Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Training Courses
Curricula for
MODULE 1
Voltage dips and short interruptions
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Power Quality Expert Level 2
Module 1
Voltage dips and short interruptions
1 INTRODUCTION
Voltage dips and short and long interruptions have a negative influence on the power consumer’s
economical indicators. The practical determination of PQ indexes can offer useful information to
the electricity supplier, concerning the PQ of the supplied electricity. Also, useful information will be
supplied to the customers for decisions taking in relation with assuring of a well operation into the
electrical network node under discussion.
1.1 General aims
Two kinds of electromagnetic disturbances are dealt with in this seminar: voltage dips and short
interruptions. In this sense, the peculiar notions, methods and measuring means of these
disturbances, the data acquisition, their interpretation, the specific indexes assessment and the
information extraction needed for the decisions processing related to the mitigation of the power
quality of the supplied electricity will be briefly presented. Also, will be analysed real cases for
which will be selected / chosen and dimensioned adequate solutions for limiting the disturbances.
1.2 Target groups
This module’s target group are mainly:
• end-users of equipment;
• designers, consultants;
• building up or installation work contractor;
• electric networks operators;
• equipment sellers and services providers in the electricity sector.
2 SPECIFIC AIMS AND TOPICS
The pathway of module consists of a 2 days seminar, subdivided in sections (with different
duration), with these contents and related aims.
1st day
Contents Recapitulation of the notions related to voltage dips and short interruptions, methods and
measuring means of these disturbances, the data acquisition (measurement principles,
references values etc.). Criteria and requirements for measurements performing,
techniques of reporting the results etc.
Notions about statistical processing of the experimental results. EXCEL programming
notions, examples of graphic tracing, statistical analyze.
Monitoring equipment description and operation.
The installation of the software, on computers, in directly relation with the equipment
under debate. The download of the measured data. The preliminary analizes of the
measured data.
Aims Recapitulation of the basic notions related to voltage dips and short supply interruptions. The
supplying of basic knowledge concerning on: the utilization of the measuring equipment, the
download on computers and the statistical processing of the measured data.
2nd day
Contents The tagging of the experimental data over CBEMA, ITIC curves. The assesment of
power quality indexes. The aggregation. The vulnerability area. Maps with PQ indexes
performed attached at the electrical networks. The customer prejudices assesment.
Solutions for the power quality improvment and economical evaluation. To decide on and
to dimension a PQ improvement solution for a real situation (a customer sensitive to
voltage dips and short supply interruptions).
Aims The utilization of the experimental obtained data for the assessment of the power quality
and prejudices. The establishing of PQ improvement solutions. To decide on and to
dimension a PQ improvement solution for a real case/situation.
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Power Quality Expert Level 2
Time
Knowledge Lesson
progression Section level
(hours)
Monitoring equipment
To decide on and to
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Power Quality Expert Level 2
First day:
60 min. Section 1: Recapitulation of the basic notions related to voltage dips and short
interruptions.
Definitions. The disturbances description. Voltage dips and short interruptions
measurement principles. Power quality indexes concerning voltage dips and
short interruptions. CBEMA and ITIC curves. Duration - amplitude charts for
voltage dips. Needed information. Examples.
Modality: Lesson and discussions.
90 min. Section 4: The installation (on computers) of the software concerning the
monitoring equipment under debate. The acquisised data download.
The preliminary analizes of the measured values. Comments. Observations.
(It will be used 3 different type of monitoring equipments from those used - in real
operation - to measure voltage dips and and short interruptions.)
Modality: Practical activities and discussions.
Second day:
120 min. Section 5: The tagging of the recorded data over CBEMA and ITIC curves. The
determination of PQ indexes on recorded data basis. Time and space
aggregation. The vulnerability area. Maps with the performed PQ indexes
attached at the electrical networks.
Modality: Practical activities and discussions.
40 min. Section 6: The calculation of customer’s prejudices caused by voltage dips and
short interruptions.
Modality: Practical activities and discussions.
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Power Quality Expert Level 2
110 min. Section 7: Solutions for the power quality improvment and economical
evaluation.
To decide on and to dimension a PQ improvement solution for a real customer
(the respective customer is sensitive to voltage dips and short interruptions).
Modality: Practical activities and discussions.
25 min. Section 8: Introduction into the homework. Each participant should solve the
homework up to the next seminar/module and send it back to the lectures team
for appreciation).
The homework appreciation (positive / negative) will complete / finalize the
seminar / module attendance (confirm / infirm it) under debate.
Modality: Lesson and discussions.
GENERAL NOTES
− each day there will be coffee breaks according to the seminar/module program;
− at the beginning of the module the lecturer will explain the module aims and at the end he will
verify their fulfilment;
− the module will be divided in theoretical and practical sections;
− at the end of the module, a user satisfaction survey will help the lecturer in monitoring the module
quality.
4 TEACHING METHODS
During all the sections, the lecturer will always attend, with teaching and/or activity coordination
duty.
The didactic tools which will be used by the lecturers will be:
− Blackboard;
− Video-projector;
− Pointer;
− Notebook;
− Power quality monitoring equipments (minimum 3 different type of equipment).
The attendants have to come at seminar with laptops for the practical activities which will be
performed during the seminar.
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Power Quality Expert Level 2
The lecture room will be suitable to allow the use of all the above listed didactic tools and to enable
group work for the attendants.
The folder will also include a user satisfaction questionnaire (which will be filled and submitted at
the end of the seminar / module)
The attendants have to have the Power Quality Expert 1st Level LPQIVES Certification. The
following (on the basic level) shall be prerequisite for the participant:
− electric circuits theory: AC circuits;
− electric machines;
− electric power engineering; power system / electrical power network;
− electric metrology;
− knowledge in using software programs.
7 ACQUIRED KNOWLEDGE
The knowledge acquired during the seminar/module should be sufficient for:
− the monitoring equipment installing, setting-up and operating;
− the disturbance assessment on measurement data basis;
− the statistical processing of experimental data and the assessment of power quality specific
indexes;
− the assessment of the technical and economical effects caused by the respective disturbance;
− to decide on and to dimension solutions for the power quality improvement.
8 ANNEXES
List of references from MIDAS:
Press
1. PR-00007, Heydt, G, Power Quality Engineering, JEEE, Sep 2001
Encompassing most areas of electric power engineering, from generation to utilization, power quality
engineering has been a topic of interest from the inception or the power engineering field. Here, the
author describes how some contemporary factors have made it the subject of more focused interest
2. PR-00012, Gomez, J, Coordinating overcurrent protection and voltage sag in
distributed generation systems, IEEE Power Engineering Review, Feb 2002
The new scenario implies that the time-voltage characteristic of a protective device changes into a zone
that modifies previous methodologies and increases the dropout susceptibility of sensitive equipment.
3. PR-00020, Gurney, J, Hughes, B, Li, C, Neilson, B, Xu, W, Virtual PQ troubleshooter,
IEEE power & energy magazine, may/june 2003
The authors describe a prototype instrument that locates the sources of power quality disturbances and
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Power Quality Expert Level 2
Publication
5. REP-00002, 2004, 1-9 Power Quality Glossary, Application note
The glossary of main technical terms used in PQ
6. REP-00004, 2003, 2-3 Persuading consumers to invest in voltage sag, Application Note
Investement analysis of voltage dips mitigation methods
7. REP-00022, 2003, 5-3-4 Considerations for choosing different voltage dip mitigation
devices, Application Note
Sensitive loads. Mitigation devices and their performance
This paper compares various systems protecting industrial processes against voltage sags
(Flywheel, Static UPS, Dynamic Voltage Restorer, Statcom, Shunt connected Synchronous
Motor and a Transformerless Series Injector). The systems are compared with regard to dip
immunization capability and several other technical and economic parameters.
8. REP-00028, 2003, 6-2-2 Power quality measurement technology: fit for the future,
Application Note
Somehow Fluke philosophy of PQ measurement - hints. Subjects:
- The main problems
- A comparison of the approaches: former vs. future
- New opportunities
- New tools for the power quality measurement technology of the future
9. REP-00046, 2002, 5-1 Voltage dips - Introduction, Application note
Dips causes. Sensitivity; CBEMA, ITEC, ANSI curves.
10. REP-00048, 2003, 5-2-1 Predictive Maintenance - The key to Power Quality,
Application note
The concept of predictive maintenance. Rhopoint Systems - PQ Index
11. REP-00049, 2002, 5-3-2 Voltage Dip Mitigation, Application note
Overview of different voltage stabilizers.
12. REP-00051, 2003, 5-5-1 Voltage Sag in Continuous Processes. Case Study,
Application note
How to mitigate voltage dips in vulnerable areas of textile factory.
13. REP-00057, 2003, TECHNO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF METHODS TO REDUCE
DAMAGE DUE TO VOLTAGE DIPS, Application note
This is the text of a Ph D thesis.
To determine whether there are cost effective mitigation methods to avoid or limit damage caused
by voltage dips, requires detailed information on several aspects, such as an estimation of the number
of dips to be expected, an overview of possible solutions and a correct economic decision-making
criterion. The current literature describes these aspects in an isolated way, neglecting the interactions
between the coupled aspects. This work describes and completes the aspects involved. Furthermore,
it combines them in a coherent framework, resulting in an applicable strategy to find the best
technoeconomic
solution in a concrete situation. The applicability of the introduced methods is demonstrated
by case studies of industrial processes in an existing grid.
Chapters:
1. Introduction
2. Problem analysis
3. Dip characterization and propagation
4. Estimating dip frequency: area of vulnerability
5. Estimating dip frequency: dip measurements
6. Mitigation methods
7. Cost-benefit analysis of mitigation methods
8. Integration of all aspects
9. Textile fiber extrusion process
10. Summary, conclusions and future research
14. REP-00072, 2003, Voltage dip immunity test set up for induction motor drives,
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Power Quality Expert Level 2
Application note
Variable-speed drives are sensitive to voltage dips. A test set-up for assessing the immunity of standard
induction-motor drives to dips in the supply voltage is described.
Measurements result in voltage-tolerance curves. Measurements are compared to simulation results.
15. REP-00110, 2003, Voltage sag measurement and characterization. Technical note no.
4., Application note
Voltage sag measurement and characterisation - subjects:
1. Introduction
2. Load susceptibility
3. Event reporting
4. Site reporting
5. Site indices
6. Sag surveys
16. REP-00125, 2002, Specification guidelines to improve power quality immunity and
reduce plant operating costs, Paper
There are many useful IEEE and IEC standards that support the design of chemical and petrochemical
plants. This article brings relevant Power Quality standards information together and provides
recommendations in areas not yet covered in current standards. Circuit configurations for cost saving
solutions are provided.
17. REP-00126, 1998, Using voltage sag and interruption indices in distribution planning,
Paper
A traditional approach to distribution planning calls for the most economical system upgrades, timed to
meet projected capacity needs. In a more competitive environment, there is also value in improving the
power quality. Power quality impacts, especially in the areas of RMS voltage variations and sustained
interruptions, can alter the economic evaluation of investment options for capacity expansion. While it
may appear attractive to feed new load from a particular substation, an increased sag rate may result,
favoring a different solution. This paper describes a planning process that includes power quality
impacts. The process is dependent on service quality indices that measure the performance of the
system. Methods for estimating the indices from measurements and simulations are discussed. An
example is presented that illustrates how consideration for the cost of RMS variations and sustained
interruptions can alter the planning decision.
18. REP-00127, 2002, Power quality indices and objectives. Ongoing activities in CIGRE
WG 36-07, Paper
This paper gives an overview of the ongoing activities in CIGRE WG36-07: "Power quality indices and
objectives". It introduces the considerations supporting the need for power quality indices and objectives
in the present context of deregulation of the electricity industry. Experts generally agree on the need for
standardized quality indices allowing to monitor and to report power quality in a common format.
However, concerning quality objectives the need is more likely for different levels of quality that can
match customers expectations and the price they are wilting to pay for electricity. Some practical
limitations to voltage quality monitoring are also discussed. The status of the work within the working
group is described for harmonics, flicker, unbalance and voltage dips.
19. REP-00130, 2001, Variable speed drives and motors - motor shaft voltages and
bearing currents, Application note
This user guide provides information to enable the correct selection and installation of low voltage
induction motors and Voltage Source PWM inverters with respect to minimising the effects of shaft
voltages and potentially damaging bearing currents.
