B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC DUY TN KHOA IN T - VIN THNG

Mn:

H THNG VIN THNG

ti:

TM HIU K THUT IU CH QAM

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: NGUYN TH BCH HNH : K14TVT : Phan Minh Vnh An Nng, thng 2 nm 2010 Trn Cng Khnh Nguyn Thanh i on Vn Quc
nng, thng 3 nm 2011

LI M U

K THUT IU CH (MODULATION)
iu ch l em tin tc di dng mt tn hiu tn s thp tc ng vo tn hiu cao tn iu ho lm bin i mt thng s no (bin , tn s hoc gc pha) ca tn hiu cao tn theo tin tc. Trong trng hp ny, tin tc c gi l tn hiu iu ch, dao ng cao tn gi l sng mang, cn dao ng cao tn mang tin tc gi l dao ng cao tn iu ch. Sng c iu ch nhm 2 mc ch: Sng iu ch tha mn iu kin truyn ca mi trng truyn tin v mi trng ny khng truyn c tn hiu gc. Sng truyn c tin tc (thng tin) gi l sng mang. To iu kin ghp nhiu knh truyn tin truyn qua cng mt mi trng. C nhiu k thut iu ch ty thuc vo bn cht ca tn hiu gc v mi trng truyn. C nhiu phng php iu ch nh PSK,ASK, QAM. V trong bo co ny, chng em xin trnh by v phng php iu ch QAM.

I.

iu ch QAM.

1. nh ngha: Phng php iu ch M-QAM l phng php nng cao hiu qu ca mt knh truyn m khng cn tng cng sut pht hay tng rng bng thng.Vic iu ch hai thnh phn ng pha v pha vung gc mt cch c lp vi nhau cho ta mt s iu ch mi gi l iu ch bin vung gc (hay cu phng) M trng thi (QAM, Quadrature Amplitude Modulation). Nh vy, trong s iu ch ny sng mang b iu ch c v bin ln pha. 2. iu ch QAM: Trong h thng PSK, cc thnh phn ng pha v vung pha c kt hp vi nhau to thnh mt tn hiu ng bao khng i. Tuy nhin, nu loi b loi ny v cho cc thnh phn ng pha v vung pha c th c lp vi nhau th ta c mt s iu mi gi l iu bin cu phng iu ch bin sng mang QAM (iu ch bin gc) . s iu ch ny, sng mang b iu ch c bin ln pha. iu ch QAM l c u im l tng dung lng truyn dn s. Dng tng qut ca iu ch QAM, 14 mc (m-QAM) c xc nh nh sau:
S1 (t ) = 2 E0 ai cos(2f c t ) T 2 E0 bi sin(2f c t ); (0 t T ) T

Trong , E0 : nng lng ca tn hiu c bin thp nht ai , bi : cp s nguyn c lp c chn ty theo v tr bn tin. i=1,2L.

Dng c s ca chm tn hiu M-QAM l dng ca hai tn hiu ASK c L trng thi. Nh vy, tn hiu Si(t) gm hai thnh phn sng mang c pha vung gc c iu ch bi mt tp tn hiu ri rc cho nn c tn l iu ch bin vung gc .

C th phn tch Si(t) thnh cp hm c s:

1 (t ) = 2 bi sin( 2f c.t ) T 0 t T

2 (t ) =

2 ai sin( 2f c.t ) T

0 t T

( L ( L . (ai , bi ) = . ( L

Ta cc im bn tin l

+ 1 ,L 1)( L+ 3,L 1) . . .(L 1 ,L 1)

ai

v E0

bi

vi E0 :

+ 1 ,L 3)( L+ 3,L 3) . . .(L 1 ,L 3) . . ( + 1 , L+ 1) L+ 3,L 3) . . .(L 1 , L+ 1)

i vi 16-QAM ta c L=4

( 1,3) (1,3) (3,3) ( 3,3) ( 3,1) ( 1,1) (1,1) ( 3,1) ( ai , bi )= ( 3,1) ( 1,1) (1,1) ( 3, 1) ( ( 3v , 3)pha 1, 3) (1,3) ( 3,3) Thnh phn ng pha vung trong 16-QAM

