A COMPARISON OF LIQUID-FILLED AND DRY-TYPE TRANSFORMER TECHNOLOGIES

By: IEEE-IAS Cement Industry Committee Tommy Nunn, Market Development Manager, AB6
This paper assembles data from various sources in order to provide information to evaluate liquid-filled and drytype transformers. The first basis of comparison is a general product description of product development and design. The second comparison is a specific comparison of electrical characteristics based on standard and optional ratings. A general description of industry standards with their prevailing focus as well specific references to the applicable industry standards for the products being compared in this review is also provided. The comparison of kilovolt-ampere (kVA) sizes and voltages is based on distribution ratings most commonly used in the United States. Only ANSI and NEMA standards are used as references for the electrical characteristic comparison. General Comparison In recent years, the variety of transformer types available for use in small and medium power applications has grown considerably. Below is a listing of only the major categories available: Oil-filled Non-flammable Liquid FiI led Biodegradable Fluid Liquid Filled VPllConventional Dry Types Gas-Filled Dry Types VPE Dry Types Epoxy Coated Dry Types RESIBLOC Epoxy Cast Dry Types Epoxy Cast Dry Types Within each of the above categories, a number of distinct processes by which these units are manufactured exist. Given the complexity of choices available, the task of selecting the best unit for a given application has become exceedingly difficult. Within this discussion, we will attempt to provide information, which the reader may find useful in arriving at a sound selection. Before jumping into the specifics of each category, one should recognize that each of these categories contain certain advantages and disadvantages in relation to each other. Historically, the oil--filled units were the original option; but due to certain problems associated with them, others have evolved. However, when properly applied, each device will give exceptional service.

A consideration of at least equal importance to that of

selecting a particular category is selecting a particular manufacturer. A s noted above, each category will provide exceptional service when properly applied; however, this is true only if the device was properly designed and manufactured. Certain checks can be made to evaluate a given vendor with regards to their quality of manufacturing. However, without extensive transformer knowledge, it is extremely difficult for an end user to evaluate all the permutations in the design of the various categories. Thus, it is suggested that a manufacturers previous performance in a particular category of transformer be given added emphasis in an evaluation. With no prior purchase history from a given manufacturer, the end user should at least require, and use, a Customer List of similar installed devices as well as a mean time to failure analysis per ANSI C57.1171986 from the prospective manufacturer. OIL-FILLED TRANSFORMERS These units were historically the primary option available for use in the small to medium power range. In transformer design there is a constant struggle between the dielectric, thermal and cost properties of the materials selected for the insulation system. Typically, these properties are such that improvement in one decreases the performance in the other. In oil-filled transformers, the insulation system consists primarily of transformer oil and cellulose paper. This combination has proved to exhibit outstanding thermal and dielectric properties at a relatively inexpensive cost. Indeed, it is the properties of these units by which all other transformer designs are judged. Oil filled units offer the lowest purchase cost of all the options available. In addition, they provide the smallest dimension and lowest losses per purchase dollar of all the options and offer a very high ability to operate in adverse conditions.

0-7803-5823-6/00/$10.00 0 2000 IEEE

105

If it were not for the environmental concerns, fire, leakage, and maintenance associated with these units; there would be no need for most of the other options. However, it is primarily due to the increased awareness and cost of these factors that has prompted the creation of all the other options. NON-FLAMMABLE LIQUID FILLED TRANSFORMERS With growing recognition of the fire problems well as non-thermal liabilities associated with the oil-filled transformers, the non-flammable liquid filled transformers evolved. In essence, all these units will still burn, with the exception of Polychlorinated Biphenyls, (PCB) and Perchloroethylene (C2C14). However, the flash point is considerably higher than oil. For a number of years, the PCB insulated transformer was the backbone of this industry - until environmental concerns made this material unacceptable. Now, a number of different fluids are being offered; the major ones being; silicone, perchloroethylene, high temperature hydrocarbons, and mixtures of oil with perchloroethylene. As noted, these units possess a higher flash point than oil. Their dielectric properties tend to be similar to oil. The thermal conductivity of the fluids, with the exception of C2C14, tends to be poorer than oil resulting in increased unit size and weight. These fluids tend to attack a number of the materials used in the oil-filled units and extreme care must be exercised if retrofitting is anticipated. While these units meet the need, to varying degrees, for a non-flammable transformer, problems still exist as to the probability of these fluids being found to represent a health hazard in the future - thus creating a situation similar to that of PCBs today.