20. REP-00141, 2002, Voltage dip immunity test set-up for induction motor drives, Paper
Paper presents test set up to determine immunity of a motor to voltage dip.
21. REP-00144, 1996, Guide to quality of electrical supply for industrial installations.
PART 1: Types of disturbances and relevant standards, Brochure
(Document available in the library of Katholieke Universiteit Leuven)
1. Scope
2. Introduction to the concept of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)
2.1. Definition of EMC
2.2. Basic concepts
2.3. Compatibility, emission and immunity levels
2.4. The concept of electromagnetic environment
3. Types of disturbances, origins and effects
3.1. General classification
3.2. Harmonics
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Power Quality Expert Level 2
3.3. Interharmonics
3.4. Voltage fluctuations
3.5. Voltage dips and short (supply) interruptions
3.6. Voltage unbalance - asymmetry
3.7. Power frequency variations
3.8. Transient overvoltages
3.9. Mains siganlling
3.10. Reference to HF conducted and LF and HF radiated disturbances
4. Coordination strategies among the involved parties
4.1. Evaluation of the disturbance emission level
4.2. Immunity of equipment
4.3. Mitigation techniques
4.4. Prediction studies for installation requirements
4.5. An approach to measurement criteria
5. Main standards and othter EMC publications
5.1. Recent developments in the approach to evaluating EMC coordination
5.2. Relevant EMC standards on EMC
5.3. CENELEC and national EMC standards and publications
5.4. Relevant publication from other international bodies dealing with EMC
6. Glossary of terms and definitions
7. Abbreviations
8. References
Appendix A. Disturbance compatibility levels in figures
A-1. Electromagnetic compatibility levels for low-, medium- and high-voltage public distribution networks
A-2. Electromagnetic compatibility levels for indoor industrial plants
22. REP-00146, 2000, Understanding power quality problems - Voltage sags and
interruptions: 1. Overview of power quality and power quality standards, Book
Chapter 1 of the book "Understanding power quality problems - Voltage sags and interruptions" (IEEE
Press, ISBN 0-7803-4713-7)
Interest in power quality
Power quality, voltage quality
Overview of PQ phenomena
PQ and EMC standards
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Power Quality
Training Courses
Curricula for
MODULE 2
Harmonics and Interharmonics
www.lpqi.org
Power Quality Expert Level 2
Module 2
Harmonics and Interharmonics
1 INTRODUCTION
Voltage and current harmonics and interharmonics are generated by non-linear loads connected to
electrical distribution networks. This kind of disturbances become more and more presently into the
electrical distribution networks, especially because of large using of the power electronic systems.
The presence of harmonics and interharmonics lead to the increasing of the power losses and to
resonance phenomena into the electrical networks, the appearance of unwanted couples at
electrical machines and to an additional warming of the transformers, at measuring errors and at
an incorrect operation of the control systems, at telecommunication networks disturbing etc.
So, the knowing of the sources of harmonics and interharmonics, respectively of the solutions for
limitation of these disturbances are very important for electricity suppliers and users.
1.1 General aims
Voltage and current harmonics and interharmonics will be studied during this seminar. In this
sense, the peculiar notions, methods and measuring means of these disturbances, the data
acquisition, their interpretation, the specific indexes assessment and the information extraction
needed for the decisions processing related to the improvement of the power quality of the
supplied electricity will be briefly presented. Also, will be analysed real cases for which will be
selected / chosen and dimensioned adequate solutions for limiting the disturbances.
1.2 Target groups
This module’s target group are mainly:
• end-users of equipment;
• designers, consultants;
• electrical installations building up or installation work contractor building up;
• electric networks operators;
• manufacturers, equipment sellers and services providers in the electricity sector.
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Power Quality Expert Level 2
Time
Section Knowledge
progression
level
(hours)
Lesson
Monitoring equipment
30 (description, mounting,
4 4 setting-up, measuring, data
processing).
530 5
The harmonic distortion quota
calculation for the consumers
connected to a PCC.
930 End of
seminar
Final discussions and
conclusions
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Power Quality Expert Level 2
First day:
40 min. Section 3: The utilization of SIMULINK for the analises of the harmonic
disturbances caused by various non-linear receivers/loads.
Modality: Practical activities and discussions.
110 min. Section 4: The monitoring equipment description (it will be used: Fluke 41,
Fluke 43, Fluke 454, CA 8334 and ION 7600 equipment). The installation (on
computers) of the software concerning the monitoring equipment under debate.
The practical determinations by the above equipments help, on a simple schema
with a non-linear receiver/load (a mono-phase double-wave rectifier which
suppling a filament lamp in series with a variable inductance winding). The
influence of the circuit inductivity. A comparation with the data obtained by
simulation. The calculation of the PQ indexes on recorded data basis.
Comparation with the rated / admitted values / limits.
Modality: Practical activities and discussions.
Second day:
60 min. Section 5: The presentation of the method and harmonic distortion quota
assignment software. The harmonic distortion quota calculation for the
consumers connected to a PCC (the selection of a 20 kV electrical network which
suppling disturbing consumers; the data input; the analisis of the obtained results
- assignment quotas for the consumers connected to PCC).
Modality: Practical activities and discussions.
80 min. Section 6: The calculation of damages caused by the presence of the harmonics
into the electrical power network. The practical assesment of the losses into the
electrical power network. The calculation of K factor and the transformer
denomination level, for the above mentioned analised cases. The engines
resizing. The neutral conductor dimensioning into the low voltage electrical
networks, on computing basis for a three phases power circuit, supplying a bank.
Modality: Practical activities and discussions.
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Power Quality Expert Level 2
75 min. Section 8: The power factor for the non-sinusoidal regime. The power factor
calculation for the analized regimes. The active filters selection from the
manufactures offers. The power supply circuits resizing in case of disturbing
loads, taking into account the presence of the active filter.
Modality: Practical activities and discussions.
25 min. Section 9: Introduction into the homework. Each participant should solve the
homework (the dimensioning of a passive filter, the selection of active filter
type/schema, the assignment quota calculation for a real scheme) up to the next
seminar/module and send it back to the lectures team for appreciation.
The homework appreciation (positive / negative) will complete / finalize the
seminar / module attendance (confirm / infirm it) under debate.
Modality: Lesson and discussions.
GENERAL NOTES
− each day there will be coffee breaks according to the seminar/module program;
− at the beginning of the module the lecturer will explain the module aims and at the end he will
verify their fulfilment;
− the module will be divided in theoretical and practical sections;
− at the end of the module, a user satisfaction survey will help the lecturer in monitoring the module
quality.
4 TEACHING METHODS
During all the sections, the lecturer will always attend, with teaching and/or activity coordination
duty.
www.lpqi.org
4
Power Quality Expert Level 2
The didactic tools which will be used by the lecturers will be:
− Blackboard;
− Video-projector;
− Pointer;
− Notebook;
− Power quality monitoring equipments (minimum 3 different type of equipment).
The attendants have to come at seminar with laptops for the practical activities which will be
performed during the seminar.
The lecture room will be suitable to allow the use of all the above listed didactic tools and to enable
group work for the attendants.
The folder will also include a user satisfaction questionnaire (which will be filled and submitted at
the end of the seminar / module)
The attendants have to have the Power Quality Expert 1st Level LPQIVES Certification. The
following (on the basic level) shall be prerequisite for the participant:
− electric circuits theory: AC circuits;
− electric machines;
− electric power engineering; power system / electrical power network;
− power electronics;
− basic knowledge in MATLAB programming;
− electric metrology.
7 ACQUIRED KNOWLEDGE
The knowledge acquired during the seminar/module should be sufficient for:
− the monitoring equipment installing, setting-up and operating;
− the disturbance assessment on measurement data basis;
− the statistical processing of experimental data and the assessment of power quality specific
indexes;
− the assessment of the technical and economical effects caused by the respective disturbance;
− to decide on and to dimension solutions for the power quality improvement.
8 ANNEXES
List of references from MIDAS:
Press
1. PR-00007, Heydt, G, Power Quality Engineering, JEEE, Sep 2001
www.lpqi.org
5
Power Quality Expert Level 2
Encompassing most areas of electric power engineering, from generation to utilization, power quality
engineering has been a topic of interest from the inception or the power engineering field. Here, the author
describes how some contemporary factors have made it the subject of more focused interest
2. PR-00008, Peng, FZ, Harmonic sources and filtering approaches, JEEE
22 basic filter configurations for compensating current-source and voltage-source nonlinear loads
3. PR-00013, Pierce, L, Transformer Design and Application Considerations for
Nonsinusoidal Load Currents, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 01/06/1996
Transformer design and application considerations for nonsinusoidal load currents
4. PR-00014, Yin, W, Failure mechanism of winding insulations in inverter-fed motors,
IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Nov/Dec 1998
The failure of magnet wires under repetitive pulses as seen in inverter-fed motors cannot be attributed to a
single factor but is a result of the combined effects of partial discharge, dielectric heating, and space charge
formation. Voltage overshoots produced by PWM drives may be above discharge inception voltage. Partial
discharge may therefore be present in inverter-fed motors. In addition to partial discharge, pulses with a fast
rise time and high frequency enable the insulation to generate local dielectric heating, which increases the
local temperature. The degradation rate of the insulation is therefore increased. Furthermore, the fast rise
and fall of pulses make it possible for space charges to accumulate in the winding insulation and on its
surface
5. PR-00015, Key, T, Lai, J, Costs and benefits of harmonic current reduction for switch-
mode power supplies in a commercial office building, IEEE Transactions on Industry
Applications
Harmonic currents generated by modern office equipment cause power system heating and add to user
power bills. By looking at the harmonic-related losses in a specific electrical system-representing a
commercial building-energy costs are quantified. The analysis shows that building wiring losses related to
powering nonlinear electronic load equipment may be more than double the losses for linear load equipment.
Current-related power losses such as I2R, proximity of conductors and transformer winding eddy currents
(I2h2 ) are considered. The cost of these losses is compared to the cost of reducing harmonics in the
equipment design. Results show that an active-type harmonic elimination circuit, built into the common
electronic equipment switch-mode power supply, is cost-effective based on energy loss considerations alone
6. PR-00016, Caramia, P, Carpinelli, G, Di Vito, E, Losi, A, Verde, P, Probabilistic evaluation
of the economical damage due to harmonic losses in industrial energy system, IEEE
Transactions on power delivery, Vol 11 No 2 Apr
The problem of harmonic loss evaluation is of growing interest among power system engineers, both for the
increase of operating costs and the decrease of the useful life of the system components. The paper
addresses this problem with a probabilistic approach to take into account the randomness of current and
voltage harmonics; a method for evaluating the expected value of the operating costs and of the premature
aging costs is presented. A numerical application to a test system is also discussed, showing the viability of
the proposed approach and the significance of the results; in particular, the aging costs turn out to be
unaffected by the type of probability density function describing the harmonics
7. PR-00018, Caramia, P, Carpinelli, G, La Vitola, A, Verde, P, On the economic selection
of medium voltage cable sizes in nonsinusoidal conditions, IEEE Transactions on power
delivery, Jan 2002
Selection of cable size in the nonsinusoidal conditions is only based on ampacity considerations without any
attention to the cost of the losses that will be suffered in the cable life. Since the cost of these losses
(fundamental plus harmonics) can assume significant values, the selection of a cross section higher than
required for ampacity considerations can result in a large reduction of cost. This paper proposes a method
which allows the optimal economic selection of medium-voltage cables in nonsinusoidal operating
conditions; it takes into account the initial investment costs and the Joule losses costs, including the
additional costs due to current harmonics. It employs simplified expressions similar to those adopted by the
IEC Standard in sinusoidal conditions, being the harmonic presence taken into account by a proper definition
of a harmonic loss factor and by the introduction of harmonic coefficients to be predicted. Numerical
applications to medium-voltage cables are developed and discussed in order to show the sensitivity of the
cable optimum size to variations in the coefficients that characterize the harmonic presence.
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Power Quality Expert Level 2
Article inspired from section 3.3.3. of the Power Quality Application Guide on active harmonic conditioners.
