JOINT ASSESSMENT MISSION (JAM) 2008

The Humanitarian Crisis Created by the Displacement of Sudanese Refugees and Internally-Displaced Persons in Eastern Chad

September 9-17, 2008

WFP UNHCR With the participation of CNAR, FAO, UNICEF, USAID/OFDA, the Embassy of France, and Feed the Children
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................................................ 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................... 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................... 4 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 4 RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES..................................................................................................................... 4 METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................................................... 6 BASIC FACTS.............................................................................................................................................. 7 THE NATURE OF THE CRISIS ....................................................................................................................... 7 POPULATION ............................................................................................................................................... 8 GEOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................................. 11 PROTECTION ........................................................................................................................................... 11 COHABITATION AND COMPETITION .......................................................................................................... 12 GENDER.................................................................................................................................................... 13 CHILDREN ................................................................................................................................................ 14 SHELTER AND NON-FOOD ITEMS .............................................................................................................. 14 PERSONS WITH SPECIAL NEEDS ............................................................................................................... 15 REGISTRATION ......................................................................................................................................... 15 RECOMMENDATIONS RELATING TO PROTECTION ..................................................................................... 15 FOOD AID AND FOOD SECURITY....................................................................................................... 17 ACCESS .................................................................................................................................................... 18 UTILIZATION ............................................................................................................................................ 20 FOOD AID ................................................................................................................................................. 21 SELF-RELIANCE ........................................................................................................................................ 22 IN SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................ 22 RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................................................................ 23 HEALTH, NUTRITION AND WATER & SANITATION.................................................................... 24 HEALTH .................................................................................................................................................... 24 NUTRITION ............................................................................................................................................... 25 WATER AND SANITATION ......................................................................................................................... 26 RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................................................................ 27 LOGISTICS ................................................................................................................................................ 28 THE PIPELINE ........................................................................................................................................... 28 ACCESSIBILITY ......................................................................................................................................... 28 STORAGE .................................................................................................................................................. 29 COMMODITY QUALITY CONTROL ............................................................................................................. 29 COORDINATION ........................................................................................................................................ 30 RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................................................................ 30 PARTNERSHIPS, PLANNING AND OTHER ISSUES ........................................................................ 31 APPENDICES ................................................................................................................................................ MEMBERS OF THE MISSION ...................................................................................................................... 33 MISSION ITINERARY ................................................................................................................................. 33 PEOPLE/ORGANIZATIONS ENCOUNTERED ................................................................................................. 35 REVIEW OF PREVIOUS JAM RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................... 37 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS/ACRONYMS ...................................................................................................... 42 MAPS ........................................................................................................................................................ 44

LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Refugee Populations in Eastern Chad Table 2: IDP Populations in Eastern Chad Table 3: Average Levels of Food Consumption (Refugees, IDPs, Host Populations) Table 4: Planned Road Rehabilitation Projects

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
A multi-agency team of fifteen persons visited six refugee camps and two IDP sites in eastern Chad over a period of eight days (not including a de-briefing in Abech). Given the scale and scope of the humanitarian crisis in that part of the country, it was not the intention of the team to collect detailed statistical information already gathered and documented in a number of surveys, investigations and assessments carried out by UNHCR, WFP, UN agencies and NGOs. With extremely limited time and a broad universe of persons affected by the crisis, the team only sought to validate and provide real-time context to available information. It also hoped to identify recent trends or tendencies, as well as capture key stakeholders perceptions of short and medium-term prospects. What the JAM found was a large, complex problem which is rooted in insecurity in eastern Chad and in the Darfur Region of Sudan. Over 245,000 refugees and over 180,000 IDPs temporarily reside in close proximity to much smaller host populations, some for up to five years now. International humanitarian assistance has stabilized the situation; but that stability is precarious. Cohabitation among different ethnic/tribal groups, competition for scarce natural resources (notably water, agricultural and grazing land, and fuel wood), and already weak livelihoods among the host population have contributed to heightened levels of frustration, tensions and even violence. Persons who met with the JAM were unanimously of the opinion that the current environment of insecurity which has brought about massive displacement will not be solved in the coming months - maybe even years. More pessimistic observers fear that the situation will worsen, and with that, the scale and scope of the crisis of displacement in the region will increase. Basic humanitarian assistance will be required by refugees and IDPs for the foreseeable future. The JAM noted that the humanitarian crisis should not be strictly segmented into refugee and IDP humanitarian problems, in addition to host population development problems. The three are inter-related. Their solutions are to be found through a combination of humanitarian and development/early recovery approaches. As the length of displacement continues, more attention and resources will need to be focused on livelihoods approaches that involve higher levels of beneficiary participation and ownership, gradually replacing, in part, general distribution of food and non-food items. Particularly among IDPs, but also among refugees, the overwhelming desire was for livelihoods opportunities and education for the children affected by displacement. But above all, everyone affected by the crisis in the east awaits peace and security.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The mission extends sincere thanks to colleagues in WFP and UNHCR who provided the team with logistical, organizational and information support. Without the cooperative and creative air support of UNHAS and AirServe the mission would not have been able to cover the territory required. UNHCR, WFP and NGO field staff at camps and sites, were invaluable in organizing informative meetings with representatives of beneficiary populations. Special thanks is extended to all local authorities and NGO colleagues who gave the team their valuable time for briefings and insights, running right up until, and sometimes beyond, the important breaking of the Ramadan Fast.

INTRODUCTION
Rationale and Objectives
In fast changing emergency operations such as the EMOP, annual assessments are recommended by the MOU agreed to between WFP and UNHCR, especially if circumstances change significantly during the period. The last Joint WFP/UNHCR Assessment Mission (henceforth referred to as the JAM) was conducted in October 2006. The 2006 JAM concluded that WFP, UNHCR and NGO partners were, at the time, committed to the development of self-reliance among the Sudanese refugees although it was recognized that prevailing insecurity and possible further relocation of refugee populations would have necessarily complicated and prolonged the process. A gradual approach to the adjustment of humanitarian assistance was recommended as the most appropriate response. Since then, the security situation in eastern Chad has deteriorated quickly and very significantly. Internal displacement has ballooned from approximately 38,000 IDPs in June of 2006 to approximately 180,000 in September, 2008. There are currently over 170,000 IDPs in Dar Sila, Ouaddai, Assongha, and Salamat. The Sudanese refugee population has noted an increase at the beginning of 2008 with new arrivals from Darfur of whom some 6,000 have been installed in Mile and Kounoungou camps. The Refugee population is around 245, 000 at end of August 2008 (source UNHCR). All the while, a prolonged presence of large displaced populations, may be fueling intercommunal and inter-ethnic tensions with the smaller local population. To this effect, the vulnerabilities of host populations would need to be assessed alongside those of refugees and IDPs in this complex inter-related humanitarian situation. Throughout the report reference will be made to displacement and displaced populations. In those cases, the terms are used generically to refer to both refugees and IDPs in their condition of being temporarily forced to live away from their villages of

origin. When situations or issues are particularly relevant to one group or the other, they will be explicitly referred to as either refugees or IDPs. The JAM, jointly organized by UNHCR and WFP with the participation of UNICEF, FAO, OCHA, the GOC, interested donors and implementing NGOs, had as its objectives: 1. Review the status of 2006 JAM recommendations and make updated and more realistic recommendations for 2009 in light of current conditions and future prospects; 2. Assess the quality, quantity, timeliness, appropriateness and targeting of food and non-food assistance and make strategic recommendations on what measures should be taken to ensure that refugees basic needs are met so as to avoid placing them in a position of eroding/depleting coping mechanisms to the point of making them ineffective or of undertaking undesirable coping strategies that are harmful to the welfare of the environment and the host population; 3. Similarly assess the situation facing IDPs along the same lines mentioned above, paying particular attention to how their prolonged displacement is affecting their livelihoods, food security and coping mechanisms and how those may impact on those of the host populations; 4. Review current strategic and operational initiatives to promote self-reliance among refugees, IDPs and targeted vulnerable segments of host populations to determine what new measures might be taken and what continuing assistance is required from the GOC, UN and NGO development agencies to maximize levels of sustainable self-reliance pending a definitely and lasting solution leading to the return of refugees and IDPs to their places of origin; 5. Assess WFP compliance with Enhanced Commitments to Women (ECW) including refugee womens active participation with regard to both food and nonfood sectors, including overall camp management; 6. Review food entitlement monitoring systems including Food Basket Monitoring, and results of Post Distribution Monitoring and IP reports noting concerns over possible extortion of food in exchange for services on the part of refugee sub-group leaders and sharing at the distribution site. Review role of Food Committees and consider possible recommendations for enhanced performance of committee members in their capacity as monitors; 7. Review achievements attributable to programs of support to Refugee-affected Host Communities, along with continuing challenges, and future strategies; 8. Review the prospects for durable solutions, given the current political climate in Sudan and within Chad, offering a prognosis for possible repatriation of refugees and IDP returns in the coming 18 months.

