Generation of HV

BEX 44503 / BEK4113 Generation of High Voltage
High Voltage Engineering
BEE 3243 Electric Power Systems Module 1
Lecture Plan
Objectives To provide student with the knowledge of the High Voltage generation Also to introduce required testing techniques on insulation that used the generation equipments
Lecture Plan
Learning Outcomes At the end of this subject, the student should have the ability bilit to t adopt d t the th knowledge k l d as follows: f ll (1) Understand the HV generation types (2) Plan high voltage measurement and testing works of hi h voltage high lt electrical l t i l equipment i t (3) Perform high voltage experiment setup or project to complete a specific measurement (4) Show concern to safety regulations in high voltage measurement and testing works
Lecture Plan
Syllabus
Subject 2 Generation of High Voltages Subject 3 High Voltage Measurements and d Diagnostic Di ti Testing T ti of fI Insulation l ti
HV Generations : Introduction
High voltage is a field of engineering linking the scientific principles and industrial practice. The major use of high voltage is in the area of power systems. I Increasing i demand d di in power requires i modern-system d t operates at higher voltage. DC is used in long transmission lines and equipments such as electron microscope, x-ray units, particles accelerator electrostatic precipitators and etc accelerator, etc. Power system equipments (e.g. transformer, circuit b k i breaker, insulators, l t b bushings hi etc.), t ) cables bl and d overhead line with higher ac voltage ratings.
HV Generations: Problem
Erecting the higher voltage levels exposing equipment with high voltage / current stresses Major concern in insulating / separating these equipment from the potential and earthed structure / object j The insulation provided must not only be able to withstand the normal system voltage (with factor of safety) but also from abnormal overvoltages (i.e. impulse ( p stresses) ) In this case, the system exposes with high stresses magnitude from power frequency, frequency lightning and switching overvoltages
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HV Generations : What to do? Hence, these equipments need to be tested at higher voltages (normal and overvoltages levels) before they can actually put into use. It is therefore imperative that there must g voltage g g generators available to be high test an insulation system.
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**High Voltage Generations Generations** **
HV Generations: Types The common types Th t of f High Hi h V Voltage lt generators: 1) ) HVAC Generators 2) ) HVDC Generators 3) ) Impulse p Generators
HVAC Generator
The principle of the generator is to generate an HVAC voltages. voltages Uses transformer to step up the voltage. They are three common types of HVAC generator (transformer) which are: Straight transformer Cascaded transformer Resonant R t transformer t f
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HVAC Generator: General Characteristic of T ti Transformers Testing T f Equipment used in power system is usually in three-phase type, type however however, a generated test voltage applied to the testing equipment / sample is in single-phase. g Thus, only one phase of the insulation equipment can be tested at a time. At same voltage rating, testing transformers typically have a much lower kVA rating than the power transformers. transformers
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HVAC Generator: General Characteristic of T ti Transformers Testing T f Continue C ti

This lower kVA rating is due to the usual short duration testing and smaller current produced (varies within tens of mA to few amperes). ( p ) Thus, cooling of the windings will not be a major problem. bl Also the flux density in the testing transformer is kept lower than the power transformer. This to avoid high magnetising current that contain harmonics that may distort the output test voltage. voltage Testing transformer also more compact in design with well insulated high-voltage windings.
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Construction of Testing Transformers

Using oil-insulated natural cooling test transformers. transformers Usually is constructed as two types: 1) Tank type 2) Insulated I l t d enclosure l t type
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Fig: OilOil-insulated test transformer. (a) Tank type (b) Insulated enclosure type.
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1) Tank type:
The core and the windings are enclosed in a metal container, the surface which provides natural cooling. cooling Problem with high voltages due to high cost of bushing and the large space requirement. requirement May y contain less q quantity y of oil than the insulated enclosure type, thus have small thermal constants. Heat dissipation through insulated enclosure is high. Require bushing
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2) Insulated enclosure type:
The core and the winding are surrounded by an insulating cylinder. cylinder Contain a relatively large quantity of oil and so have large thermal time constants. The heat dissipation through the insulated enclosure is small. No bushing is required
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HVAC Generators
The principle of the generator is to generate single-phase HVAC voltage. Uses t transformer f t step to t up the th voltage. lt They are three common types of HVAC generator (transformer) which are: 1) Straight transformer 2) Cascaded transformer 3) Resonant transformer
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1) Straight Transformer: Concept