animal fats and vegetable oils are substantially less harmful to the environment than petroleum oils. Vegetable oils have been considered for several decades as electrical insulating fluids, but the only type of electrical equipment where they found limited use was in capacitors. Vegetable oils were not used in transformers due to the unavailability of a suitable fluid which was both stable in the transformer environment and which was available in plentiful quantities. Transformer manufactures have released transformer designs that utilize vegetable oil-based dielectric fluids. These units are comparable in size and electrical performance to conventional liquid filled units filled with the less flammable dielectric fluids mentioned above. The advantages of transformers with biodegradable fluids are elevated fire and flash points for flammability concerns. The fluids have environmentally friendly properties that include biodegradable characteristics up to 97% in 21 days and they come from non-toxic renewable natural resources. VPllCONVENTlONAL DRY TYPE TRANSFORMERS The conventional dry-type transformer has been in existence actually longer than oil-filled units. In the early years, they were mainly employed in relatively small transformers at low voltages and utilized the same materials as oil-filled transformers. The units have evolved considerably over the years mainly due to the creation of many improved materials. As high temperature papers were developed, it became possible to reduce core and conductor material by increasing the operating temperature of the windings. While this tended to increase the losses somewhat, it allowed the cost of the units to approach those of the oilfilled transformers. In addition, many of the materials utilized in these units proved to be truly non-flammable. Thus, a transformer capable of addressing the major problems of the oil-filled units, flammability and leakage, became available at a competitive price. The drawback to these units is that the major dielectric medium external to the windings is ambient air and the ambient air influences the winding dielectric system. As the dielectric capabilities of this air were subject to contamination (mainly in the form of moisture), these transformers were prone to failure in contaminated environments, especially at higher voltage ratings. All the other transformer products (VPE, epoxy coated, epoxy cast, epoxy wet wound, gas-filled) have evolved in an effort to address this problem. Some of these units, while addressing the effect of contaminated air, have been done so at the expense of some of the beneficial properties of the conventional dry-type. The conventional dry type transformer of today consists of an insulation system of carefully coordinated high temperature (220 degree C) materials coated with a high temperature moisture resistant polyester sealant. On the better quality units, the polyester sealant is typically

BIODEGRADEABLE FLUID LIQUID FILLED TRANSFORMERS In recent years environmental concerns have been raised by electric utilities regarding the use of mineral oil and some synthetic fluids, such as silicone and high temperature hydrocarbons with low biodegradability in transformers. These concerns are magnified particularly for those transformers that are located in densely populated areas, shopping centers and near waterways. Any insulation fluid spill could be considered hazardous by regulatory agencies and a major spill could mean expensive clean-up procedures. In October of 1995 an act was passed by the US Congress, public law 104-55, which stipulated that it was the Sense of Congress that the regulatory agencies, DOT, Coast Guard, EPA, etc., recognize and provide for the differences and environmental effects for the classes of biologically derived fats and oils. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration issued a document, 15 CFR part 990, that states in its preamble that the US EPA and Coast Guard have recognized that

106

applied with a vacuum pressure impregnation (VPI) process. These units have been successfully applied in a variety of industrial and commercial environments at voltages exceedingly 15 kV class for more than 30 years. When properly designed and constructed, they have proven to be the most economical transformer option in medium voltage distribution class equipment (through 15 kV, 10 MVA ratings) when installation costs are included. These units are highly resistant to most chemical contaminants. Indeed, due to government regulation, they can be applied virtually anywhere that is acceptable to human habitation. The conventional dry-type exhibits the highest fire rating of all transformer option. Their size is on par with the oil-filled units and their installed weights are lower. They are highly resistant to atmospheric borne moisture as evidenced by their expanding use in outdoor applications. With respect to the life expectancy of these units in an industrial setting one need only look to the nuclear utility industry. The conventional dry types have been employed in a significant number of what are termed 1E applications; applications related to the direct control of the nuclear reactors. Among the requirements for the IE transformers was the demonstration of the capability of the transformer to perform its intended functions at the end of 40 years of use. These capabilities included such items as surviving steam-line breaks over the transformers, radiation exposure, and seismic events. The steam-line break tests have adequately demonstrated the moisture resistance capability to atmospheric moisture. Only oil-filled transformers have more data available to support the thermal life expectancy of the transformer. Indeed, none of the epoxy insulated dry types have ever been qualified for 1E applications mainly due to the inability to support the 40-year life expectancy. GAS-FILLED