Methodology
The list of core members of the mission, itinerary and persons/organizations met are found in Appendices 1-3, respectively. Preparations were begun by WFP to organize a multi-agency team of concerned professionals in mid-August, 2008. Confirmation of participation by invited organizations occurred very close to the planned date of initiation. To facilitate/lead the exercise, WFP contracted an external consultant on 26 August 2008, who arrived in Chad on 6 September after completing contracting, security clearance, air travel and consular formalities. The mission members came together for the first time in Abeche to organize their specific methodology and focus of review. Four areas of focus were established: Protection Food Aid and Food Security Health, Nutrition and Water & Sanitation Logistics

To ensure that womens voices and opinions were not lost in mixed groups, efforts were made to organize separate discussion groups with women. In those cases, questions on all four areas were posed to both mens and womens groups. Team members divided themselves between the two gender-based focus groups by self-selection. In all camps and sites, large groups gathered to meet the mission. Not surprisingly, the men tended to cede the word to their leadership (Chef des Chefs) and perhaps one or two others. Discussions with women, on the other hand, proved to be a wide-open, spirited free-forall, resulting in wide participation. While an rather extensive list of issues/questions were developed on the basis of the four areas of concern, the team quickly realized that the number of refugee camps (hereafter referred to as camps) and IDP sites (hereafter referred to as sites) to be visited throughout the eastern region over just nine days of field work would permit too little time to address so many questions. It was agreed that the JAM should not pretend to attempt to gather detailed information that was already included in secondary sources such as institutional monitoring reports, assessments and investigations. The JAM would seek to confirm information offered in those sources as well as accounts of the extent to which respondents basic needs were being met either through means of self-reliance or through external assistance, determining where quantitative and qualitative gaps existed. The exercise would assess trends since the last JAM and also stakeholder sentiment going forward.

In Goz Beida, Koukou, Iriba, Bahai, Guereda, and Farchana, the mission met with representatives of NGO partner organizations for their situational and operational insights. They also provided useful validation of information and requests gathered from refugees and IDPs. Since no time was available to meet with representatives of host communities, the NGO representatives filled in some of the gaps. Courtesy visits were also made to local authorities in each location to obtain their take on the situation as well as possible perspectives trends. Debriefings were organized with U.N. agencies and NGO partners in both Abeche and NDjamena upon conclusion of the field portion of the mission. Draft findings and recommendations were presented. However, in both meetings it was stressed that the JAM team considered the information as drafts, based upon the limited time they had to compare notes, analyze information and debate the merits/viability of particular recommendations, which would be further refined on the basis of questions, comments and suggestions brought up in the debriefings. The JAM occurred during the rainy season which made road access to the Goz Amer refugee camp from Koukou impossible (impassable wadi) and flight scheduling problematic. Weather and logistical constraints adversely affected how the exercise was carried out as flight delays and weather cancellations forced the team to split up on portions of the trip to Iriba, Bahai and Guereda. Delays cut into time that was available for visiting camps and speaking with representatives and beneficiaries. Seasonal timing also affected how the JAM was conducted. The Ramadan fast made afternoon sessions particularly time-sensitive and even made full participation in end-of-day wrap-ups difficult to schedule.

BASIC FACTS
The Nature of the Crisis
The crisis confronting the eastern region of Chad has been brought about by the confluence of two situations. One is the overspill of the Darfur conflict in Sudan which has resulted in the presence of over 245,000 Sudanese refugees located in twelve camps since 2003. The second is a surfacing of internal political disputes which have evolved along ethnic and tribal lines, entailing several armed rebel groups, resulting in armed aggression against the Government of Chad and its infrastructure. Chad and Sudan mutually accuse each other of giving protection and material support to each others rebel opponents, who, according to the accusations, use each others territory as safe havens from which to prepare attacks. Internal conflict has weakened the capacity of government entities in the east, particularly those providing public security and justice, resulting in an environment of lawlessness and impunity. Banditry and violence have prospered in that environment, leading to several waves of internal displacement, the most recent being in mid to late 2007, leaving an over 180,000 persons displaced in locations of relative security. The same insecurity adversely affects humanitarian response in the region.

At its core, the crisis is one of insecurity. Only a political solution which ends the conflict in Sudan will result in the repatriation of refugees back to their homes of origin. In Chad, IDPs who were interviewed expressed that only a real and lasting state of security will motivate them to return permanently to their home villages. Though recently there have been a small number of spontaneous IDP returns, and some households have begun to send members back to villages of origin temporarily to cultivate, those cases do not yet appear to represent a permanent movement among the majority of displaced. In this regard, a robust and effective EUFOR and MINURCAT military presence would be helpful and could offer some hope, though it would have to prove itself sustainable until a lasting political solution brings about peace in the area to convince all IDPs to return to their homes. While humanitarian programming could, at first glance, be simplified by taking a pragmatic approach of analyzing and responding to the problems of refugees, IDPs and local host populations separately and on their own merits, an imbalanced response could unintentionally give rise to other serious problems. The causal dynamics in play are quite inter-related and will require integrated approaches, particularly as humanitarian response transitions toward creating greater levels sustainable self-reliance. It should be stated from the outset that no prospects for resolving the armed conflicts in Sudan and Chad appear on the horizon at this time. On the contrary, renewed rebel activity is anticipated during the up-coming dry season (mid-October through April). Under these conditions, neither refugees, nor IDPs in appreciable numbers, are expected to return permanently to their villages of origin during 2009, barring a major military or political breakthrough.

Population
Sudanese refugees are settled in 12 camps, located in the regions of Wadi Fira, BET, Ouaddai, and Dar Sila as follows:

Table 1: Refugee Populations in Eastern Chad1 CAMP Wadi Fira Region Touloum Iridimi Am Nabak Kounoungou Mile Sub-Total : Wadi Fira Region BET Region Oure Cassoni Ouaddai Region Farchana Bredjing Treguine Gaga Sub-Total: Ouaddai Region Dar Sila Region Djabal Goz Amer Sub-Total: Dar Sila Region TOTAL REFUGEES

POPULATION 23,297 18,113 16,696 18,305 16,960 93,371 27,250 20,555 31,073 16,402 20,075 88,105

16,091 20,656 36,747 245,473

Internal displacement to 2005 and has increased over time in response to growing internal armed conflict. Since 2006, the displaced population has grown from approximately 38,000 persons to an estimated 179,000 at the end of 2007. Unlike in the case of refugees, IDPs are not registered according to strict and systematic protocols for the purposes of protection and assistance. However, UNHCR and partner organization have carried out a registration and profiling exercise in 2007, which is in the process of being up-dated in 2008. IDPs are not settled in closely administered camps, but rather have settled in relatively loosely knit communities or sites close to towns or villages where host communities reside. They are free to move and integrate with their host communities to the extent possible. Therefore, precise statistics on IDPs are not available, but are gathered on the basis of a patchwork of data supplied by individual aid organizations in accordance with their particular programmatic and operational focus/needs. IDPs have settled in some 30 sites. Only two sites are located in the northern Wadi Fira Region. The significant majority of IDPs are settled in Dar Sila Department, around the towns of Goz Beida, Koukou-Angarana, Dogdore and Ade. Present estimates using

UNHCR refugee registration figures as of September 2008

December, 2007 data along with recent September, 2008 census/profiling information from four sites, IDPs were located as follows: Table 2: IDP Populations in Eastern Chad2 SITE Wadi Fira Region Kekerke Abdi Sub-Total : Wadi Fira Region Ouaddai Region Assounga Department Arkoum Goundiang Alacha Adre/Moroske/Hile Djedid Goungour Goundo Dar Sila Department Arde Karoub-Tawa Daguessa Dogdore Aradib Habile Gourounkoun Sanour (September 2008 census) Koubigou Koloma Ganachour (September 2008 Profiling-provisional) Gassire (September 2008 Profiling-provisional) Kerfi (September 2008 Profiling-provisional) Djorouf al Ahmar Department Haouich I&2/Amtalata 1&2 / Binedir/ Wizine/Mirer Ideter Ardo/Badine/Maka/Al Kouk/Mishegue Sub-Total: Ouaddai Region TOTAL IDPs

POPULATION 870 5,856 6,726

13,624 2,280 5,856 4,400 9,147 2,500 8,688 875 600 27,500 11,406 28,804 12,466 648 6,248 7,374 1,883 16,505 4,500 8,043 1,592 5,386 180,325 187,051

The presence of temporary settlements of refugees and IDPs have affected the lives of an estimated 700,0003 local residents in communities located near those settlements. The effect of internal displacement is overwhelmingly felt in Ouaddai Region, and most especially in the Department of Dar Sila. More than 24% of the regions estimated population presently finds itself displaced. The effects of population pressure are
2 3

WFP Beneficiary Lists as of September 2008 December 2006 population estimate based on last official census adjusted by 2.5% annual growth

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particularly heavy in sub-prefectures where large temporary settlements compete for natural resources.

Geography
The eastern regions have a sahelian climate to the north and sahelo-sudanese to the south of the Ouaddai Region. The year is divided into rainy and dry seasons with annual rainfall ranging from 400mm to 950mm as one moves north to south. Livelihoods and productive capacities therefore vary according to the availability of water and arable land. Land suitable for agriculture ranges from about 1% of land in the north, to 10-15% in the central areas around Adre, south of Abeche and Am Dam to more than 30% in the Dar Sila4. Even where favorable amounts of arable land is available, it is still apt to be of weak composition (sandy and lacking in organic nutrients) and productivity.