Concept similar to the normal step step-up up transformer. transformer The transformer is having g a single g phase HV potential at one-end side winding and usually being earthed on the other end-side winding. The iron-core and the enclosure / tank also being earthed. The low voltage winding maybe fed to the voltage egu ato ( (variac) a ac) for o p producing oduc g variable a ab e high g voltage o tage regulator level. Th The rating ti of f the th primary i winding i di i is usually ll up to t 230 V r.m.s and the high voltage output rating can be up to 200 kV r.m.s.
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Straight Transformers: Circuit
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig: HVAC straight transformer. (a) Single unit circuit (b) Equivalent electrical circuit with a capacitive test object (c) Simplified circuit at highhigh-voltage voltage-side 19
HVAC Single Straight Transformer: M Manchester h t University U i it
12 kV HVAC Single Straight Oil Oil-Immersed Transformer (Insulated Enclosure Type) 20
100 kV TERCO HVAC & HVDC Set: UTHM
AC Generator
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1) Straight Transformer: Problem

Caution must be taken when using g a straight g transformer. It is possible the use of the transformer with a particular load capacitance will lead to a resonance condition being developed. p In general, resonance occurs when the inductive reactance and the capacitive reactance are of equal magnitude (L = 1/C), so: 1 LC This resonance condition may result in a higher than required q test voltage g being g applied pp across the test object j with an obvious damaging result. Also Also, the resonance condition may not just accentuate the fundamental frequency of the supply voltage, it can also amplify harmonics causing distortion of output waveform.
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Resonance Occurs in Straight Transformers
Note: LV resistance i t R=0 0.25ohm, 25 h LV i inductance d t L = 50 50mH H Load capacitance: 1000pF, Vi = 1kV
Fig: Illustration of resonance condition occurring in straight transformer
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What happen during resonance?

In RLC series circuit, , during g resonance XL = XC This causes applied V and I in-phase, giving VL=Vc Giving Z = R (thus circuit totally dependable on R value) This condition causes current at its maximum as I=V/R Since Si = 2f, f resonance occurs at t frequency f f fr;
fr
1 2 LC
This condition also causes voltage overshoot or magnification/ ifi ti / magnified ifi d many times ti greater t than th th the supply l voltage (i.e. Vi).
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What happen during resonance? C l l ti Example: Calculation E l A single phase HVAC RLC circuit consist of inductance L of 50mH, , capacitance p C of 1000pF p and resistance of R of 0.25ohm. The supplied voltage Vi is at 1kV r.m.s. a)Determine the maximum current Imax, the voltage overshoot VL and Q factor of the circuit during the resonance frequency fr condition. Neglect any losses in the circuit. b)Find ) the Q factor of the circuit at 50Hz frequency. q y
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What happen during resonance? C l l ti Solution: Calculation S l ti

L 50 mH 50 10
3
H,
12
At _ resonance; 1 fr 2 LC fr 1 2 50 10 3 1000 10 12
C 1000 pF 1000 10 R 0 . 25 ohm , V i 1 kV
f r 22.51kHz Also _ at _ resonance; VL VC ZR I max Vi 1kV 4kA R 0.25ohm
At _ fr 50 Hz, VL _ 50 Hz VC _ 50 Hz I max X L I maxL I max 2f r _ 50 Hz L VL _ 50 Hz VC _ 50 Hz 4 103 2 50 50 10 3 VL _ 50 Hz 62.83kV Q factor __ 50 Hz VL _ 50 Hz Vi Vo 62.83kV 62.83 1kV Vi
VL VC I max X L I maxL I max 2f r L VL VC 4 103 2 22.51103 50 10 3 VL VC 28.29MV Q factor _ fr
Q factor __ 50 Hz 63 p.u
Value similar to the one shown in the graph
VL Vo 28.29MV 28.29kp.u Vi Vi 1kV