Publication
27. REP-00071, 2003, On line monitoring of the neutral conductor current in a three phase
supplied network with non linear load for different power supply and load conditions,
Application note
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Power Quality Expert Level 2
This paper describes the effect of harmonics and unbalanced power supply and load on the current in the
neutral conductor. Measurement results are discussed. Using a programmable power source, arbitrary
voltage waveforms are generated, independently for each phase. Each phase is loaded by non-linear loads.
Phase currents and the current in the neutral conductor are analyzed for different configurations.
28. REP-00074, 2003, Analysis of electrical and power quality parameters of IT
equipment, Application note
Measurements of electrical and PQ parameters of non-linear single-phase loads are discussed. These loads
consist of information-technology (IT) equipment. The non-linearity results from the bridge rectifier. The
influence of the state of the equipment is studied. Currents in the phase conductors and the neutral
conductor are analyzed.
29. REP-00078, 2003, Harmonic disturbances in networks, and their treatment - ect 152,
Application note
Problems of harmonics, including their causes and the most commonly used solutions.
30. REP-00080, 2003, The singularities of the third harmonic - ect 202, Application note
Discussion of the phenomenon: origin, overload of the neutral conductor, third harmonic in transformers.
Possible remedies.
31. REP-00084, 2003, Active harmonic conditioners and unity power factor rectifiers - ect
183, Application note
Various standard, classical and new solutions to tackle harmonics, unity PF rectifiers, active harmonic
conditioners, hybrid active harmonic conditioners, "shunt type" active harmonic conditioners.
32. REP-00087, 2003, Harmonics upstream of rectifiers in UPS - ect 160, Application note
Harmonics in supply networks, thyristor Graetz-bridge rectifier, minimization of harmonic disturbances,
future systems: non-polluting UPS equipment and de-polluting converters.
33. REP-00099, 2003, LV circuit-breakers confronted with harmonic, transient and cyclic
currents - ect 182, Application note
Discussion on the replacement of thermal-magnetic circuit breakers by electronic devices. Review of LV
circuit breakers, harmonic currents, transient and cyclic currents and electronic circuit-breakers.
34. REP-00101, 2003, Power supply of lighting circuits - ect 205, Application note
Analysis of the different lamp technologies and the main technological developments in progress. Features
of lighting circuits and their impact on control and protection devices, they discuss the options concerning
which equipment to use.
35. REP-00105, 2003, Harmonic distortion in electric supply system - Application note no.3,
Application note
Harmonic distortion - subjects:
1. The ideal supply
2. The growth in harmonic distortion is inevitable
3. How harmonic distortion can affect your equipment
4. Capacitor resonance can magnify harmonic problems
5. Power factor correction in the presence of harmonics
6. The measures of harmonic distortion
7. Harmonic standards
8. Harmonic analysis
9. Reduction of harmonics
36. REP-00117, 2000, Harmonics, Transformers and K-Factors, Brochure
Transformers used to supply IT equipment and other non-linear loads need to be de-rated to between 60
and 80% of their nominal capacity. This technical note explains why, and how to determine the correct factor.
37. REP-00118, 2000, Harmonics in practice, Brochure
Over recent years, harmonics have become a serious problem in many industrial and commercial
installations. Solving these problems requires careful analysis of the causes and a good understanding of the
sources and behaviour of harmonics in the installation. Once understood, there is a range of counter
measures available to improve the system performance. The aim of this technical note is to illustrate how
practice matches theory by reference to examples of real measurements.
38. REP-00125, 2002, Specification guidelines to improve power quality immunity and
reduce plant operating costs, Paper
There are many useful IEEE and IEC standards that support the design of chemical and petrochemical
plants. This article brings relevant Power Quality standards information together and provides
recommendations in areas not yet covered in current standards. Circuit configurations for cost saving
solutions are provided.
39. REP-00127, 2002, Power quality indices and objectives. Ongoing activities in CIGRE
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8
Power Quality Expert Level 2
WG 36-07, Paper
This paper gives an overview of the ongoing activities in CIGRE WG36-07: "Power quality indices and
objectives". It introduces the considerations supporting the need for power quality indices and objectives in
the present context of deregulation of the electricity industry. Experts generally agree on the need for
standardized quality indices allowing to monitor and to report power quality in a common format. However,
concerning quality objectives the need is more likely for different levels of quality that can match customers
expectations and the price they are wilting to pay for electricity. Some practical limitations to voltage quality
monitoring are also discussed. The status of the work within the working group is described for harmonics,
flicker, unbalance and voltage dips.
40. REP-00131, 2002, Managing harmonics - a guide to EA engineering recommendation
G5/4, Application note
This Guide is a simple authoritative introduction to good practice in the application of variable speed drives,
soft starters and load regulators in compliance with the requirements of the United Kingdom electricity supply
utilities. It is the result of work undertaken by GAMBICA members, interpreting the appropriate documents.
The Guide considers the installation of single or multiple drive systems, and provides information on the
manner in which applications for connection should be made with the appropriate utility. The guide should be
read in conjunction with the Electricity Association (EA) Engineering Recommendation G5/4, which was
introduced on the 1st. The Recommendation will be followed by an extensive supporting guide ETR 122.
The intention of the new EA Engineering Recommendation G5/4 is to try to ensure that the levels of
harmonics in the Public Electricity Supply do not constitute a problem for other users of that supply.
41. REP-00132, 2002, Variable speed drives and motors - motor shaft voltages and
bearing currents under PWM inverter operation, Application note
This Technical Report has been produced to meet a demand for an authoritative guide on good practice in
the application of motors on Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) inverter supplies with respect to shaft voltages.
It is the result of a study carried out by GAMBICA and REMA taking note of well-established fundamental
theory, technical papers, and carrying out specific investigations.
The information given, while it can be applied to motors and inverters in general, is specific to current
generation products of member companies.
This report principally considers the effects of shaft voltages developed by the voltage source PWM inverter.
It supplements IEC 60034-17: 1998 [1], which provides additional information on other important aspects
including: voltage rating, torque derating, additional losses, noise and maximum safe operating speed.
This report covers motors and inverters installed with a separate cabling system connecting the components
together; it is not wholly applicable to inverters integrated into a motor design, generally now available up to
7,5 kW.
42. REP-00133, 2001, Variable speed drives and motors - motor insulation and PWM
inverter drives, Application note
The higher stresses are dependent on the motor cable length and are caused by the fast rising voltage
pulses of the drive and transmission line effects in the cable.
The guide was produced by a working group of GAMBICA (Variable Speed Drives Group) and REMA,
which are the associations for variable speed drive and electric motor manufacturers respectively.
43. REP-00143, 2002, Switch mode power supply, Paper
The principle of SMPS and its harmonic performance
44. REP-00144, 1996, Guide to quality of electrical supply for industrial installations.
PART 1: Types of disturbances and relevant standards, Brochure
(Document available in the library of Katholieke Universiteit Leuven)
1. Scope
2. Introduction to the concept of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)
2.1. Definition of EMC
2.2. Basic concepts
2.3. Compatibility, emission and immunity levels
2.4. The concept of electromagnetic environment
3. Types of disturbances, origins and effects
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3.1. General classification
3.2. Harmonics
3.3. Interharmonics
3.4. Voltage fluctuations
3.5. Voltage dips and short (supply) interruptions
3.6. Voltage unbalance - asymmetry
3.7. Power frequency variations
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Power Quality Expert Level 2
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10
Power Quality
Training Courses
Curricula for
MODULE 3
Voltage fluctuations (flicker)
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Power Quality Expert Level 2
Module 3
Voltage fluctuations (flicker)
1 INTRODUCTION
The voltage fluctuations (flicker) are caused by the loads which are characterized by large and
random reactive power variations. The voltage fluctuations have a negative influence on the
electrical lighting, computer, video, audio systems etc. The practical assessment of PQ indexes
pertaining to voltage fluctuations can offer useful information to the electricity supplier, concerning
the PQ of the supplied electricity. Also, useful information will be supplied to the customers for
decisions taking in relation with assuring of an undisturbed operation into the electrical network
node under discussion.
1.1 General aims
The disturbances as voltage fluctuations will be the subject of this seminar. In this sense, the
peculiar notions, methods and measuring means of these disturbances, the data acquisition, their
interpretation, the specific indexes assessment and the information needed for the decisions
processing related to the mitigation of the power quality of the supplied electricity will be briefly
presented. Also, will be analysed real cases for which will be chosen and dimensioned adequate
solutions for decreasing of the disturbances.
1.2 Target groups
This module’s target group are mainly:
• end-users of equipment;
• designers, consultants;
• building up or installation work contractor;
• electric networks operators;
• manufacturers, equipment sellers and services providers in the electricity sector.
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Power Quality Expert Level 2
Time
Knowledge Lesson
progression Section level
(hours)
Monitoring equipment
The dimensioning
Introduction
940 8 into
the homework.
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2
Power Quality Expert Level 2
First day:
45 min. Section 2: The Cumulative Probability Function (CPF). The curve drawing on the
instantaneus flicker recorded values basis. The assesment of the excess values
with 0.1%; 0.7%; 1%; 1.5%; 2.2%; 3%; 4%; 6%; 8%; 10%; 13%; 17%; 30%; 50%;
80% probability and of the 1%; 3%; 10%; 50% smoothed values. Pst calculation.
Modality: Practical activities and discussions.
30 min. The irritability curve. The influence of the disturbance characteristics. The
comparison of the calculated values with the irritability curve values. The effects
assessment on the sensitive loads. The influence of the disturbance’s occurrence
frequency.
Modality: Practical activities and discussions.
90 min. Section 4: The installation (on computers) of the software concerning the
monitoring equipment under debate. The acquisised data download.
The preliminary analizes of the measured values. The the assesment of the
probabilities needed for the Pst calculation. Comments. Observations.
(It will be used 3 different type of monitoring equipments from those used - in real
operation - to measure voltage fluctuations.)
Modality: Practical activities and discussions.
Second day:
120 min. Section 5: The flicker simulator. The visual effect of the incandescent lamp luminous
flux. The influence of the fluctuation level/value and the influence of the disturbance’s
variation frequency. The influence of the rectangular disturbance space factor.
The connecting of the recorders to the flicker simulator. The recorders setting up for
2 hours. Solutions for the mitigation of the disturbance level.
Modality: Practical activities and discussions.
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Power Quality Expert Level 2
110 min. Section 7: The download of the data from the equipment supplied by the
simulator. The practical dimensioning of the SVC schema components taking into
account the obtained data. The technical and economical assesment of the
solution. Comparation with real data electric-arc furnaces customer. The
determination of the flicker quotas for a real customer/case.
Modality: Practical activities and discussions.
25 min. Section 8: Introduction into the homework. Each participant should solve the
homework up to the next seminar/module and send it back to the lectures team
for appreciation).
The homework appreciation (positive / negative) will complete / finalize the
seminar / module attendance (confirm / infirm it) under debate.
Modality: Lesson and discussions.
20 min. Final discussion and conclusions.
End of the course - user satisfaction survey.
GENERAL NOTES
− each day there will be coffee breaks according to the seminar/module program;
− at the beginning of the module the lecturer will explain the module aims and at the end he will
verify their fulfilment;
− the module will be divided in theoretical and practical sections;
− at the end of the module, a user satisfaction survey will help the lecturer in monitoring the module
quality.
4 TEACHING METHODS
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Power Quality Expert Level 2
The lecture room will be suitable to allow the use of all the above listed didactic tools and to enable
group work for the attendants.
Each attendant will receive, during the registration, a folder containing:
− the module program;
− the lecture notes containing all or part of the lecture slides;
− LPQIVES knowledge database access personal key;
− the software programs / drivers (monitoring equipment installing, setting-up and data
download);
− the indications refering to the processing algorithms;
− the homework.
The folder will also include a user satisfaction questionnaire (which will be filled and submitted at
the end of the seminar / module)
The attendants have to have the Power Quality Expert 1st Level LPQIVES Certification. The
following (on the basic level) shall be prerequisite for the participant:
− electric circuits theory: AC circuits;
− electric machines;
− electric power engineering; power system / electrical power network;
− knowledge of electrical power utilisation by customers;
− electric metrology;
− knowledge in using software programs.