PROTECTION
Protection from insecurity is an issue of overwhelming importance to refugees, IDPs and local host populations alike. Each, however, is affected in somewhat different ways or degrees according to their location and particular socio-political situation. At the time of the JAM a relative calm existed in the region. The annual rains made wadis un-crossable and roads impassable, prohibiting rebel movements. Periodic patrols in the vicinity of camps, sites and villages by the European peace-keeping force, EUFOR, have contributed to a sense of security. CNAR Gendarme patrols in the refugee camps and even the presence of escorted humanitarian convoys on the roads may contribute to an enabling environment and a sense or perception of relative security among the population. EUFORs mandate expires on March 31, 2009. It is not expected, at this time, to be renewed. In its place is anticipated a U.N. peace-keeping force under MINURCAT. Not enough is known at this time about the planned size, make-up and mandate of the U.N. force. Uncertainty in this regard adds to the sense of insecurity. Yet, while Chadian rebel groups (AN, UFCD, UFDD and UFFD) have not targeted civilians and humanitarian organizations as such, their aggressions against the GOC, its institutions of authority and infrastructure have created an environment lacking in law and order, in which banditry, impunity and violence thrive. Physical attacks and rape while working in fields or collecting firewood were cited by refugees and IDPs, alike, as daily risks, especially among women.

Source: GTZ and Regional Delegation of the Planning Ministry. January 2005 as cited in the WFP VAM Food Self-Sufficiency Survey, December 2007

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While doing its best within the scope of its mandate and the scale and nature of its composition, EUFOR is unable to patrol with the frequency and coverage necessary to pacify all of eastern Chad. It is not a police force so it is unable to detain and investigate crimes associated with banditry. In turn, there are very serious voids in terms of Chadian ability to provide public security and justice in the area. The CNAR Gendarme is woefully under-manned, under-resourced and inadequately trained. Consequently they are unable to respond to all security needs of the refugee population in an adequate manner. Meanwhile, an anticipated MINURCAT-DIS police force to replace the CNAR Gendarme is very slow in being fully deployed. Traditional authority as a means of resolving conflict has been weakened by displacement and rivalries with state authorities over jurisdiction. The insecurity around Guereda seems to be worsening inside and outside of the camps. Tensions between local Tamas and refugee Zaghawas is running high. Armed groups were reported to be circulating inside and outside of the camps with seeming impunity, thus compromising the civilian and humanitarian nature of the two camps. Movement of armed groups in/around camps was also reported in Iriba and Bahai. Increasing levels of mutual recrimination are occurring between hosts and refugees involving livestock theft on the one hand and beatings and rapes on the other. The Oure Cassoni camp, in particular, is precariously close to the international border to ensure adequate protection in accordance with international standards. IDPs in Dar Sila also report inter-communal and inter-ethnic tensions and clashes with Arabs. IDP representatives with whom the mission member met frequently voiced strong disappointment with the effectiveness of Chadian armed forces to ensure their security. Aid workers, too, are experiencing mounting insecurity. Incidents involving carjackings, armed robbery and even murders occur with troubling frequency. It goes without saying that humanitarian operations could be adversely affected as a consequence. While security escorts contribute to ensuring the physical integrity of humanitarian workers traveling to certain camps and sites, at the same time they complicate logistics and effectively cut down on the amount of time aid workers can actually spend working in those locations.

Cohabitation and Competition

Very large displaced populations living in close proximity to considerably smaller host populations are competing for limited natural resources. At the outset, it has been encouraging to observe the levels of hospitality and solidarity shown by host communities to their displaced neighbors. But over time competing needs are adversely affecting the livelihoods of all concerned. Frustration leads to tension and tension flares into conflict.

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Local authorities reported that they are attempting to mediate resolutions to disputes over land, water and firewood. However, the pressures are great and the solutions limited. They recommended that aid be directed also toward the needy of host communities as a means of easing tensions. Improving health centers and potable water sources were cited as local needs that merit solutions. Also improving livestock support, such as vaccination campaigns, and income generating activities would be welcomed. It was brought to the attention of the JAM that frustration is being manifested among host populations, particularly youth, over the observed influx of workers from outside of eastern Chad to work in UN and NGO operations. Clearly, this poses a dilemma for the humanitarian community which has a responsibility to ensure that competent staff are employed for the purposes of efficient and effective operations. While the shortage of trained professionals, skilled support staff and laborers is beyond the immediate control of aid organizations, it is in the best interest of promoting peace, stability and economic well-being in the area to find means to mitigate the frustration. Programming which contributes to the development of the host population should be factored in to the assistance package provided in the region in a way that offers a sense of balance in the eyes of the local communities. In this regard, Food-For-Work, Micro-credit, and skills training may be considered as possible quick responses.

Gender
Women and girls suffer particular insecurity. The number of reported rapes seems to have dropped in recent months. However, women report that they still fear SGBV when they leave their camps and sites in search of firewood or to cultivate fields. The acts are attributed to male members of the host communities. While refugees are prohibited from collecting firewood outside of their camps and are provided supplies of fuel for cooking by UNHCR and its partners, the quantities available are reported to be insufficient. Moreover part of firewood collected by refugee women is sold on the market, as one source of household income. Promoting greater fuel efficiency through provision of fuelefficient stoves as well as the provision of alternative energy sources for cooking are cited frequently by beneficiaries and NGO partners as important elements of solutions to the problem of female security as well as household livelihoods. Fuel efficient stoves projects are underway and some pilot initiatives involving alternative energy sources are being conducted. Though not specifically brought about by displacement, under-aged marriage, frequently at 13-14 years of age, was reported in conversations with women in all camps and sites. Female circumcision continues to be practiced and domestic violence, particularly against women, was reported. UNHCR and its partners are working with camp leaders and the camp population to raise awareness against forced marriages, especially involving under-aged girls and of the traditional practice of female circumcision. Needless to say, these are longer-term interventions whose impact will likely be manifested gradually.

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Children
When refugees and IDPs discuss issues of child protection, they overwhelmingly sited education as their primary concern. Refugee children are provided a reasonable level of primary education within the mandate of UNHCR. Diplomas awarded to pupils are still not recognized by educational authorities in Sudan, a concern weighing on the minds of refugees as they envision their eventual return to their homes of origin. UNHCR is negotiating with the authorities concerned, but has yet to obtain assurance of recognition or validation. Of immediate concern, however, is the fact that infrastructures need to be maintained/repaired and the number of classrooms expanded. IDPs, on the other hand, do not receive guaranteed education, but are assisted through the limited efforts of NGOs. Lacking classrooms, sufficient qualified teachers and adequate teaching materials, the level of instruction to IDPs is not provided on the basis of a full curriculum, but rather encadrement up to the level of third grade. Where some education is provided, absenteeism is a problem as children help their parents in the fields or with the collection of firewood. The provision of school feeding was suggested as a way of attracting children to attend class regularly. Both refugees and IDPs reported recruitment by rebels and the Chadian army. While recruitment is officially reported to be voluntary, there are many who believe that coercion is involved. Refugees, in particular, suggested that the availability of secondary education could provide youth with a constructive alternative to being recruited or to succumbing to illicit activities. Due to the limited secondary educational opportunities in the east of Chad, access for refugees will remain difficult and will also be problematic due to the language constrains (English vs French)

Shelter and Non-Food Items

While some refugees, mainly those in the northern camps, are living in tents they were given upon their arrival, others have constructed semi-permanent shelters using a combination of mud bricks, thatch, plastic sheeting and other available materials. IDPs, in general, have greater access to local materials and have built their houses out of the traditional mats with straw thatch roof. Refugee tents are showing the wear of years of use. Many require repair and even replacement. Refugees are being encouraged to build their own shelters using locally available materials, although some cite poor soil for bricks, as well as scarce wood and thatch as reasons why the international community should continue distribution of shelter materials. While, these may be more easily obtained around the southern camps of Jabal and Goz Amer, most refugees construct their shelters out of straw due to the availability of this commodity. Distribution of jerry cans/water conservation kits and kitchen sets has not been systematic and refugees requested replacement of these items.

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Persons With Special Needs

It was brought to the attention of the mission that improving the lives of persons with special needs among all three populations (vulnerable segments of the population such as widows and female-headed households, households with handicapped, aged or sick dependents and families with numerous children under 5 years of age) require more than just basic assistance. With limited income-generating possibilities, there is a need for new or strengthened mechanisms to identify who among the populations have special needs, assess the type and quantity of those needs, and attend to them.

Registration
Refugees are registered and controlled in accordance with systematic protocols which provide for ID cards and ration cards. IDPs, on the other hand, are not formally registered in a systematic fashion, but are listed as beneficiaries by individual NGOs for the purposes of participating in programs of assistance. UNHCR, in concert with concerned NGOs has carried out profiling exercises at IDP sites for the purpose of updating IDP population figures. The latest exercise took place in September, 2008 and still being finalized. Despite the concerted effort, data may not prove to be entirely reliable owing to the fact that censuses were not conducted in all locations on the same day. Also, due to the seasonal timing, some IDPs may have gone uncounted while temporarily back in their home villages tending to their planted fields. It was reported in some camps that some households have managed to obtain multiple ration cards while others have not been issued one. A case in point involves a number of households in Farchana who refused to transfer to the less crowded Gaga camp in order to remain united with their family members. Such situations oblige families with rations to share them with those without ration cards. On a final note, refugees on more than one occasion requested special IDs or travel documents that would permit them to circulate freely throughout Chad and even abroad in search of employment and education for their children.

