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Head-Penstock
Hydraulic Turbines
Transfer Function
Special Characteristics
Electrical Analog
Conclusions
Hydraulic Prime Movers Electrical Engineering Power Systems Analysis Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Diego Nicol as L opez Ram rez dnlopezr@unal.edu.co
D. L opez
Prime Movers
Agenda
Head-Penstock
Hydraulic Turbines
Transfer Function
Special Characteristics
Electrical Analog
Conclusions
Special Issues
D. L opez
Prime Movers
Agenda
Head-Penstock
Hydraulic Turbines
Transfer Function
Special Characteristics
Electrical Analog
Conclusions
Special Issues
1 2
D. L opez
Prime Movers
Agenda
Head-Penstock
Hydraulic Turbines
Transfer Function
Special Characteristics
Electrical Analog
Conclusions
Special Issues
1 2 3
Hydroelectric dam highlights Hydraulic turbines Hydraulic turbine transfer function-Linear systems
D. L opez
Prime Movers
Agenda
Head-Penstock
Hydraulic Turbines
Transfer Function
Special Characteristics
Electrical Analog
Conclusions
Special Issues
1 2 3 4
Hydroelectric dam highlights Hydraulic turbines Hydraulic turbine transfer function-Linear systems Special characteristics
D. L opez
Prime Movers
Agenda
Head-Penstock
Hydraulic Turbines
Transfer Function
Special Characteristics
Electrical Analog
Conclusions
Special Issues
1 2 3 4 5
Hydroelectric dam highlights Hydraulic turbines Hydraulic turbine transfer function-Linear systems Special characteristics Electrical analog
D. L opez
Prime Movers
Agenda
Head-Penstock
Hydraulic Turbines
Transfer Function
Special Characteristics
Electrical Analog
Conclusions
Special Issues
1 2 3 4 5 6
Hydroelectric dam highlights Hydraulic turbines Hydraulic turbine transfer function-Linear systems Special characteristics Electrical analog Simulink/Block diagram
D. L opez
Prime Movers
Agenda
Head-Penstock
Hydraulic Turbines
Transfer Function
Special Characteristics
Electrical Analog
Conclusions
Special Issues
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Hydroelectric dam highlights Hydraulic turbines Hydraulic turbine transfer function-Linear systems Special characteristics Electrical analog Simulink/Block diagram Conclusions
D. L opez
Prime Movers
Agenda
Head-Penstock
Hydraulic Turbines
Transfer Function
Special Characteristics
Electrical Analog
Conclusions
Dam Scheme
Agenda
Head-Penstock
Hydraulic Turbines
Transfer Function
Special Characteristics
Electrical Analog
Conclusions
Head-Penstock
Variables
D. L opez
Prime Movers
Agenda
Head-Penstock
Hydraulic Turbines
Transfer Function
Special Characteristics
Electrical Analog
Conclusions
Pelton Wheel
Agenda
Head-Penstock
Hydraulic Turbines
Transfer Function
Special Characteristics
Electrical Analog
Conclusions
Pelton Wheel
Description
Impulse-type turbine
D. L opez
Prime Movers
Agenda
Head-Penstock
Hydraulic Turbines
Transfer Function
Special Characteristics
Electrical Analog
Conclusions
Pelton Wheel
Description
1 2
D. L opez
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Head-Penstock
Hydraulic Turbines
Transfer Function
Special Characteristics
Electrical Analog
Conclusions
Pelton Wheel
Description
1 2 3
Impulse-type turbine The supplied energy is enterly Kinetic For high heads, up to 300 m or more
D. L opez
Prime Movers
Agenda
Head-Penstock
Hydraulic Turbines
Transfer Function
Special Characteristics
Electrical Analog
Conclusions
Pelton Wheel
Description
1 2 3 4
Impulse-type turbine The supplied energy is enterly Kinetic For high heads, up to 300 m or more It works under atmospheric pressure because there is no way to conne water
D. L opez
Prime Movers
Agenda
Head-Penstock
Hydraulic Turbines
Transfer Function
Special Characteristics
Electrical Analog
Conclusions
Pelton Wheel
Description
1 2 3 4
Impulse-type turbine The supplied energy is enterly Kinetic For high heads, up to 300 m or more It works under atmospheric pressure because there is no way to conne water Ease of control-(Governors)
D. L opez
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Head-Penstock
Hydraulic Turbines
Transfer Function
Special Characteristics
Electrical Analog
Conclusions
Francis Turbine
Agenda
Head-Penstock
Hydraulic Turbines
Transfer Function
Special Characteristics
Electrical Analog
Conclusions
Francis Turbine
Description
Reaction-type turbine
D. L opez
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Agenda
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Hydraulic Turbines
Transfer Function