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Resonance Occurs in Straight Transformers
Note: LV resistance i t R=0 0.25ohm, 25 h LV i inductance d t L = 50 50mH H Load capacitance: 1000pF, Vi = 1kV
Fig: Illustration of resonance condition occurring in straight transformer
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2) HVAC Cascaded Transformer: General G Generating ti higher hi h voltages lt requires i l large insulation level placing inside the straight transformer (cost increases rapidly with voltage). Typically to generate a voltage level above 200 kV, it is more economical to cascade more than one transformer t f in i series. i I In this thi case, by b insulating i l ti the th tank t k of f the th second (and any subsequent) transformer from earth can significantly reduce the insulation earth, level in this transformer (thus reduce the cost!).
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2) HVAC Cascaded Transformer: Principle
For each of the single unit stages having three windings; g ; the low-voltage, g , high-voltage g g and exciting windings. The low-voltage and high-voltage windings are follow the auto-transformer concept while an exciting winding is used to supplies the low voltage potential to the next stage low-voltage winding. g Illustrations of the cascaded transformer concept can be seen in the next figures.
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Fig 1: An Illustration of Three Stage HVAC Cascaded Transformer
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Fig 2: Cascade arrangement for 300 kV Transformer
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2) Cascaded Transformer Concept: StageStage-I

StageStage -I The low low-voltage voltage winding is connected to the primary of the first transformer and its one-end terminal is connected to the earthed transformer tank. tank Also one-end of the high-voltage winding is earthed through the tank. The high-voltage output from this first stage is V (i.e 100 kV in Fig. 2). The exciting winding of this stage supplies (i.e 1 kV in Fig Fig. 2) the low-voltage low voltage winding of stage-II. stage II
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2) Cascaded Transformer Concept: StageStage-II

St StageStage -II
The high high-voltage voltage winding in this stage and that for the previous stage-I are connected in series so that voltage 2V is produced / available at the end of the high-voltage winding of stage stage-II II. i.e. 2 x 100 kV = 200 kV such as shown in Fig. 2 The tank of the stage-II must be insulated (separated) from earth (bear in mind that tank in stage-1 is earthed).
This condition provides the HV output potential of 2V with respect p to earth at one-end of the stage-II g high-voltage winding.
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2) Cascaded Transformer Concept: Stage - III

StageStage -III Similar condition as stage stage-I I, an exciting winding tapped from HV-winding supplies in stage-II potential to the low-winding of stage-III transformer.
The high-voltage winding in this stage and that for the previous stage-II are connected in series so that voltage 3V is produced / available at the end of the high-voltage winding of stage-III. i.e. i 3 x 100 kV = 300 kV such h as shown h i in Fig. Fi 2 Similar as stage-II, the tank of the stage-III must be i insulated l t d (separated) ( t d) from f earth, th to t ensure voltage lt 3V is obtained.
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2) Cascaded Transformer Concept: StageStage-IV, V and so on (if any) )
St Stage Stage IV, IV V and d so on(if (if any) ) Processes / conditions follow the concepts shown in previous stages (stage-II and stage-III) The exciting winding tapped from HV-winding in the previous stage transformer ensures a potential is supplied to the low-winding low winding of the next transformer.
Al Also th the tank t k of f the th every stage t in i this thi case and d so on must be insulated from earth, to ensure voltage increment of 1V in every stages with respect of earth (i.e 4V, 5V and so on) is obtained.
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2) HVAC Cascaded Transformer
HVAC Cascaded Transformer
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3) HVAC Resonant Transformers: General

Also known as series resonant set or series and parallel resonant sets. These transformers are designed g to overcome two shortcoming straight transformer that are:
Fi Firstly, tl resonance is i used dt to reduce d th voltage the lt supply demand at the primary winding of the transformer Secondly, it also used to ensure that a pure 50 Hz is delivered from a transformer
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3) HVAC Resonant Transformers: General C ti Continue

In effect, resonant set make used the one that previously stated as disadvantages (resonance condition) for the straight transformer set set. Resonance condition in this transformer allows higher g voltage to be produced using significantly lower current that would otherwise be needed. The development of fundamental frequency resonance condition in this transformer ensures a waveform low in t t l harmonics total h i distortion. di t ti This also reduces the maximum power requirement from the voltage winding of test supply.
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3) HVAC Resonant Transformers: General C ti Continue