7 ACQUIRED KNOWLEDGE
The knowledge acquired during the seminar/module should be sufficient for:
− the monitoring equipment installing, setting-up and operating;
− the disturbance assessment on measurement data basis;
− the statistical processing of experimental data and the assessment of power quality specific
indexes;
− the assessment of the technical and economical effects caused by the voltage fluctuations;
− selection and dimensioning of PQ improvement solutions for real cases / situations.
8 ANNEXES
List of references from MIDAS:
Press
1. PR-00011, McGranaghan, M, Economic evaluation of power quality, IEEE Power
Engineering Review, 01/02/2002
Facility managers and utility engineers must evaluate the economic impacts of the power quality
variations against the costs of improving performance for the different alternatives.
2. PR-00020, Gurney, J, Hughes, B, Li, C, Neilson, B, Xu, W, Virtual PQ troubleshooter,
IEEE power & energy magazine, may/june 2003
The authors describe a prototype instrument that locates the sources of power quality disturbances and
is geared toward power system troubleshooting and management.
Publication
3. REP-00002, 2004, 1-9 Power Quality Glossary, Application note
The glossary of main technical terms used in PQ
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Power Quality Expert Level 2
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6
Power Quality Expert Level 2
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7
Power Quality
Training Courses
Curricula for
MODULE 4
Overvoltages and Transients
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Power Quality Expert Level 2
Module 4
Overvoltages and Transients
1 INTRODUCTION
The occurrence of the electrical stress of the equipment and apparatus isolation is determined by
transients phenomena when the lightning strikes the structures/buildings and also by transitory
regimes due to wanted or imposed electrical network changes (switch-on, switch-off, short-circuit),
all of it causing the overvoltages. The intensive stress of the equipment, devices and installation
isolation can determine the breakover or worst, the disruption of insulation. The breakover
determines dips and long and short voltage interruptions at consumers, during this process,
affecting the power quality of the supplied electricity to them.
One of the important concernments for the assuring of an adequate PQ is to handle the
overvoltages into the electrical network and the precautions for overvoltages limiting.
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1
Power Quality Expert Level 2
Time
Knowledge Lesson
progression Section level
(hours)
2
related to insulation choice
2 and coordination. Technical
requirements.
Introduction
915 8 into
the homework.
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2
Power Quality Expert Level 2
First day:
90 min. Section 2: Recapitulation of the notions related to the insulation choice and
insulation coordination (the determination of the representative overvoltages, the
selection of the isolation level of the equipment and installations, the establishing
of the values for the testing withstand voltages).
Modality: Lesson, practical activities and discussions.
The defining of the technical requirements for tender documents and for the
equipment and insulators acquisition.
Modality: Practical activities and discussions.
75 min. Section 3: The selection of the type, number and place where the protective
devices against overvoltages will be mounted for:
- the high and very high voltage electrical networks (110 kV, 220 kV, 400 kV);
- the medium voltage electrical networks (20 kV).
Modality: Practical activities and discussions.
75 min. Section 4: The selection of the type, number and place where the protective
devices against overvoltages for low voltage installations will be mounted for:
- the public electrical networks;
- the consumers electrical networks.
Modality: Practical activities and discussions.
Second day:
90 min. Section 5: The designing of the Lightning Protection System (LPS) for an
electrical substation.
Modality: Practical activities and discussions.
60 min. Section 6: The assessment of the operation safety of the protected substations
and overhead lines against lightning strikes, on probabilistically statistic basis.
Modality: Practical activities and discussions.
110 min. Section 7: The designing of the LPS for a building ( air termination systems,
down-conductor systems, connections for equipotentialization, earth termination
systems, camping and joints, insulating clearance etc.)
Modality: Practical activities and discussions.
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Power Quality Expert Level 2
The LPS maintenance and inspection (the inspections purpose and sequencing ,
maintenance)
Modality: Practical activities and discussions.
25 min. Section 8: Introduction into the homework. Each participant should solve the
homework up to the next seminar/module and send it back to the lectures team
for appreciation).
The homework appreciation (positive / negative) will complete / finalize the
seminar / module attendance (confirm / infirm it) under debate.
Modality: Lesson and discussions.
20 min. Final discussion and conclusions.
End of the course - user satisfaction survey.
GENERAL NOTES
− each day there will be coffee breaks according to the seminar/module program;
− at the beginning of the module the lecturer will explain the module aims and at the end he will
verify their fulfilment;
− the module will be divided in theoretical and practical sections;
− at the end of the module, a user satisfaction survey will help the lecturer in monitoring the module
quality.
4 TEACHING METHODS
The lecture room will be suitable to allow the use of all the above listed didactic tools and to enable
group work for the attendants.
Each attendant will receive, during the registration, a folder containing:
− the module program;
− the lecture notes containing all or part of the lecture slides;
− LPQIVES knowledge database access personal key;
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Power Quality Expert Level 2
− the homework.
The folder will also include a user satisfaction questionnaire (which will be filled and submitted at
the end of the seminar / module)
The attendants have to have the Power Quality Expert 1st Level LPQIVES Certification. The
following (on the basic level) shall be prerequisite for the participant:
Level
Topic
Basic Medium High
Mathematical analysis •
Statistic •
Electrical circuits •
Power systems •
Power quality •
7 ACQUIRED KNOWLEDGE
At the and of present module, the participants have to know the basic aspects related to
overvoltages and transients phenomena (definitions, source, standards/norms, related problems)
and the key concept of insulation coordination and protection along with some practical information
and tools on the risk assessment and the choice of protecting measures.
The knowledge acquired during the seminar/module should be sufficient for:
− the assessment of the overvoltages which occurs into the electrical networks and into the
electrical installations of the consumers;
− the insulation choice and insulation coordination of the electrical installations, equipment and
electrical devices/apparatus;
− the selection of the type, number and place where the protective devices against overvoltages
will be mounted;
− the designing of the LPSs for the electrical installations and structures/buildings.
8 ANNEXES
List of references from MIDAS:
Press
PR-00020, Gurney, J, Hughes, B, Li, C, Neilson, B, Xu, W, Virtual PQ troubleshooter, IEEE
power & energy magazine, may/june 2003
The authors describe a prototype instrument that locates the sources of power quality disturbances and
is geared toward power system troubleshooting and management.
Publication
REP-00144, 1996, Guide to quality of electrical supply for industrial installations. PART 1:
Types of disturbances and relevant standards, Brochure
(Document available in the library of Katholieke Universiteit Leuven)
1. Scope
2. Introduction to the concept of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)
2.1. Definition of EMC
2.2. Basic concepts
2.3. Compatibility, emission and immunity levels
2.4. The concept of electromagnetic environment
3. Types of disturbances, origins and effects
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Power Quality Expert Level 2
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6
Power Quality Expert Level 2
www.lpqi.org
7
Power Quality
Training Courses
Curricula for
MODULE 5
Reliability of electricity supply
- Power Quality Expert Level 2 -
www.lpqi.org
Power Quality Expert Level 2
Module 5
www.lpqi.org
1
Power Quality Expert Level 2
Time
Knowledge Lesson
progression Section level
(hours)
2
The calculation of the reliability
215 indexes for a real case /
consumer .
Introduction
925 8 into
the homework.
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2
Power Quality Expert Level 2
First day:
75 min. Section 2: The calculation of the reliability indexes for a real case / consumer
Electricity supplying by one electrical power line. Electricity supplying by two
electrical power lines and back-up automatic closing equipment on the MV side.
Electricity supplying by two electrical power lines and back-up automatic closing
equipment on the LV side.
Modality: Practical activities and discussions.
75 min. Section 3: The utilization of the failure tree. The failure tree performing for a MV
installation. The software programs utilization.
Modality: Practical activities and discussions.
60 min. Section 4: Redundancy and reliability. Case study. Study case: 20 kV power
supply of a consumer.
Modality: Practical activities and discussions.
Second day:
120 min. Section 5: The conceiving of an industrial electrical power system scheme. Case
study: the establishing of the conditions for standard loads, preferential loads,
critical loads; the selection of power supply scheme; the assesment of the
probable interruption time.
Modality: Practical activities and discussions.
60 min. Section 7: Solutions for the improvement of the power supply continuity and the
economical evaluation. The analysis and dimensioning of a UPS scheme, for a
real case/consumer. The analysis and dimensioning of the energy storage
schemes.
Modality: Practical activities and discussions.
60 min. The monitoring of voltage dips, short and long interruptions into the consumers
electricity supply. The analysis of recorded data. Data interpretation. Their
utilization for the evaluation of an existing scheme.
Modality: Practical activities and discussions.
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Power Quality Expert Level 2
25 min. Section 8: Introduction into the homework. Each participant should solve the
homework up to the next seminar/module and send it back to the lectures team
for appreciation).
The homework appreciation (positive / negative) will complete / finalize the
seminar / module attendance (confirm / infirm it) under debate.
Modality: Lesson and discussions.
20 min. Final discussion and conclusions.
End of the course - user satisfaction survey.
GENERAL NOTES
− each day there will be coffee breaks according to the seminar/module program;
− at the beginning of the module the lecturer will explain the module aims and at the end he will
verify their fulfilment;
− the module will be divided in theoretical and practical sections;
− at the end of the module, a user satisfaction survey will help the lecturer in monitoring the module
quality.
4 TEACHING METHODS
www.lpqi.org
4
Power Quality Expert Level 2
The folder will also include a user satisfaction questionnaire (which will be filled and submitted at
the end of the seminar / module)
The attendants have to have the Power Quality Expert 1st Level LPQIVES Certification. The
following (on the basic level) shall be prerequisite for the participant:
Level
Topic
Basic Medium High
Mathematical analysis •
Statistic •
Electrical circuits •
Electrical power networks •
Power quality •
7 ACQUIRED KNOWLEDGE
The knowledge acquired during the seminar/module should be sufficient for:
− the assessment of the consumer electricity supplying safety - practical activities;
− the assessment of the damages caused by the consumers interruptions;
− the selection and dimensioning of the electricity supply schemes;
− the selection and dimensioning of the PQ improvement solutions - practical activities.
8 ANNEXES
List of references from MIDAS:
Press
PR-00017, Gellerson, M, Munasinghe, M, Economic criteria for optimising power system
reliability levels, Bell Journal of Economics, Vol 10, issue 1
The standards of reliability of electricity supply have previously been determined on a rule-of-thumb basis.
This paper presents a generalized simulation model for optimizing the reliability level by comparing the social
benefits and costs of changes in power system reliability. The supply side costs of increasing system
reliability can be determined from straightforward engineering considerations. On the demand side, the
benefits to electricity users consist of cost savings from averted power failures or outages which may be
measured by the disruption of the output streams owing to idle input factors and spoilage. The theory is
applied to the case study of Cascavel, Brazil to determine a range of optimum reliability levels for long-range
electric power distribution system planning. The principal outage costs are incurred by industrial and
residential consumers.
PR-00013, Pierce, L, Transformer Design and Application Considerations for Nonsinusoidal
Load Currents, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 01/06/1996
Transformer design and application considerations for nonsinusoidal load currents
PR-00014, Yin, W, Failure mechanism of winding insulations in inverter-fed motors, IEEE
Electrical Insulation Magazine, Nov/Dec 1998
The failure of magnet wires under repetitive pulses as seen in inverter-fed motors cannot be attributed to a
single factor but is a result of the combined effects of partial discharge, dielectric heating, and space charge
formation. Voltage overshoots produced by PWM drives may be above discharge inception voltage. Partial
discharge may therefore be present in inverter-fed motors. In addition to partial discharge, pulses with a fast
rise time and high frequency enable the insulation to generate local dielectric heating, which increases the
local temperature. The degradation rate of the insulation8 is therefore increased. Furthermore, the fast rise
and fall of pulses make it possible for space charges to accumulate in the winding insulation and on its
surface
PR-00010, Gellings, C, Electric Infrastructure to power a digital society, IEEE Power
Engineering Review, Jan 2002
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Power Quality Expert Level 2
EPRI initiated an ambitious program designed to ensure that high-quality digital-grade electric power can be
delivered reliably to meet the needs of a digital society.
