REFER TEXT BOOK : PAGE 138

EXAMPLE :
replace
Metal ions

Sodium chloride

replace
Ammonium ion

Ammonium chloride

SALTS CONSIST ANION PART COMES FROM THE ACID WHILE CATION PART COMES FROM BASES
Common anions (parent acids)

Common cations Na+ K+ NH4+ Ca2+ Al3+ Mg2+ Zn2+ Pb2+

Metal ion
Na + Mg 2+ Cu 2+ Al 3+

Sulphate salts + H2SO4

Na2SO4 MgSO4 CuSO4 Al2(SO4)3

Chloride salts + HCl

NaCl MgCl2 CuCl2 AlCl3

Carbonate salts + H2CO3

Na2CO3 MgCO3 CuCO3 Al2(CO3)3

Nitrate salts + H2NO3

NaNO3 Mg(NO3)2 Cu(NO3)2 Al(NO3)3

All nitrate salts ; soluble salts

Aluminium nitrate,
Barium nitrate, Calcium nitrate, Silver nitrate, Iron(III) nitrate,

Al(NO3)3

Ba(NO3)2

Ca(NO3)2

AgNO3

Fe(NO3)3

Lead(II) nitrate,

Potassium nitrate,

Sodium nitrate,

Copper(II) nitrate,

Pb(NO3)2

KNO3

NaNO3

Cu(NO3)2

NO3-

All
Ammonium carbonate, Potassium carbonate,

salts ; soluble salts

Sodium carbonate, Potassium sulphate, Ammonium sulphate,

(NH4)2CO3

K2CO3

Na2CO3

K2SO4

(NH4)2SO4

Potassium nitrate,

Sodium nitrate,

Potassium chloride,

Sodium chloride,

KNO3

NaNO3

KCl

NaCl

All carbonate salts ; insoluble salts

Magnesium carbonate Calcium carbonate Silver carbonate

MgCO3

CaCO3

Ag2CO3
Other names[hide] Silver(I)Carbonate

Potassium carbonate

Sodium Carbonate

K2CO3

Na2CO3

Copper(II) carbonate

Zinc carbonate

Manganese(II) carbonate

CuCO3

ZnCO3

MnCO3

Ammonium carbonate

(NH4)2CO3

CO32-

All SO42-, Cl- salts ; soluble salts

Silver(I) Chloride Lead(II) Chloride Lead(II) sulphate Calcium(II) sulphate

AgCl

PbCl2

PbSO4

CaSO4

Mercury(II) Chloride

Barium sulphate

Cl-

HgCl2

BaSO4

SO42-

Iron(II) Chloride

Magnesium Chloride

Zinc Chloride

Sodium chloride,

FeCl2

MgCl2

ZnCl2

NaCl

Copper(II) Chloride

Copper(II) sulphate

Aluminium(II) sulphate

CuCl2

Potassium chloride,

CuSO4

Al2(SO4)3

KCl

SO4

2-

PbSO4 CaSO4 BaSO4 AgCl PbCl2

NO3-

Cl-

CO32-

CLASSIFICATION OF SALTS

PREPARATION OF SALTS

odium ,Na+ salts otassium, K+ salts mmonium, NH4+ salts

PREPARATION OF SOLUBLE SALTS

[ SODIUM SALTS / POTASSIUM SALTS / AMMONIUM SALTS ]

EXAMPLE PREPARATION OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE

H Cl K OH K Cl

LET DO THIS: PREPARATION OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE

APPARATUS : Pipette 25mL, Burette 50mL, Conical Flask 250 mL MATERIALS : Potassium hydroxide 1.0 M, Hydrochloric acid 1.0 M, Phenolphthalein
Use a pipette to transfer 25.0 cm3 of potassium hydroxide solution to a conical flask. Add 2 to 3 drops of Fill a burette with hydrochloric acid and record the initial burette reading. Slowly adding the acid into the conical flask and swirlsuntil the indicator turns from pink to colourless. Record the volume of acid used. (V cm3) Record the final burette reading in 2d.p

Colourless KOH turn to pink.

Record the burette reading in 2d.p

PREPARATION OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE

START OVER AGAIN BUT WITHOUT INDICATOR : To get the pure and neutral salt solution
Pipette 25.0 cm3 of the same potassium hydroxide solution into a conical flask. Do not add any indicator. From the burette, add exactly V cm3 of hydrochloric acid to the alkali and swirls and shake well.
Solution salt contains impurities continuous with recrystallisation process

HEATING/EVAPORATE
COOLING FILTRATION DRY

PREPARATION OF SOLUBLE SALTS

[ OTHER SALTS EXCEPT Na+, K+, NH4+]

Metal/ metal oxide/ metal carbonate

Pour 50 cm3 of sulphuric acid into a beaker. Warm the acid Use a spatula to add Glass rod copper(II) oxide powder bit by bit into the acid. Stir the Acid mixture well. Continue adding copper(II) oxide until some of it no longer dissolves(excess unreacted metal See the change of metal solid colour and dissolve

Excess unreacted metal (residue) Evaporating basin with salt solution (filtrate)

Solution salt contains impurities continuous with recrystallisation process

HEATING/EVAPORATE

COOLING

Salt solution
Evaporating basin

FILTRATION

DRY These physical characteristics: Regulars geometry shapes, such as cubic or hexagonal. Flat faces, straight edges and sharp angles. Same angle between adjacent faces.

