IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 4, NO.

3, July 1989

1927

A SIMPLIFIED LUMPED PARAMETER MODEL FOR FINDING DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER AND SECONDARY SYSTEM RESPONSES TO LIGHTNING D. R. Smith Fe11ow Member W e s t i ngho us e E 1ec t r i c CO rpora t i on P i t t s b u r g h , PA 15235

J. L. P u r i
Member Wes t inghouse E l e c t r i c Corporation Athens, G A 30613

The r e s u l t s o f o t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n s on Abstract d i s t r i b u t i o n transformer and system response t o l i g h t n i n g strokes t o t h e primary t e r m i n a l o f t h e transformer a r e b r i e f l y reviewed, from t h e standpoint o f system and transformer currents, and s e r v i c e entrance phase-to-neutral voltage. A simp1 i f i e d lumped parameter model f o r t h e transformer and associated d i s t r i b u t i o n system i s described. The a n a l y s i s o f t h i s model y i e l d s equations f o r t h e q u a n t i t a t i v e determination o f t h e i n f l u e n c e o f system parameters on t h e l i g h t n i n g - i n d u c e d surge c u r r e n t s i n d i s t r i b u t i o n transformers, and t h e s e r v i c e entrance phase-to-neutral voltages. Key Words Surge a r r e s t e r , s e r v i c e drop, inductance, i n t e r l a c e d LV winding, EMTP. INTRODUCTION Recent papers [l], [2], and [3] have discussed t h e responses o f single-phase pole-top d i s t r i b u t i o n transformers t o l i g h t n i n g strokes, f o r t h e s i t u a t i o n where t h e transformer i s s u p p l y i n g one o r more single-phase three-wire 120/240 v o l t s e r v i c e drops. The s t r o k e t e r m i n a t i n g p o i n t s considered most o f t e n were t h e primary l i n e t e r m i n a l o f t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n transformer, and t h e n e u t r a l conductor o f t h e s e r v i c e a t t h e s e r v i c e entrance. The responses o f most i n t e r e s t were t h e c u r r e n t e n t e r i n g t e r m i n a l X2, and t h e v o l t a g e between t h e phase conductor and n e u t r a l conductor a t t h e s e r v i c e entrance. I n p r i o r work i n v e s t i g a t i n g d i s t r i b u t i o n transformer and system responses t o l i g h t n i n g , McFlillen, e t al., [l] conducted t e s t s where f u l l s i z e transformers were used, b u t t h e primary l i n e and s e r v i c e l i n e s were scaled t o m a i n t a i n t h e same s e l f and mutual surge impedances as t h e a c t u a l l i n e s . The parameters v a r i e d i n t h e i r s t u d y were p o l e ground and house ?round resistance, inductance between t h e two halves o f t h e transformer's LV winding, and s e r v i c e l i n e c o n s t r u c t i o n ( t r i p l e x versus open w i r e ) . However, t h e s e r v i c e l i n e l e n g t h was f i x e d a t 600 f e e t and t h e house l o a d was constant a t 22 ohms. From t h e s t u d i e s i n t h i s paper, i t was concluded t h a t t h e inductance between t h e two halves o f t h e LV winding has o n l y a minor e f f e c t on t h e magnitude o f c u r r e n t surges t h a t c o u l d e n t e r t h e house w i r i n g a t t h e s e r v i c e entrance. Subsequent i n v e s t i g a t i o n s [2], [3] showed t h a t t h i s conclusion, although v a l i d f o r 600 f o o t l o n g s e r v i r e l i n e s , was n o t v a l i d f o r t h e more t y p i c a l s e r v i c e drop lengths and house l o a d l e v e l s found i n p r a c t i c e .

Dugan and Smith [Z] determined t h e effects o f system and transformer parameters on t h e responses t o 1i g h t n i n g strokes t o t h e primary and secondary systems u s i n g t h e METAP program. T h i s general purpose d i g i t a l computer program simulates electromagnetic transients. I n t h e i r modeling, t h e primary l i n e s , d i s t r i b u t i o n transformer, and s e r v i c e drop were represented w i t h lumped parameter elements. P u r i , e t al., [3] evaluated t h e e f f e c t s o f d i f f e r e n t parameters on t h e transformer and system response t o 1i g h t n i n g strokes u s i n g t h e electromagnetic t r a n s i e n t s program (EMTP). I n t h i s work t h e transformer was represented w i t h a lumped parameter model, b u t t h e primary l i n e and s e r v i c e drop r e p r e s e n t a t i o n was w i t h modal surge impedances and t h e i r propagation v e l o c i t i e s . The modeling used i n [3] was confirmed with f u l l scale laboratory tests. Many o f t h e f i n d i n g s o f t h e s t u d i e s i n [Z] and [3] were presented w i t h curves showing t h e c r e s t value o f t h e c u r r e n t i n transformer t e r m i n a l X2, o r t h e c r e s t value o f t h e phase-to-neutral v o l t a g e a t t h e s e r v i c e entrance as a f u n c t i o n o f system and transformer parameters. Some of t h e parameters v a r i e d were s e r v i c e drop length, number o f s e r v i c e drops, house l o a d l e v e l , inductance between t h e two halves o f t h e LV winding, p o l e ground and house ground resistance, s t r o k e c u r r e n t r a t e o f r i s e , p l u s t h e d i s t a n c e t o adjacent p o l e grounds on t h e primary n e u t r a l conductor. With t h e computer programs employed f o r the s t u d i e s i n r 2 1 and [ S I , most a l l known models f o r t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n transformer, surge a r r e s t e r , s e r v i c e drop, load, and primary l i n e s can be handled, thereby enabling s i m u l a t i o n s whose accuracy i s limited p r i m a r i l y b y t h e accuracy o f t h e component models. To examine t h e e f f e c t s o f changing values o f model parameters on a p a r t i c u l a r response, d i f f e r e n t cases are run. A l i m i t a t i o n o f t h e d i g i t a l simulations i s the l a r g e number o f cases which f r e q u e n t l y must be r u n before t h e effects o f v a r y i n g a s i n g l e parameter, over a wide range, can be seen. This paper presents and analyzes a s i m p l i f i e d lumped parameter model f o r t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n transformer and connected system w i t h a l i g h t n i n g s t r o k e t o t h e H1 t e r m i n a l o f t h e transformer. Equations a r e presented f o r t h e c u r r e n t e n t e r i n g t e r m i n a l X2 o f t h e transformer and t h e s e r v i c e entrance phase-to-neutral voltage. These equations g i v e s i g n i f i c a n t i n s i g h t on how these responses are a f f e c t e d b y c e r t a i n parameters, such as inductance between t h e two halves o f t h e LV winding, s e r v i c e drop length, s e r v i c e drop conductor spacing, house l o a d l e v e l , and r a t e o f r i s e of t h e s t r o k e c u r r e n t . SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

primitive

88 SM 600-9 A paper recommended and approved by the IEEF, Transmission and Distribution Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society for presentation at the IEEE/PES 1988 Summer Meeting, Portland, Oregon, July 24 - 29, 1988. Manuscript submitted February 5, 1988; available for printing May 1 1 , 1988.