major drawback is cost - approximately twice the purchase cost of a comparable oil-filled transformer. In spite of their cost, they are the best transformer option in a number of critical applications. One such application is installation in dry-docks where they provide local power for the construction of ships. Upon completion of a ship, the dry-dock (including the transformer) is flooded with seawater to float the ship away from the construction site. VPE DRY TYPE TRANSFORMERS The VPE dry-type transformer was developed to meet the needs of shipboard use by the military. They are similar to the VPI transformers, but employ a silicone resin instead of a polyester resin. The thickness of the resin costing of the VPE is also greater - typically by a factor of four. The military rates the thermal classification of an insulation system differently than the commercial industry. Under their guidelines, MIL-1-240926, the silicone system was the only system to qualify as a 220 degree C system. C and still meet their salt water exposure criteria. The significance of this thermal capability is extended life expectancy over the polyester systems. In addition, the short-term overload capability is also enhanced. Another unique feature of the silicone VPE transformer is that the resin system when cured is soft when compared to polyester or epoxy systems. This results in an enhanced ability to withstand thermal shocks, both extreme cold and hot, and maintain the moisture seal provided. Under these conditions, the VPE resin does not provide any short circuit strength enhancement. The VPE option is the only option available for dry-type transformers, which does not degrade some feature of the conventional VPI. As noted, the gas-filled are somewhat limited in capacity and occupy a greater volume. As will be explained, all the epoxy options result in decreased thermal ratings among other things. In summary, the VPE transformer provides a number of additional benefits, including enhanced moisture protection, over the conventional VPI transformer with no degradation of any of its other features. In addition, the premium required for these enhancements is the lowest of all the other dry-type options.

- SEALED DRY TRANSFORMERS

Gas-filled transformers were developed to provide the beneficial features of the dry-type, but could be applied in any environment. Indeed, these are the only dry-type transformers that can make this claim. Essentially, they are conventional dry-type transformers installed in a hermetically sealed pressure vessel. The gases currently employed in these designs are N2, C2F6, and SF6. These gases provide the dielectric medium external to the windings. In addition, they also act as the thermal medium to move the heat form the windings to the tank walls. Due to the limited thermal capabilities of the gas media, the ratings of these devices have been restricted. Typically, C2F6 transformers do not exceed 3750 kVA and N2 units do not exceed 2000 kVA. In addition, the size of these units is typically 20% to 30% larger than a comparable oil-filled device. When properly designed and constructed, these transformers exhibit the ability to operate in any environment while remaining truly non-flammable. Their

EPOXY SYSTEMS GENERAL DISCUSSION The three epoxy options currently available in dry-type transformers result from experiences initially related to motor design. Historically, motor and dry-type transformer insulation system designs have paralleled each other. In fact, the most transformer manufacturers obtain the thermal classification of their impregnation systems from UL 1446. When polyester resins became available in the late 1950s, both motor and transformer