Recommendations Relating to Protection

In light of the findings and identified needs, the members of the JAM recommend the following: 1. On behalf of the humanitarian community, that OCHA and UNHCR, in concert with the UNCT, advocate for an intensification of EUFOR patrols, to the extent that resources permit, around refugee camps and IDP sites, as well as areas where the two groups gather wood and plant during the duration of its mandate in Chad. Similarly, they should advocate with DPKO that a successor peace keeping force

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be deployed with sufficient strength to provide adequate levels of patrols in the countryside. 2. That the Humanitarian Coordinator (HC), in concert with the members of the UNCT, advocate for increased humanitarian escort capacity in accordance with the operational requirements for providing efficient and timely humanitarian service. 3. That UNHCR advocates before MINURCAT that the latter expedite the training and full deployment of DIS in and around refugee camps. In addition that it advocates with the DIS and Chadian military authorities for their commitment to respect and safeguard the civilian and humanitarian character of camps and sites. 4. That UNHCR develops and implements capacity-building programs that energize and strengthen refugee mixed committees (conflict resolution, elders, vigilance and child protection committees) that have roles to play in protecting rights, maintaining order and resolving conflicts. Likewise, that such committees be established where they do not yet exist, particularly in support of IDP-host community relations. In this latter case, OCHA should take the lead in adapting the model(s) employed among refugees to the IDP context and promoting its adoption by IDP representatives, local authorities and traditional community leaders. 5. That UNHCR, in concert with UNFPA and NGO partners, reinforces existing programs and plans/implements new programs, where such are lacking, to increase awareness and controls against SGBV in camps and sites. 6. That UNHCR, in collaboration with CNAR, regularly carries out periodic verification of refugees residing in camps, to recognize births, deaths and spontaneous arrivals, ensuring that mechanisms are in place to provide timely issuance of ID cards and ration cards on the basis of that up-dated data. 7. That UNHCR, in concert with the UNCT and concerned NGOs, reinforces coordinated monitoring, investigation, documentation and advocacy for cases of under-aged and/or coerced recruitment in camps and sites by the Chadian army and other armed elements. In addition, that the HC use the findings to advocate that the GOC and MINURCAT/DIS take the necessary actions to correct the identified situations and ensure that similar cases do not occur. 8. That UNHCR, in concert with NGO partners, maintains and reinforces a system and procedures for monitoring IDP movements from villages of origin to sites, carrying out regular profiling updates for the purpose of maintaining accurate demographic information on legitimate IDPs.

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9. That OCHA and UNHCR, in concert with NGO partners, establish and regularly up-date a harmonized list of IDP beneficiaries for the purposes of humanitarian assistance. 10. That UNHCR, in concert with NGO partners, maintain and even expand (resources permitting) its program of distribution of fuel efficient stoves to all refugee households as well as provide alternative energy supplies for cooking among refugee households. Similarly, OCHA in concert with UN agencies and NGO partners and within the scope of the food security cluster, should initiate and expand similar programs for IDP and host community households. 11. That UNHCR and UNICEF continue negotiating with Sudanese authorities recognition/validation of school diplomas issued by schools conducted in refugee camps in Chad. 12. That UNHCR, within the scope of UNCT programming and through the good offices of the HC/RC, advocates for feasibility analysis and planning to increase opportunities for secondary education for IDP, their hosts and refugee populations. 13. That UNHCR and UNICEF, in concert with NGO partners, plan and implement a viable programme to provide school uniforms or appropriate clothing to children of targeted vulnerable refugee families as a means of promoting/ensuring school attendance. 14. That UNHCR, in concert with NGO partners managing camps, finalise the assessment of shelter conditions in camps, and develops a plan/project for replacing/repairing those units found to be deteriorated due to age and wear, with refugee participation. 15. That UNHCR and WFP, in concert with NGO partners (within the scope of the Protection or Food Security Clusters) establish and implement a system and procedures for periodic assessment/up-dating and data base documentation of refugee, IDP and host community households that should be categorized as vulnerable or having special needs so that they might be accurately targeted for appropriate assistance as warranted.

FOOD AID AND FOOD AVAILABILITY, ACCESS AND UTILIZATION

At the core of living is the ability of a person or household to maintain a livelihood that meets, at the very least, ones ability to subsist. While food, along with water, is fundamental to survival, living with a modicum of dignity requires more. To this

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effect, refugees and IDPs food security must be viewed in a broader context which takes into account livelihoods in general. Displacement has disrupted the livelihoods of refugees and IDPs, though to different degrees, as a result of their social/political status in Chad as well as the productive opportunities afforded to them by the environment in which they find themselves displaced.

Availability and Access

Access to food entails both the production of food for consumption as well as the ability to buy food. Access to arable land for cultivation is limited for both refugees and IDPs, though that available to refugees in the northern camps is far more limited and of much less productive capacity. Refugees and IDPs to the south in Dar Sila benefit from more favorable agricultural conditions, but more of it is already cultivated by the local host population. Between 17%-19% of refugees in the Gaga, Farchana and Treguine camps report that they have acceptable access to land. 28% in Djabal report the same. Among IDPs, 35% report having had access to cultivable land. Most cultivate no more than 1 hectare in grain.5 While the host populations have been generous in ceding part of their land to the displaced, many (62% according to an Oxfam-Concern World Wide survey)6 report that they compensate the owners either in cash or in kind. IDPs in Goz Beida and Koukou acknowledged there was more demand for land for the present planting season and that locals seem to have either kept more for their own production or have increased the amount they ask as rent. From 10,000 to 20,000 FCFA per hectare was cited by respondents in Djabal and Koukou, respectively. While it is difficult to know with certainty if the figure represents an exaggeration, it is rather safe to assume that the law of supply and demand would bring about some degree of rent increase. Also, local hosts have taken note that IDPs have received some food aid assistance and seeds while at the same time benefiting from the borrowed land. It stands to reason that owners of the land would be interested in benefiting indirectly from some of that assistance. IDPs acknowledge that land scarcity/cost has compelled more male heads-of-households to take the risk of returning temporarily to their villages of origin to cultivate their old fields. The above mentioned Oxfam-Concern survey acknowledges that 40% of their respondents are making that move. Local authorities acknowledged in all meetings that they are engaged in trying to allocate land to both refugees and IDPs. The authorities confirm that arable land is in short supply and that the rental price that owners ask for the right to cultivate it has doubled over the last two years. Clearly, ecological realities and market forces under present conditions do not favor IDPs finding sustainable solutions on their own. A
WFP VAM Survey of Food Self-Sufficiency. December 2007 Concern World Wide and Oxfam-GB. Evaluation of Food Security in IDP Sites and Host Villages of Goz Beida and Kerfi. May 2008
6 5

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solution lies well beyond humanitarian food and non-food assistance. An injection of broader level assistance to subsidize a viable plan of temporary land-sharing among hosts and displaced might assist local political and traditional authorities negotiate acceptable arrangements that benefit all parties. This, however, requires a scale and scope of analysis that surpassed the terms of reference for the assessment mission. According to IDP respondents in Goz Beida and Koukou, with this seasons favorable rains they expect to be able to harvest enough grain to meet their needs for about four months. This compares favorably to 2007-2008 reports that grain harvest would last no more than three months. Refugees in the north can count on much less, if anything, from their own production. Beside the amount of available land, other factors that limit farmers ability to grow more grain is a lack of sufficient quality seed for planting, lack of technical advise on crop care and pest control, lack of tools and equipment and weak market opportunities. To fill the food gap and meet other essential needs, refugees and IDPs engage in income-generating activities (IGAs). Their main sources of income among refugees are day labor and petty commerce, followed by the sale of firewood and food aid. The sale of agricultural produce supplies, on average, less than 10% of refugee cash income. IDPs also cite day labor as their primary source of income, followed by the sale of firewood, the sale of agricultural produce and petty commerce the latter three contributing around 15% of income each.7 With greater numbers of IDPs making greater efforts to generate income from the sale of firewood, straw for thatch and fiber for mats, the prices in the market for those items is tending to fall, consequently eroding their purchasing power. Most cash income is used to buy food (either to supplement the food aid package or to compliment it with vegetables, spices, fresh/dried meat and fish, tea, etc.). The next major expense cited by both groups is for milling of grain. While persons with whom the mission spoke did not offer specific amounts of income earned, secondary sources have indicated that more than 50% of refugee households earn less than 5,000 FCFA per week (USD 11.16). IDP households surveyed report weekly income which averages between 3,500-7,000 FCFA (USD 7.80 15.60).8 As has already been noted as a protection issue, large refugee and IDP populations are putting serious pressure on natural resources to the point of adversely affecting the livelihoods of all three segments of the population and creating a source of tension and even conflict. The cost of milling is worth additional note in light of how it weighs on household income and how it could affect the utilization of food aid. IDPs and refugees, alike,
7 8

WFP VAM Survey of Food Self-Sufficiency. December 2007 Idem.

