Comparing Hubbles constant by associate redshift z with recessional velocity and how distance correlates with intensity

Mohd Faiz Mohd Zin

West Virginia University (Dated: April 9, 2013) The Hubbles Law model are being compared with measured redshift z velocity with respect to its distance. The measured redshift z is directly proportional with distance and the measured Hubble constant H0 is 65.341 0.025. Observation of ux density with respect to distance is made.

I.

INTRODUCTION

Two important observations were made with Hubbles Law. The rst one is that all intergalactic objects are found to have a redshift and second is that the higher the redshift velocity, the larger the distance it is from Earth. Hubbles law also depicted a direct proportionality between velocity and distance to the source. Generally, the velocity is assumed to be approximately proportional to the redshift of an object. In this paper, comparison is shown between the measured redshift z velocity and the model of Hubbles law. It is also known that the ux density of a source is dependent on the distance between the source and the observer. This paper also attempts to correlate between intensity and the distance of intergalactic objects.

There are dierent ways to dene redshift. The one that is related with this paper is by calculating the relative dierence between observed and emitted frequency of an object as follow, z= emit obs obs (2)

where emit is the emitted frequency and obs is the observed frequency. In this paper, emitted frequency, emit is the rest frequency of a spectral line. The rest frequency for neutral hydrogen (HI) spectrum is 1.420405752 GHz. The observed frequency is measured for each source because this frequency is depending on the relative velocity between the source and the observer. As we are dealing with other galactic source, the redshift, z is approximately to recessional velocity and speed of light, z vr c (3)

II. II.1.

THEORY Hubbles Law

The linear relationship between recessional velocity and distance in Hubbles Law can be expressed as, v = H0 d (1)

where vr << c This paper will study between the approximation of recession velocity made by using redshift z with the Hubbles model of recessional velocity with respect to distance to the galaxy.
II.3. Flux density and Distance

where v is recessional velocity, H0 is Hubbles constant which current accepted value is 67.80 km/s and d is the distance to the galaxy. This fundamental relation only works for small redshift as for larger redshift, objects recede at a faster rate than speed of light and the proportionality will not be linear anymore.

The relationship between ux density, F with distance, d is expressed as F 1 d2 (4)

II.2.

Redshift velocity

which is known as inverse-square law where ux density is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source.
III. RESULT AND ANALYSIS

Redshift occurs when the observed frequency from an object that is moving away is proportionally decreasing. This decrease in frequency can be said also as increased in wavelength which then result of the shifted to the red end of the spectrum.

The spectral lines for 13 sources were t for ux density with recessional velocity and ux density with frequency. Distances to galaxies are then obtained from measured recessional velocity with Hubbles Law, v = H0 d (5)

Contact: mmohdzin@mix.wvu.edu

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TABLE I. Distance and recessional velocity is directly proportional with each other and this relationship form an equation of a line which is governed by Hubbles constant, H0 . The uncertainties obtained are statistical. AGC Recessional Velocity(km/s) Distance (km) 485 488 489 491 497 499 501 509 511 518 1939 1903 213506 5259.6306 7.8119 11828.020 18.6526 4748.1830 10.2651 4994.9192 12.5855 5203.4468 3.61866 4539.4071 1.10689 5090.3251 9.414 5140 7.09668 4599.561 6.54831 10385.626 3.87585 5212.3098 9.48735 10519.49 24.7595 6893.4088 2296.28 77.5757 0.1152 174.4546 0.3341 70.0322 0.1514 73.6714 0.1856 76.7470 0.0534 66.9529 0.0163 75.0785 0.1388 75.8112 0.1047 67.8401 0.0966 153.1803 0.0572 76.8777 0.1399 155.1547 0.3652 101.6727 33.8684 TABLE II. Redshift, z is obtained from frequency of the spectral line. The uncertainty for frequency is statistical. AGC 485 488 489 491 497 499 501 509 511 518 1939 1903 213506 Frequency (MHz) 1395.9162 1366.4932 1398.2603 1397.1287 1396.1728 1399.2190 1396.6915 1396.4609 1398.9429 1372.8467 1396.1332 1372.2556 1388.6633 0.0357527 0.0817934 0.0471424 0.0576984 0.0165639 0.00508912 0.0431271 0.0324999 0.0300946 0.0171559 0.0434186 0.109485 0.0354305 Redshift, z 0.0175 0.0385 0.0158 0.0166 0.0173 0.0151 0.0169 0.0171 0.0153 0.034 0.0173 0.0344 0.0227

which further slightly modication, d= v H0 (6)

