My Additional Mathematics Modules

Form 4
Topic 5

Haiya manyak sinang punya ma...!

(Version 2012) by

NgKL
(M.Ed.,B.Sc.Hons.,Dip.Ed.,Dip.Edu.Mgt.,Cert.NPQH)

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5.1 INDICES AND LAWS OF INDICES IMPORTANT NOTES:

1. 2.
n

(2)

For an index number an, (read as a raise to the power of n), where a is the base and n is the index. ao = 1 3.

1 = a n , where a 0 an

4.

an

a , where a 0, (read as a raise to the nth root).

5.

an

am
6. Laws of Indices

6.1 6.4 7.

am x an = am + n
a = b
m

6.2

am an = am n 6.5

(or)

a n a

m
m n = a

6.3

(am)n = am x n

a bm

(ab)m = am bm

Equation Involving Indices Solve the problem by; 7.1 Comparing the indices or bases on both sides of the equation; 7.1.1 If am = an, then m = n. 7.1.2 If am = bm, then a = b. Applying logarithms on both sides of the equation; ax = bm log ax = log bm x log a = m log b x=
m log b log a

7.2

Exercise 5.1
1. Evaluate each of the following without using a calculator. (b) 24 (c)
2

(a) 43

27 3

(d) 3 125

(e) 4

(f) 0.50

(g)

1 3

(h) 7 0

2.

Simplify and then evaluate each of the following (b) 32 34 (c) (52)3 (d) 43 x 24 162

(a) 32 x 35

(e) 43 x 45

(f)

4 83

(g) 27 3 x 9

2 3

(h) (

2 2 ) (125) 5

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3.

Simplify each of the following expressions. (b) 3 n + 2 3 n 1 (c) 92k 3 k+ 1 x 27 k

(3)

(a) 2 m + 3 x 4 m 32m

(d) 25n x 42n x 63n

(e) 20a3 5a-5

(f)

3 m + 2 81m 1 9 2( m + 1 )

4.

Solve each of the following. (b) Show that 5 n + 1 + 5 n 3(5cn 1 ) is divisible by 3 or 9.

(a) Show that 23w + 1 = 2(8w)

(c) Show that 22x + 3 (9x + 1 32x) = (

2 2x ) 3

(d) Express 3 m 2 + 3 m + 1 2(3 m) in the simplest form.

(e) Express 9 x + 1 32 x + 12(32 x 1) in the simplest form.

(f) Show that 7 p + 1 + 7 p + 2 is a multiple of 8.

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5.2

LOGARITHMS AND LAWS OF LOGARITHMS

(4)

IMPORTANT NOTES:
1. To convert an equation in index form to logarithm form and vice versa. If N = ax , then loga N = x. 2. 3. 4. loga 1 = 0, and loga a = 1. loga (negative number) = undefined. Law of Logarithms: 4.1 loga xy = loga x + loga y
x y = log x log y a a

Similarly, loga 0 = undefined.

4.2 4.3 5.

loga

(or) loga (x y) = loga x loga y

loga xm = m loga x

Change of Bases of Logarithms: 5.1 loga b =

log c b log c a

5.2

loga b =

log b b log b a

1 log b a

6.

Equations Involving Logarithms: 6.1 Converting the equation of logarithm to index form, i.e. loga N = x, then N = ax 6.2 Express the left hand side, LHS and the right hand side, RHS, as single logarithm of the same base. Then make the comparison, i.e; (i) loga b = loga c, then b = c. (ii) loga m = logb m, then a = b.

Exercise 5.2
1. Express the following equations to logarithm form or index form. (b) 4 =

(a) 32 = 25

2 3

(c) logx q = p

(d) 1 = 100

(e) 3 = log3

1 27

(f) log3 243 = 5

(g) px = 5

(h) log6 36 = 2

(i) x3 = 108

(j) 2 = log5 25

2.

Determine the value of x in each of the following equations. (b) log4 x =

(a) log3 81 = x

1 2

(c) log x 125 = 3

(d) log2 x = 2

(e)

log

1 64

1 3

(e) log x

1 = 3 216

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3.

Find the value of each of the following. (b) log10 39.94 = (e) antilog 0.3185 = = (c) antilog 1.498 = (f) antilog (0.401) =

(5)

(a) log10 100 =

(d) log10 4.