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stated that they pay for milling in-kind with from 30-50% of the grain they bring for milling. IDPs acknowledged that the cash charge for milling is 100 FCFA per koro (USD 0.09/kg). At first glance the in-kind price seems excessively high perhaps an exaggeration. Yet when viewed in relation to the price of grain in the market which ranges from 100 FCFA around the time food aid is distributed to 250 FCFA in the days leading up to distribution it would take a 1 koro of grain to cover the 100 FCFA cash cost of milling one koro of grain right after distribution. The same problem was noted in the last two JAMs of 2004 and 2006. The latter recommended increasing the cereal ration by 50g/p/d to compensate for loss in milling; while in 2006 providing hand-operated mills in all camps. Subsequently, hand-operated mills were found to be inappropriate for milling hard grains and the use of mechanical mills was offered as an option. The mill solution took into account refugees, but at the time the IDP problem had not reached the level it is at today.

Utilization
According to a survey of food consumption carried out in as part of WFPs December 2007 Food Self-sufficiency Survey among the refugee, IDP and host populations of eastern Chad, the majority of all three groups possess, on average, limited to poor levels of food consumption (58.2%, 58.9% and 57.8%, respectively) . The average levels of consumption are summarized as follows: Table 3: Average Levels of Food Consumptions (Refugees, IDPs, Host Population) Population Poor Consumption Limited Consumption Refugees (12 camps) 22.3% 35.9% IDPs (5 sites) 33.4% 22.5% Hosts (7 villages) 24.2% 33.6% Consumption levels were determined on the basis of a nutritional quality of products consumed as well as the frequency they are generally consumed. Those households classified as having poor consumption usually consumed only one or two meals per day, with grain being the predominant component of the diet. Protein and micronutrients from animal and vegetable sources vary according to each households access to external food aid, its own production and capacity to purchase from IGAs. Refugees and IDPs sell portions of their food rations in order to pay for milling or to buy other food items to vary their diets. When maize was distributed as the grain portion of the ration, many recipients sold it to buy sorghum and millet, which are more to their liking. While food distributions are provided to refugees on the basis of the actual registered beneficiaries in each household, those rations are occasionally shared with households which do not possess a ration card for one reason or another. IDPs rations have been provided on an average assumption of a 5-person household. Those

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households with greater numbers of dependents must use their own resources to fill the gap or rely on other families to share some of their rations.

Food Aid
During the past year WFP programming called for monthly General Food Distributions (GFD) to refugees. In view of their relatively better livelihood options, IDPs received GFD for four months in order to carry them through the lean period before harvest and to ensure that farmers conserved seed rather than consumed it. The daily individual ration of 425g of cereal, 50g of CSB, 50g of pulses, 15g of sugar, 25g of vegetable oil and 5g of salt was composed to provide 2,100 Kcal/person/day. Since the beginning of 2008, pipeline constraints kept WFP from being able to bring the required quantities of supplies through either the Libyan or the Cameroonian corridors, forcing distributions to often be less that the planned package. Cereals and salt were the products that were most often in short supply. Refugees received top priority in receiving regular monthly distributions at the highest levels that supplies would permit. IDP distributions suffered more irregularity. Therefore, refugee beneficiaries received from 1,700 to 2,000 Kcal/p/d. Full ration distributions have been restored since September, 2008. Refugees report that their ration generally lasts a maximum of 20 days while IDPs report theirs lasting only 10. As alluded to above, reduced basic food ration distribution, milling costs, sales to purchase complimentary food and essential nonfood items and sharing of rations with unregistered families readily explain the reason for the short fall. As reported in Oxfam-Concern and World Concern livelihoods surveys, IDPs report sometimes using food aid to repay debts to market vendors. A problem of unregistered households was raised in all camps. Also some households have been able to obtain multiple ration cards. Among IDPs, the existence of multiple beneficiary lists, managed separated by NGOs in accordance with their programming and operations lends itself to potentially worthy beneficiaries falling through the cracks or others collecting multiple assistance. IDPs acknowledged that limited food stocks should be targeted to those households with the greatest need. Representatives spoken to are not resistant to targeted distribution and would be cooperative in carrying out a fair targeting process. Refugees and IDPs were in overwhelming agreement that maize is not their cereal of preference. In fact beneficiaries are more inclined to exchange maize for sorghum or millet on an even exchange. Otherwise, all other commodities in the food basket are generally accepted.

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Finally, it was noted that Food Basket Monitoring (FBM) and Post Distribution Monitoring (PDM) was undertaken in only six of twelve camps; and in those locations, only up to June, 2008. Lack of budget was cited as the factor that kept NGO partners from monitoring. Similar monitoring was not carried out with regard to the limited distributions to IDPs.

Self-Reliance
Under the present condition of demographic pressure on scarce resources and the current security situation, it is not reasonable in the short run and within the scope of humanitarian response that sustainable solutions for IDP self-sufficiency in grain and overall livelihoods self-reliance be achieved. Nor can continued ecological degradation continue without seriously affecting the livelihoods of host populations. Some NGOs have begun started planning and implementing projects of a transitional nature along the lines of community development. Mostly in areas of livelihoods development and soil & water conservation, their methodologies call for community participation and some form of counterpart investment on the part of the beneficiaries. Some NGOs are becoming concerned that prolonged free GFD is stifling willingness among IDPs participate in projects designed to address longerterm needs. While IDPs will not reap the long-term benefits that many community development projects should generate, they could be motivated by Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cashfor-Work (CFW), to join in infrastructure development projects alongside their local hosts. Such shared involvement might serve to ease some tensions rising between the communities. Transitions from free humanitarian assistance to more structured developmental assistance are not smooth and easy. Success in this regard will require a unification of targeting criteria, messages to beneficiaries and strategies by all concerned aid organizations as well as interventions by specialized development actors.

In Summary
Though refugees have developed certain coping mechanisms based limited IGAs, they are, and will continue to be, dependent on food aid for a significant part of their subsistence for the foreseeable future. Even though the mission did not see indicators that a food crisis exists or is foreseeable for the coming months among IDPs, it did note that moderate to very high vulnerability exists in many households. While agricultural production and IGAs may meet their cereal needs for several months, a food deficit during the course of the year is quite certain. While coping mechanisms should be factored in to the quantity, make up and timing of assistance provided, it will be important to avoid obliging

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IDPs to draw upon their coping mechanisms to the point that they are fully depleted or rendered ineffective (i.e. selling off what few small animals they might own; or deforesting to the extent that resources are no longer available). IDPs will require food aid and non-food aid assistance in the coming year. Aid organizations must be in a position to anticipate food security improvements or food crises. PDM along with periodic livelihoods surveys will be important tools for such early warning and targeting.

Recommendations
16. That WFP continue providing GFD rations to refugees with an energy value of 2,100 Kcal/p/d. Food aid to IDPs, either in the form of GFD or Food-For-Work should be determined in terms of timing and level through a targeted approach based on food security analysis. 17. That WFP, in concert with partner NGOs, and within the scope of the Food Security Cluster, carry out and periodically up-date systematic assessments of IDP vulnerabilities for use in targeting. 18. That WFP maintain the same food package as presently provided, utilizing wheat, sorghum or millet as the grain component. Corn/maize should not be used as it is not accepted by eastern beneficiaries and would be more likely to be sold. 19. That UNHCR should finalize a draft strategy and business plan for providing appropriate grain mills to refugees (including technical and economic viability analysis) for joint technical review with WFP. Since this recommendation is still outstanding from an earlier JAM, planning and implementation should be taken without delay. WFP should stand ready to finance and procure sufficient mills to fulfill the business plan. Both organizations should consider taking measures to extend whatever viable solution is provided to refugees to IDPs as well, seeking the necessary funding from donors as required. 20. That WFP increase the size of the cereal ration, as an interim measure pending a sustainable solution, to off-set losses to beneficiaries through milling. 21. That UNHCR, WFP and concerned NGOs within the scope of the food security cluster, review and negotiate consensus criteria and methods for designing and implementing general relief, income-generating and other community development activities among refugees, IDPs and host communities so as to avoid contradictions in purpose and results among assistance activities and to foster, to the extent possible, conditions favorable to livelihoods development.