Special Characteristics
Electrical Analog
Conclusions
Francis Turbine
Description
1 2
D. L opez
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Hydraulic Turbines
Transfer Function
Special Characteristics
Electrical Analog
Conclusions
Francis Turbine
Description
1 2 3
Reaction-type turbine Hybrid condition-Potential plus Kinetic energies For heads up to 360 m
D. L opez
Prime Movers
Agenda
Head-Penstock
Hydraulic Turbines
Transfer Function
Special Characteristics
Electrical Analog
Conclusions
Francis Turbine
Description
1 2 3 4
Reaction-type turbine Hybrid condition-Potential plus Kinetic energies For heads up to 360 m Given that the lower head, the higher water ow
D. L opez
Prime Movers
Agenda
Head-Penstock
Hydraulic Turbines
Transfer Function
Special Characteristics
Electrical Analog
Conclusions
Francis Turbine
Description
1 2 3 4 5
Reaction-type turbine Hybrid condition-Potential plus Kinetic energies For heads up to 360 m Given that the lower head, the higher water ow The pressure is above the atmospheric because of water immersion
D. L opez
Prime Movers
Agenda
Head-Penstock
Hydraulic Turbines
Transfer Function
Special Characteristics
Electrical Analog
Conclusions
Francis Turbine
Description
1 2 3 4 5
Reaction-type turbine Hybrid condition-Potential plus Kinetic energies For heads up to 360 m Given that the lower head, the higher water ow The pressure is above the atmospheric because of water immersion The water impacts the runner through the vane guides tangentially and exits axially
D. L opez
Prime Movers
Agenda
Head-Penstock
Hydraulic Turbines
Transfer Function
Special Characteristics
Electrical Analog
Conclusions
Francis Turbine
Agenda
Head-Penstock
Hydraulic Turbines
Transfer Function
Special Characteristics
Electrical Analog
Conclusions
Kaplan Turbine
Agenda
Head-Penstock
Hydraulic Turbines
Transfer Function
Special Characteristics
Electrical Analog
Conclusions
Kaplan Turbine
Description
Reaction-type categorie-Propeller
D. L opez
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Head-Penstock
Hydraulic Turbines
Transfer Function
Special Characteristics
Electrical Analog
Conclusions
Kaplan Turbine
Description
1 2
D. L opez
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Head-Penstock
Hydraulic Turbines
Transfer Function
Special Characteristics
Electrical Analog
Conclusions
Kaplan Turbine
Description
1 2 3
Reaction-type categorie-Propeller Hybrid condition-Potential plus Kinetic energies It works with a high pressure due to high water ow volume
D. L opez
Prime Movers
Agenda
Head-Penstock
Hydraulic Turbines
Transfer Function
Special Characteristics
Electrical Analog
Conclusions
Kaplan Turbine
Description
1 2 3 4
Reaction-type categorie-Propeller Hybrid condition-Potential plus Kinetic energies It works with a high pressure due to high water ow volume For heads up to 100 m
D. L opez
Prime Movers
Agenda
Head-Penstock
Hydraulic Turbines
Transfer Function
Special Characteristics
Electrical Analog
Conclusions
Kaplan Turbine
Description
1 2 3 4 5
Reaction-type categorie-Propeller Hybrid condition-Potential plus Kinetic energies It works with a high pressure due to high water ow volume For heads up to 100 m The water can impact axially or tangentially
D. L opez
Prime Movers
Agenda
Head-Penstock
Hydraulic Turbines
Transfer Function
Special Characteristics
Electrical Analog
Conclusions
Hydraulic Turbines
Selection Chart
D. L opez
Prime Movers
Agenda
Head-Penstock
Hydraulic Turbines
Transfer Function
Special Characteristics
Electrical Analog
Conclusions
Hydraulic turbines
Some hydroplants
Guavio, 5 230 MW Pelton turbines, Q =25 m3 /s Chivor, 8 125 MW Pelton turbines, Q =20.25 m3 /s San Carlos, 8 155 MW Pelton turbines, Q =32.7 m3 /s Itaipu, 20 715 MW Francis turbines, Q =645 m3 /s T. Gorges, 26 700 MW Francis turbines, Q =600 940 m3 /s
D. L opez
Prime Movers
Agenda
Head-Penstock
Hydraulic Turbines
Transfer Function
Special Characteristics
Electrical Analog
Conclusions
In order to relate the variables dened before, it is necessary to neglect and idealize the dynamics in the system, therefore, we have the following assumptions
1 2 3
The water resistance is negligible The penstock pipe is inelastic The velocity of water varies direcltly with the gate opening and the square root of the head The turbine output power is proportional to the product of head and the water volume ow
D. L opez
Prime Movers
Agenda
Head-Penstock
Hydraulic Turbines
