerator Plant sensor Projector

This brand actually means something in the market!

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

And Wi-Fi is continually being used as the basis of innovation

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Who are the key players in Wi-Fi standards?

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Wi-Fis ecosystem is mainly based on cooperation between three main stakeholders

Formal goal Current activities

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Of course, the IEEE process is not perfect ...

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

who have a shared vision of seamless connectivity

Seamless connectivity ... using Wi-Fi

WLAN standards at Cisco are a vital component of a virtuous circle

Cisco is a champion of wireless innovation

Cisco is a champion of wireless standards

Cisco innovates based on open WLAN standards

Note: even Cisco cannot do it alone

Cisco is a champion of wireless standards

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. -

WNM TV White Spaces

* = officer Note: Cisco provided Board Chair from 2006-2011