Demi Tran 10A History Summaries: Miss Smith

Changing patterns of migration 19452000

Account for continuity and/or change over time in the relevant study
Who came over to Australia? o o o o 1945: British ex servicemen and their families given free passage, other British migrants 1947: Migrants from Baltic countries- Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Greece, Malta and Italy enter Australia 1947-1967: England, Ireland, Italy, Greece, Germany, Poland, Yugoslavia and The Netherlands 1970s: Asian immigrants from Vietnam, Hong Kong, Cambodia, mainly after the Vietnam War

Summary: o o o o Arthur Calwell became minister for immigration in 1945 after the Department of Immigration was established. He developed policies to bring people to Australia His slogan was Populate or Perish and it supported the need to have policies for more immigrants to come. Multiculturalism is the concept that a society comprises more than one culture. Assimilation is a policy of trying to make people change their culture or way of life in order for them to fit into society; they were directed at non white Australians.

Populate or Perish: o o o o o The Labor government believed that Australia had to expand its population so they encouraged immigration. Reasons why they wanted more people was because: There was a shortage of laborers, especially after the war, by having a larger workforce, they would stimulate the economy. By having new settlers, it meant that there would be new workers and new skill brought in to strengthen the economy. Australia was vast and had a small population for the large land, so it was likely that any country would attack. The security of the population would increase if the population was bigger

New Australians: o o o o o The government first aimed to attract British people The ex servicemen were given free passages to Australia along with their families Other British people had to pay $20 or 10 pounds at the time. In 1947, a refugee organization was created to help refugees, mainly from thousands Europe at the time due to communism. This was an important change as it meant that Australia was now accepting non white migrants

Demi Tran 10A History Summaries: Miss Smith

Citizenship and migrant Australians: o o o They made two immigration policies as a way to increase the population faster and these plans were economic and humanitarian. The economic policys aim was to increase the population with p eople who would best match Australias needs The humanitarian aim was to take a share of war refugees according to an agreement signed with the International Refugee Organization

The Displaced persons Scheme: o o o o Displaced people were from Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia, Ukraine and Hungary. Most of these people could not speak English and did not know what to expect in their new country Most the migrant camps were in rural areas such as Cowra Most people found it hard to adjust to the new conditions

The economic concerns o o o o o The Australian government thought or hoped that most of the migrants were British but only of all the immigrants were British. The Australian government looked to other countries for migrants so they made agreements and it meant that the Australian government had to pay money to bring home the other people over. They also provided working contracts which meant that people would be able to stay in Australia permanently but were expected to work for a number of years. These workers worked for two years in the nominated industry, usually whatever was needed in the country. An example of this would be the Snowy Mountain Scheme

Assimilation Policy o o o It was a failure because it was hard for the migrants to abandon their own culture and language and adopt the new one It was natural for the migrants to live with people of the same race and people they could communicate with, therefore those who have the same custom and the same language. After 20 years of migration it was clear that the assimilation policy was not working because the migrants were disadvantaged and many did not attend school due to funds, so they could not learn English.

Integration o The government then planned for migrants to have an easier time settling in, so in contrast to the assimilation policy where they were forced to be the same, the government thought it would be more beneficial for them to be together and hold onto their customs to feel more comfortable. Culturally based Organizations were formed to help the migrants Foreign language radio channels and TV channels began to be more popular They had special learning classes for the migrants to learn English and obtain extra help Many signs were translated As a result of this, multiculturalism emerged However some people like politicians still wanted the assimilation policy

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Demi Tran 10A History Summaries: Miss Smith

White Australian Policy o o o o o In 1958, the dictation test was removed Harold Holt acknowledged the importance of Australias relationship with Asia The Colombo plan was established to provide financial assistance for migrants and students from Asia could study in Australia Gough Whitlam removed the White Australia Policy in 1972 The change and abolition of this policy was due to the amount of Asian entering the country during war, it made it easier for them to enter and it strengthened the relationship with Asia

