Louis Hannegan Advanced Biology Study Guide for Module #12 March 15, 2006 1) a.

Groups of lymphocytes and other cells which support the lymphocytes. b. Encapsulated masses of lymph tissue found along lymph vessels. c. Watery liquid formed from the interstitial fluid and found in lymph vessels. d. A buildup of excess fluid in the tissues, which can lead to swelling. e. The process by which the body protects itself from pathogenic invaders such as bacteria, fungi, parasites, and foreign substances. f. Concentrations of lymphatic tissue with no clear boundaries. g. Lymphatic tissue arranged into compact, somewhat spherical structures. h. An immune response that is the same regardless of the pathogen or toxin encountered. i. An immune response targeted at a specific pathogen or toxin. j. A series of 20 plasma proteins activated by foreign cells or antibodies to those cells. They (1) lyse bacteria, (2) promote phagocytosis, and (3) promote inflammation. k. Proteins secreted by cells infected with a virus. These proteins stimulate nearby cells to produce virus-fighting substances. l. Chemicals which promote fever by acting on the hypothalamus. m. Immunity which comes from antibodies. n. Immunity which comes from the actions of T-lymphocytes. 2.) It entered a lymph vessel. 3.) Interstitial fluid into the lymph vessels by entering at a lymph capillary after it has been released by a nearby capillary. It is pumped through the lymph vessels by the contractions of skeletal/smooth muscles as well as by the pressure changes caused by breathing. 4.) Fluid balance, fat absorption, and immunological defense. 5.) No. Because some lymph contains fat whereas other lymph does not. 6.) The tonsils are groups of lymph nodules and diffuse lymphatic tissue. Beneath the mucous membrane in the throat and/or on the back of the tongue. 7.) Groups of lymphocytes in lymph nodules which are found in the last third of the small intestine. 8.) Afferent lymph vessels carry lymph into a given lymph node whereas efferent lymph vessels carry lymph out of and away from a given lymph node. There are more afferent lymph vessels. 9.) To scan the lymph that is going through them for pathogens/toxins, to produce lymphocytes and release them into the blood if the lymph passing through the lymph node was infested with pathogens/toxins, and finally to clean the lymph that passes through them. 10.) To filter the blood, to remove worn-out erythrocytes from the blood, and to serve as a reservoir of oxygen-rich blood. 11.) To promote the maturation of T-lymphocytes and to produce hormones, esp. thymosin.

12.) Innate immunity, acquired immunity, innate, innate, acquired, innate, acquired, innate, innate. 13.) a. One way valve b. Afferent lymph vessels c. Germinal center d. Lymph nodule e. Capsule f. Trabeculae g. Efferent lymph vessel h. Reticular fibers 14.) a. The skin acts as a water proof barrier through which foreign inavaders can not pass. b. The sweat glands produce sweat which helps lower the pH of the skin c. The sebaceous glands produce sebum which contains antibacterial agents. d. Mucus catches and traps foreign invaders and then is transported to the nose or mouth to be removed from the body along with the pathogens it is carrying. e. Because of its acidity, gastric juice kills most of the pathogens which encounter it. f. Tears contain lysozyme which breaksdown the cell walls of many bacteria. g. Urine washes out the urinary tract and therefore prevents pathogens from entering that area of the body. h. Symbiotic organisms squeeze out other foreign invaders and also actually fight against against foreign invaders. i. The 20 plasma proteins which compose a complement lyse bacteria, promote phagocytosis, and promote inflammation. j. These proteins stimulate nearby cells to produce virus-fighting substances. k. Neutrophils and monocytes engage in phagocytosis and eat foreign invaders l. Basophils release histamine, postglandins, and leukotrienes which promote inflammation. m. To reduce inflammation (?) n. Vasodilation causes the blood vessels to expand and therfore allowing for greater blood flow and therefore permitting more complement to get to the sight of infection quicker. It also causes the capillaries to become more porous and therefore allows phagocytic cells to leave the capillaries and make their way to the sight of infection. o. Pyrogens promote fever which burns out foreign invaders. 15.) "Y" 16.) The constant region. 17.) 1. Bind directly to the antigen 2. Bind antigens together in groups 3. Activate complement. 4. Stimulate phagocytosis 5. Stimulate inflammation 18.) To release antibodies which fight a specific foreign invader; to await the return of the same antigen which caused it to be produced and to then destroy it; The memory B-cell. 19.) The immune system recognizes it own body's cells by the unique MHC fingerprint which is on every one of them. 20.) To recognize and destroy cells which contain a pathogen. To wait for the same antigen which it to be produced to return and then to quickly destroy it. To stimulate the proliferation of B-cells and cytotoxic T-cells.