1 07

manufacturers converted to their use; however, problems were encountered in the motor industry. As the motor industry continued to look for alternatives, epoxy emerged as the best option for their needs. In Europe, polyester resin systems were not as available as epoxy systems, especially the high temperature polyesters. Due to the lower thermal rating of the polyester resin available and the growing use of epoxy systems in motor manufacture, the European transformer manufacturers began to use epoxy as their primary sealant in dry types in the late 1960s. Originally, they employed B-staged epoxy coated paper. In order to reduce costs, various methods of casting and wet winding evolved. One characteristic noted with the epoxy material was a lower moisture absorption rate as compared to the conventional dry-type. Thus, this characteristic could be improved and allow the transformer to be applied in a greater variety of adverse atmospheric environments. In addition, with respect to the cast designs only, the windings internal insulation system could be effectively hermetically sealed form the ambient resulting in some enhanced dielectric capabilities. However, it should be noted that in all dry-type designs, conventional VPI, VPE, and epoxy (but not gas-filled), the insulation medium external to the windings is still the ambient air and appropriate precautions (such as elimination of condensation) must still be maintained. The resin content of the varying suppliers differs considerably. Adequate internal re-enforcement must be provided in order to avoid cracking from thermal shock and long-term aging. In addition, the thermal classification of the material is lower and has resulted in increased size, weight and cost. As noted, the conventional VPI systems and the VPE system) have a 220 degree C classification. The maximum temperature rise known in the industry for epoxy cast coils is 185 degree C. The net result in either case is a lessening of the thermal capability of the drytype transformer. The temperature rating of a transformer is based on three components: rated average temperature rise, ambient temperature, and the hot spot differential (the difference between the hottest spot temperature rise and the average temperature rise). By US standards, the hottest spot differential is assumed to be 30 degree C, a conservative number in any good design. In a transformer rated 150 degree C rise (at 40,000 hours, which equates to 4.5 years) with a 20 degree C ambient and a 30 degree c hot spot differential, the hot spot temperature is 200 degree C. As this is 20 degree C below the 220 degree C rating, application of Monsignors 10 degree C factor, which states the life of organic materials will halve or double for every I O degree C change in temperature, indicates the estimated life to be (2) (2) (4.5)=18.0 years.

If the epoxy insulated system were rated 185 degree C (at 40,000 hours), then the transformer would require and average temperature rise rating of I 15 degree C to give the same 18.0 years of service. If the epoxy insulated system were rated 155 degree C (at 40,000 hours), then the transformer would require and average temperature rise rating of 85 degree C to give the same 18.0 years of service. Most 155 degree C manufacturers design their units for 80 degree C providing some additional safety margin.

As can be seen, the life of a transformer is highly dependent of the temperature to which it is operated. As the loads on most transformers are below the rating of the device, and the associated temperature rise is lower, life expectancies greatly exceeding 18.0 can be anticipated. EPOXY COATED DRY TYPE TRANSFORMERS
There are two variants of this group of transformers. In one group, a conventional VPI dry-type is given an overcoat of epoxy varnish. In the other approach, the polyester sealant is completely replaced with an epoxy vanish. As noted, epoxy in general, has a slightly improved water absorption rate as compared to polyester; thus, these units have a slightly enhanced ability to resist moisture contamination, at least in the unaged condition. In the subgroup with no polyester resin, the thermal rating of the transformer is downgraded. Most manufacturers of these units claim a 180 degree C classification. As noted in the general discussion, this results in increased size, weight, cost and flammability. In the subgroup with the polyester resin, some manufacturers claim that as the material within the windings is the same 220 degree C insulation system as the conventional VPI dry-type, and no epoxy is assumed to penetrate to the interior, the unit has the same temperature classification as the conventional VPI drytype.

RESIBLOC EPOXY CAST TRANSFORMERS

These epoxy cast coil dry-types represent a departure from the conventional VPI dry-type in that no insulation papers are employed in the windings. In the RESIBLOC dry-type, epoxy saturated fiber glass ribbon is wound directly with the wire during the winding process. The coil is removed from the winding machine and the mixture is cured in a continuously rotating oven. The manufacturing process allows production of a cast winding without the use of a mold or vacuum process. In these units, as in most cast epoxy systems, the epoxy is the dielectric material on the interior of the winding. Thus, the dielectric capability of the insulation system is

108

dependent on formulation.