1 35

Find the value of each of the following without using a calculator. (b) log 3
1 243

(a) log 2 32

(c) log 9

(d) log5 0.2

(e) log7 49

(f) logm

5.

Given that log2 3 = 1.585 and log2 5 = 2.32, find the values of the following logarithms. (b) log 2 6 (c) log 2 (

(a) log 2 45

125 ) 3

(d) log 2 1.5

(e) log 2 0.6

(f) log 2 20

6.

Simplify each of the following expression to the simplest form. (b) loga 5x + 3 loga 2y (c) logb x + 3 logb x + logb (y + 1)

(a) 2 log2 x log2 3x + log2 y

(d) log2 4x log2 3y 2

(e) 3 log3 x + log3 3y + log3 2x

(f) log5 m log5 4m log5 k

7.

Determine the values of the following logarithms. (b) log3 23 (d) log0.5 8.21 (c) log3
5

(a) log2 7

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8.

Given that log2 w = p, express the following in terms of p. (b) log8 16w2 =

(6)

(a) log w 4 =

(c) log4

w 32

(d) log

64

9.

Given that log m 3 = x and log m 4 = y. Express the following in terms of x and/or y. (b) log3m 12

(a) log 36 m =

(c) log3

16m

(d) log3

m 4

Exercise 5.3

1.

Solve each of the following equations. (b) 22x + 3 = 32

(a) 3x + 2 = 81x

(c) 3x . 4x = 125x + 2

(d) 52x =

125 25 x

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2.

Solve each of the following equations. (b) logx 18 logx 2 = 2

(7)

(a) log10 (2x + 7) = log10 21

(c) log5 (x 5) =

1 log5 125 3

(d) 2 log3 2 + log3 (4x 1) = 1 + log3 (x + 8)

(e) log2 (x 3) log2 (x2 9) =

(f) log2 8 + log4 M = 5

Exercise 5.4 SPM QUESTIONS ( 2003 2010 )

1. Solve the equation 82x 3 = SPM2006/Paper1

1 4
x+2

[3 marks]

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) 2. Given that log2 xy = 2 + 3 log2 x log2 y, express y in terms of x.

(8 [4 marks] SPM2006/Paper1

3. Solve the equation 2 + log3 (x 1) = log3 x.

[3 marks]SPM2006/Paper1

4. Solve the equation 2x + 4 2x + 3 = 1.

[3 marks] SPM2005/Paper1

5. Solve the equation log3 4x log3 (2x 1) = 1

[3 marks]SPM2005/Paper1

6. Given that logm 2 = p and logm 3 = r, express SPM2005/Paper1

log m

27 m ) in terms of p and r. 4

[4 marks]

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(9) 7. Solve the equation 324x = 48x + 6.

[3 marks] SPM2004/Paper1

8. Given that log5 2 = m and log5 7 = p, express log5 4.9 in terms of m and p.

[4 marks]SPM2004/Paper1

9. Solve the equation 42x 1 = 7x.

[4 marks]SPM2003/Paper1

 8b 10. Given that log2 b = x and log2 c = y, express log4 c in terms of x and y.

[4 marks] SPM2007/Paper

11. Given that 9(3n1) = 27n, find the value of n.

[3 marks] SPM2007/Paper 1

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(10) 12. Given that log4 x = log2 3, find the value of x. 1

[3 marks] SPM2008/Paper

13. Solve the equation: 162x 3 = 84x 1

[3 marks] SPM2008/Paper

14. Given that 3n 3 x 27n = 243, find the value of n. 1

[3 marks] SPM2009/Paper

15. Given that log8 p log2 q =0, express p in terms of q.

[3 marks] SPM2009/Paper 1

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)
16. Solve the problem: 3x + 2 = 3x = 1
8 9

(11
[3 marks] SPM2010/Paper

17. Given log2 3 = a and log2 5 = b, express log8 45 in terms of a and b. 1

[3 marks] SPM2010/Paper

18. Solve the problem: 2 3x = 8 + 2 3x 1 1

[4 marks] SPM2011/Paper

19. Given log2 x = h and log2 y = k, express log 2 1

x3 y

in terms of h and k.

[3 marks] SPM2010/Paper

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The End