Fig. I shows t h e system f o r d i s c u s s i n g t h e response o f t h e transformer and system. I t i s a l s o t h e system represented w i t h t h e s i m p l i f i e d lumped parameter model i n F i g . 2. I n Fig. 1, t h e single-phase primary l i n e , c o n s i s t i n g of a phase conductor and multi-grounded n e u t r a l

0885-8977/89/0700-1927$01 .WO 1989 IEEE

1928

i n f i n i t e . The d i f f e r e n c e between is and i i s due t o c u r r e n t e n t e r i n g t h e transformer primafly winding through terminal H I , and c u r r e n t e n t e r i n g the primary phase conductor,
A t t h e grounded end o f t h e a r r e s t e r , t h e discharge c u r r e n t d i v i d e s such t h a t most o f i t enters t h e e a r t h a t e i t h e r t h e p o l e ground connection o r the house ground connection, assuming t h a t the distance t o t h e n e x t ground connection on t h e primary n e u t r a l i s infinite. A very small percentage o f t h e a r r e s t e r discharge c u r r e n t enters the n e u t r a l conductor o f t h e primary system. However, i f t h e distance t o the next ground connection on t h e primary n e u t r a l conductor were short, several hundred f e e t o r less, a s i g n i f i c a n t percentage o f iA would e n t e r the primary n e u t r a l conductor.

I
iA

PARAMETER IMPACT BASED UPON DIGITAL COMPUTER STIJDJES Previous d i g i t a l studies [Z], [3] i d e n t i f i e d those parameters which s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t the d i v i s i o n o f t h e surge a r r e s t e r discharge current, i i n Fig. 1, between the p o l e ground and house qroShd when t h e distance t o adjacent pole grounds i s i n f i n i t e . These studies a l s o i d e n t i f i e d parameters which s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t t h e p o r t i o n o f the primary-secondary n e u t r a l interconnection c u r r e n t e n t e r i n g transformer terminal X2, ix2 i n Fig. 1. The parameters having t h e greatest effect on t h e d i v i s i o n o f t h e suroe a r r e s t e r c u r r e n t , i , between the pole ground and house ground c o h e c t i o n s , currents i and i r e s p e c t i v e l y , are t h e p o l e ground r e f f i t a n c e d% I house ground resistance, Lowering house ground r e s i s t a n c e r e l a t i v e t o pole ground resistance d i v e r t s more o f t h e a r r e s t e r c u r r e n t i n t o t h e e a r t h a t t h e house ground. For f i x e d pole ground and house ground resistances and a 1 x 90 microsecond s t r o k e c u r r e n t , s e r v i c e drop l e n g t h has a s i g n i f i c a n t effect on t h e c r e s t magnitude o f t h e p o l e ground c u r r e n t (increases w i t h increasing service length), and a major e f f e c t on t h e time-to-crest o f t h e house ground current, w i t h t h e t i m e t o c r e s t increasing w i t h increasing s e r v i c e drop l e n g t h [SI. But, s e r v i c e drop l e n g t h has a minor e f f e c t on t h e time-to-crest o f t h e p o l e ground current, and a minor e f f e c t on the c r e s t value o f t h e house ground current. Parameters having a v e r y minor e f f e c t on t h e d i v i s i o n o f a r r e s t e r discharge c u r r e n t hetween the p o l e ground and house ground connections are: 1) house l o a d l e v e l ; 2 ) t r i p l e x service drop conductor size; and, 3) inductance between t h e two halves o f the L V winding o f t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n transformer. The inductance between t h e two halves o f the LV winding i s d i f f e r e n t w i t h i n t e r l a c e d and non-interlaced L V windings, and a l s o v a r i e s w i t h transformer kVA size. The c u r r e n t i n t.he i n t e r c o n n e c t i o n o f t h e primary and secondary n e u t r a l conductors, c u r r e n t i i n Fig. I and Fig. 2, i s e s s e n t i a l l y t h e same as the house ground current. Thus, t h e n e u t r a l interconnection c u r r e n t i s n o t affected, f o r p r a c t i c a l purposes, by LV winding c o n f i g u r a t i o n , the kVA s i z e o f t h e transformer, house l o a d l e v e l , and t r i p l e x s e r v i c e drop conductor s i z e . I t i s a f f e c t e d by p o l e ground and house ground resistances. I n Fig. 1 and Fig. 7 , t h e primary t o secondary n e u t r a l i n t e r c o n r e c t i o n c u r r e n t , i, w i l l d i v i d e w i t h somP e n t e r i n g terminal X2, current i i n Fig. 1, and the d i f f e r e n w between i and i X i 2 e n t e r i n g t h e

Fig. 1.

Single-phase system and transformer.

conductor, dead-ends a t t h e transformer pole. A t t h e pole, the primary and secondary n e u t r a l conductors are connected together, and connected t o ground a t t h e p o l e base w i t h an appropriate grounding electrode. The transformer supplies a s i n g l e service drop. A t the service entrance, the n e u t r a l conductor i s a l s o connected t o ground throuph a grounding electrode. The transformer has one high-voltage bushing, w i t h t h e o t h e r end o f the primary winding connected t o t h e transformer tank, which i s connected t o t h e system n e u t r a l conductor. A surge a r r e s t e r i s connected between t h e high-vol tage bushing and t h e grounded n e u t r a l conductor. The stroke terminates a t t h e H 1 bushing o f the transformer. The currents i d e n t i f i e d i n Fig. 1, which a l s o app,ear i n the s i m p l i f i e d model i n Fig. 2 , are d e f i n e d below: is= s t r o k e c u r r e n t i n j e c t e d i n t o the system a t terminal H1. i = surge a r r e s t e r discharge current,. i ; G = current entering the earth a t the transformer pole ground. iHG = c u r r e n t e n t e r i n g t h e e a r t h a t the house ground. ix2 = c u r r e n t i n t o terminal X2 o f the d i s t r i b u t i o n transformer. i = c u r r e n t i n the interconnection path between t h e n e u t r a l conductors of the primary and secondary systems. When t h e s t r o k e terminates on t h e H1 bushing as i n Fig. 1, u s u a l l y more than 90 percent o f s t r o k e current i , passes through t h e surge a r r e s t e r a f t e r a r r e s t e r %parkover, assuming t h a t t h e distance t o adjacent a r r e s t e r s on the primary phase w i r e i s