the

characteristics

of

the

epoxy

These designs employ the highest content of glass giving them a distinct advantage with respect to flammability and mechanical strength. The fiber glass reinforcement is alternately wound linearly and diagonally in the coil in a manner to bind the coil together. The glass fibers are bonded together by the epoxy resin, which results in maximum mechanical strength. This feature along with the capability of providing cooling ducts in the windings allows RESIBLOC to be the largest dry type transformer produced. A s noted in the general discussion of epoxy transformers, enhancement is achieved with respect to moisture absorption and chemical resistance. Another benefit to this design, as well as the cast designs, is that the units typically have extremely smooth exterior surfaces, which aid in periodic maintenance cleaning. EPOXY-CAST DRY TYPE TRANSFORMERS The epoxy cast transformer is produced by winding a coil with saturable materials, placing the coil in a mold, putting the coil/mold combination into a vacuum chamber, filling the mold under vacuum with an epoxy formulation, relieving the vacuum and applying an over pressure to force the epoxy into all voids, transferring the coil/mold/resin unit from the vacuum chamber to a curing oven and curing the assembly. The final product is a void-free winding design, hermetically sealed, with extremely smooth exterior surfaces. As is realized from the above process, the resin coating afforded by this system is the greater than the VPI conventional dry-type options. Surface thickness can range from 60 to 200 mils depending on the manufacturer (conventional VPI dry-type options vary from 0.5 to 10 mils). This thickness together with the reduced moisture absorption characteristic of the epoxy and the hermetic sealing achieved results in the highest level of moisture protection provided by any of the dry type options. The epoxy cast transformer offers some unique features. One is its outstanding capability to withstand very high BIL levels and short circuit forces at a moderate cost increase. Should the unit become wet, only surface moisture needs to be removed. Thus, lengthy drying procedures after extended shutdown can be avoided. The surface condition of these units tends to be extremely smooth and readily cleaned with use of compressed air versus vacuuming.

manufacturing processes, loads, protection devices and application technology have all improved and continue to advance. Less flammable and environmentally friendly fluids have been developed to extend the application of liquid-filled transformers. Vacuum pressure impregnation/encapsulation systems and cast coil windings with solid insulation are available which allow dry type transformers to be placed in severe applications which once were considered only suitable for liquid filled units. RESIBLOC fiber glass reinforced windings have extended the maximum operating size of dry type transformers through 25000 kVA. Vacuum technology now allows on load tap changing on small power dry type transformers. Improved insulation systems, core materials and computer design programs allow dry type transformers the capability of matching the electrical characteristics of liquid-filled units. The environmental restrictions since the demise of PCB-filled units in the early 70s created a need for high efficiency environmentally friendly transformers and toadys dry type transformers have met the challenge.

Tap

Tap Changer with

Tap Connections on coil winding with re-connectable links

Changer external Operating No Load Handle (De-energized) Gauges Liquid Temp. Gauge

Three Phase Electronic Winding Temp. Indicator

Liquid Level Gauge Pressure Vacuum Gauge Pressure Relief Valve Cooling Fan Packages Fan Packages Bus Terminations Nameplate Lifting Provisions Jacking Facilities Ground Pads

Construction Bushings Features Nameplate Lifting Provisions Jacking Facilities Ground Pads

RATINGS CONCLUSION Choosing between a liquid-filled or dry type transformer is more difficult today than 20 years ago. Operational characteristics as well as environmental issues play dominant roles in the evaluation process. Materials, Standard Kilovolt-ampere Ratings Liquid 500,750,1000, 1500, 2000,2500, Dry 500,750,1000, 1500,2000, 2500,

________________________________________---_--------

109

3000,3750, 5000, 7500, 10 000 - . . .

3000,3750,5000, 7500,lO 000 - 25 000 kVA

(NEMA TR-1) Liquid OA AA 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 68 69 70 Dry

AA 62 64 65 66 68 68 70 71 72 73

Distribution Voltage BIL Ratings Liquid OPT BIL 30 45 60 75 95 150 125 150 200 Dry BIL 10 20 30 45 60 110 150

(kV) 1.2 2.5 5.0 8.7 15 25 35

OPT 20,30 30,45 45,60 60,95 95,110 125,150 175,200

501-700 70 1- 1000 1001-1500 1501-2000 2001-2500 2501-3000 3001-4000 4001-5000 5001-6000 6001-7500 7501-10 000

FA 67 67 68 69 71 71 73 74 75 76

---

---

Standard Temperature Rise (Degree C) Liquid 55 65 55/65 Dry 80 100 115 150 801100 801115 801150 1151150

IMPEDANCES Liquid LV 2400V LV Below and 2400V above 5.75 5.75 5.75* 5.50* 6.75 6.50 7.25 7.00 7.75 7.50 --8.00 Dry LV 600V 2400V and and above above 5.75 5.75 5.75 5.75 5.75 5.75 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00

HV BIL (kV) 10-60 60-110 150 200 250 350

---

---

.....................................................................
Overload Capability
* For transformers above 5000 kVA these values shall be the same as shown for 150 kV HV BIL.