FIG. 1. Linearity between velocity and redshift, z at low redshift. Theoretically, it would change when the value of redshift reach beyond 1.

where v is recessional velocity, H0 is Hubbles constant which current accepted value is 67.80 km/s and d is the distance to the galaxy. Table of recessional velocity and distance are tabulated with respect to observed sources in TABLE I. The plot of TABLE I data as in FIG.2 are taken to be a model of Hubbles Law because the distance was derived from the measured recessional velocity. By using this same distance, the redshift z is plotted as shown in the next section to compare its relation with distance.
III.1. Comparing with redshift velocity

From spectral lines of sources, frequency were obtained from the t and this measured frequency are known to be an observed frequency, obs . As mentioned before, emitted frequency, emit is the rest frequency of the spectrum. So, redshift, z can now be calculated from (2) and TABLE II for frequency and redshift, z is tabulated. As previously mentioned, the redshift, z at lower value is linearly proportional with velocity of an object. Therefore, FIG 1. is plotted to demonstrate this relation. By equation (3), z a slight derivation, vr zc (8) vr c (7)

Hubbles Law model of recessional velocity with respect to distance. Plot in FIG. 2 compared the value of Hubble constant between the model and the measured redshift z velocity. The Hubble constant, H0 is measured at 65.341 0.025 km/s/Mpc which is o by 3.62% from the accepted value of 67.8 km/s/Mpc It is interesting to note that the measured redshift z is deviate further away from the model as if to indicate the approximation is collapse as it goes further away.

III.2.

Relation of Flux Density and Distance

vr is calculated from this relation and the comparison is made between measured redshift z velocity and with

Using distance obtained from previous section, the measured ux density is tabulated and plotted as in TABLE III. and FIG 3. respectively. From the data points in FIG. 3., this paper failed to

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FIG. 2. Comparing between recessional velocity and redshift z velocity. The recessional velocity-distance is a model for accepted value of Hubble constant which is 67.80 km/s. Redshift z velocity measured Hubble constant at 65.341 0.025 km/s which is o by 3.62% from the accepted value.

to 80 km excluding the outliers at high ux density of 230 Jy. Unfortunately, this pattern is still vague and furthermore, it doesnt t into inverse-square law. Inverse-square law can be t from only three sources in the plot which is of AGC 499 at 231.34541 Jy , AGC 518 at 153.1803 Jy, and AGC 485 at 174.4546 Jy.
FIG. 3. Scattered plot between distance and ux density.

TABLE III. Distance and ux density and the uncertainties obtained are statistical. AGC 485 488 489 491 497 499 501 509 511 518 1939 1903 213506 Flux Density (mJy) 27.742234 5.8257628 7.7709102 7.4018758 21.579826 231.34541 13.442723 9.4939356 14.309765 18.118309 29.549620 5.4522877 5.7709572 1.24565 0.498323 0.511537 0.441794 1.02186 8.9664 0.693344 0.612887 0.762543 0.984175 1.24251 0.529667 0.518976 Distance (km) 77.5757 0.1152 174.4546 0.3341 70.0322 0.1514 73.6714 0.1856 76.7470 0.0534 66.9529 0.0163 75.0785 0.1388 75.8112 0.1047 67.8401 0.0966 153.1803 0.0572 76.8777 0.1399 155.1547 0.3652 101.6727 33.8684 III.3. Error Analysis

The error and uncertainty taken account in this paper are only due to random error. The statistical error from tting the spectral lines are propagate in further derivation. Attempts have been made to include systematic errors from the ALFALFA survey but failed to get or to interpret information regarding the error and uncertainty to be used in this paper. The uncertainty obtained from the measured Hubbles constant fails to include the range of its accepted value as the range value is from 65.367 to 65.316 km/s/Mpc.

IV.

CONCLUSION

establish any quantitative observation with following reasons: 1. Insucient data points because there were many points that seems to be outliers but this possibility cannot be taken into account due to a large scattered of points. 2. There is no distinct pattern in the plot that could be use as a point to be t. However, qualitative observation is made and there seems a pattern forming of sources from distance of 60

This paper compared between model of Hubbles Law with the measured redshift z velocity. While the measured Hubbles constant, H0 failed to agree with the accepted one, it can be observe the directly proportional between redshift z and the distance similar with the Hubbles Law. The deviation from the model are only distinguish when it goes farther away the distance and this might hint a relativistic eect of this measured model. This paper also did not manage to show any obvious relation between ux density and distance as in the inversesquare Law.