1929

n e u t r a l conductor o f t h e s e r v i c e drop. The parameters which have a s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t on t h e p o r t i o n o f c u r r e n t i e n t e r i n g t e r m i n a l X2 are: 1) s e r v i c e drop length; 2) house l o a d l e v e l ; 3) s e r v i c e drop type ( t r i p l e x o r open w i r e ) ; 'and, 4 ) inductance between t h e two halves o f t h e LV winding. Service drop conductor s i z e has a minor e f f e c t on t h e p o r t i o n o f c u r r e n t i e n t e r i n g t e r m i n a l X2. With t h e s i m p l i f i e d lumped parameter model, t h e e f f e c t o f these parameters on t h e d i v i s i o n o f t h e primarysecondary n e u t r a l i n t e r c o n n e c t i o n c u r r e n t i between t e r m i n a l X2 and t h e s e r v i c e drop n e u t r a l conductor can be e a s i l y seen and q u a n t i f i e d . SIMPLIFIED LUMPED PARAMETER MODEL Fig. 2 shows the s i m p l i f i e d lumped parameter model I t i s described and f o r t h e system i n Fig. 1. analyzed i n t h e t h e f o l l o w i n g . Transformer Model The d i s t r i b u t i o n transformer i s modeled i n Fig. 2 by an i d e a l three-winding transformer w i t h a t u r n s r a t i o o f N t o 1 between the e n t i r e primary winding and h a l f o f t h e secondary winding, p l u s t h r e e e q u i v a l e n t inductances i n s e r i e s w i t h t e r m i n a l s H I , X I , and X3, designated L , L ,and L respectively. This i s the model used P i n c s c u i t studies, except t h a t winding resistances a r e neglected, because t h e R i drops are negligible in comparison to the L d i / d t drops under lightning surge current conditions. Also o m i t t e d from t h e model a r e t h e e q u i v a l e n t capacitances r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e winding-towinding, t u r n - t o - t u r n , and l a y e r - t o - l a y e r capacitances. From s t u d i e s w i t h EMTP, n e g l e c t i n g these capacitances eliminates the low-magnitude high-frequency o s c i l l a t i o n s caused by t h e 1 i g h t n i n g c u r r e n t , b u t i t does n o t impact t h e basic response o f t h e R-L c i r c u i t .

The f u l l winding leakage inductance o f t h e t r a n s former, which is t h e inductance l o o k i n g i n t o t e r m i n a l s X I and X3 when primary t e r m i n a l s H1 and H2 are shorted, i s designated Lm and given by eq. (2). This inductance appears i n t h e equation f o r the c i r c u l a t i n g component o f c u r r e n t r e s u l t i n g from t h e 1i g h t n i n g s t r o k e .

Service Drop Model The s e r v i c e drop i s represented w i t h : primitive self-inductances L and L f o r t h e phase conductor and n e u t r a l conddctor t k p e c t i v e l y ; a p r i m i t i v e mutual inductance between t h e phase and n e u t r a l conductor assuming t h e mutual between each phase and t h e n e u t r a l i s t h e same, L ; a p r i m i t i v e mutual inductance between t h e two ph#e conductors, L and p r i m i t i v e mutual inductances from each condub!& of t h e s e r v i c e drop t o t h e e a r t h r e t u r n path. The conductor r e s i s t a n c e s a r e neglected because:

L di/dt

>> R i

(3)

%art

With t r i p l e x cable, the p r i m i t i v e mutual inductance between each phase conductor and t h e n e u t r a l conductor a r e t h e same. But, t h i s symmetry does n o t e x i s t w i t h open w i r e c o n s t r u c t i o n when t h e n e u t r a l i s i n t h e t o p p o s i t i o n . The p r i m i t i v e s e l f - and mutualinductances can be found from t h e f o l l o w i n g equations , g i v e n because t h e inductances can s i g n i f i c a n t l y impact t h e c u r r e n t e n t e r i n g t e r m i n a l

x2.
LA = 0.06096 a [ l n

-2t 'N

(4)

The leakage inductance between t h e two halves o f t h e LV winding, L i s given by eq.. (1). This inductance i s i8;rtant as i t appears i n t h e equation f o r transformer t e r m i n a l X2 c u r r e n t .

LN = 0.06096 a [ l n

1 3 pH

(5)

LAN = 0.06096 a [ l n

5 - 1!

pH

LAA = 0.06096 a [ l n
PRIMARY

- 11 DH

(7)

I I TRANSFORMER I

I I 1 SERVICE DROP I LOAD

I

I n t h e above equations:
I ? = conductor

( s e r v i c e drop)

length i n feet.

d~~ = d i s t a n c e i n f e e t between t h e c e n t e r o f t h e phase conductor and the c e n t e r o f t h e n e u t r a l conductor.

d~~ = d i s t a n c e i n f e e t between t h e two phase conductors.

t h e centers o f

Fig. 2.

Model f o r t h e single-phase system and transformer.

rI = r a d i u s i n f e e t f o r c a l c u l a t i n g t h e p r i m i t i v e self-inductance o f t h e conductor (A o r N) t o a surge c u r r e n t . For a s o l i d cond u c t o r w i t h c i r c u l a r cross section, t h e o u t s i d e r a d i u s i s used as t h e c u r r e n t i s on t h e o u t e r surface. For a seven s t r a n d conductor w i t h t h e t o t a l c u r r e n t u n i f o r m l y distributed over t h e cross s e c t i o n o f each strand, as a t power frequencies, t h e conductor geometric mean r a d i u s i s used. For a surge c u r r e n t i n a seven

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strand conductor, a value between the conductor geometric mean radius and the outside radius should be used. For the data in this paper for seven strand conductors, rI was calculated using the average of the geometric mean radius and the outside radius. House Load Model The house load is balanced and connected between each phase conductor and the neutral conductor. It is represented by resistances RH in Fig. 2. The effects of inductance and capacitance due to house wiring are not included in the model. From detailed EMTP studies , including these inductances and capacitances superimposes low-magnitude high-frequency oscillations onto the basic L-R response obtained when the capacitances are neglected. Primary System and Grounding Connections In Fig. 2, the primary system is represented with an equivalent resistance network. In this network, Z is the self-surge impedance o f the phase conductor! Z is the self-surge impedance of the primary neutral chnductor, and Z N is the mutual surge impedance between the prinkry neutral conductor and phase conductor. The pole and house ground connections are represented for in Fig. 2 by primitive inductances L and L the leads, plus grounding resistancePGR anlGR As previously mentioned, the pole groungG and ho@e ground resistances have essentially no effect on the division of the primary-secondary neutral interconnection current, current i in Fig. 2, between the neutral conductor of the service drop and the transformer winding via terminal X2. Thus, these inductances and resistances will not appear in the equation for terminal X2 current as a function of current i. Currents and Voltages for Stroke to HI In Fig. 2, the currents identified with symbols i , i and i were previously defined fn kcus!Fig 1. The currents in the transformer secondary winding are represented with a circulating and an opposing component, iu, as component, i shown in . : ! g i F

assumes that the waveshape of the voltage across the primary terminals of the transformer, v , which is the surge arrester discharge voltage plbs the lead inductive voltage drop, is known. From EMTP studies simulating strokes to the HI terminal, voltage v is essentially the same with interlaced and ioninterlaced transformers , and is determined primarily by the magnitude and waveshape of stroke current i and the volt-ampere characteristic of til surge arrester. The only other assumption in analyzing the circuit of Fig. 2 is that the primitive mutual inductance between the earth and each conductor of the service drop is the same. Analysis of the circuit of Fig. 2 yields the two following equations. 2R H i C + (Lm + 2LA

2LAA) pic

All terms in eqs. (8) and (9) have been defined except for p and LSDU.
P=& (11) Simultaneous solution o f eqs. (8) and ( 9 ) , when the waveforms of i(t) and v (t) are known, gives i and i However, considerih the special cases d e h n e d bblow, significant insight is obtained on how certain parameters affect iu and ic.