PR-00019, Dugan, R, McDermott, T E, PQ, reliability and DG, IEEE Electrical Insulation
Magazine
The distributed generation (DG) owner's reliability, measured by the sustained interruption indices, should
improve markedly if DG has been installed and operated properly. However, because this is just one
customer out of hundreds or thousands on the feeder, the improvement does not show up the utility's
traditional reliability indices. There can be a positive or negative impact on the utility-level indices in these
cases: DG can reduce the number or the duration of sustained interruptions if automated switches are
available to restore power in DG-supplied islands or to DG-supported alternate feeds; the loss of fuse-saving
on laterals can significantly degrade the utility-level indices. There is little opportunity for DG to affect the PQ
of other customers, as measured by the indices for voltage sags, which are related to faults and
interruptions. DG can still have adverse impacts on harmonics and steady-state voltage regulation, which are
other aspects of PQ. Utilities should consider tracking ASIFI, ASIDI, and other indices that are based on load
size rather than the number of customers. As a supplement to the traditional reliability indices, these would
better show the positive impacts of DG, assuming DG owners tend to be larger customers.
PR-00022, Eaton, D, Hammond, P, Rama, J, Neutral shift, IEEE Industry Applications, Nov-
Dec/2003
Five years of continuous operation with adjustable speed drives. Case study of a compressor drive in a
refinery.
PR-00024, Tschaetsch, H-U, Kopplung zweier MS-Netze in Ulm optimiert Leistungsbedarf,
ETZ, 5/2004
Two networks of regional utilities located in Ulm (Baden-Württemberg) and Neu-Ulm (Bavaria) on either side
of the Danube river were coupled via a MV DC-link to enable an interchange of electrical energy. The reason
for linking two synchronous networks via an inverter instead of a variable transformer or something like that
was that both active and reactive power flow had to be controlled independently, and because the inverter
acts as a very fast electronic switch separating the two grids in case of short circuit on one side. So the short
circuit current carrying capabilities on either side could remain as they were.
Publication
REP-00147, 2000, Understanding power quality problems - Voltage sags and interruptions:
2. Long interruptions and reliability evaluation, Book
Chapter 2 of the book "Understanding power quality problems - Voltage sags and interruptions" (IEEE Press,
ISBN 0-7803-4713-7)
Observation of system performance
Standards and regulations
Overview of reliability evaluation
Basic reliability evaluation techniques
Costs of interruptions
Comparison of observation and reliability evaluation
Example calculations
REP-00148, 2000, Understanding power quality problems - Voltage sags and interruptions:
3. Short interruptions, Book
Chapter 3 of the book "Understanding power quality problems - Voltage sags and interruptions" (IEEE Press,
ISBN 0-7803-4713-7)
Terminology
Origin of short interruptions
Monitoring of short interruptions
Influence on equipment
Single-phase tripping
Stochastic prediction of short interruptions
REP-00114, 2001, Effect of UPS on system availability (white paper #24), Brochure
This note explains how system availability and up-time are affected by AC power outages and provides
quantitative data regarding up-time in realworld environments, including the effect of UPS on up time.
REP-00115, 2001, Battery technology for data centers and network rooms: battery options,
Brochure
The lead-acid battery is the predominant choice for Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) energy storage.
In 2002, over 10 million UPSs will be installed utilizing Flooded, Valve Regulated Lead Acid (VRLA), and
Modular Battery Cartridge ( MBC) systems. This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of
these three battery technologies.
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Power Quality Expert Level 2
REP-00124, 2002, Distributed generation impact on reliability and power quality indices,
Paper
Properly sited distributed generation (DG) can increase the feeder capacity limit, but this does not
necessarily produce an improvement in system reliability or power quality, as quantified by standard indices.
The DG may have a positive impact on reliability through faster system restoration following a fault. The DG
can also improve reliability for the owner, and may reduce the severity of voltage sags near the DG. Indices
normalized to the number of customers dilute these positive benefits. The DG often has a negative impact on
reliability indices through sympathetic tripping, required changes to utility overcurrent device settings, and
increased fuse blowing. The utility cannot assume DG automatically improves system reliability, and action
may be required to ensure that reliability does not actually degrade for other customers
REP-00043, 2002, 4-1 Resilience, Reliability, Redundancy, Application note
Three R's concept. MTTF, MTBF
REP-00113, 2002, The different types of UPS systems (white paper #1), Brochure
Different types of UPS systems and their characteristics:
Each of these UPS types is defined, practical applications of each are discussed, and advantages and
disadvantages are listed. With this information, an educated decision can be made as to the appropriate
UPS topology for a given need.
REP-00061, 2003, Dependability and LV switchboards - ect 156, Application note
Dependability of commercial and industrial low voltage electrical installations. Switchboard
functions against failure of the LV distribution system, components, types of power systems.
REP-00062, 2003, Dependability of MV and HV protection devices - ect 175, Application
note
Methods to meet dependability objectives. Taking dependability into consideration
at the design stage, quality control, analysis of gained experience.
REP-00063, 2003, High availability electrical power distribution - ect 148, Application note
Design of electrical power distribution systems that provide continuous power supply (UPS, back-up
power,...).
REP-00064, 2003, Introduction to dependability design - ect 144, Application note
Basic concepts of dependability: reliability, failure rate, maintainability, availability and safety.
REP-00065, 2003, Uninterruptible static power supplies and the protection of persons -
ect 129, Application note
Protection problems related to UPS systems. Suitable solutions for various scenarios.
REP-00092, 2003, Automatic transfering of power supplies in HV and LV networks - ect
161, Application note
Various types of transfer schemes, synchronous switching, interrupted circuit transfer, pseudosynchronous
switching.
REP-00093, 2003, Electrical installation dependability studies - ect 184, Application note
Dependability studies: methodology, tools and examples.
REP-00128, 2003, EMERGENCY SUPPLY DEVICES AND METHODS, Application note
The paper serves as a background note to Leonardo Application Guide note no. 4.3.1 about improving
reliability with standby power supplies. Compared to Leonardo application note it offers more detailed
information about UPS configuration; on line and off line systems and particular application of different
UPS's.
REP-00116, 2003, Battery technology for data centers and network rooms: safety codes,
Brochure
Fire safety regulations and their application to UPS battery installations are reviewed. In some cases, fire
codes do not clearly recognize improvements in battery safety resulting from changing battery technology.
Valve Regulated Lead Acid (VRLA) batteries are frequently deployed within data centers and network rooms
without the need for the elaborate safety systems that are required for Vented (Flooded) Lead Acid batteries.
Proper interpretation of the fire codes is essential in the design and implementation of data centers and
network rooms.
REP-00119, 2003, A business case for battery-free UPS in industrial applications,
Report/study
Case study published by Piller. Compares LCC or battery-free and battery-based UPS.
REP-00120, 2003, From redundant sources to dual independent sources, Paper
In conventional computer centers, power protection was relatively straight forward, usually based on a
centralized UPS. However today's new needs require different UPS and low voltage distribution solutions,
including new architectures to maintain a high level of availability throughout all phases of operation and
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Power Quality Expert Level 2
maintenance on complex sites. The article presents the conditions for high availability and a number of
solutions that use the latest technology to optimize cost, footprint and availability.
REP-00121, 2003, Switch to high availability, Paper
Mission Critical equipment that supports data processing facilities such as telecommunications, banking,
Insurance, SAN and internet are sensitive crossover that cannot accept any loss of electrical supply.
Moreover the evolution of IT networks lead to a mix of telecommunication and data communication
equipment within these facilities. As a result the split of power between AC and DC products within these
new buildings is more or less unknown, even after the completion of the building. This is a new trend which
requires the power protection providers to think beyond traditional solutions, with the main objective to
address simple question from customers: "how to a permanent 24 hour x 365 days available, quality power
supply for mixed and evolving mission critical AC and DC equipment at optimum cost?"
Taking this into account we propose a method to meet this new demand in terms of architecture and other
key factors providing availability, flexibility, scalability, site management and cost effective solutions.
REP-00044, 2003, 4.3.1 Improving Reliability with Standby Power Supplies, Application
note
Introduction - categories of loads. UPS classification and appliacation.
REP-00122, 2003, Critical Power, Report/study
Text on reliability of power supply
Content:
Demand
Powering Public Networks
The Vulnerable Public Grid
A New Profile for Grid-Outage Risks
Powering Critical Nodes
Fueling the Digital Economy
Hard Power
Resilient Power
Tiers of Power
Adding Logic to the Grid: The Static Transfer Switch
Generation and Transmission
Distribution and Distributed Generation
On-Site Power
Stored Energy
Backup Generators
"Uninterruptible Power"
Monitoring, Control, and Reliability-Centered Maintenance
Resilient Design
Private Investment and the Public Interest
Assess Vulnerabilities
Establish Critical-Power Standards for Facilities Used to Support Key Government Functions
Share Safety- and Performance-Related Information, Best Practices, and Standards
Interconnect Public and Private Supervisory Control and DataAcquisition Networks
Secure Automated Control Systems
Share Assets
Enhance Interfaces Between On-Site Generating Capacity and ThePublic Grid
Remove Obstacles
REP-00013, 2003, 4-5-3 Schemes for Power Plants. Simplicity, Reliability, Redundancy,
When and Where, Application Note
Topology of power despatchning systems; radial, ring, meshed, compoud; features.
REP-00015, 2004, 4-5-6 Resilience. Resilient wiring systems, Application Note
Concept and principle of resilience. Resilient wiring systems.
REP-00016, 2004, 4-5-7 Generating sets dimensioning for stand by operation, Application Note
Brief on sizing factors, frequency and voltage behaviour
REP-00012, 2004, 4-5-2 Some practical aspects of DC and AC power supplies optimisation,
Application Note
Different methods to improve power availability: bateries, bateries monitoring and diagnostic systems,
transfer switches and their applications
REP-00045, 2004, 4-5-1 Resilient Power Supply in a Modern Office Building, Application note
How to design electricity distribution system in an office building.
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8
Power Quality
Training Courses
Curricula for
MODULE 6
Earthing systems
www.lpqi.org
Power Quality Expert Level 2
Module 6
Earthing systems
1 INTRODUCTION
The earthing systems are important components of the electrical installations for their well
operation and for their protection against overvoltages and the protection of persons against the
electrocutions. The designing, the construction, operation and correct measuring of the earthing
systems have a significant influence on operation safety of electrical installations, equipment and
electrical apparatus and on person’s safety, too.
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1
Power Quality Expert Level 2
Time
Knowledge Lesson
progression Section level
(hours)
The determination by
700 6 measurements on-site of
the ground resistivity.
The determination by
15 measurements of the
9 7 parameters pertaining to
an earthing system.
Introduction
940 8 into
the homework.
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2
Power Quality Expert Level 2
First day:
90 min. Section 3: The dimensioning / designing of the earthing systems for a consumer
(office building, house).
Modality: Practical activities and discussions.
45 min. Section 4: Recapitulation of the notions about checking methods and techniques
(expertising) by measurements of the ground resistivity and of the parameters
pertaining to the earthing system (voltmeter - ampermeter method, the utilization
of the specilised apparatus, the measurement method in case of short-circuit in
the installation)
Modality: Lesson and discussions.
Second day:
75 min. Section 5: The performing of the measuring circuits, the mounting and setting-up
of the equipments for the determination by measurements of the ground
resistivity and of the parameters pertaining to an earthing system.
Modality: Practical activities and discussions.
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3
Power Quality Expert Level 2
GENERAL NOTES
− each day there will be coffee breaks according to the seminar/module program;
− at the beginning of the module the lecturer will explain the module aims and at the end he will
verify their fulfilment;
− the module will be divided in theoretical and practical sections;
− at the end of the module, a user satisfaction survey will help the lecturer in monitoring the module
quality.
4 TEACHING METHODS
The lecture room will be suitable to allow the use of all the above listed didactic tools and to enable
group work for the attendants.
Each attendant will receive, during the registration, a folder containing:
− the module program;
− the lecture notes containing all or part of the lecture slides;
− LPQIVES knowledge database access personal key;
− the indications refering to the processing algorithms;
− the homework.
