Name Of Experiment:

Experiment NO. 4

Date : 1383 / 2 / 21

Master : Jamshid Moghaddasi Prepared By : Mohammad Mojarrab Saeid Rajabi Moghaddam Vahid Razavi Mohammad Evazi Page 1 805435 805315 805216 805229

Abstract : A fluid's viscosity is a significant property in the study of fluid flow. Viscosity is that property of a fluid by virtue of which it offers resistance to shear. Newton's law of viscosity states that for a given rate of angular deformation of fluid the shear stress is directly proportional to the viscosity. Molasses and tar are examples of highly viscous liquids; water and air have very small viscosities. The viscosity of a gas increases with temperature, but the viscosity of a liquid decreases with temperature. The variation in temperature trends can be explained by examining the causes of viscosity. The resistance of a fluid to shear depends upon its cohesion and upon its rate of transfer of molecular momentum. A liquid, with molecules much more closely spaced than a gas, has cohesive forces much larger than a gas. Cohesion appears to be the predominant cause of viscosity in a liquid, and since cohesion decreases with temperature, the viscosity does likewise. A gas, on the other hand, has very small cohesive forces. Most of its resistance to shear stress is the result of the transfer of molecular momentum. Within fluid there is always a transfer of molecules back and forth across any fictitious surface drawn in it. When one layer moves relative to an adjacent layer, the molecular transfer of momentum brings momentum from one side to the other so that an apparent shear stress is set up that resists the relative motion and tends to equalize the velocities of adjacent layers. Molecular activity gives rise to an apparent shear stress in gases which is more important than the cohesive forces, and since molecular activity
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increases with temperature, the viscosity of a gas also increases with temperature. For ordinary pressures viscosity is independent of pressure and depends upon temperature only. For very great pressures, gases and most liquids have shown erratic variations of viscosity with pressure. The viscosity is frequently referred to as the absolute viscosity or the dynamic viscosity to avoid confusing it with the kinematic viscosity , which is the ratio of viscosity to mass density: = / The kinematic viscosity occurs in many applications, for example, in the dimension- less Reynolds number for motion of a body through a fluid, VI/v, in which V is the body velocity and L is a representative linear measure of the body size. The dimensions of v are L 2 T-1. The SI unit of kinematic viscosity is 1 m2/s, and the USC unit is 1 ft2/s. The cgs unit, called the stoke (St), is 1 cm2/s. The below description is about measuring viscosity by means of rolling ball. A fluid deforms continuously under the action of a shear stress. The rate of strain in a fluid is proportional to the shear shear stress. The proportionality constant is the dynamic viscosity (). Viscosity is a thermodynamic property and varies with pressure and temperature. For a given state of pressure and temperature, there is a large range of values of viscosity between common fluids. For instance, there is a variation of three orders of magnitude between water and glycerin. Since the term / , where is the density of
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the fluid, frequently appears in the equations of fluid mechanics, it is given a special name, kinematic viscosity (). The most common methods used to determine viscosity are the rotating concentric-cylinder method (Engler viscosimeter) and the capillary-flow method (Saybolt viscosimeter). Alternatively, we will measure the kinematic Viscosity through its effect on a falling object. The maximum velocity attained by an object in free fall (terminal velocity) is strongly affected by the viscosity of the fluid through which it is falling. When terminal velocity is attained, the body experiences no acceleration, so the forces acting on the body are in equilibrium (Figure 1).

The forces acting on the body are the gravitational force,

a force due to buoyancy,

and the resistance of the fluid to the motion of the body, similar to friction. This force is described by the Stokes expression for the drag force on a sphere (valid for Reynolds numbers, Re = VD/ <<1),
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Where D is the sphere diameter,

is the density of the fluid,

is the

density of the falling sphere, is the viscosity of the fluid, Fd, Fb, and Fg, denote the drag, buoyancy, and weight forces, respectively, V is the velocity of the sphere through the fluid (in this case, the terminal velocity), and g is the acceleration due to gravity. Once terminal velocity is achieved, a summation of the vertical forces must balance. Equating the forces gives:

Where t is the time for the sphere to fall a vertical distance

Using above equation for two different balls, namely, Teflon and steel spheres, the following relationship for the density of the fluid is obtained, where subscripts s and t refer to the steel and Teflon balls, respectively.