Resonant alternating set can be produced using series or parallel inductances. Usually, the variable reactance (XT) is produced using variable inductance (XLs L ) rated at low voltage with step-up transformer. More recent design, however, used high voltage variable reactors that have been designed without the need of step-up transformer. transformer Typical circuit of this condition (reactor usage) is shown in Fig. 3.
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HVAC Resonant Generator Set: Circuit
(b) (a)
Fig 3: Typical schematic of a HVAC resonance set. (a) series resonance circuit (b) equivalent circuit 40
HVAC Resonant Generator Set: M Manchester h t University U i it
41
HVDC Generator
The p principle p of the g generator is to g generate singleg phase HVDC voltages. Uses HVAC transformer for main/primary supply, the HVAC voltage is then converted to HVDC via rectifier circuit. They are four common types of HVDC generator circuit i it which hi h are: HalfHalf -period rectifier circuit FullFull -period rectifier circuit CockcroftCockcroft -Walton Doubler circuit CockcroftCockcroft -Walton Multiplier circuit
j| ux w|vxw | {| xvx
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1) HVDC: Half Half-Period Rectifier Circuit

The concept similar to the normal single-phase halfwave / bridge rectifier circuit, circuit such as shown in Fig. Fig 4 4. This is a simplest and most basic rectifier circuit. It is adequate for large amount of testing and uses relatively simple component. Connection: Connection: A high voltage transformer with one-end of earthed HV winding is connected to the test object via a capacitor. This capacitor C is used to reduce the ripple factor. Effect with and without this unit can be seen in Fig. 4. A diode is connected at the high tension of the terminal of the transformer. RL is the load resistance.
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Fig. 4: Typical Half Half-wave wave Rectifier Circuit
(a) Half Half-wave wave rectifier circuit
(b)
(b) No smoothing capacitor cause large ripple factor effect seen on load voltage
(c) With smoothing capacitor reduces ripple factor effect 44 seen on load voltage
2) HVDC: FullFull-Period Rectifier Circuit

The concept p is similar to single-phase g p full-wave / bridge rectifier circuit, such as shown in Fig. 5. This is also among simplest and most basic rectifier circuit. It is adequate for large amount of testing and uses relatively simple component. Connection: Connection: Both ends of high-voltage g g winding g of the transformer are connected with individual diode D1 and D2. Each of diode D1 and D2 conduct one cycle. cycle In the circuit, the ripple is reduced. The ripple frequency is twice the value of the supply frequency.
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Fig. 5: Typical Full Full-Period Period Rectifier Circuit
(b)
(a) Full-period rectification
(b) Load voltage
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TERCO 100 kV r.m.s HVAC & 140 kVpeak HVDC S Set: t UTHM
AC Generator
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3) CockcroftCockcroft-Walton Doubler Circuit: General
Both of the previously discussed full-period and half half-period period rectifier circuits produce a DC voltage less than the AC maximum voltage (peak). The doubler circuit produces a DC voltage almost l t double d bl th the peak k AC voltage lt under d the th loaded condition. The circuit has been named after its creator Greinacher or also known as Cockcroft CockcroftWalton.
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Fig. g 6: Typical yp Cockcroft-Walton Doubler Circuit
(a) CockcroftCockcroft-Walton doubler circuit
(a) Simple Cockcroft Cockcroft-Walton doubler circuit
(b) Simple Cockcroft Cockcroft-Walton doubler circuit
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(b) Voltage curve under no load
(b) Voltage curve under load
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C-W Doubler Circuit Explanation: N L No Loading di Condition C diti

One terminal O of high tension (secondary) winding is earthed. When the potential O becomes negative with respect to O (i.e. during fi t negative first ti h half lf cycle l of f th the voltage lt wave), the diode D conducts. This causes the portion O-A-O in a half period rectifier circuit state. Also at this stage causes the p C, charges g up p to a capacitance voltage Vmax (i.e. the peak value of AC voltage)
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C-W Doubler Circuit Explanation: No N L Loading di Condition C diti Continue C ti I