Rinse with distilled water

Glass rod

Salt Cystals

Filter Paper

The crystals are filtered and rinsed with a little cold distilled water.

NEUTRALISATION REACTION

PREPARATION OF SOLUBLE SALTS

DISSOLVE SOLUTE IN ACID

1ST TITRATION WITH INDICATOR FIND VOLUME OF ACID 2ND TITRATION NO INDICATOR GET PURE SALT

TRANSFER TO EVAPORATING BASIN

HEATING DISSOLVE METAL IN ACID EXCESS METAL NOT DISSOLVE COMPLETE REACT

HEATING/EVAPORATE

COOLING

FILTRATION DRY

PREPARATION OF INSOLUBLE SALTS

[ ALL CARBONATE SALTS except Na+/K+/NH4+ ] PbSO4 / CaSO4/ BaSO4/PbCl2/ AgCl ]
EXAMPLE PREPARATION OF LEAD(II) CHLORIDE Pb NO3 Na Cl

Pb

Cl2

Na

NO3

DOUBLE DECOMPOSITION METHOD TWO AQUOUES SOLUTIONS/SOLUBLE SALTS WERE MIX TOGETHER INTERCHANGE TO PRODUCE TWO NEW COMPOUND WHICH IS INSOLUBLE SALT OR PRECIPITATE, AND AQUEOUS SOLUTION/SOLUBLE SALTS

two aquoues solutions/soluble salts were mix together

[one of the solutions contains the cations of the insoluble salt]

[one of the solutions contains the anions of the insoluble salt]

the ions of the two aqueous solutions above interchange to produce two new compound which is insoluble salt or precipitate, and aqueous solution

Mixture solutions

Glass rod

Distilled water

Glas s rod

Filter paper

Precipitate (residue)
Filter funnel Aqueous Solution (filterate)

Precipitate (residue)

Retort stand

Filtration : Remove solution from precipitate

Rinse : remove other ions from precipitate

Precipitate /Soluble salts

Filter paper

FLOW CHART : PREPARATION OF INSOLUBLE SALTS

MIX - STIR TWO SOLUBLE SALTS

Dry : Dried by pressing between two pieces of filter paper.

FILTRATION REMOVE FILTRATE

RINSE REMOVE OTHER IONS DRY

PRESS BETWEEN FILTER PAPER

PREPARATION OF SALTS
REMEMBER : METAL ION DISPLACE HYDROGEN ION IN ACID TO FORMED SALTS

HCl [H+/Cl-] Hydrochloric acid

Na+ K+
NH4+

Ca2+ Al3+
Mg2+ Fe3+

Zn2+ Pb2+
Cu2+ Fe2+

HNO3 [H+/NO3-] Nitric Acid H2SO4 [2H+/SO42-] Nitric Acid H2CO3 [2H+/CO32-] Nitric Acid

Method/Reaction

Reason

Type of Salts (Metal)

Neutralisation (Titration method) Alkali + Acid Salts + Water

Metal Displacement Metal + Acid Salts + Hydrogen

Most salts of sodium, potassium, and ammonium ions are soluble.

More electropositive metal can be displaced hydrogen ion from acid. Less electropositive metal not be displaced hydrogen ion from acid.

Na+ K+ NH4+
Ca2+ Mg2+ Al3+ Zn2+ Mostly Cu2+/Pb2+ /Ag+

Metal oxide + Acid Salts + Hydrogen

Metal carbonate + Acid Salts + Water + Carbon dioxide

metal carbonate is a solid that cannot dissolves in water, in reaction that solid must be added excessively

All above except Na+/K+/NH4+

Reactive metal is magnesium, aluminium, and zinc. Unreactive metal is iron, lead, silver

Metal that is less reactive from hydrogen such as copper, lead and silver did not react with dilute acid.

Soluble salts of sodium, potassium and ammonium can be prepared by the reaction between an acid and alkali.

Metal, metal oxide and metal carbonate is a solid that cannot dissolves in water, hence during reaction that solid must be added excessively to make sure all hydrogen ions in acid is completely reacted. Excess solid can be expelling through filtration.

Unreactive metal such as lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and silver (Ag) cannot react with dilute acid. So to prepare salt contains lead ions (Pb2+), copper ions (Cu2+) or silver ions (Ag+), we must use either oxide powder or carbonate powder only. Impure soluble salt can be purified through crystallization process