Purpose :
Determining the constant c of the capillary tube and calculating kinematic viscosity and determining the effect of temperature change on kinematic viscosity.

Experimental procedure :

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1- first we turn the viscosity bath in order to have a uniform temperature inside the bath and around the capillary tube. 2- in order to calibrate the capillary tube of size 50 we use calibrating fluid, which is, distilled water. We pour distilled water inside the tube and collect it inside the rounded part. But it should be filled about 1/3. Then use a manual pump to pump the water between level m1 and m2. 3- disconnect the pump and put the capillary tube inside the bath. Set the temperature at 48 c and measure the time for falling of water from level m1 to level m2. 4- again set the temperature at 40 c and 30 c respectively and do the same procedure and measure the time. 5- for capillary tube of size 50 we measure the constant c of capillary tube . For size 200 we have constant c and we want to measure the Kinematics viscosity of paraffin. So we do the same procedure for paraffin at 3 different temperature and measure the time and then. calculate kinematic viscosity.

Results :
A ) For Water : T1 = 75 C t = 97 Sec T2 = 60 C t = 117 Sec
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T3 = 50 C t = 136 Sec B ) For Paraffine : T1 = 75 C t = 167 Sec T2 = 60 C t = 272 Sec T3 = 50 C t = 401 Sec

Analysis of result :

A ) For Water : = C [M
2

[ Kg / M.S ]

/ [ Kg / M
2

/ S2 ]

= [M

/S]

/ t [ Sec ]

= C. .t

[ Kg / M.S ]

T1 = 75 C t = 97 Sec C1 = ( 0.0003807 ) / ( 974.78*97 ) = 4.0263*10 -9 [ M2 / S2 ] T2 = 60 C t = 117 Sec C2 = ( 0.000471 ) / ( 983.3*117 ) = 4.0940*10 -9 T3 = 50 C t = 136 Sec C3 = ( 0.0005522 ) / ( 955.18*136 ) = 4.2502*10 -9 [ M2 / S2 ]

[ M2 / S2 ]

C average = ( C1 + C2 + C3 ) / 3 = 4.1235*10 -9

[ M2 / S2 ]

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 = C . .t
T1 = 75 C t = 97 Sec 1 = 4.0263*10 * 97 * 974.78 = 3.8989*10 -4
-9

[ Kg / M.S ]

T2 = 60 C t = 117 Sec 2 = 4.0940*10 -9 * 117 * 983.3 = 4.7439*10 -4 T3 = 50 C t = 136 Sec 3 = 4.2502*10 * 136 * 955.18 = 5.3566*10 -4
-9

[ Kg / M.S ]

[ Kg / M.S ]

0.00055 [ Kg / M.S ]

0.0005

0.00045 y = 0.001 e 0.0004

-0.0127 x

0.00035

0.0003 40 50 60 70 T [C ] 80

= 0.001 e - 0.0127 T

B ) For Paraffine :
C = 0.07416 [ cm2 / s2 ]

[Kinetic Viscosity ] = C . t
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[ cm2 / s ]

T1 = 75 C t = 167 Sec 1 = 0.07416 * 167 = 12.38472 [ cm2 / s ] T2 = 60 C t = 272 Sec 2 = 0.07416 * 272 = 20.17152 [ cm2 / s ] T3 = 50 C t = 401 Sec 3 = 0.07416 * 401 = 29.73816 [ cm2 / s ]
35 30 25 [ gr / cm.s ] 20 15 10 5 0 40 45 50 55 60 T [C] 65 70 75 80 y = 167.25 e
-0.0348x

= 167.25 e - 0.03484 T

Conclusion : Because kinematic viscosity is a strong function of temperature, so by changing the temperature it should change sharply. As we can see, by decreasing temperature kinematic viscosity increases greatly. When
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temperature increases in the liquid the movement of liquid molecules increases and so its resistance against movement will decrease and as a result the kinematic viscosity (viscosity) will decrease. We can see this result by graph in the appendix. Recommendation : The capillary tube does not calibrated accurately. Using the calibrating scales help to measure the time exactly. Because the level of fluid can be seen more exactly.

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