The folder will also include a user satisfaction questionnaire (which will be filled and submitted at
the end of the seminar / module)
www.lpqi.org
4
Power Quality Expert Level 2
The attendants have to have the Power Quality Expert 1st Level LPQIVES Certification. The
following (on the basic level) shall be prerequisite for the participant:
Level
Topic
Basic Medium High
Electrical circuits •
Electrical engineering •
Electrical power networks •
Electric metrology •
Knowledge in using software programs •
Power quality •
7 ACQUIRED KNOWLEDGE
The knowledge acquired during the seminar/module should be sufficient for:
− the designing / dimensioning of the earthing systems;
− the measuring equipment installing, setting-up and operating;
− the determination by measurements of the ground resistivity and of the parameters pertaining
to an earthing system.
Publication
1.- REP-00112, 2000, Equipotentiality and grounding, Presentation
This paper explains equipotentiality and how it provides protection against electric shock. This paper also
describes the grounding circuit for the various power distribution systems. Finally, this paper shows the effect
of the product grounding resistance on the voltage of accessible parts, and validates the value required by
various safety standards.
2.- REP-00125, 2002, Specification guidelines to improve power quality immunity and
reduce plant operating costs, Paper
There are many useful IEEE and IEC standards that support the design of chemical and petrochemical
plants. This article brings relevant Power Quality standards information together and provides
recommendations in areas not yet covered in current standards. Circuit configurations for cost saving
solutions are provided.
3.- REP-00029, 2002, 6-5-4 EMC in large buildings, Application Note
EMC strategy for buildings
This document presents the basic concept for successful EMC of a facility in detail, including measures
relating to the technology of buildings. EMC definitely includes classic lightning protection, but that matter is
treated only marginally here.
The individual measures of the basic concept can be implemented both in new facilities and to some extent
also, with certain deletions, in existing facilities.
Subjects:
- The problem
- General information
- EMC strategy for buildings:
Building shielding
Potential equalisation
Connections outside the buildings
- EMC-appropriate facility design
Fundamentals
Cable connections between buildings
Treatment of cable shielding
Earthing low-voltage power lines
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5
Power Quality Expert Level 2
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6
Power Quality Expert Level 2
14.- REP-00025, 2003, 6-0-0 Stray alternating and direct currents in protective earth
conductors and in building earthing systems - a problem with potentially catastrophic
consequenc, Application Note
In this article we address the special risks that can arise in TN-C and TN-C-S power systems when stray
currents arise in electrically conductive structural elements within a building, and we discuss the various
remedial measures available. (2 case studies)
15.- REP-00052, 2003, 6-1 A system approach to earthing, Application note
Purposes of earthing systems - link to EMC
16.- REP-00053, 2003, 6-3-1 Earthing Systems - Fundamentals of Calculation and Design,
Application note
Definitions. Ground properties - resisistance.
17.- REP-00054, 2004, 6-5-1 Earthing systems - Basic Constructional Aspects, Application
note
Design and application of earthing systems and particularly earthing electrodes
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7
Power Quality
Training Courses
Curricula for
MODULE 7
www.lpqi.org
Power Quality Expert Level 2
Module 7
The influence of static converters on the supply network
1 INTRODUCTION
The static converters, which are very used in modern industry, can determine important harmonic
disturbances and overvoltages in an electrical power supply network. It can have a negative
influence on the quality of energy supplied to the other users connected in the same electrical
network. The practical assessment of disturbances level can offer useful information to the
electrical supplier concerning the quality of the electrical energy supplied and to the users -
information necessary to take decisions to implement the necessary measures not to pas the limits
of disturbances in that network node.
1.1 General aims
In the actual seminar, it is going to study the disturbances determined by the power static
converters. In this purpose it will be presented, on short, the peculiar notions, methods and
measuring means of these disturbances, the data acquisition, their interpretation, the specific
indexes assessment and the information extraction needed for the decisions processing related to
the improvement of the power quality of the supplied electricity. The practical activities will be done
on a controlled half-wave rectifier simulator and on an inverter with 4 pulses. Also, it will be studied
real cases for which will be chosen and dimensioned adequate solutions for the limitation of
disturbances.
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1
Power Quality Expert Level 2
Time
Knowledge Lesson
progression Section level
(hours)
Monitoring equipment
Dimensioning of a rectifier
00
9 6 with 48 pulses. The evaluation
of the harmonics level.
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2
Power Quality Expert Level 2
First day:
60 min. Section 1: Recapitulation of the notions related to the static converters operation.
Converter types. Utilisation examples of the static converters into installations -
their functions. Generated disturbances. Disturbances levels. Examples based on
simulation software programs.
Modality: Lesson and discussions.
45 min. The practical simulation on personal computers. The building of the needed
MATLAB software programs. The analysis of the obtained results. The
assessment of the load’s type influence.
Modality: Practical activities and discussions.
Second day:
135 min. Section 5: Static converters physical simulators. Case studies. Recording at the
terminals of a controlled half-wave rectifier. The influence of load type (resistive,
inductive, capacitive). The inductance influence into/on the circuit. Recording at
the inverter with 4 pulses’ terminals. The influence of load type (resistive,
inductive, capacitive).
Modality: Practical activities and discussions.
30 min. Coffee break
120 min. Section 6: The dimensioning of a 48 pulses inverter for the real case of an
aluminium company. The schema selection. The power circuits calculation. The
assessment of the harmonics level. The integration into the electrical power
system. Comparison with the admitted values / limits. Additional measures for
disturbances limitation. The technical and economical assessment of the
solution.
Modality: Practical activities and discussions.
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3
Power Quality Expert Level 2
25 min. Section 7: Introduction into the homework. Each participant should solve the
homework up to the next seminar/module and send it back to the lectures team
for appreciation).
The homework appreciation (positive / negative) will complete / finalize the
seminar / module attendance (confirm / infirm it) under debate.
Modality: Lesson and discussions.
20 min. Final discussion and conclusions.
End of the course - user satisfaction survey.
GENERAL NOTES
− each day there will be coffee breaks according to the seminar/module program;
− at the beginning of the module the lecturer will explain the module aims and at the end he will
verify their fulfilment;
− the module will be divided in theoretical, practical sections and case studies;
− at the end of the module, a user satisfaction survey will help the lecturer in monitoring the module
quality.
4 TEACHING METHODS
www.lpqi.org
4
Power Quality Expert Level 2
The attendants have to have the Power Quality Expert 1st Level LPQIVES Certification. The
following (on the basic level) shall be prerequisite for the participant:
Level
Topic
Basic Medium High
Electric circuits theory: AC circuits •
Electrical power networks •
Power electronics •
7 ACQUIRED KNOWLEDGE
The knowledge acquired during the seminar/module should be sufficient for:
− the monitoring equipment installing, setting-up and operating;
− the assessment of the disturbances caused by static converters, on measurement data basis;
− computer utilization for the processes simulation, acquisition and experimental data
processing;
− to decide on and to dimension solutions for the power quality improvement.
8 ANNEXES
List of references from MIDAS:
Press
1. PR-00022, Eaton, D, Hammond, P, Rama, J, Neutral shift, IEEE Industry Applications,
Nov-Dec/2003
Five years of continuous operation with adjustable speed drives.
Case study of a compressor drive in a refinery.
2. PR-00023, Sykes, F, Resonant-mode power supplies: a primer, IEEE Spectrum, May 89
Operating sinusoidally at very high frequencies because of improved components, these power supplies
answer the demand for more wattage (power) in smaller packages.
Publication
3. REP-00008, 2003, 3-3-4 Active Rectifiers
Active rectifiers topology, operation, application
4. REP-00059, 2003, Practical approach to non linear parameter estimation of six pulse
converter with voltage source inverters, Application note
Description of parameters of six-pulse bridge converters in three-phase systems, influence of the topology of
the system, experimental set-up for determining parameters. The goal of this study is to simplify modeling
and predict behaviour and influence of converters.
5. REP-00068, 2003, A practical approach to the influence of long lead cables on inverter
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5
Power Quality Expert Level 2
www.lpqi.org
6
Power Quality
Training Courses
Curricula for
MODULE 8
Compensation of reactive power,
Voltage and current unbalance
- Power Quality Expert Level 2 -
www.lpqi.org
Power Quality Expert Level 2
Module 8
Compensation of reactive power, voltage and current
unbalance
1 INTRODUCTION
The reactive power flow in an electrical power system is accompanied by the active power losses and
voltage level variations into the electrical network nodes, too. In this way the reactive power control has
significant effects on the electrical network performance indicators and on the PQ indexes, also. In
generally speaking, the practical assessment of the power factor into the consumers points on active
and reactive energy have a global character. The power factor utilisation for the reactive power flow
control needs a detailed analysis of the electrical values into the node under debate.
The voltage and current unbalances have important effects on the electrical network performance
indicators. The assessment of the unbalance indexes and the detailed knowing of their significance
can offer useful information, to the electricity supplier, referring to the power quality of the supplied
electricity. Also, useful information will be supplied to the customers for decisions taking, having as
consequence the operation of the electrical network node under discussion, in the admitted
disturbances values / limits.
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1
Power Quality Expert Level 2
Time
Knowledge Lesson and discussions
progression Section level
(hours)
The dimensioning of
25
7 6 balancing installations, based
on Scott and V transformers.
The dimensioning of a
balancing installation,
915 7 based on Steinmetz
scheme.
Introduction
940 8 into
the homework.
www.lpqi.org
2
Power Quality Expert Level 2
First day:
60 min. Section 1: Recapitulation of the notions related to the powers from the electrical
power network. The power factor evaluation based on the recorded data. Data
analysis and their interpretation. The power factor in case of sinusoidal regime.
The power factor in case of non-sinusoidal regime. Examples.
Modality: Lesson and discussions.
30 min. Automatic equipment for the power factor control. The control scheme analysis.
The equipment setting-up (real equipment with simulated load). .
Modality: Practical activities and discussions.
60 min. Section 3: The analysis of the simulation equipment operation for different
values of the virtual power factor.
Modality: Practical activities and discussions.
90 min. Section 4: The Simulink (MATLAB) software. The program setting for a a
sincronous engine with different loads (real case). The analysis the obtained data
Observations. Comments.
(It will be used 3 different type of monitoring equipments from those used - in real
operation - to measure voltage fluctuations)
Modality: Lesson, practical activities and discussions.
Second day:
120 min. Section 5: Recapitulation of the notions related to the unbalance. Sources.
Unbalance indicators. The analysis of recorded real data. The determination of
the 95 % probably values. The assesment of the unbalance indexes, on
symetrical components basis. The assesment of the unbalance indexes, on
recorded data basis. The assesment of the unbalance propagation through the
transformers.
Modality: Practical activities and discussions.
www.lpqi.org
3
Power Quality Expert Level 2
25 min. Section 8: Introduction into the homework. Each participant should solve the
homework up to the next seminar/module and send it back to the lectures team
for appreciation).
The homework appreciation (positive / negative) will complete / finalize the
seminar / module attendance (confirm / infirm it) under debate.
Modality: Lesson and discussions.
20 min. Final discussion and conclusions.
End of the course - user satisfaction survey.
GENERAL NOTES
− each day there will be coffee breaks according to the seminar/module program;
− at the beginning of the module the lecturer will explain the module aims and at the end he will
verify their fulfilment;
− the module will be divided in theoretical and practical sections;
− at the end of the module, a user satisfaction survey will help the lecturer in monitoring the module
quality.
4 TEACHING METHODS
www.lpqi.org
4
Power Quality Expert Level 2
The attendants have to have the Power Quality Expert 1st Level LPQIVES Certification. The
following (on the basic level) shall be prerequisite for the participant:
− electric circuits theory: AC circuits;
− electric machines;
− electric power engineering; power system / electrical power network;
− basic knowledge in MATLAB programming;
− electric metrology;
− basic knowledge in utilisation of the software programs.
7 ACQUIRED KNOWLEDGE
The knowledge acquired during the seminar/module should be sufficient for:
− the assessment of the power factor and reactive power flow;
− the dimensioning of the power factor control installations;
− the equipment setting for the power factor control;
− the assessment of the disturbance caused by unbalancing;
− the dimensioning of the balancing installations.
8 ANNEXES
List of references from MIDAS:
Press
1. PR-00007, Heydt, G, Power Quality Engineering, JEEE, Sep 2001
Encompassing most areas of electric power engineering, from generation to utilization, power quality
engineering has been a topic of interest from the inception or the power engineering field. Here, the author
describes how some contemporary factors have made it the subject of more focused interest.