STANDARDS DESCRIPTION Fan Overload Capacity

.....................................................................
Liquid Dry 15% (UP TO 2499 kVA) 33% (UP TO 3750 kVA) 25% (2500 - 10 000 kVA) 25% (3750 - 10 000 kVA) Dry - Optional 50% Fan Overload available through 2500 kVA. SOUND LEVELS 110

ANSI

American National Standards Institute 0 The primary standards organization in the US Approves standards by other organizations for classification as an American National Standard Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
0

IEEE

The primary source for transformer standards in the US

Most, but not all, IEEE standards become ANSI standards A consensus organization - manufacturers & end users 0 C57 - Distribution, Power and Regulating Transformers
0

The primary international organization Technical Committee 14

0

Power transformer standards development organization

C37 - Circuit Breakers, Switchgear, Relays, Substations and Fuses

IEC 76 and its appendices 0 Power transformers IEC 726 and its appendices
0

Dry type transformers

NEMA

National Electrical Manufacturers Association

0 0

Manv subtle differences from ANSVIEEE

Manufacturers only - product standards Historical source of transformer standards CSA

0 In general, compliance to ANSVIEEE ensures compliance to IEC (ANSIAEEE is the more restrictive)

NEMA ST20 - sound levels NEMA TRI & TR27 - expired 0 NEMA 250 - enclosure clarifications 0 NEMA TPI - energy efficiency National Institute of Science and Technology Formally NBS (National Bureau of Standards) 0 Test equipment calibration and traceability
0

Canadian Standards Association CSNC9 - dry type transformers 0 CSNC88 - liquid filled transformers International Organization for Standardization 0 Worldwide federation of national standards bodies One of three international standards dealing with quality system requirements used for external quality assurance purposes 0 ISO-9000 Quality management and quality assurance standards 0 Guidelines for selection and use
0

NlST

IS0

UL

Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. Non-profit organization dedicated to consumer safety 0 Product standards and product testing
0
0

Third party certification (Listing) Dry Type Only 0 ABB Bland first with UL Listed Cast Coil 0 UL506 - dry type specialty transformers 0 UL1 561 - dry type power <1500 kVA, <600V
0

UL1562 - dry type power <5000 kVA, c34kV

NFPA

National Fire Protection Association

0

ISO-9001 Quality Systems 0 Model for quality assurance in design, development, production, installation and servicing 0 For use when conformance to specified requirements is to be assured by the supplier during design, development, production, installation and servicing ISO-9002 Quality Systems 0 Model for quality assurance production, installation and servicing
0 For use when conformance to specified requirements is to be assured by the supplier during production, installation and servicing ISO-9003 Quality Systems 0 Model for quality assurance in final inspection and test

NEC - National Electrical Code 0 Mission: safeguarding life and property from hazards arising from the use of electricity. 0 Installations - non-utility 0 Adopted by most states and municipal governments 0 Article 450 - transformers 0 NESC - National Electrical Safety Code 0 Mission: safeguarding of life (does not mention property) 0 Electrical utility installations from point of generation to point of delivery to a customers facility Part 1, Section 15 - transformers 0 Part 3, Sections 32, 33, 34, 37 - vaults
International Electrotechnical Commission

For use when conformance to specified requirements is to be assured by the supplier solely at final inspection and test