,.

i#i.

House Load Shorted

- Symmetrical. Transformer

With the house load shorted, to simulate either meter gap or wiring sparkover, and a symmetrical transformer, R i s zero and LsI equals Ls2. Then eqs. (8) and simplify to:

(4

The opposing current i flows in the same direction in the phase conductor! of the service drop, but in opposite directions in the two halves of the secondary winding, providing an ampere turn balance within the secondary winding. The circulating component of current, i , is in the same direction in both halves of the setondary; thus, a circulating component i' appears in the primary to provide an ampere-turn (balance. The current entering terminal X2, shown as i in Fig. I, is twice the opposing component of cu#ent, i , The total current in the phase conductors of the sgrvice drop and the secondary windings are i + i and i - i . Next, equations for finding iccand will &e preYented. EQUATIONS FOR OPPOSING AND CIRCULATING CURRENTS In deriving equations for the opposing and circulating components o f current, it is assumed that the waveshape of the primary-secondary neutral interconnection current i is known. Also, the derivation

(12)

From eqs. (4) through (7) giving the primitive selfand mutual-inductances for the service conductors, the following define the inductance terms in eqs. (12) and (13).
Lh'

LAN = 0.06096 a In

$
N

pH

LSDU = 0.06096 R In

N : d A' N ' dAA

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LA

LAA = 0.06006 9, I n

d~~ rA

VH
(9)

higher circulating produce s h o r t - t a l e d c u r r e n t waves.

currents

than

From eqs. (12) t o (16), t h e f o l l o w i n g observations, confirmed by EMTP studies, can be made.

(12), t h e opposing component o f From eq. current, i , has t h e same waveshape as t h e primary-sec8ndary neutral interconnection current, i. Also, i c r e s t s when i crests, regardless o f waveshapl o r r a t e o f r i s e .
From eqs. (12), (14), and (15), t h e inductance between t h e two halves o f t h e LV winding, L has no e f f e c t on t h e opposing component current, iu, i f t h e service drop length, a, i s v e r y l o n g such t h a t LSDU i s much g r e a t e r than Lss/2.

From eqs (13) and (16), t h e c i r c u l a t i n g c u r r e n t i decreases as t h e transformer f u l l - winding ifiductance i s increased, as t h e service drop l e n g t h i s increased, and as t h e spacing between t h e phase conductors i s increased.

House Load Shorted-Symetrical Transformer-Impact o f I n t e r l a c i n g The c u r r e n t i n t h e primary-secondary n e u t r a l i n t e r connection path, c u r r e n t i i n eq. (121, i s independent, f o r p r a c t i c a l purposes, o f t h e inductance between t h e two halves o f t h e LV winding, L To f i n d iu w i t h eq. (12) r e q u i r e s i n f o r m a t i o n on %&rent i. However, eq. (12) shows t h a t the r a t i o o f i w i t h an i n t e r l a c e d transformer t o i w i t h a n o n - i n t e h a c e d transformer i s independent oY c u r r e n t i . L e t t i n g t h i s r a t i o be R gives: L~~~~

8 ';

From eq. (12), i n c r e a s i n g t h e inductance between t h e two halves o f t h e LV winding, L can produce a s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n i n t h e @;osing component o f current, i , f o r cases where L /7 i s s i m i l a r i n magnitudA t o L Thus, %ni n t e r l a c e d transformers , e s &!& b of their higher inductance, w i l l be subjected t o lower opposing c u r r e n t s than i n t e r l a c e d u n i t s f o r most cases i n p r a c t i c e . From eqs. (12), (14), and (15), reducing t h e s i z e o f t h e conductors i n t h e t r i p l e x s e r v i c e drop (bare n e u t r a l and i n s u l a t e d phase) u s u a l l y increases both t h e numerator and denominator o f (12) , b u t t h e numerator increases more than the denominator. Thus, c u r r e n t i w i l l increase, b u t o n l y s l i g h t l y , as s e r v i c 8 drop conductor s i z e i s reduced. From eqs. (12), (14), and (15), increasing t h e spacings bet,ween the conductors o f t h e s e r v i c e drop, d and d increases both t h e numerator and de#&inatoPAbf ( E ' ) ,b u t t h e numerator increases f a s t e r than t h e denominator. Thus, i n c r e a s i n g spacings increases t h e opposing component o f current, i and c u r r e n t i w i t h open w i r e secondaries w K 1 be higher t h a l t h a t w i t h t r i p l e x secondaries. From eqs. (14) and (15), increasing t h e l e n g t h o f the s e r v i c e drop, a , increases l i n e a r l y t h e inductances L and L Thus, eq. (12) shows t h a t i r k r i a k f f f g serv?@'drop l e n g t h w i 11 increase t h e opposing component o f c u r r e n t iu when t h e primary-secondary n e u t r a l i n t e r c o n n e c t i o n current, c u r r e n t i, remains constant. From EMTP [3], i n c r e a s i n g s e r v i c e drop l e n g t h a from 30 t o 500 f e e t reduces t h e c r e s t value o f c u r r e n t i by o n l y 10 percent; s o , f o r p r a c t i c a l purposes, increasing s e r v i c e drop l e n g t h w i l l increase c u r r e n t i An upper bound on i i n per u n i t o f curren! i i s t h e r a t i o o f eq. y14) t o eq. (15). With t r i p l e x drops, t h i s upper bound i s i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f one t h i r d .

R = .

2
LSSI 2

LSDU

(17) . .