By neglecting the diode drop (e (e.g g switch close), the potential of A, which VA is zero during conduction of D. The potential of O, which is Vo reaches Vmax when the supply pp y voltage is at its negative peak. Also by neglecting any loss of charge from C, its potential (VA to Vo) should always be equal to +Vmax after the instant X X. Hence VA will oscillate between 0 to 2Vmax as Vo oscillates from Vmax to +Vmax.
52
C-W Doubler Circuit Explanation: No N L Loading di Condition C diti Continue C ti II

The diode D start conducting when D stops p conducting g at instant X. The capacitor C is charged to +2Vmax at the instant of Y of the VA curve. At this instant, D stop conducting. If there is no loading (i.e. R=), the output voltage will be constant at +2Vmax from the instant Y onwards.
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C-W Doubler Circuit Explanation: L di Condition Loading C diti

Vout will be less than +2Vmax when R (i.e. (i circuit i it h having i al load). d) Reduction of the voltage magnitude based on two reasons/conditions: Firstly, due to during non-conduction period C period, C supplies the load current current, and load voltage will be less than +2Vmax due to ripple. Secondly, during each cycle, the capacitor p C replenishes p the charges g lost by C in supplying the load. This res results lts of VA never ne er attains at potential +2Vmax (capacitor C is not charges to +2Vmax at all).
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(b) Voltage curve under no load

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(b) Voltage curve under load
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3) CockcroftCockcroft-Walton Doubler Circuit

General Connection: Connection: One input of the HV winding g is earthed. The circuit is arranged with position of the diodes D1 and D2 and the capacitance C1 and C2 are arranged such as illustrated in Fig g 6. In the circuit (Fig. 6(b)), the diode D1 prevents the voltage at point A from becoming negative with respect to earth. This results in sine wave of 0V to twice the peak of transformer secondary appearing at this location (e.g. if Vpeak ac output HV side = 100 kV gives positive sinusoidal voltage output of +200 kVmax).
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General Connection Continue: Continue: The changing of the positive and negative half cycles of ac sinusoidal supply voltage allows (depending on components position) the conduction / non-conduction non conduction of these diodes and charging / discharging process of capacitances. These configurations enable the production of a DC waveform with an output voltage of +2Vmax. The produced DC waveform voltage having a +2Vmax at no loading condition is shown in Fig 7(b).
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Problem: Problem : Voltage drop occurs during loading condition (load resistance) resulting in voltage output less than +2V 2Vmax , such h as shown h i in Fig. Fi 7(c). ( ) Caused by two reasons: During g the conduction p period, , the smoothing g capacitor C2 supplies the load current will be less than +2Vmax due to ripple. During each cycle, the capacitor C1 replenishes the charges lost by C2 in supplying the load, causing the VA (at node A in Fig. Fig 6) to never attain a potential +2Vmax . So the capacitor C2 is not charge to +2Vmax at all.
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4) CockcroftCockcroft-Walton Multiplier Circuit

General: Also known as the Cockcroft-Walton Cascade Circuit. I Is an extension t i of f the th previously i l discussed di d CockcroftC k ft Walton doubler circuit. That circuit is actually being extended in series to become the voltage multiplier circuit. i it Fig. 8(b) shows the two stages cascade circuit. This configuration fi i produces d an output voltage l at +4V 4Vmax during no loading condition. Fig. 9 shows the n-stage cascade circuit (output = +nVmax under no loading). The method of connection of this circuit is will not be discussed in this subject.
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Fig. g 8: Two-stage g Cockcroft-Walton Multiplier p Circuit
(b) TwoTwo-stage Cockcroft Cockcroft-Walton multiplier circuit
61
Fig. g 9: n-stage g Cockcroft-Walton Multiplier p Circuit
Fig. 9: The nn-stage Cockcroft Cockcroft-Walton Multiplier Circuit. (a) charging of a smoothing column (b) charging of oscillating column
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4) CockcroftCockcroft-Walton Multiplier Circuit