REFERENCE STANDARDS
A. Liquid-Filled Transformers

IEC

111

STANDARDS relating to liquid-filled transformers include the following: ANSI (257.1 2.00-1993 -- standard general requirements for liquid-immersed distribution, power, and regulating transformers (ANSI) ANSI C57.12.10-1988 -- safety requirements for transformers 230 000 V and below, 833/958 through 8333110417 kVA single phase, and 750/82 through 60 000/80 000/100 000 kVA three phase, three phase without load tap changing, and 3750/4687 through 60 000/80 000/100 000 with load tap changing; ANSI C57.12.13-I982 -- conformance requirements for liquid-filled transformers used in unit installation, including unit substations; ANSI C57.12.70-1978 (Reaffirmed 1993) -- terminal markings and connections for distribution and power transformers; ANSI C57.12.80-1978 (Reaffirmed 1992) -- standard terminology for power and distribution transformers; ANSI C57.12.90-1993 -- IEEE standard test code for liquid-immersed distribution power and regulating transformers and guide for short-circuit testing of distribution and power transformers (ANSI); IEEE C57.92-1981 (Reaffirmed 1991) -- transformers up to and including 100 MVA with 55C or 65C average winding rise (ANSI); IEEE C57.98-1993 -- guide for transformer impulse tests (ANSI); C57.19.00-1991 -standard general DRAFT requirements and test procedure for outdoor power apparatus bushings (ANSI); DRAFT C57.19.01-1991 -- standard performance characteristics and dimensions for outdoor apparatus bushings IEEE C57.100-1986 (Reaffirmed 1992) -- standard test procedure for thermal evaluation of oil-immersed distribution transformers (ANSI); IEEE C57.104-1991 -- guide for the interpretation of gases generated in oil-immersed transformers; IEEE C57.105-1978 (Reaffirmed 1992) -- guide for application of transformer connections in three-phase distribution systems (ANSI) IEEE C57.106-1991 -- guide for acceptance and maintenance of insulation oil in equipment (ANSI); IEEE (257.109-1993 -- guide for transformer throughfault current duration (ANSI); IEEE (257.1 10-1986 (Reaffirmed 1992) -- recommended practice for establishing transformer capability when supplying non-sinusoidalload currents (ANSI) IEEE C57.111-1989 (Reaffirmed 1995) -- guide for acceptance of silicone insulating fluid and its maintenance in transformers; IEEE C57.114-I990 -- seismic guide for power transformers and reactors (ANSI)

IEEE C57.120-1991 -- standard loss evaluation guide for power transformers and reactors (ANSI) IEEE C57.121-1988 (Reaffirmed 1995) -- guide for acceptance and maintenance of less flammable hydrocarbon fluid in transformers (ANSI) NEMA TR-1-1980 -- transformers, regulators, and reactors; NEMA 201-1970 (Reaffirmed 1982) -- primary unit substations; NEMA 201-1970 (Reaffirmed 1982) -- secondary unit substations;
B. Dry-Type Transformers

Standards relating to dry-type transformers include the following: C57.12.01-I989 -- standard general requirements for dry-type distribution and power transformers, including those with solid cast/or resin-encapsulated windings; C57.12.50-I 981 (Reaffirmed 1989) -- requirements for ventilated dry-type 501 kVA or larger, three phase with high voltage 601-34 500 V, low voltage 208Y/I20 - 4160 V; C57.12.51-1981 (Reaffirmed 1989) -- requirements for ventilated dry-type power transformers, 501 kVA and larger, three phase, with high voltage 601-34 500 V, low voltage 208Y/120-4160 V; C57.12.55-1987 -conformance standard for transformers -- dry-type transformers used in unit installations, including unit substations (257.12.56-1986 (Reaffirmed 1993) -- standard test procedure for thermal evaluation of insulation systems for ventilated dry-type power and distribution transformers (ANSI); C57.12.58-1991 -- guide for conducting a transient voltage analysis of a dry-type transformer coil (ANSI) IEEE C57.12.59-1989 -- guide for dry-type transformer through-fault current duration (ANSI); IEEE C57.12.60-1992 -- trail-use standard test procedures for thermal evaluation of insulation systems for solid-cast and resin-encapsulated power and distribution transformers; (257.12.91-1979 -- test code for dry-type distribution and power transformers; IEEE (37.94-1982 (Reaffirmed 1987) -- recommended practice for installation, application, operation, and maintenance of dry-type general purpose distribution and power transformers (ANSI) IEEE (37.96-1989 -- guide for loading dry-type distribution and power transformers (ANSI) IEEE C57.124-1991 -- recommended practice for the detection of partial discharges and the measurement of apparent charge in dry-type transformers (ANSI) NEMA TR-1-1980 -- transformers, regulators, and reactors; NEMA 201-1970 (Reaffirmed 1992) -- primary and secondary unit substations.

112