LSDU

I n eq. (17), s u b s c r i p t s NI and I have been added t o L t o i n d i c a t e non-interlaced and i n t e r l a c e d , r22pectively. Eq. (17) i s p l o t t e d i n Fig. 3 as a f u n c t i o n o f s e r v i c e drop l e n g t h f o r 25 kVA transformers w i t h 1/0 s e r v i c e drop, and f o r 10 kVA transformers w i t h a number 4 s e r v i c e drop. Table 1 l i s t s the value o f inductance L f o r the interlaced and non-interlaced u n i t s , and %e s e r v i c e drop data used t o c a l c u l a t e L w i t h eq. (15). I n a d d i t i o n , i t was assumed tha$DY p H was i n s e r i e s w i t h each phase conductor and t h e n e u t r a l conductor o f t h e s e r v i c e t o account f o r end effects. Thus, the value of L i n eq. (17) was t h a t c a l c u l a t e d w i t h eq. (15) p l u s S p u H , regardless o f t h e l e n g t h o f t h e s e r v i c e drop. The e f f e c t o f adding t h i s inductance i s t o reduce t h e r a t i o o f t h e c u r r e n t i n the i n t e r l a c e d t o non-interlaced transformer.
5
\

e z
w K

I
IO KVA TRANSFORMER *4 AL. SERVICE DROP

2 4
(v

X
I

I K e w

$
I

P 2
e 0

From eq. (13), the c i r c u l a t i n g c u r r e n t w i t h i n t e r l a c e d and non-interlaced transformers i s the same i f t h e i r f u l l winding inductances, Lm, are t h e same. From eq: (13), t h e c r e s t value o f t h e circulating current i i s proportional t o the volt-seconds o f t h e stm o f t h e surge a r r e s t e r discharge voltage and a r r e s t e r l e a d drop voltage. Thus, l o n g - t a i l e d discharge c u r r e n t s

100

200

300

400

500

SERVICE DROP LENGTH (FEET)

Fig. 3.

F f f e c t o f transformer inductance on terminal X2 c u r r e n t (house 1oad shorted)

1932

TABLE I Transformer and Service Drop Data TRANSFORMER DATA Size (kVA) Interlaced L (pH) Non-interlacs8 Lss 25 22.6 124 .O 10 18.1 204.0

i f the transformer i s symmetrical ( A L = ~ 0) ~ and t h e inductances LN and LAN are equal.

(pH)

TRIPLEX SERVICE DROP DATA Phase Conductor (A) Neutral Conductor (N) dAN ( i n c h ) dAA (inch) rA ( i n c h ) * rN (inch)*

1/0 1/0
0.422 0.482 0.161 0.161

t2
#4 0.314 0.377

0.126
0.100

When determining t h e peak value o f i , w i t h 10 through 25 kVA transformers, t h e second verm on t h e r i g h t s i d e o f eq. (18) has n e g l i g i b l e e f f e c t i n comparison t o t h e f i r s t term, f o r most a l l c o n d i t i o n s I ) the s e r v i c e drop l e n g t h i s 50 f e e t o r where: more; 2) t h e average r a t e o f r i s e o f primarysecondary n e u t r a l interconnection c u r r e n t i i s greater than 1 kA per microsecond; and, 3) t h e c r e s t value o f t h e surge a r r e s t e r discharge voltage does n o t exceed 40 kV ( i n a 124701/7200 v o l t system). However, t h e second term on t h e r i g h t s i d e o f eq. (18) may n o t be n e g l i g i b l e i n comparison t o t h e f i r s t a t longer values o f time when c u r r e n t i i s approaching zero. The l a s t t g r m i n brackets on t h e l e f t s i d e o f eq. (18), A L has n e g l i g i b l e value i n compari s o n t o t h e s?um of t h e f i r s t two terms, and can be neglected when e s t i m a t i n g i With s e r v i c e drops o f 50 f e e t o r more, n e g l e c t i n g 9 h i s term w i l l n o t change t h e expression i n brackets on t h e l e f t s i d e o f eq. (18) by more than 5 percent.

* Average

o f GMR and t h e outside radius

...,

House Load Shorted

Unsymmetrical Transformer

With t h e house l o a d shorted and an unsymmetrical transformer, R i s zero i n eqs. (8) and ( 9 ) , b u t L does n o t equal L Then, i t can be shown w i s h eqs. (8) and ( 9 ) '?hat t h e opposing component o f c u r r e n t can be found by s o l u t i o n o f eq. (18).

Lss c2

LSDU

ALiS/2 LFW + 2 (LA

iu = - LJ ~ ~ (18) l

Thus, f o r p r a c t i c a l purposes, t h e peak value o f i w i t h house l o a d shorted, can be c a l c u l a t e d assuming t h e transformer i s syrmnetrical and u s i n g calculated with eq. (12). The peak values o f iu eq. (12) agree very w e l l w i t h t h e peak values c a l c u l a t e d w i t h s o p h i s t i c a t e d t o o l s such as EMTP, w i t h t h e e r r o r n o t exceeding 10 percent, and u s u a l l y much l e s s than t h i s .

1 ;

When t h e house l o a d i s shorted and t h e transformer i s unsymmetrical, eq. (19) i s an exact expression f o r the c i r c u l a t i n g current. I n eq. (18):

I f AL equals zero, then eq. (18) reduces eq. (I@ which applies t o t h e symmetrical case.

to

The two terms on t h e r i g h t s i d e o f eq. (18) can be thought o f as d r i v i n g forces causing opposing c u r r e n t i The f i r s t term represents a d r i v i n g f o r c e due t o t y e d i f f e r e n c e between the p r i m i t i v e s e l f - and mutual-inductances o f t h e s e r v i c e drop. This f o r c e i s zero when L and L are equal, which would be the case i f t h e n d r t r a l &ductor were a hollow c y l i n d e r w i t h t h e two phase conductors l o c a t e d i n s i d e t h e cylinder. When L and L are equal, i t means t h a t w i t h c u r r e n t flowrng o n l j N i n t h e n e u t r a l conductor, t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l voltage drop induced i n t o the phase conductor i s the same as t h e self-induced l o n g i t u d i n a l voltage drop along t h e n e u t r a l conductor. Thus, from Fig. 2 t h e r e i s no d r i v i n g force t o produce an opposing c u r r e n t when c u r r e n t i s i n t h e n e u t r a l conductor.

For t h e purpose o f c a l c u l a t i n g t h e c r e s t value o f i , the f i r s t term i n s i d e t h e b r a c k e t s o n h e r i g h t s i k e of eq. (19), AL i can be neglected. The reason for this i s tha&l'crests i n t h e range o f I t o 8 microseconds f o r a 1 x 90 microsecond stroke current. Thus, t h e f i r s t term i n brackets has i t s maximum i n t h i s time frame. However, t h e time i n t e g r a l of t h e a r r e s t e r discharge voltage, t h e second term i n s i d e t h e brackets on t h e r i g h t s i d e o f eq. (19), has i t s maximum a t t h e time t h a t the a r r e s t e r discharge v o l t a g e approaches zero, which f o r l o n g - t a i l e d waves may be 180 microseconds. But, a t these l o n g times, i i s close t o zero and t h e magnitude o f t h e f i r s t t#rm i s n e g l i g i b l e i n comparison t o the magnitude o f t h e second term. Also, t h e maximum magnitude o f t h e f i r s t term u s u a l l y i s considerably less than the maximum magnitude o f t h e second term.