Chm tn hiu ca 16-QAM

Chm tn hiu M-QAM II. S iu ch v gii iu ch M-QAM 1. B iu ch

Hot ng ca b iu ch B phn lung (demux) chuyn i lung nh phn b(t) tc bit Rb=1/Tb u vo thnh bn lung c lp, trong hai bit l c a n b chuyn i mc nhnh trn cn hai bit chn c a n b chuyn i mc nhnh di. Tc k hiu trong trng hp ny s bng Rs=Rb/4. Cc b bin i mc chuyn i 2 mc vo L mc () to ra cc tn hiu L mc tng ng vi cc u vo ng pha v pha vung gc. Sau khi nhn hai tn hiu L mc vi hai sng mang c pha vung gc c to t b dao ng ni pht TLO (Transmitter Local Oscillator) ri cng li ta c tn hiu M-QAM. 2. B gii iu ch

Hot ng ca b gii iu ch Tn hiu thu c a ln 2 nhnh ng pha v vung pha, sau c nhn vi 2 hm trc giao ging pha pht c to ra t b dao ng ni thu RLO (Receiver Local Oscillator). Nh tnh cht trc giao m ta tch c 2 thnh phn tn hiu. Tn hiu sau c a qua b tng quan ly mu, nh gi ngng (so snh vi L-1 ngng) thu c k hiu. Sau cng hai chui s nh phn c tch ra ni trn s kt hp vi nhau b bin i song song vo n tip khi phc li chui nh phn pha pht (c tnh chui pht ).

III.

ng dng QAM: Cc loi iu ch QAM.

STT 1 2 3 4

LOI IU S BIT/I(Q) S S TRNG CH BIT/SYSMBOL THI 4QAM 1 2 4 (QPSK) 2 4 16 16QAM 3 6 64 256 4 8 256

Nh vi nhiu n iu ch k thut s, biu chm sao l mt i din hu ch. Trong QAM, cc im chm sao ny thng c b tr trong mt vung vi khong cch dc v ngang bng nhau, mc d cu hnh khc l c th (v d nh Cross-QAM). T trong vin thng k thut s d liu thng nh phn, s lng cc im trong li in thng l mt sc mnh ca 2 (2, 4, 8 ...). K t khi QAM thng vung, mt s trong s ny l him cc hnh thc ph bin nht l 16QAM, 64-QAM, 128-QAM v 256-QAM. Bng cch di chuyn n mt chm sao bc cao, c th truyn ti cc bit trn mi k hiu. Tuy nhin, nu nng lng trung bnh ca chm sao ny l vn nh c (bng cch lm mt so snh cng bng), cc im phi c xch li gn nhau v do d b nhiu v tham nhng khc, iu ny dn n mt t l li bit cao hn v do bc cao QAM c th cung cp nhiu d liu hn t ng tin cy hn so vi di QAM, cho nng lng lin tc c ngha l chm sao. Nu d liu, t gi vt ra ngoi nhng ngi c cung cp bi PSK-8 c yu cu, n l nhiu hn bnh thng di chuyn n QAM k t khi n t c mt khong cch ln gia cc im ln cn trong mt phng IQ do phn phi cc im ng u hn. Cc yu t phc tp l nhng im khng cn tt c cc bin nh nhau v do , b gii iu phi by gi chnh xc pht hin c hai pha v bin , hn l ch giai on. 64-QAM v 256 QAM-thng c s dng trong truyn hnh cp k thut s v cc ng dng modem cp. Ti Hoa K, 64-QAM v 256-

QAM l cc n iu ch u quyn cho cp k thut s (xem QAM tuner) theo tiu chun ca SCTE trong tiu chun ANSI / SCTE 07 nm 2000. Lu rng nhng ngi tip th nhiu ngi s tham kho nhng lc QAM-64 v QAM-256. Ti Anh, 16-QAM v 64QAM hin ang c s dng cho truyn hnh mt t k thut s (Freeview v Top Up TV) v 256-QAM c ln k hoch cho Freeview-HD. H thng truyn thng c thit k t c mc rt cao hiu qu quang ph thng thng s dng cc chm sao QAM rt dy c. Mt v d l G.hn ITU-T tiu chun cho ni mng thng qua h thng dy in hin ti nh (cp ng trc, ng dy in thoi v ng dy in), trong s dng cc chm sao ln ti 4096-QAM (12 bit / biu tng). Mt v d khc l cng ngh VDSL2 cho cp ng xon, c chm sao kch thc ln ti 32768 im.

KT LUN

 M-QAM l mt trong nhng s iu ch M trnh thi thng c dng hn so vi s 2 trng thi truyn s liu trong knh bng tn hn ch.

Vic s dng M-QAM s gim c rng bng tn n= vi BPSK

so