Becoming a citizen o o o o o o All British subjects who were born or naturalized in Australia became automatic citizens if they came 5 years before 1949 British migrants could register to become citizens Ex servicemen from Britain would be citizens after a year Aliens could be citizens after 5 years Non European migrants could not gain citizenship until 1957 under strict conditions and living in Australia for 15 yrs In 1966 it was reduced to 5 years

Demi Tran 10A History Summaries: Miss Smith

Experiences of a migrant group in post WW2

Children:

Convict children and street kids: o o o 30000 convict children were sent to Australia and many did not return home After the convict era the British children would beg on streets or steal, where theyd be sent to Australia They aimed to get jobs and start a new life, but most ended up having not learnt skills, work as domestic servants and farmers

Irish Orphan girls: o 4000 Irish girls were sent to Australia after the famine and they found work as servants, or married and become mothers

Stocking the Empire o Thousands of British children were sent to Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa as these countries needed to increase their population

Children as Laborers o o In Australia after WW1, men died and the brith rate was low so people moved from rural areas to the city. Rural areas lost their workers and so child migration was used to increase workers

Wartime Evacuees: o During WW2 the children who had no accompany from Britain, aged 5 to 15 were sent to many coutries and they lived there until the war was over.

Post War child migration: o o Migration was necessary to increase the population and children were best because they were young and could assmiliate more easily as they had a long life ahead. Over 7000 children from disadvantaged backgrounds were sent to Australia in the post war period

Exploitation and abuse: o o Government and church authorities tried to prevent this Children were exploited and abused

Demi Tran 10A History Summaries: Miss Smith

Indochinese:

Boat trip: o o o o o They were at risk of being attacked by pirates and if they were, then bodies were thrown overboard and ships were sunk and people were abducted They had families left behind and hoped to reunite once on land They had to sacrifice their savings and pay huge amounts to go on rigged boats They were at risk of dying because of little food and small space Many boats sunk or invaded

In Australia o o o o o o They had no money and no idea on the language and culture They were at the bottom of the social economic ladder They were given unskilled jobs Had no housing No cultural community where they could communicate to other people of the same race Difficult for them to be accepted and they experienced racial discrimination

In War Times o o o o o o They waited years in refugee camps to be processed Some were sent back to their own country Slept in bad conditions and in huts There were fleas and lice Camps were small During the war, they lost their income

Demi Tran 10A History Summaries: Miss Smith

Snowy mountain scheme and migration

Outline the important developments in a key event/issue relating to the chosen study.

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After WW2, the Australian government supported the White Australia Policy, which aimed to accept only white and English speaking countries. These migrants were usually from Britain but due to the need for more workers for the Snowy Mountain Scheme, Australia began to change their policy, accepting those who were fleeing the Soviet Union. Australia began to open displaced persons camp and import people from European countries. This led to a sudden influx of migrants from many countries and of many different nationalities. the Australian government first prioritized British migrants migrants had to be skilled, preferably Norwegians, fit, young and had to work in unskilled labor for 2 years Good aspects of the Snowy Scheme were that it was highly paid and they obtained new skills. Negatives were that there were that there were many deaths and example was people stuck in concrete Things introduced was the safety, such as thick leather shoes, spectacles and hard hat Major benefits to Australia from the scheme are: Provided water for the country Power for the city New techniques, used in modern days Australia became an industrial nation Australia drifted further away from Britain Everyone was accepted by one another in the Snowy Mountains however, as individuals, migrants found it difficult to communicate and in some cases, they were still separated from other races, Italians would go with Italians and etc. However in an event where someone needed someone good at card games, then they would group together The relationship strengthened over time In bigger towns, the migrants were resented and served last in stores and health services was hard for people who couldnt speak English They struggled with Australian customs Attacked with racist remarks The location was no good as it was difficult to buy items as stores were far away