The second term on t h e r i g h t side o f eq. (18) represents a d r i v i n g f o r c e due t o t h e c i r c u l a t i n g c u r r e n t f l o w i n g i n t h e unequal inductances, L and L , i n t h e e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t of t h e t r a n s f o r & - i n F?$. 2. If t h e LV winding i s symmetrical such t h a t L equals Ls2, there i s s t i l l a c i r c u l a t i n g current, as1 shown by eq. (13), b u t t h e c i r c u l a t i n g c u r r e n t w i l l n o t produce an opposing component o f current, i Thus, from eq. (18), an opposing component o f c i r r e n t does n o t f l o w when the house l o a d i s shorted

However, f o r times where i i s near i t s c r e s t , i n t h e range o f 1 t o 8 microseconus f o r a 1 x 90 microsecond stroke, t h e magnitude o f the f i r s t term i n s i d e t h e brackets on t h e r i g h t side o f eq. (19) can be g r e a t e r than t h e magnitude o f t h e second term. But, as p r e v i o u s l y discussed, a t longer times the second term i s much l a r g e r than t h e f i r s t . This suggests that. i f AL were p o s i t i v e , the p o l a r i t y o f i would be neastive a t s h o r t times, and become f o s i t i v e a t longer times due t o t h e i n t e g r a t i o n o f t h e surge a r r e s t e r discharge voltage. This has been observed i n p l o t s o f ic obtained w i t h EMTP.

1933

SYMMETRICAL TRANSFORMER

HOUSE LOAD BALP.NCED

I

When t h e transformer i s symmetrical and house l o a d i s connected, Ls equals Ls and R has a f i n i t e value. Eqs. (8) and t 9 ) reduce t h e d l l o w i n g form:

2RHiC + (LFw + 2LA

2LAA) p i c = 2

vA(t)

I n order t o solve eqs. (20) and (21) f o r iu and i the waveform o f t h e primary-secondary n e u t r 8 interconnection current, i ( t ) , and t h e primary surge a r r e s t e r voltage, v,(t), must be known o r capable o f being approximated. The main compofient t h a t when negligible concern i s c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e opposing o f current. However, i t i s shown f i r s t t h e r e i s hcuse l o a d resistance, ic is f o r most cases.

Fig. 4.

Neutral i n t e r c o n n e c t i o n c u r r e n t wave.

C i r c u l a t i n g Current With House Load Balanced Assuming t h a t t h e sum o f t h e a r r e s t e r discharge voltage and l e a d i n d u c t i v e drop i s constant, equal t o VD, eq. (21) i s solved f o r ic giving:

To f i n d i i ( t ) as defined by eq. (23) i s placed i n eq. (2fl),Uind solved t o g i v e a r e l a t i v e l y simple expression f o r i as a f u n c t i o n o f time. From t h i s expression, i t chln be shown t h a t i ( t ) w i l l have i t s maximum when t equals t S e t t i n g u t t o t gives t h e f o l l o w i n g f o r the maxim& o r peak value o P i u .

-LN-L iup -

<
I

(1 - exp ( -

ic

!q[ * - exp

vD

ZRHt

( - LFW + 2LA

2LAA11

From eq. (22), the maximum value f o r i occurs f o r l a r g e values o f t, and t h e maximum w i l l f e small when R i s 3 ohms o r l a r g e r . Consider the case where the tvansformer primary winding i s r a t e d 7200/1247OY v o l t s , thereby making N equal t o 60, and assume VD i s constant a t 40 kV. With R equal t o 3 ohms, t h e maximum value o f i would Hot exceed 222 amperes [ V /(NR )]. For most conditions, the c i r c u l a t i n g compolent #f current, i , i s n e g l i g i b l e i n comparison t o t h e opposing componeit o f current, ivy a t t h e time terminal X2 c u r r e n t crests. Opposing Current With House Load Balanced To solve eq. (20) f o r c u r r e n t i , t h e waveform o f t h e primary-secondary n e u t r a l i n t l r c o n n e c t i o n current, i ( t ) i n eq. (ZO), must be known. The waveform o f Fig. 4 w i l l be used, as t h i s r e s u l t s i n a simple This waveform a l s o closed form s o l u t i o n f o r i approximates many waveforms oxserved i n EMTP studies and i n l a b o r a t o r y t e s t s . I n Fig. 4, l e t :

The voltage across t h e house load, f o r p r a c t i c a l purposes, a l s o peaks when t h e opposing c u r r e n t peaks, because t h e voltage due t o t h e c i r c u l a t i n g c u r r e n t i s extremely small a t t h e time t h e opposing componevt peaks. The peak value of the service phase-to-neutral voltage i s approximately:

Recognizing t h a t terminal X2 c u r r e n t i s t w i c e t h e opposing component o f current, the following observations can be made from eqs. (34) and (75): Decreasing t h e house l o a d ( i n c r e a s i n g r e s i s t a n c e R ) decreases t h e peak c u r r e n t i n terminal X 2 a#d increases t h e peak phase-to-neutral v o l t a g e a t t h e house. Decreasing inductance L by i n t e r l a c i n g , increases both t h e peak %%\UP o f terminal X2 current, and t h e phase-to-neutral voltage a t t h e house. Increasing t h e peak value o f t h e primarysecondary n e u t r a l interconnection crirrent ( I ) by a f a c t o r o f k, w i t h t h e time t o peak ( t remaining the same, increases by a f a c t o r o f k t h e peak value o f terminal X2 c u r r e n t and t h e phqse t o n e u t r a l voltage. From EMTP studies [37 and l a b o r a t o r y t e s t s , t h e same r e l a t i o n s h i p was observed between t h e c r e s t value o f t h e s t r o k e c u r r e n t (i) and e i t h e r terminal X2 c u r r e n t o r house voStage, p r o v i d i n g t h e time-toc r e s t o f t h e s t r o k e c u r r e n t remains the same.

I
t

= time a t which c u r r e n t i peaks P th = time t o h a l f value f o r c u r r e n t i

= Peak value o f c u r r e n t i

F)

Then the expression f o r i ( t ) i n Fig. 4 i s :

I n eq. (23): u(t)

=

When t h e s e r v i c e drop i s extremely long, the peak value of terminal X? c u r r e n t and house phase-to-neutral voltage w i l l be independent o f transformer irrductance Lss.