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22. That WFP and FAO, in concert with UNHCR and NGO partners, and within the scope of the Food Security Cluster, lead a process of design and planning of soil and water conservation projects, including elements of reforestation within the scope of community-based livelihoods development implemented by partners supporting refugees, IDPs and host populations. 23. That UNHCR, in concert with WFP and partner NGOs, launch capacity-building initiatives to energize and support Mixed Committees in taking charge of finding and carrying out solutions for the proper management of natural resources such as water, wood/trees and land for farming and grazing among refugee and host populations. WFP and UNHCR should carry out similar initiatives among IDP and host populations. In both cases, the participation and support of local authorities, along with specialized development actors should be obtained. 24. That FAO, in concert with line ministry partners and NGO partners, plans and implements reinforced vaccination campaigns for livestock in refugee, IDP and host community areas. 25. That WFP, in concert with OCHA, UNHCR and NGO partners, resume immediately regular Food Basket Monitoring and Post Distribution Monitoring in all refugee camps. Such monitoring should be extended to distribution programs for IDPs and host community populations as well. WFP and partner NGOs should ensure that adequate resources are called for in MOUs and those resources should be duly allocated to ensure implementation

HEALTH, NUTRITION AND WATER & SANITATION

Health
A system of health care managed by specialized NGOs has been in place in all refugee camps since their establishment. Services are regular and awareness-building and educational campaigns appear to be having positive effects on the health status of refugees. Morbidity is generally attributed to respiratory infections and diarrhea, understandable given shelter and sanitary conditions in camps. However, morbidity and mortality rates are considered within acceptable standards set by WHO, attesting to the fact that appropriate medical attention is available. One temporary weakness in the system presently exists in two camps in Iriba, where MSF-Luxembourg suddenly withdrew due to threats made by ex-local staff. The sudden departure of two expatriate doctors and one expatriate nurse has, for the moment, left health care in the hands of one nurse in each camp which UNHCR put in place as a temporary measure in agreement with the Ministry of Health. There have been health management changes in the Bredjing and Farchana camps, as well. MSF-Netherlands ended its activities in Farchana in July and SCF-UK suddenly 24

withdrew from Bredjing following the murder of its country director in May. MSF handed over its activites in Farchana to a local NGO partner, CSSI, and in Bredjing, IRC has taken over the health sector. While primary care in the camps is adequately provided for by current services, second level reference services for refugees residing in camps around Farchana and Bahai are problematic owing to the distances between the camps and reference facilities. Both the distance and the insecurity faced when traveling that distance pose problems for timely care. A new Health Information System has been put in place in the camps through the coordination of all concerned partners. It is expected that it will facilitate a standardized analysis of data and a more systematic/coordinated implementation of appropriate actions. One exception is in Iriba, where MSF-Luxembourg maintains its own information system. IDPs can have access to health care through the state health structures operating in the villages/districts where they are currently residing. The system is being strengthened in Goz Beida by programs being implemented by several NGOs, including COOPI, MSF France, and MSF Holland. Health posts established with provisional infrastructure operate in the larger sites in Dar Sila by NGOs. Those in Assongha (Alacha, Goudiang and Arkoun) are served by MSF Holland, which operates mobile clinics serving those sites from 1-3 times per week. Despite weakness common to the health care system in general, the health conditions of IDPs are found to be within international standards rated acceptable under the circumstances. Among all populations, the Expanded Program for Immunization (EPI) has achieved an 82.5% mean coverage for measles across all camps. According to a recent nutritional survey conducted by UNHCR, EPI coverage is 94.6% for measles in all of the eastern refugee camps. Similar acceptable levels of coverage were reported in September for three IDP sites (Gassire, Dogdore and Gouroukoun) by Accion Contre le Faim (ACF). Coverage in the former two sites was 83.9% and 87.5%, respectively on the basis of vaccination card confirmation and mothers testimony. Gourounkoun lagged at 64.3% coverage. HIV/AID awareness and education programs are implemented among refugees, IDPs and hosts. Yet, information is not being collected in a way that will provide camp and site-specific data on HIV infection rates. Some camp health centers are still housed in buildings that were built during the emergency phase as a temporary structures. The materials used (notably, plastic sheeting) do not stand up to the test of time and require frequent replacement.

Nutrition
The nutritional status of refugee children ages 6-59 months has diminished since 2006 to levels that are no longer considered normal according to WHO standards and require close follow up. Overall Global Acute Malnutrition (GAM) for all camps in July/August,

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2008 stood at 12.3%.9 Eight out of twelve camps exceeded the warning point of 10% GAM (the other four ranged from 8.6% to 9.9%). Highest levels of GAM were recorded among 18-29 month old children many of whom are undergoing premature weaning due to their mothers being pregnant. Most recent nutritional data from a survey conducted by ACF in three IDP sites in midSeptember, 2008, shows more acceptable levels of 4.7% in Gouroukoun, 5.8% in Dogdore, but 10.1% in Gassire. This compares to May/June, 2007 data showing extremely high levels of GAM among IDP children. The timing of the latter surveys (coming in the wake of major multiple displacements) and methodological weaknesses are cited as reasons for the alarmingly high levels reported. More recently, an increase in programmed assistance to IDPs, including improved opportunities for day labor associated with projects under implementation, and a relatively recent 90-day lean period/seed protection GFD by WFP in all sites may well have contributed to a stabilization of nutritional status. Active nutritional screening, in effect in all camps since 2005, has not fully covered all children from 6 to 59 months. Some children who should be enrolled in selective feeding programs are falling through the cracks, as evidenced by the spike in GAM levels among 18-29 month old children. It was also noted that attendance at MCHN centers experience declines during planting and harvesting seasons. This may be the result of mothers taking their children with them to the fields or leaving them with other family members (most likely grandparents) who are less inclined to bring the children to the selective programs. Education programs to promote effective weaning have been initiated in the camps but reproductive health education still represents further challenges, evidenced by the fact that nearly 60% of mothers bringing children to selective feeding programs are pregnant. It was noted that the Maternal-Child Health and Nutrition program with its supplemental feeding has been temporarily suspended in two of the Iriba camps since May 2008 owing to the departure of MSF-L. Also, nutritional programs managed by MSF-Netherlands have yet to undertake treatment of malnutrition according to national protocols.

Water and Sanitation

The provision of potable water to refugees and IDPs appears to be under control, though the average amount provided is still below the Sphere standard of 15 liters/p/d. Deliveries to refugees average 13 liters/p/d, the same amount provided on average to IDPs. Although the existing water and sanitation systems are designed according to emergency models, long term and sustainable solutions are being developed by UNHCR and

UNHCR/UNICEF/NGO Nutrition Surveys. July-August 2008

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UNICEF in concert with the Ministry of Environment and Water in partnership with CARE and Oxfam. Sanitation proves to be a continual challenge in all camps. Particularly in the Farchana camps, many communal latrines are full, open and generally un-hygienic, resulting in their abandonment by refugees. A new orientation has been initiated to establish family latrines intended to replace the community latrines established during the emergency phase. UNHCR and its partners note that this will take time and requires the active participation of the beneficiaries. Irregular and/or insufficient distribution of soap to refugees contributes to less-thanproper hygiene practices. Likewise, jerry can distributions have not kept pace with their deterioration over time.

Recommendations
26. That UNHCR, UNICEF, UNFPA and WHO produce more awareness-building and educational material in the language(s) and adapted to the culture of refugees and IDPs, particularly in the areas of: exclusive breast feeding practices, hygiene and sanitation; weaning practices; female reproductive health; HIV/AIDS; and nutrition. 27. That UNHCR, in concert with the Ministry of Health and NGO partners, gradually replaces all health center infrastructures constructed with temporary emergency materials with permanent or semi-permanent buildings. 28. That WHO, in concert with the Ministry of Health, study the feasibility of, plan and implement a project to upgrade the infrastructure and strengthen the technical resources required to make the Health Center at Hadjer Hadid a referral point, particularly for emergency obstetrics and pediatrics. 29. That UNAIDS and UNICEF, in concert with UNHCR, WFP, the Ministry of Health and NGO partners, intensify awareness-building and prevention activities in camps and sites, with particular attention to developing appropriate means of gathering information on the incidence of HIV/AIDS in camps and sites as a first step toward effective targeting of health, nutrition and psycho-social services. 30. That UNHCR, WFP and UNICEF, in concert with NGO partners, plan and implement an enhanced nutritional screening system in camps, IDP sites and host communities based on the target of achieving full coverage of children between 6 and 59 months of age. 31. That UNICEF, in concert with WFP, UNHCR and NGO partners, plan and implement enhanced supervision and technical assistance to nutrition centers operating in camps, sites and district hospitals.

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32. That MSF-Netherlands, with the support UNICEF, implement national protocols for the treatment of malnutrition in the nutrition centers it operates. 33. That UNICEF plan and implement capacity-building activities in support of local NGOs which have replaced MSF Holland. 34. That UNHCR and UNICEF plan, budget and execute regular distributions of sufficient quantities of soap, jerry cans and plastic sheeting to refugee households and vulnerable IDP and host community households. 35. That UNHCR and UNICEF, in concert with NGO partners, intensify planning and implementation of family latrine construction projects in all camps with active refugee participation, but most urgently in Farchana camps. 36. That UNHCR and UNICEF, in concert with NGO partners, technically assess current water management practices for all purposes in camps and sites, respectively, and design/propose an enhanced conceptual and technical strategies that will contribute to meeting the target of ensuring 15 liter/p/d of potable water.

LOGISTICS
The Pipeline
The food aid pipeline from funding source to beneficiary is a long, multi-faceted process that involves multiple actors in numerous countries with different procedures and operational time frames. Any one actor/process/incident has the potential of being a key rate-controlling factor. Therefore, it is of utmost importance that WFP plan and manage the pipeline with the full timely cooperation of all actors along the action chain. It is by now recognized that the time from Call-Forward to arrival of food shipments at EDPs in Chad is at least six months. Timing is also crucial so as to ensure that enough stock arrives in country before the closure of roads during the rainy season. WFP has had in place a plan for pre-positioning sufficient commodities which has been carried out reasonably well. During the course of the operation commodity shortages has resulted in distribution at times being reduced by up to 20% of planned levels.