Transfer Function
Special Characteristics
Electrical Analog
Conclusions
Transfer Function
Velocity
The turbine and penstock and turbine characteristics are determined by
1 2 3
The velocity of water in the penstock V Turbine mechanical power Pm Acceleration of the water column
(1)
By taking the total dierential of V and normalizing with steady state operation values V0 = Ku G0 H0 = G + 1 H V 2
D. L opez Prime Movers
(2)
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Hydraulic Turbines
Transfer Function
Special Characteristics
Electrical Analog
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Transfer Function
Mechanical Power
Again, by taking the total dierential and normalizing, for small changes around the steady state condition, the change in Pm is given by P (4) m = H + V
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Hydraulic Turbines
Transfer Function
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Transfer Function
Mechanical Power
Substituting equation 1 in equation 2 to obtain 3 P m = H + G 2 again from equation 1 in 5, it yields Incorporating H P m = 3V 2G (6) (5)
D. L opez
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Hydraulic Turbines
Transfer Function
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Electrical Analog
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Transfer Function
From fundamental uid mechanics the acceleration in the water column is given from the Newtons Second Law m d V = F dt = LA d V = Ag H dt (7)
Where: is the mass density (uid) L is the length of the penstock A is the penstock cross area g is the acceleration due to gravity
D. L opez
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Head-Penstock
Hydraulic Turbines
Transfer Function
Special Characteristics
Electrical Analog
Conclusions
Transfer Function
where Tw is the water starting time. Finally, by making the past substitutions and taking the Laplace transform in 8, the turbine transfer function is given by P 1 Tw s m = 1 + 1 Tw s G 2 (9)
D. L opez
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Head-Penstock
Hydraulic Turbines
Transfer Function
Special Characteristics
Electrical Analog
Conclusions
(11)
D. L opez
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Hydraulic Turbines
Transfer Function
Special Characteristics
Electrical Analog
Conclusions
Special Characteristics
8 10 Time [s]
12
14
16
18
Agenda
Head-Penstock
Hydraulic Turbines
Transfer Function
Special Characteristics
Electrical Analog
Conclusions
Special Characteristics
U (t ) Responses
3 Step Power Velocity Head
1 Response pu
0.5
1.5
2 Time [s]
2.5
3.5
Figure: All of the relevant variations during the turbine gate positions.
D. L opez Prime Movers
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Hydraulic Turbines
Transfer Function
Special Characteristics
Electrical Analog
Conclusions
Special Characteristics
Ramp Response
1.5 Ramp Power Velocity
Response pu
Agenda
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Hydraulic Turbines
Transfer Function
Special Characteristics
Electrical Analog
Conclusions
Special Characteristics
Simulation
Agenda
Head-Penstock
Hydraulic Turbines
Transfer Function
Special Characteristics
Electrical Analog
Conclusions
Electric circuit
In understanding the performance of a hydraulic turbine, it is worthwhile to visualize a RL circuit comparison L
E0 i
+
D. L opez Prime Movers
Agenda
Head-Penstock
Hydraulic Turbines
Transfer Function
Special Characteristics
Electrical Analog
Conclusions
Conclusions
Given that ideal transfer function is an approximate model to investigate the mechanical power response in a generation system due to changes in the water column, it permits to calculate a useful design for a hydro turbine installation and at the other hand, to create control systems to prevent a malfunction in the synchronous machine operation in means of voltage and frequency disturbances at the generation buses. By regarding that the past model was not the most precise, we can include the water elasticity, the water hammer eect, the water resistance etc. in the initial model.
D. L opez
Prime Movers
Agenda
Head-Penstock
Hydraulic Turbines
Transfer Function
Special Characteristics
Electrical Analog
Conclusions
References
References
Kundur, P. S. Power System Stability and Control. Electric Power Reasearch Intitute. McGrawHill. 1994. Suesc un, I. Centrales El ectricas. Universidad de Antioquia.
D. L opez
Prime Movers