1 for t

u(t-t ) = 0 for t 5 t P P u(t-t ) = 1 for t > t P P

F i n i t e Load Symmetrical Transformer Impact o f I n t e r l a c i n g

The e f f e c t s o f i n t e r l a c i n g (inductance L ) on t h e peak o r c r e s t value o f terminal X2 c u r r e n t % d on t h e

1934

t h i s model r e s u l t s i n simple equations f o r terminal X 2 c u r r e n t and t h e service entrance phase-to-neutral voltage. From these equations,. t h e parameters which impact response are i d e n t i fied. The e f f e c t s of changing transformer inductance, service drop length, s e r v i c e drop conductor size, and house l o a d l e v e l , on terminal X2 c u r r e n t and s e r v i c e phase-to-neutral voltage are e a s i l y seen from the equations. The inductance between t h e two halves o f t h e low-voltage winding o f t h e transformer does n o t a f f e c t , f o r p r a c t i c a l purposes, the c u r r e n t i n t h e primary-secondary n e u t r a l i n t e r c o n n e c t i o n path. Thus, analysis of the s i m p l i f i e d lumped parameter model accurately shows t h e e f f e c t o f i n t e r l a c i n g on t h e c r e s t value o f terminal X2 c u r r e n t and t h e s e r v i c e entrance phase-ton e u t r a l voltages. (3 With t h e equations presented herein, the transformer user can evaluate t h e e f f e c t o f i n t e r l a c i n g on transformer tertninal X7 c u r r e n t and t h e s e r v i c e entrance phase-to-neutral voltage u s i n g parameters r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f h i s system. REFERENCES McMillen, C. J. , D. W. Caverly, and C. W. Schoendube, "Scaled Low-Vol tage Side Surgz Current Tests On a Model D i s t r i b u t i o n System, IEEE/PES T and D Conference and Exposition,

25 KVA TRANSFORMERS 110 SERVICE DROP

HOUSE W A D RESISTANCE IN OHMS ( R H )

Fig. 5.

E f f e c t o f transformer inductance on terminal X2 c u r r e n t and house voltage ( f i n i t e house load).

peak value o f t h e phase-to-neutral voltage a t the s e r v i c e can be evaluated w i t h eq. (24) and eq. (25), because i n t e r l a c i n g does n o t a f f e c t , f o r p r a c t i c a l purposes, the value o f I o r t Frcm eq. ( 2 4 ) , t h e r a t i o o f t h e peak value %f t e h i n a l X7 c u r r e n t w i t h an i n t e r l a c e d transformer t o t h a t w i t h a noni n t e r l a c e d transformer i s always independent o f I P' L e t t i n g t h i s r a t i o be R:

1
Dugan, R. C., and S . S . Smith, "Low-Voltage-Side Current-Surge Phenomena in Sinqle-Phase D i s t r i b u t i o n Transformer Systems ,'I -1EEE PES T and D Conference and Exposition, Paper 86TtD553-2, September 1986. P u r i , J. L, N. C. Abi-Samra, T. J. Dionise, and D. R. Smith, " L i q h t n i n q Induced Eailures i n D i s t r i b u t i o n Trarkformers , I ' IEEE S u m e r Power Meeting, Paper 87SM537-4, J u l y 1987.

RH tp 1) (26) LSSNI P ' S D U 2 L S D U I n eq. ( 2 6 ) , subscripts I and N I have been added t o L t o i n d i c a t e i n t e r l a c e d and non-interlaced r 2 3 p e c t i v e l y . Eq. (26) i s p l o t t e d as a f u n c t i o n o f R i n Fig. 5 f o r 25 kVA transformers w i t h a 1/0 s h i c e drop w i t h parameters l i s t e d i n Table 1. Curves are given f o r s e r v i c e drop lengths o f 50, 100, 200, and 500 f e e t , w i t h t h e time t o peak ( t ) of the l i n e a r l y - r i s i n g primary-secondary neutraf interconnection c u r r e n t given f o r each curve. I n p l o t t i n g these curves, 2 microhenries was i n series w i t h t h e n e u t r a l conductor and each phase conductor t o account f o r end e f f e c t s .

R = (I-exp(-

RH tp

LssI

) I / ( l-exp(-

From Fig. 5, there i s l i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e response w i t h i n t e r l a c e d and non-interlaced transformers w i t h a house l o a d o f 75 ohms and a s e r v i c e drop l e n g t h o f 500 f e e t . But, f o r more t y p i c a l conditions where service drop l e n g t h i s l e s s than 100 f e e t , the inductance between t h e two halves o f t h e LV winding has a s i g n i f i c a n t impact on the c u r r e n t e n t e r i n g terminal X2 and the phase-to-neutral voltage a t the s e r v i c e entrance. CONCLUSIONS Based upon the preceding, can be reached: (1) the f o l l o w i n g conclusions

David R. Smith (FM '85) was born i n Altoona, PA, on January 1, 1947, and received a BSEE degree from t h e Pennsylvania S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y i n 1963, and an VSEE degree from t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f P i t t s b u r g h i n 1968. He j o i n e d Westinghouse i n 1963 and h i s e n t i r e career has been spent working i n d i f f e r e n t areas o f power d i s t r i b u t i o n system analysis and equipment a p p l i cation. He has authored o r co-authored s i x IEEE Transaction papers and papers f o r o t h e r meetings d e a l i n g w i t h power d i s t r i b u t i o n systems and equ'ipment. Mr. Smith i s a Register'ed Professional Enqineer i n t h e State o f Pennsylvania, holder of f o u r patents, and a part-time i n s t r u c t o r a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Pittsburgh. Jewan P u r i (M '87) was born i n Jalandhar City, Punjab (India),on August 1, 1938. He received h i s R.Sc Engineering degree from the Punjab U n i v e r s i t y i n 1960 anc' h i s MSEE degree from t h e I l l i n o i s I n s t i t u t e o f Technology i n ChicaFo, I l l i n o i s , i n 1967. Flr. P u r i j o i n e d Westinghouse i n 1967 a t t h e i r Large Power Transformer D i v i s i o n i n Muncie, Indiana. He has worked i n t h e areas o f core and i n s u l a t i o n development f o r l e r g e power and d i s t r i b u t i o n transformers. M r . P u r i was a l s o responsible f o r t h e design and development o f a complete l i p e o f condenser type bushings a t Westinghouse. He has authored two papers on condenser type bushings and co-authored ohe paper V r . P u r i i s a l s o an f o r t h e IEEE Transactions. a c t i v e p a r t i c f p m t i n various IEEE comm'ttees f o r d r a f t i n g standards f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n transformers.

k s i m p l i f i e d lumped parameter model f o r f i n d i n g

the responses of t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n transformer and connected system t o a l i g h t n i n g s t r o k e t o t h e H 1 terminal has been presented. Analysis o f

1935 Discussion paper, the authors use a transformer model (shown in their Fig. 2) which evidently neglects the presence of parasitic capacitance elements. This model is appropriate for the lower power frequencies, but at frequencies above 100 KHz, it is inadequate. A lightning-induced surge with a rise time of tr = 10 p,s will have significant frequency components well above the frequency fm = l / t r = 100 KHz. Faster rising lightning pulses and switching transients will have high frequency spectral components that are even more significant. That a low frequency model for a distribution transformer is not adequate for lightning and switching surges is clear from the data obtained from a pulse testing program of distribution transformers conducted by Westinghouse at Maxwell Laboratories [l]. These tests were performed on a 25 I W transformer loaded by two 50 resistors on the secondary, as illustrated in Fig. 4 of reference [2], which is contained in this issue of the Transactions. The measurements indicate that for frequencies from about 100 KHz to 3 MHz, the input impedance of the loaded distribution transfqrmer is primarily capacitive in nature. Such a capacitive effect can arise from inter-winding and other parasitic capaqitances within the transformer, as well as from bushing capacitances. These effects are not parent at low frequencies, but become dominant at the hi her frequencies,, and can markedly influence the response of the transformer to switching and lightning surges. How would the authors' development of the results of this paper be modified if the effects of these high frequency parasitic capacitances were to be taken into account? It would seem that the capacitive effects of the input impedance of the transformer would tend to shunt the injected lightning current on the primary circuit directly to earth, thus reducing the response at the service drop.
I think t h a t d i s t r i b u t i o n s e r v i c e drop i n s t a l l a t i o n standards should evolve so t h a t these p a c t ices are adopted cmnonly, or a t least i n geographical areas where it is d i E f i c u l t to achieve a good d r i v e n p l c ground.