Problem: Similar to previously mentioned for doubler circuit, an extended circuit stage also having a problem with a voltage drop during loading condition. condition Every y voltage g multiplier p stage g that used in a DC system adds on an extra voltage drop to the system. The voltage drop is proportional to the load current and is inversely proportional to the supplied frequency. The net result is that it is not economic to use more than around 5 multiplier stage in series. series DC sets within HV laboratories also often use higher frequency power supplies to limit this voltage drop. 63
Impulse Generator
The principle of the generator is to generate an impulse voltages/current waveform. Uses combination of capacitors and resistors and spark gaps in generating the impulse waveform. Depending upon the capacitors and resistors values and circuit configurations, g , the +ve and ve polarity lightning and switching waveforms can be generated from the set. Unit typically produces standard impulse 1.2/50 s for f lightning li ht i and d 250/2500 s for f switching. it hi
64
Impulse Generator
Th The voltage lt / current t magnitude it d of f the th impulse i l waveform is depending upon the number of stages circuit that being used. g magnitude g requires q multiple p stage g circuits Higher (e.g. up to 10 stages circuit is required to generate about 1.5 MV impulse waveform). The impulse generator set can be categorised into two: Single stage circuit Multiple M lti l stage t circuit i it or Marx M G Generator t
65
Impulse Generator
Problem: Unit is very expensive especially for multiple circuits set and handling the test is dangerous. The handling person must be competent enough to set / conduct the unit and test experiment. It is difficult to produce the voltage magnitude at required level (accurate at 100 % efficiency), especially at the higher voltage levels levels. The efficiency the voltage generated lies from 0.6 to 09 0.9. Also requires sufficient large test area (laboratory) equipped with good safety components / procedures in-place. 66
Single-stage Impulse Voltage Generator: Equivalent SingleCi Circuit it The single-stage single stage circuits are mainly used for generation of relatively low-impulse voltage. The TERCOs single-stage voltage impulse generator at UTHMs HV Laboratory capable to produced lightning impulse at maximum 140kVpeak k. The impulse circuit commonly consist of two individual components: t - charging charging component causing the wavefront - discharging component causing the wavetail Simplified circuit such as shown in Fig. 10 and Fig. 11
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Impulse Generator: Equivalent Circuit
Cs : Charge / Tail capacitor Cf : Front capacitor Rc : Charge resistor Rf : Front Resistor Fig. 10: Single stage impulse generator equivalent circuit
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Impulse Generator: Equivalent Circuit
Fig. 11: Single stage impulse generator equivalent circuit
69
Single-stage Impulse Voltage Generator: Equivalent SingleCi Circuit it Connection: Effectively, two circuit (Fig. 11(a) and Fig. 11(b)) form the overall waveshape (rise and decay lines) The stage capacitor Cs is initially charged to predetermined HVDC voltage and is then discharged via a switch or spark gap (e.g. spark voltage around 15kV is created externally using battery operated circuit). circuit) p gap g p is triggered gg (closed), ( ), When the switch / spark immediately the capacitor voltage appears across the tail resistance Rt and then gradually start to reduce its magnitude (tail waveform is created) This is a wavetail circuit such as shown in Fig. 11(a)).
70
Single-stage Impulse Voltage Generator: Equivalent SingleCi Circuit it Connection continue: Upon the conduction of the wavetail circuit, at the same time, the voltage across the tail resistance Rt causes the voltage to begin to build up across the front capacitance Cf (creating rise waveform). The Cf is usually the voltage divider. The test object is connected across the front capacitance and it is due to thi part this t of f the th circuit i it that th t the th voltage lt waveform f cannot t rise to peak instantaneously. The time constant of the front capacitance Cf and front resistance Rf will usually be much lower than the time constant of the stage capacitance Ct and the tail resistance Rt (therefore producing rise and tail impulse waveshapes). 71
Fig. 12: Switching & Lightning Voltage Impulse W Waveforms f
Vp
Vp
72
Fig. 22: 140kVpeak Single-Stage Circuit Li ht i Impulse Lightning I l Test T t Setup S t
Fig. : The TERCO Single Single-Stage Circuit Lightning Impulse Test Setup
73
Fig. : The TERCO Single Circuit Lightning Impulse Test Setup
74
Fig. 24: 140kVpeak TERCO Lightning Impulse S t UTHM Set:

SingleSingle -stage Lightning Impulse Generator
Earth Stick
75
Multiple-stage Impulse Voltage Generator: MultipleE i l t Circuit Equivalent Ci it (Marx (M Circuits) Ci it ) It is not possible to scale up the capacity of single-stage single stage impulse generators to generate higher voltage magnitude (e.g. >500 kVpeak) due to two reasons:
Problem with the expense (cost) and difficulties in supplying pp y g high g voltage g DC. Problem with the need to increasing size of high voltage capacitors.
Thus the Marx generator is used to generate higher magnitude g impulse p voltage. g This generator uses a number of capacitors that are charged in parallel (thus requiring the a lower DC supply) through high ohmic resistances before being discharge in series through spark gaps.
76
Fig. g 14: Four Four-stage g Marx Generator Equivalent q Circuit
(a) During charging
(b) During discharging
77
Multiple-stage Impulse Voltage Generator: MultipleE i l t Circuit Equivalent Ci it (Marx (M Circuits) Ci it ) Connection: Fig. 14 shows the schematic diagram of a four-stage Marx generator, consisting of four stage capacitors Cs and d resistors i R and Rc df four associated i d tail il resistors i R Rt and damping/front resistors RD. The DC voltage Vc charges the stage capacitors Cs (four number in parallel) through the high value charging resistor Rc as well as through tail resistors Rt, Rt which are smaller value than Rc. These charging resistors Rc act in the same way as the tail resistors Rt when the generator discharges but are usually of high enough value to allow the tail resistors to dominates.
78
Multiple-stage Impulse Voltage Generator: MultipleE i l t Circuit Equivalent Ci it (Marx (M Circuits) Ci it )

Connection Continue 1: After long time period (e.g. 1 minute charging), a point A B C D will acquire the potential DC source Vc with A,B,C,D respect the point G. The points H,I,J,K will remain at earth potential, as the voltage drops across the tail resistors Rt are negligible during g charging g g time. Therefore, the load capacitance Cf remains at earth potential (0V) during charging of stage capacitors Cs Cs. The spark gaps G1,G2,G3,G4 basically are set to spark almost simultaneously.
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Connection Continue 2: The discharge of the generator is accomplished by applying pp y g an additional impulse p voltage g around 15 kV (sparking voltage, e.g. battery operated) to the spark gap (triggered gap). Since the sphere gap are normally set to just holdoff the charging voltage, the presence of this additional impulse spark causes the first gap (G1) to breakdown. When this occur, the potential at the base of the second stage capacitor (point H) is changed from 0Vc to Vc.
80

Connection Continue 3: Due to stray capacitance effects effects, the second gap (G2) still has earth potential at the tail resistor Rt side but the voltage g of 2Vc across it causing g immediate breakdown. This situation continues across all the way to the top of the generator whereas spark gap G3 breakdowns and potential across point C is at 3Vc 3Vc, then spark gap G4 breakdown and potential across point D is at 4Vc.
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Connection Continue 4: Also contained in the generator design are damping resistors, RD. This actually form part of the front resistance i that h i is i install ll externally ll to the h generator. These resistors help in controlling oscillations in the voltage waveform that may arise when inductance is contained in test leads and /or test object. These damping resistors (or front resistors) RD are small in comparison p to the tail resistors Rt, ,( (e.g. g the RD is about 40ohm in comparison to 540 ohm of Rt). The front capacitor Cf is used in creating the wavefront impulse and also react as a voltage divider that measure the waveshape produced by the generator. 82
Fig. 15: 2MV Impulse Generator Set: M Manchester h t University U i it
Impulse Generator
Capacitor Divider
Prototype to test
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Fig. 16: 2MV Impulse Generator Set: Big Guy
84
Part 3
**TERCO ** TERCO set at UTHM Laboratory**
85
Fig. 17: HVAC Test Setup (up to 100 kV r.m.s)
Fig. 9: TERCO set setup circuit for HVAC test
86
Fig. 18: HVAC Test Setup (up to 100 kV r.m.s)
AC Generator
87
Fig. g 19: 140kV peak p Half Period HVDC Test Setup p
Fig. 9: TERCO set setup circuit for HalfHalf-Period HVDC test
88
Fig. g 20: 140kVpeak p Half Period HVDC Test Setup p
AC Generator
89
Fig. 21: Cockcroft Cockcroft-Dalton Dalton Doubler HVDC Test Setup
Fig. : The TERCO Cockcroft Cockcroft-Walton Doubler Circuit Test Setup
90
Fig. : The TERCO Single Single-Stage Circuit Lightning Impulse Test Setup
91
Fig. : The TERCO Single Circuit Lightning Impulse Test Setup
92
Fig. 24: 140kVpeak TERCO Lightning Impulse S t UTHM Set:

SingleSingle -stage Lightning Impulse Generator
Earth Stick
93

Generation of HV

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Generation of HV

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BEX 44503 / BEK4113 Generation of High Voltage

High Voltage Engineering

BEE 3243 Electric Power Systems Module 1

BEE 3243 Electric Power Systems Module 1

BEE 3243 Electric Power Systems Module 1

BEE 3243 Electric Power Systems Module 1

BEE 3243 Electric Power Systems Module 1

BEE 3243 Electric Power Systems Module 1

BEE 3243 Electric Power Systems Module 1

**High Voltage Generations Generations** **

BEE 3243 Electric Power Systems Module 1

BEE 3243 Electric Power Systems Module 1

BEE 3243 Electric Power Systems Module 1

BEE 3243 Electric Power Systems Module 1

HVAC Generator: General Characteristic of T ti Transformers Testing T f Continue C ti

BEE 3243 Electric Power Systems Module 1

Construction of Testing Transformers

BEE 3243 Electric Power Systems Module 1

Construction of Testing Transformers

BEE 3243 Electric Power Systems Module 1

Construction of Testing Transformers

BEE 3243 Electric Power Systems Module 1

Construction of Testing Transformers

BEE 3243 Electric Power Systems Module 1

BEE 3243 Electric Power Systems Module 1

1) Straight Transformer: Concept

BEE 3243 Electric Power Systems Module 1

Straight Transformers: Circuit

BEE 3243 Electric Power Systems Module 1

HVAC Single Straight Transformer: M Manchester h t University U i it

12 kV HVAC Single Straight Oil Oil-Immersed Transformer (Insulated Enclosure Type) 20

BEE 3243 Electric Power Systems Module 1

100 kV TERCO HVAC & HVDC Set: UTHM

BEE 3243 Electric Power Systems Module 1

1) Straight Transformer: Problem

BEE 3243 Electric Power Systems Module 1

Resonance Occurs in Straight Transformers

Fig: Illustration of resonance condition occurring in straight transformer

BEE 3243 Electric Power Systems Module 1

What happen during resonance?

BEE 3243 Electric Power Systems Module 1

BEE 3243 Electric Power Systems Module 1

What happen during resonance? C l l ti Solution: Calculation S l ti

C 1000 pF 1000 10 R 0 . 25 ohm , V i 1 kV

f r 22.51kHz Also _ at _ resonance; VL VC ZR I max Vi 1kV 4kA R 0.25ohm

VL VC I max X L I maxL I max 2f r L VL VC 4 103 2 22.51103 50 10 3 VL VC 28.29MV Q factor _ fr

Value similar to the one shown in the graph

VL Vo 28.29MV 28.29kp.u Vi Vi 1kV

BEE 3243 Electric Power Systems Module 1

Resonance Occurs in Straight Transformers

Fig: Illustration of resonance condition occurring in straight transformer

BEE 3243 Electric Power Systems Module 1

BEE 3243 Electric Power Systems Module 1

2) HVAC Cascaded Transformer: Principle

BEE 3243 Electric Power Systems Module 1

2) HVAC Cascaded Transformer: Principle

Fig 1: An Illustration of Three Stage HVAC Cascaded Transformer

BEE 3243 Electric Power Systems Module 1

2) HVAC Cascaded Transformer: Principle

Fig 2: Cascade arrangement for 300 kV Transformer

BEE 3243 Electric Power Systems Module 1

2) Cascaded Transformer Concept: StageStage-I

BEE 3243 Electric Power Systems Module 1

High Voltage Generations Generations **