Publication
2. REP-00002, 2004, 1-9 Power Quality Glossary, Application note
The glossary of main technical terms used in PQ
3. REP-00024, 2003, 5-3-6 Mitigation of voltage unbalance, Application Note
Unbalance standards, limits, symmetrization - examples (calculations). Subjects:
- Standardization
- Principles of compensation and symmetrization
- Static compensators
4. REP-00038, 2003, 3-1-2 Capacitors in Harmonic Rich Environments, Application note
Inductances and capacitances. Reactive power. Why compensate? Central, disperssed compensation,
detuning (in series with reactors)
5. REP-00047, 2003, 5-1-3 Introduction to Unbalance, Application note
Background. Limits. Consequences. Mitigation.
6. REP-00069, 2003, Analysis of neutral conductor current in a three phase supplied
network with non linear single phase loads, Application note
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5
Power Quality Expert Level 2
This paper describes the effect of harmonics and unbalanced power supply and load on the current in the
neutral conductor. Results from measurements are discussed.
7. REP-00071, 2003, On line monitoring of the neutral conductor current in a three phase
supplied network with non linear load for different power supply and load conditions,
Application note
This paper describes the effect of harmonics and unbalanced power supply and load on the current in the
neutral conductor. Measurement results are discussed. Using a programmable power source, arbitrary
voltage waveforms are generated, independently for each phase. Each phase is loaded by non-linear loads.
Phase currents and the current in the neutral conductor are analyzed for different configurations.
8. REP-00102, 2003, Control equipment for MV capacitor banks - ect 142, Application note
Reactive energy compensation, switching capacitor banks, problems and solutions concerning capacitors,
problems and solutions concerning switchgear, inrush-current calculations and surge inductances.
9. REP-00106, 2003, Power factor correction and its pitfalls. Application note no. 2,
Application note
Power-factor correction - subjects:
1. Basics of power-factor correction
2. Power factor of an installation having distorting loads
3. Harmonic distortion
4. Overloading of power-factor correction capacitors in the presence of harmonic currents
5. Power-factor correction capacitors and harmonic resonance
6. Detuning the power-factor correction capacitors
10. REP-00111, 2003, Voltage unbalance. Technical Note no. 6, Application note
Voltage unbalance - subjects:
1. Introduction
2. Definitions of voltage unbalance
3. Effects of voltage unbalance on induction motors
4. Effects of voltage unbalance on AC variable speed drive systems
5. Mitigation of voltage unbalance and its effects
11. REP-00125, 2002, Specification guidelines to improve power quality immunity and
reduce plant operating costs, Paper
There are many useful IEEE and IEC standards that support the design of chemical and petrochemical
plants. This article brings relevant Power Quality standards information together and provides
recommendations in areas not yet covered in current standards. Circuit configurations for cost saving
solutions are provided.
12. REP-00144, 1996, Guide to quality of electrical supply for industrial installations.
PART 1: Types of disturbances and relevant standards, Brochure
(Document available in the library of Katholieke Universiteit Leuven)
1. Scope
2. Introduction to the concept of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)
2.1. Definition of EMC
2.2. Basic concepts
2.3. Compatibility, emission and immunity levels
2.4. The concept of electromagnetic environment
3. Types of disturbances, origins and effects
3.1. General classification
3.2. Harmonics
3.3. Interharmonics
3.4. Voltage fluctuations
3.5. Voltage dips and short (supply) interruptions
3.6. Voltage unbalance - asymmetry
3.7. Power frequency variations
3.8. Transient overvoltages
3.9. Mains siganlling
3.10. Reference to HF conducted and LF and HF radiated disturbances
4. Coordination strategies among the involved parties
4.1. Evaluation of the disturbance emission level
4.2. Immunity of equipment
4.3. Mitigation techniques
4.4. Prediction studies for installation requirements
4.5. An approach to measurement criteria
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6
Power Quality Expert Level 2
www.lpqi.org
7
Power Quality
Training Courses
Curricula for
MODULE 9
Distributed Energy Sources and Power Quality,
Energy storage systems
- Power Quality Expert Level 2 -
www.lpqi.org
Power Quality Expert Level 2
Module 9
www.lpqi.org
1
Power Quality Expert Level 2
energy sources into the public electrical power network. The assessment of the
influences on the MV electrical network power quality. The establishing of PQ
improvement solutions. The selection and dimensioning of a power storage solution for a
real case.
Time
Knowledge Lesson
progression Section level
(hours)
Simulation of wind
installation operation
915 7 on
electricity market.
Introduction
940 8 into
the homework.
www.lpqi.org
2
Power Quality Expert Level 2
First day:
45 min. Section 2: The evaluation of the renewable energy resources on wind and solar
radiation maps basis. The evaluation of the available energy/power.
Modality: Practical activities and discussions.
90 min. Section 4: The evaluation of the disturbances determinated into the low voltage
network by the photovoltaic installation operation. The evaluation of the
unbalance level and of the harmonic disturbances on data recording basis.
Solutions for disturbances limitation.
Modality: Practical activities and discussions.
Second day:
120 min. Section 5: The analyzes of the wind source data into a specified amplacement.
The dimentioning of a wind installation on data recording basis. An example of
the integration of a small power wind installation into the electrical power
distribution network (real case). The dimensioning of the connections to public
electrical network which is connected with. The evaluation of the disturbances
caused into the medium and low voltage.
Modality: Practical activities and discussions.
40 min. Section 6: The dimensioning of the energy storage system. The schema
selection. The power circuits calculation.
Modality: Practical activities and discussions.
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3
Power Quality Expert Level 2
110 min. Section 7: The simulation of a wind installation operation under MATLAB
(Simulink).
The economical evaluation of the generated energy/power into the distributed
energy sources.
Tariffs for energy. Green certificates. Participation at the electricity market.
Simulation of the electricity market operation, with the seminar/module
attendants.
The influence of the variability of the generated power/energy on the electricity
market. The forecast of the prodused energy/power.
Modality: Practical activities and discussions.
25 min. Section 8: Introduction into the homework. Each participant should solve the
homework up to the next seminar/module and send it back to the lectures team
for appreciation).
The homework appreciation (positive / negative) will complete / finalize the
seminar / module attendance (confirm / infirm it) under debate.
Modality: Lesson and discussions.
20 min. Final discussion and conclusions.
End of the course - user satisfaction survey.
GENERAL NOTES
− each day there will be coffee breaks according to the seminar/module program;
− at the beginning of the module the lecturer will explain the module aims and at the end he will
verify their fulfilment;
− the module will be divided in theoretical and practical sections;
− at the end of the module, a user satisfaction survey will help the lecturer in monitoring the module
quality.
4 TEACHING METHODS
www.lpqi.org
4
Power Quality Expert Level 2
− Notebook;
− Equipment for distributed energy sources simulation;
− Equipment for monitoring of the electrical and photometrical data.
The attendants have to come at seminar with laptops for the practical activities which will be
performed during the seminar.
The lecture room will be suitable to allow the use of all the above listed didactic tools and to enable
group work for the attendants.
Each attendant will receive, during the registration, a folder containing:
− the module program;
− the lecture notes containing all or part of the lecture slides;
− LPQIVES knowledge database access personal key;
− the software programs for the dimensioning of the distributed energy sources;
− the indications refering to the processing algorithms;
− the homework.
The folder will also include a user satisfaction questionnaire (which will be filled and submitted at
the end of the seminar / module)
The attendants have to have the Power Quality Expert 1st Level LPQIVES Certification. The
following (on the basic level) shall be prerequisite for the participant:
Level
Topic
Basic Medium High
Mathematical analysis •
Statistic •
Electrical circuits •
Electrical power networks •
Power quality •
7 ACQUIRED KNOWLEDGE
The knowledge acquired during the seminar/module should be sufficient for:
− the evaluation of the renewable energy resources on wind and solar maps basis; the evaluation
of the available energy/power;
− the dimensioning and mounting of the photovoltaic panels; the electrical schema dimensioning;
− the monitoring of the generated power and of the illumination level;
− The dimensioning of a photovoltaic source; the electrical schema dimensioning and the
connection to the public electrical network which is connected with;
− the evaluation of the generated power/energy by the distributed energy sources and the
dimensioning of the PQ improvement solutions for real cases/situations;
− the dimensioning of an electrical power storage system;
− the economical assessment of the energy/power generated by the distributed energy sources.
8 ANNEXES
List of references from MIDAS:
Press
PR-00019, Dugan R., 2003, IEEE Electrical Insulation, PQ, reliability and DG
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5
Power Quality Expert Level 2
The distributed generation (DG) owner's reliability, measured by the sustained interruption indices,
should improve markedly if DG has been installed and operated properly. However, because this is
just one customer out of hundreds or thousands on the feeder, the improvement does not show up
the utility's traditional reliability indices. There can be a positive or negative impact on the utility-
level indices in these cases: DG can reduce the number or the duration of sustained interruptions if
automated switches are available to restore power in DG-supplied islands or to DG-supported
alternate feeds; the loss of fusesaving on laterals can significantly degrade the utility-level indices.
There is little opportunity for DG to affect the PQ of other customers, as measured by the indices
for voltage sags, which are related to faults and interruptions. DG can still have adverse impacts on
harmonics and steady-state voltage regulation, which are other aspects of PQ. Utilities should
consider tracking ASIFI, ASIDI, and other indices that are based on load size rather than the
number of customers. As a supplement to the traditional reliability indices, these would better show
the positive impacts of DG, assuming DG owners tend to be larger customers.
PR-00012, Gomez J., 2002, IEEE Power Engineering Review, Coordinating overcurrent
protection and voltage sag in distributed generation systems
The new scenario implies that the time-voltage characteristic of a protective device changes into a
zone that modifies previous methodologies and increases the dropout susceptibility of sensitive
equipment.
Publication
REP-00122 Huber P., 2002, Critical Power,
Demand
- Powering Public Networks
- The Vulnerable Public Grid
- A New Profile for Grid-Outage Risks
- Powering Critical Nodes
- Fuelling the Digital Economy
- Hard Power
Resilient Power
- Tiers of Power
- Adding Logic to the Grid: The Static Transfer Switch
- Generation and Transmission
- Distribution and Distributed Generation
- On-Site Power
- Stored Energy
- Backup Generators
- "Uninterruptible Power"
- Monitoring, Control, and Reliability-Centered Maintenance
- Resilient Design
Private Investment and the Public Interest^
- Assess Vulnerabilities
- Establish Critical-Power Standards for Facilities Used to Support Key Government Functions
- Share Safety- and Performance-Related Information, Best Practices, and Standards
- Interconnect Public and Private Supervisory Control and DataAcquisition Networks
- Secure Automated Control Systems
- Share Assets
- Enhance Interfaces Between On-Site Generating Capacity and ThePublic Grid
- Remove Obstacles
REP-00124, Dugan R., 2002, Rural Electric Power Conference, Distributed generation
impact on reliability and power quality indices
Properly sited distributed generation (DG) can increase the feeder capacity limit, but this does not
necessarily produce an improvement in system reliability or power quality, as quantified by
standard indices. The DG may have a positive impact on reliability through faster system
restoration following a fault.
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Power Quality Expert Level 2
The DG can also improve reliability for the owner, and may reduce the severity of voltage sags
near the DG. Indices normalized to the number of customers dilute these positive benefits. The DG
often has a negative impact on reliability indices through sympathetic tripping, required changes to
utility overcurrent device settings, and increased fuse blowing. The utility cannot assume DG
automatically improves system reliability, and action may be required to ensure that reliability does
not actually degrade for other
Customers
REP-00129, Gellings C., 2004, ELECTRICAL POWER QUALITY AND UTILISATION' 2004
Cracow, POWER QUALITY AND THE POWER DELIVERY SYSTEM OF THE FUTURE
The paper discusses four vulnerabilities already present in today’s power system. These are:
- The Security of Power Delivery and Market Systems;
- The Quality of Power Supplied;
- The Reliability of Power Supplied;
- The Availability of Affordable Energy Services.
They will continue to degradate. Resolving these vulnerabilities will yield benefits in the trillions of
dollars annually. The paper discusses such solutions in terms of technologies and systems
development.