F.M. TESCHE, (E-Systems, Inc., Greenville, TX): In this

Manuscript received August 4 , 1988.

D.R.SMITH and J.L.PUR1. The discussion of Messrs. Dugan and Tesche are welcomed and enable us to comment further on several issues. Mr. Dugan points out the benefits obtained by either installing phase-to-neutral connected surge arresters at both the LV terminals of the transformer and at the service entrance, or by employing a shielded cable for the service drop. Either measure limits the opposing component of current in the transformer LV winding and the phase-toneutral voltage at the service entrance when the primary surge arrester operates. The arresters at the transformer LV terminals divert a significant portion of the primary-tosecondary neutral interconnection current around the LV winding of the transformer, and the arresters at the service entrance limit the voltage impressed between the phase and neutral conductor to the characteristics of the arresters.
As indicated in the paper, the inductance between the two halves of the LV winding of the transformer and the house load have essentially no effect on the split of the primary surge arrester discharge current between the pole ground and the house ground connections. Similarly, the surge arresters installed at the LV terminals of the transformer and at the service entrance would be expected to have essentially no effect on the current split.

References
1. C.H. Eichler, J.R. Legro, and P.R. Barnes, "Experimental Determination of the Effects of Steep Front-Short Duration Surges on 25 kVA Pole Mounted Distribution Transformers, Paper E8 SM 545-6, presented at the IEEE 1988 PES Summer Meeting, Portland OR, July 24-29, 1988. 2.

F.M. Tesche and P.R. Barnes, "The HEMP Response of an Overhead Power Distribution Line, Paper 88 SM 602-5, presented at the IEEE 1988 PES Summer Meeting, Portland OR, July 24-29 1988. Manuscript received Septembdr 14, 1988.

ROGER C. DUGAN, McGraw-Edison Power Systems, Canonsburg, PA: The s i m p l i f i e d method proposed by the authors, which b a s i c a l l y n e g l e c t s t h e capacitances, h i g h l i g h t s what I b e l i e v e t o b e t h e root o f t h i s problem very well. The a u t h o r s are to be c m e n d e d for taking t h i s approach,
Being a systems a n a l y s t r a t h e r than a transformer e that this designer, it has always seemed unusual to m problem is t r e a t e d as a transformer design problem. I can understand why t h a t perspective has developed, because t h e transformer manufacturers have q u i t e o f t e n taken t h e blame f o r t h e f a i l u r e s t h a t have occurred. From t h e s y s t e m s v i e w p o i n t , i t is t h e t r a d i t i o n a l induced surge problem i n l o w v o l t a g e c a b l e s connecting t W 0 c i r c u i t elements. The usual s o l u t i o n applied i n o t h e r power system apparatus is e i t h e r :
1.
2.

The effect of the surge arresters at the LV terminals of the transformers is to partially short out the two halves of the LV winding. Thus, the arresters at the LV terminals reduce the opposing component of current in the LV windings, and result in a larger portion of the primary-to-secondary neutral interconnection current flowing into the phase conductors of the service drop, which increases the phase-to-neutral voltage at the service entrance if arresters are not installed there. Similarly, in the absence of LV arresters, the currents in the service drop phase conductors, and the service phase-to-neutral voltages are higher with interlaced LV windings than with non-interlaced LV windings due to the lower inductance between the two halves of the interlaced windings. Use of a shielded cable for the service drop, if such cable were available, would reduce both the opposing component of current in the transformer LV winding and the surge voltages at the service entrance. The impact of shielded cable on the opposing component of current is clearly shown by Eqs. (12) and (24) in the paper for the case of a symmetrical LV winding, and the impact on service entrance With phase-to-neutral voltage is seen from Eq. (25). and LAN are equal in perfectly shielded cable, inductances these equations. Dr. Tesche suggests that the model of the transformer in our analysis is inadequate as it does not include capacitances. We agree that the model is inadequate when simulating the situation where 100 ohms is connected between LV Terminals X1 and X3 of the transformer as shown in Fig. 4 of his Reference 2, or else the secondary open circuited, and a surge voltage applied from the pulser through a

Protect ends of t h e c a b l e with arresters or gaps, or

Use a shielded c a b l e t h a t produces less induced voltage.

1936

400 ohm resistor to the HV terminals of the transformer.

f But, the model is not intended to simulate the response o the transformer when the secondary winding is, in effect, open circuited and a surge voltage applied to the HV terminals.

transformer capacitances were modeled, and more importantly there is agreement with the results of the fullscale laboratory tests described in Reference 3 of the paper. In the EMTP studies, rise times as short as 0.5 microseconds were used, with time to half value being 90 microseconds, and in the full-scale test, the rise times were 1 microsecond with times to half value of about 10 microseconds. The low-magnitude high-frequency oscillations present in LV winding currents in EMTP simulations, and present to a much lesser extent in the fullscale tests, are not present in the re'sponses obtained with the model of Fig. 2. The equations resulting from the simplified model in the paper identify the parameters with the most significant effect on the responses. They can' be used to estimate how changes in certain parameters, such as service drop length, conductor size, house load level, and transformer inductance, affect the basic RL response. These equations also enable estimating the peak value of the opposing component of current if the primary-secondary neutral interconnection (house ground) current is known. To fiid the lowmagnitude high-frequency components of the responses requires including the capacitances in the transformer model and other component models, and using a digital transients program.
Manuscript received November 7 , 1988.

When the house phase-to-neutral connected load supplied from the service drop is 25 ohms or less, or the load is shorted, and simultaneously a surge voltage applied between the HV terminals and a surge current injected into the common primary-secondary neutral connection as in Fig. 2 of the paper, the transformer model is adequate for finding the currents in the LV windings of the transformer. Under these conditions the system and transformer parameters with the greatest impact on the LV winding currents are the transformer and service drop inductances and house load resistance, and not the capacitances of the transformer. However, missing from the results obtained with the model of Fig. 2 are the low-magnitude high-frequency oscillations which are present when the capacitance of the transformer are included. These oscillations are superimposed on the basic RL response obtained when the capacitances are not modeled, but the oscillations do not have a significant effect on the peak value and waveshape of the opposing component of current and the service voltages. The results obtained for the system conditions shown with the simplified model of Fig. 2 in the paper agree reasonably well with results obtained with EMTP studies where the