Accessibility
Roads As a regular course of its logistical operations, WFP has assessed road conditions and has identified several choke points, particularly involving rainy season deterioration or blockages at wadis. This is particularly the case in southeastern Chad in the Goz Beida area. 28

The following road rehabilitation projects are currently planned:

Table 4: Planned Road Rehabilitation Projects Road Donor/Program Goz Beida Koukou Goz Amir European Union Goz Beida - Kerfi Programme dAppui a la Stabilization Abeche Goz Beida Swiss Development Agency/ w/ bridge over Ouadai Bata Ministry of Infrastructure Oum Hadjer - Abeche Chinese Cooperation (underway: completion in 2010) Air Operations The poor condition of airstrips has been noted in all field offices visited by the mission, resulting in inaccessibility of most sites during and after rainfall. It should be particularly noted that Koukou was cut off for a period of more than a month during the 2008 rains. Also in the case of Koukou, UNHAS flights are not authorized to take off and land from that airstrip due to flight security caused by trees located too close to the ends of the strip. OCHA has been negotiating the necessary authorizations to cut down the trees to specifications, but such has yet to be granted. Some humanitarian users expressed an opinion that rotations to all field offices are not always regular or are not adequate to meet operational needs that change over time or at particular moments in time. Users also suggested that some form of simple shelter at each strip would shield passengers awaiting flights from very harsh sun.

Storage
Food is stored in Rubbhall/Wiikhall tent warehouses. It was observed that not all tents were erected on top of foundations. Without an impermeable foundation, commodities are placed at serious risk of water damage during the rainy season. It was also noted that the Kounougou warehouse was not yet protected by perimeter fencing. Presently, warehouse keepers carry out their record keeping inside the tent warehouses. These can become very hot during the peak of the dry season. Such conditions do not represent a work environment conducive to efficiency.

Commodity Quality Control

In several warehouses visited, grains were noted to be infested. Fumigation is generally required during the rainy season when warehouses are full and when the heat combined with humidity increase the risk of food stocks infestation. In Chad, poor fumigation

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service availability and quality of service by local providers represents a continual challenge. The problem had been identified on a timely basis by warehouse keepers, but fumigation could not be carried out for lack of the appropriate pesticide. The delay was due to a glitch in the procurement chain and compounded by some confusion over whether the product in question could be flown in under international airline safety regulations. The issue was favorably settled and fumigation was anticipated soon after the JAM. Questionable cases have been noted of bags arriving from Libya underweight or partially filled with sand. Port survey reports indicate that the bags in question were discharged in good condition. The precise circumstances involving the cause/source of the problem was not known at the time of the JAM, though WFP has dispatched a logistics officer to investigate the matter in Libya and along the transport route to try to determine the cause and an appropriate solution. In some warehouses spoiled/contaminated food was noticed as still stored in the same location as sound supplies.

Coordination
A Logistics Cluster was formally activated in Chad at the beginning of 2008. Its aim is to optimise the use of logistics resources available with concerned organizations by providing a platform of information sharing and operational coordination for enhancing predictability, timeliness and efficiency of the logistics response. Fortnightly meetings are held in Abch and monthly meetings take place in Ndjamena under the lead of WFPs logistics cluster focal point. In order to reinforce the logistics cluster and provide a stable and sustainable service to the humanitarian community, WFP has launched in September 2008 a Special Operation: An inter-agency fleet of trucks will be set up to address the most urgent needs. The use of these trucks will be managed by the logistics cluster according to the priorities defined by the group. An interagency Logistics Capacity Assessment (LCA) to provide a comprehensive overview of all logistics related activities in Chad is being coordinated by WFP and is in the process of being finalised.

Recommendations
37. That WFP continue to structure its fund-raising strategy and actions to generate the necessary resources on time to be able to make commodity call-forwards six months ahead of required commodity arrivals for full distribution.

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38. That WFP lobby for timely road rehabilitation implementation and monitor progress. 39. That WFP, in concert with OCHA, lobby concerned actors to complete planned/required air strip maintenance as quickly as possible. 40. That UNHAS periodically conduct reviews of user requirements and factor them in to flight rotation planning. 41. That WFP/UNHAS construct simple low-cost structures for accommodating passengers awaiting humanitarian flights at field office airstrips. 42. That WFP budget for and finalize work underway to construct foundations for all tent warehouses where they are lacking. 43. That WFP finalize work under way to construct a perimeter fences around all warehouses where they are lacking. 44. That WFP construct cost-effective offices outside separate from the tent warehouses. 45. That WFP should procure and maintain adequate stocks of pesticides so as to fumigate infested products on a timely basis once a problem is noted. 46. That WFP conclude its investigation into the problem of under-weight/tampered bags arriving from Libya and take the necessary corrective actions as warranted by its findings. 47. That WFP should implement in a timely manner the agencys standard procedures for the isolation and disposal of spoiled food.

PARTNERSHIPS, PLANNING and OTHER ISSUES

WFP and UNHCR have engaged in an annual Joint Plan of Action (JPA) in 2008 on the basis of the findings and recommendations of the last Joint Assessment Mission. The JPA has been regularly reviewed in quarterly coordination meetings of WFP and UNHCR staff. In addition, monthly operational coordination meetings occur monthly and cluster meetings are conducted fortnightly among all member organizations. Within the scope of the JPA as it concerns refugee assistance, UNHCR, WFP and Cooperating NGO partners sign Tripartite Agreements governing implementation of sectoral activities. 30 such agreements are being executed in partnership with international and national NGOs. IDP assistance is governed by Bi-lateral Agreements

31

between either, WFP, UNHCR, other UN agencies and cooperating NGO partners according to the program/action to be implemented. At the end of each calendar year generally in November a joint evaluation of each tripartite agreement is conducted by representatives of the signatory institutions. A standardized check list exists and is used to ensure useful uniformity in depth and breadth of evaluation. The exercise focuses on: 1) planning participation and coordination mechanisms; 2) implementation and operations; and 3) quality and timeliness of reporting. The joint evaluation document is officially accepted by the parties. Humanitarian actors concerned expressed general satisfaction with the level and usefulness of coordination mechanisms in place. NGOs expressed general satisfaction with their operational relationship with UNHCR, WFP and other UN partners. However, quite a few expressed an interest in reinforcing their role as partners in joint programmes rather than that of implementers or sub-contractors of UN programmes.

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Appendix 1: Members of the Mission

CORE TEAM MEMBERS 2008 WFP/UNHCR Joint Assessment Mission to Eastern Chad Name
John Wiater Imed Khanfir Elie Iyakaremye Djimadoumngar Doumbaye Michele Pict Jean-Paul Habamungu Carolyn Louise Wand Christophe Loubaton Alain Koualao Ramadane Bechir Kirstin Lattu Marie-Elisabeth Ingres Kmoral Jadjombaye Omar Bounkar

Organization
WFP WFP WFP WFP WFP UNHCR UNHCR FAO UNICEF CNAR USAID/OFDA French Embassy OCHA Africare Consultant

Position
Charg VAM/ Ndjamena Programme Officer-Refugee Assistance/Abech Nutritionist/Abech Logistics Officer /Ndjamena Food Aid Officer /Abech Senior Integration Officer Deputy Emergency Coordinator/ Abeche Administrative Assistant Administrative Assistant Field Officer/Abech Humanitarian Attach Liaison Officer klattu@ofda.gov

E-mail
john@wiaterconsulting.com imed.khanfir@wfp.org elie.iyakaremye@wfp.org djimadoumngar.doumbaye@wfp.org michele.pict@wfp.org habmung@unhcr.org wand@unhcr.org christophe.loubaton@yahoo.fr skoualaolaougoussou@unicef.org

Telephone
699-3901 +1-619-647-2237 699-3420 699-3098 699-3093 699-3301 636-8062 686-9416 697-2029 624-7750 663-3231 686-0485 252-2576 648-9490

Marie-Elisabeth.ingres@diplomatie.gouv.fr jadjombaye@un.org

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Appendix 2: Mission Itinerary

ITINERARY 2008 WFP/UNHCR Joint Assessment Mission to Eastern Chad Date 9 Sept. Location Ndjamena Abeche - Goz Beida Activity Meeting with Secretary General (SG) of Dar-Sila Visit to Djabal refugee camp Visit to Koloma IDP site Meeting with partner organizations Briefing by WFP and UNHCR teams Visit Habile IDP site Meeting with the Sous-prfet of Koukou Meeting with partner organizations Meeting with Bahai partner organizations Meeting with the representative of CNAR Visit Oure Cassoni refugee camp

10 Sept.

Goz Beida - Koukou

11 Sept.

12 Sept.

Koukou Bahai (partial team logistical constraints) Bahai (partial team) Bahai Iriba Abech Iriba (partial team)

13 Sept.

14 Sept. 15 Sept.

Iriba (partial team) Iriba - Guereda Iriba Guereda (partial team) Guereda (full team) Guereda Guereda - Farchana

Meeting with SG of Kobe Department (Iriba) Meeting with Iriba partner organizations Visit Iridimi refugee camp Visit Kounoungou refugee camp Meeting with Guereda partner organizations Meeting with Prfet of Dar-Tama (Guereda) Free for drafting findings/recommendations Meeting with Sous-Prfet of Farchana Visit Farchana refugee camp Meeting with Farchana partner organizations Meeting with Sous-Prfet of Hadjer Hadid Visit Gaga refugee camp Debriefing with UN agencies and partner organizations Debriefing with UN agencies and partner organizations