REP-00136, 2003, ENIRDGnet, Guidelines for improved DG and RES related information
access
The objective of the report is to evaluate a sample of different sources of existing DG and RES
(renewable energy systems) related information, to identify future needs for such information
system, to establish requirements and make recommendations for the
operation of the system.
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Power Quality
Training Courses
Curricula for
MODULE 10
Utility Package
(Frequency variations. Quality of supply in the electricity
market. DSM. Tariffs and power quality. Rational use of energy)
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Power Quality Expert Level 2
Module 10
Utility Package
(Frequency variations. Quality of supply in the electricity market. DSM.
Tariffs and power quality. Rational use of energy)
1 INTRODUCTION
The efficient operation of the electrical consumers needs a reliable power supply and an adequate
quality of the bus-bar voltage. These conditions have a special importance into the market
economy, where the quality of the manufactured goods, the manufacturing costs and the contracts
fulfilling are definitive elements of the consumers. The adoption of tariffs for energy in accordance
with it’s energetical behaviour and the power quality requirements is one of the most important
preoccupations of the energetic specialists from the modern companies. Also, the adoption of the
most efficient solutions for the reducing of the losses/damages which occurs into the utilization
processes of the electricity can assure to the electricity consumer to be competitive. The technical
and economical evaluation of the existing solutions for the electrical power utilization efficiency
increasing and the knowing of the financial solutions for putting into practice of the technical
solutions are tools with which an electrical power specialist has to operate for the reducing of the
electrical power useless consumptions. Of course, the electrical power utilization efficiency
increasing has an important component related to the environment, by decreasing the quantity of
pollutants transmitted to the environment.
1.1 General aims
The peculiar problems of industrial consumers will be the studied during this seminar. In this
sense, the peculiar aspects of these consumers, methods and solving means of these problems,
the needed information, their interpretation, the current solutions, the argue way of the proposed
technical solutions and the practical implementation ways of the solutions for energy efficiency
increasing, will be briefly presented/recapitulated. Also, will be studied real cases (industrial
consumers) for which will be selected and dimensioned adequate solutions.
1.2 Target groups
This module’s target group are mainly:
• end-users of equipment;
• designers, consultants;
• electrical installations building up or installation work contractor;
• electric networks operators;
• manufacturers, equipment sellers and services providers in the electricity sector.
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Power Quality Expert Level 2
Case study: the selection of an adequate tariff to energetically behavior of a real consumer.
Aims Modern technological solutions for the electrical power utilization efficiency increasing.
Financial solutions for the technical solutions implementation. The methodology of
technical solutions analysis.
Time
Knowledge Lesson
progression Section level
(hours)
Introduction
940 8 into
the homework.
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Power Quality Expert Level 2
First day:
60 min. Section 1: Recapitulation of the notions related to the peculiar power quality
aspects of the industrial consumers. The influences of the frequency on the
consumers/company economical indicators. Measures for the frequency
maintaining, at system level.
The analysis of several real frequency variation cases because of high
disturbances. The system back-up dimensioning for the National Power System.
Solutions at consumer’s level. System services of the consumer. Case studies.
Modality: Lesson, practical activities and discussions.
45 min. Section 2: The influence of voltage level on the operating technical conditions
and economical indicators of the electricity consumers. The calculation of the
active and reactive power consumptions and various receivers/loads power
factor, according to the voltage level. The consumers voltage curves and their
utilization for the load control into the power system. Case study.
Modality: Practical activities and discussions.
30 min. The influence of the reactive power traffic on the electrical power distribution
network, respectively on the consumers electrical power network. Case study:
capacitor batteries at consumer, capacitor batteries into the supplying substation.
Modality: Practical activities and discussions.
90 min. Section 3: Case studies related to modern solutions for the efficient utilization of
the electrical power for several loads/receivers: dimensioning of a drinking water
supply pump; modern lighting system evaluation; dimensioning of power storage
systems during the night, dimensioning of power factor automatic control
systems.
Modality: Practical activities and discussions.
60 min. Section 4: The economical evaluation of the proposed solutions for the case
studies under debate. Financial solutions for the costs covering. DSM solutions.
Modality: Lesson, practical activities and discussions.
Second day:
120 min. Section 5: Contracts for consumer power supplying. The conceiving of power
quality contract for a real consumer.
Modality: Practical activities and discussions.
40 min. Section 6: Tariffs for the energy. Case study: The assesment of a real consumer
energetical behaviour, the tariff selection and the negotiaton in accordance with
energetical behaviour of the consumer.
Modality: Practical activities and discussions.
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Power Quality Expert Level 2
110 min. Section 7: The power utilization efficiency. The calculation of the avoided
emissions for a real consumer. White certificates. The utilization of white
certificates. Avoided consumptions into modern technologies. The determination
of the avoided consumptions (negajouls) for the modern loads/receveivers
(modern lighting systems, electric-arc furnace d.c. supplied, electrical warming
installations in industry, aluminium industry).
Modality: Practical activities and discussions.
25 min. Section 8: Introduction into the homework. Each participant should solve the
homework up to the next seminar/module and send it back to the lectures team
for appreciation).
The homework appreciation (positive / negative) will complete / finalize the
seminar / module attendance (confirm / infirm it) under debate.
Modality: Lesson and discussions.
20 min. Final discussion and conclusions.
End of the course - user satisfaction survey.
GENERAL NOTES
− each day there will be coffee breaks according to the seminar/module program;
− at the beginning of the module the lecturer will explain the module aims and at the end he will
verify their fulfilment;
− the module will be divided in theoretical and practical sections;
− at the end of the module, a user satisfaction survey will help the lecturer in monitoring the module
quality.
4 TEACHING METHODS
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Power Quality Expert Level 2
The lecture room will be suitable to allow the use of all the above listed didactic tools and to enable
group work for the attendants.
Each attendant will receive, during the registration, a folder containing:
− the module program;
− the lecture notes containing all or part of the lecture slides;
− LPQIVES knowledge database access personal key;
− the indications refering to the processing algorithms;
− the homework.
The folder will also include a user satisfaction questionnaire (which will be filled and submitted at
the end of the seminar / module)
The attendants have to have the Power Quality Expert 1st Level LPQIVES Certification. The
following (on the basic level) shall be prerequisite for the participant:
Level
Topic
Basic Medium High
Mathematical analysis •
Statistic •
Electrical circuits •
Power systems •
Power quality •
7 ACQUIRED KNOWLEDGE
The knowledge acquired during the seminar/module should be sufficient for:
− the calculation of the active and reactive power consumptions and various receivers/loads
power factor, according to the voltage level;
− the selection, dimensioning and economical evaluation of several loads/receivers efficiency
increasing solutions;
− the assesment of consumer energetical behaviour; the tariff selection;
− the efficient utilization of electrical power; the utilization of white certificates;
− the conceiving of contractual articles for a supplier - consumer contract, on in force
standards/norms basis.
8 ANNEXES
List of references from MIDAS:
Press
1. PR-00001, n /a, PQ Articles, EC&M
Power Quality Magazine: http://ecmweb.com/about/ , http://www.powerquality.com/
http://ecmweb.com/powerquality/
2. PR-00002, n /a, Cahier Technique, Schneider Electric - web site
http://wib-prod.schneiderelectric.
com/publicprogram/corp/corp_techpub.nsf/0/B64FE480CDE5289B85256EFC00354C98/$file/CT
0%20Bi%20Web%20(Ed06-03).pdf - Cahier Technicque issued in English
General: http://www.schneiderelectric.
com/wps/myportal/!ut/p/.cmd/cs/.ce/7_0_A/.s/7_0_P9/_s.7_0_A/7_0_P9
3. PR-00003, n /a, Electricity and Electronics online Textbook (E-book), All about circuits
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/
4. PR-00004, n /a, Copper Promotion websites - electrical with publications, Copper
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Power Quality Expert Level 2
Promotion Network
ECI electrical: http://www.eurocopper.org/eci/jsp/index.jsp?idx=35
Leonardo: www.lpqi.org
CDA USA: http://www.copper.org/applications/electrical/pq/
CDA UK: http://www.cda.org.uk/PQP/pqp.htm
Leonardo Energy: http://www.leonardo-energy.org/
5. PR-00005, n /a, National Instruments Application Notes, National Instruments
Application notes on PQ measuring
Also tutorials: http://www.ni.com/industrial/electrical_power_build.htm
6. PR-00006, n /a, Tutorials and Standards for the Power Quality Industry, Power
Standards Lab
Brief power quality tutorials for engineers
Sags, dips, and swells: Introduction to the most common disturbance on AC mains
Transient overvoltages: Introduction to capacitor-switching and high-frequency transients
Harmonics: Introduction to voltage and current harmonics issues
Flicker: Introduction to voltage flicker
Voltage regulation: Introduction to voltage regulation issues
Other disturbances: Frequency variations, noise bursts, and other less common problems
Sag immunity tutorials
Tutorial #1: Common sources of voltage sags / dips
Tutorial #2: Five ways equipment fails due to voltage sags
Tutorial #3: Semiconductor industry voltage sag standards: F47 and F42
Tutorial #4: Quick, inexpensive fixes that increase immunity to voltage sags
Electric power standards
IEEE power quality standards
IEC power quality standards
Utility power quality standards
Industry-specific power quality standards
U.S. military power quality standards
Other power quality standards - ANSI, CBEMA, CIGRE, country-specific, etc.
Also special training software under: http://powerstandards.com/download_reg.htm
Publication
7. REP-00002, 2004, 1-9 Power Quality Glossary, Application note
The glossary of main technical terms used in PQ
8. REP-00032, 2001, 1-1 Introduction, Application note
Application Note about introduction to PQ and EMC
9. REP-00033, 2002, 1-2 Power Quality Self Assessment Guide, Application Note
PQ problems and solutions. Results of the PQ European survey
10. REP-00034, 2001, 2-1 The costs of Poor Power Quality, Application Note
Typical costs of poor PQ
11. REP-00035, 2003, 2-5 Investment Analysis for PQ solutions, Application note
Application Note about investment analysis in PQ domain. Time value of money; NPV, IRR, payback
period.
12. REP-00050, 2004, 5-4-2 EN 50160 Standard- Voltage Characteristics in Public
Distribution Systems, Application note
Overview of EN 50160
13. REP-00056, 2003, Business Model for investing in Power Quality Solutions,
Application note
This paper illustrates how non-financially technical personnel can use their experience to help communicate
to and convince other decision-making departments to invest in upgrading an electrical installation's
resilience and reliability. It is based on some extensive research carried out among a wide range of
commercial and non-commercial industrial sectors in Spain. From the analysis of this study, a series of
formulae have been created to enable managers to qualify the wastage, both in time and financial terms, to
their organizations and to assist in assessing the value of upgrading the power system to eradicate
unnecessary drains on resource and productivity.
14. REP-00066, 2003, Power Quality - ect 199, Application note
Phenomena causing degradation of power quality, origins, consequences for equipment and main solutions.
Measurement of power quality.
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Power Quality Expert Level 2
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Power Quality Expert Level 2
necessary, the peak load in New Jersey's electricity market. It examines load pricing and technical load
reduction programs used in recent years in New Jersey and discuss how they can be made more effective in
controlling summer peaks and attendant high prices of electricity. Particular attention is given to load
curtailment programs now in place and utility opinions relating to them.
25. REP-00138, 2000, Client Report : Trends in smart home systems, connectivity and
services, Report/study
Report on trends in "residential connectivity" and associated smart home systems and services.
The report covers:
- Smart home technologies for Internet access, telephone networks, PC networks, home entertainment,
security, safety, environmental control and special needs
- The external and internal connectivity infrastructure (both cabled and wireless) needed to support
smart home systems
- Internet (online) services
- Telecare
- The benefits and costs of smart homes
The report makes recommendations for a range of standard infrastructure solutions for new homes
to meet simple smart home requirements, while providing the flexibility to upgrade conveniently at a
later date to advanced systems and services such as telecare.
26. REP-00140, 2002, The Process of Designing Appropriate Smart Homes: Including the
User in the Design, Paper
This paper seeks to consider how smart home technology can be incorporated appropriately within the
design process, exploring the difficulties in determining the most appropriate type of technology to meet the
needs of people. The paper concludes with a set of guidelines to inform future designs within this area.
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