16 Sept. 17 Sept. 25 Sept.

Farchana Gaga Farchana - Abech Abech Ndjamena

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Appendix 3: People/Organizations Encountered

Partner Organizations Organization 1 Tchad Solaire 2 IMC 3 4 5 6 Care International IRD CCF GTZ Locations Iriba, Bahai Iriba, Guereda, Gaga Iriba Iriba, Goz Beida, Bahai Iriba Iriba, Guerada, Goz beida Iriba Guereda Guereda, Farchana Guereda Iriba Iriba Goz Beida, Koukou Goz Beida, Koukou Farchana, Gaga Goz Beida Goz Beida Goz Beida, Koukou, Koukou Koukou Koukou Area of Activity Environment Camp management, DGV, WatSan, Environment, Education Camp Management, food Security Food Security, Livestock, microfinance, agriculture. Child Protection Logistics and Management of NFI Environment, Firewood and quick impact projects (FFW) WatSan Camp Management, DGV, WatSan, Community Services Infrastructure Rehabilitation/Construction Security Health/Nutrition Sant/Nutrition General Food Distribution, FFW Community Services IDP Site Management, Child Protection and Education Environment (promotion of energy-saving stoves) Psycho social Services Health (Malaria Programme) IDP Site Management, General Food Distribution, Food Security, etc. WatSan,

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

ADESK OXFAM GB SECADEV Architectes de lUrgence MINURCAT MSF-Luxembourg COOPI INTERSOS CORD CONCERN JRS BCI HIAS MENTOR ICRC

22

OXFAM Intermom

Koukou

35

Local Administrative Authorities Name of person met 1 2 3 4 5 Mahamat Ali Rahama Hamid Ibrahim Baradine Tahir Youssouf Souleyman Hachim Ousmane Cherif Fonction/Title Secretaire General de la Rgion de Dar Sila Secretaire General du Departement de Dar Sila Sous Prefet de Koukou Angarana Secretaire General du Departement de Kobe Sous Prefet du Departement de Rural de Kobe Prefet de Dar - Tama Sous Prefet de Farchana Sous Prefet d' Hadjer Hadid Meeting Location Goz Beida Goz Beida Koukou Iriba Iriba

6 7 8

Abdraman Abdelkerim Bourma Kardayo Mahamat Ali,

Guereda Farchana Amlyouna/Gaga

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Appendix 4: Review of Previous JAM Recommendations 2006 JAM RECOMMANDATIONS REVIEW

II. EASTERN CHAD-SUDANESE REFUGEES

Recommandations Food Availability, Supply and Use

1) Conduct a joint evaluation of the WFP family group pilot milling project in Gaga and the UNHCR refugee community-based pilot milling project in Farchana and, if successful, replicate in other camps.

Timeframe

Responsible

Status as of 9/2008
9 Preliminary evaluation conducted in 9/06. Motorized mills recommended over manual mills. 9 Management strategy for mills to be completed by UNHCR by 10/2008 and shared with WFP and implementing partners for joint review and implementation 9 Nutritional indicators justified retaining CSB in the ration and subsequent WFP/UNHCR guidance recommended maintaining CSB in a ration of 2,100 Kcal/p/d 9 TFCs have been located in D.H.s except in Goz Beida, Gaga and Oure Cassoni. 9 After careful analysis, dry take-home rations have been considered more efficient and have been maintained. 9 Nutritional education conducted in SFCs 37

January 2007

UNHCR & WFP

2)

Withdraw CSB from the GFD and increase pulses to 60 g/p/d to bring energy level to 1,906 Kcal/p/d

October 2007

WFP

3) Reduce the number of TFCs Support District Hospitals to accept and treat severely malnourished refugees. For camps far from a D.H. designate one camp as a referral TFC 4) Include wet on-site feeding coupled with nutrition education and complimentary food preparation sessions at Supplementary Feeding Centers

Immediately

UNHCR & UNICEF

Immediately

UNHCR

Health, Water and Sanitation

5) Depending on the water table and availability, increase the water ration for refugees in Iridimi and Touloum from 10 liters/p/d to 15 l/p/d. Where possible, explore the possibility of developing more water sources and bore holes for domestic use and watering vegetable/kitchen gardens. Immediately UNHCR 9 Average provision of water has not reached 15/l/p/d 9 New bore holes not drilled on the grounds of viability; UNHCR continues delivery of water by truck, at considerable cost.

Food Security and Self-Reliance

6) Conduct an expert assessment of ongoing self-reliance activities and develop a core strategy that will promote self-reliance among refugees. The core strategy should include an action plan, short & medium term activities along with roles for agencies, government and NGOs Assist refugees to negotiate more access to land with the host population and local authorities Immediately UNHCR 9 An independent survey was not conducted due to funding constraints. 9 WFP VAM Unit a Food Selfsufficiency Survey of refugees, IDPs and host populations in eastern Chad in December, 2007. 9 No core strategy has been developed 9 UNHCR has lobbied with local authorities, though influx of IDPs and insecurity in Dar Sila has made access more problematic. The NGO,AFRICARE, has taken up the cause in Gaga.

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Refugees and the Environment

7) Develop an operational strategy for environmental protection and rehabilitation, identifying work opportunities available in host communities for utilizing food-for-work Immediately UNHCR 9 Formal strategy for environmental protection and rehab does not yet exist. 9 UNHCR has based environmental specialists in Abech and Goz Beida to work in concert with government authorities and NGOs on devising viable solutions 9 UNHCR environmental specialist working with AFRICARE in Gaga. Garden initiatives launched in Gaga, Djabal, Goz Amir and Oure Cassoni. 9 Post-Distribution Monitoring conducted in only 6 camps and not carried out at all since 6/08 due to funding constraints 9 ACF contracted by WFP to conduct an ad hoc nutritional survey in IDP sites of Dar Sila and Assoungha in 9/08

8)

Gaga camp should serve as a demonstration site for good practices in agricultural production, self-reliance and IGAs 9) Conduct quarterly monitoring of refugee needs, nutritional status and level of selfreliance activities.

Immediately

UNHCR

Every 3 Months

WFP, UNHCR & UNICEF

Refugee Registration
10) Refugee registration should be competed and caseload fixed. Refugee caseloads should be up-dated quarterly and include special caseloads and new borns. WFP should be associated with the process. 11) Sensitize refugees about the difference between registration to ensure protection and food/NFI entitlement (which are need-based) Every 3 Months UNHCR/CNAR 9 Regular registration up-dates have been carried out by UNHCR and partners. 9 WFP has been associated with the process 9 Carried out periodically by UNHCR and partners. Fewer misunderstandings noted in cases of de-registration.

Immediately

UNHCR & WFP

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12)

Undertake a joint inter-agency reassessment of IDPs and determine the appropriate assistance to be provided in accordance with the cluster approach 13) Provide WFP field offices with monthly consolidated Food Distribution Lists.

TBD

OCHA & UNICEF

Immediately

UNHCR

9 OCHA has coordinated multiple IA Assessment Missions. 9 A WFP VAM Unit survey planned for 10/08 9 UNHCR regularly provides monthly master lists of beneficiaries to WFP/NGOs one week before distribution

Logistics
14) Reinforce the logistical capacity at EDPs and in field offices. Accelerate the disposal of condemned commodities Improve perimeter fencing and security at EDPs. Consider outsourcing EDP management to NGOs where permanent staff cannot be posted because of insecurity 15) Continue food pre-positioning to cover requirements for both refugees and IDPs. A buffer stock of 5% should be added as contingency to avoid pipeline break during the rainy season. Updated pipeline information be provided to partners in the field quarterly. 16) Establish a common understanding on how to handle the issue of underweight bags and distribution losses that may be due to over-scooping. Immediately WFP 9 WFP internal logistical capacity assessment not yet completed but in final stages of validation and approval. 9 An inter-agency logistical capacity assessment is in the planning stage. 9 Commodities cited were properly disposed of. Disposal of unfit commodities is a continual task. 9 Pre-positioning has been successfully carried out, except for small short-falls of CSB, pulses and salt. Stocks adequate until 11/08. 9 Pipeline information is shared with UNHCR and partners monthly at General Distribution Coordination Meetings in Abeche 9 NGOs sensitized to the problem and trained in proper control. 9 General policy of zero losses in place and accepted by all partners.

Immediately

WFP

Immediately

WFP & UNHCR

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NFI & Complimentary Food

17) General distribution of NFIs be conducted in accordance with prevailing needs. These should include jericans, mats, soap, cooking utensils and sanitary materials. Immediately UNHCR 9 UNHCR targets available NFIs according to need/vulnerability criteria.

Security and Protection

18) Improve the security of refugees by doubling the number of gendarmes in the camps. Support refugee community patrols (comits de vigilance), providing them with torches/flashlights, footwear, raincoats, etc. Encourage the establishment of joint (refugee/host population) committees to facilitate cohabitation. Support international peace initiatives in eastern Chad. 19) CNAR should strive to accelerate the printing of refugee ID card printing by assigning its representative to the printing team ASAP. Immediately UNHCR 9 The UNHCR/CNAR agreement has been amended to increase the number of gendarmes assigned to camps. 9 UNHCR has provided additional training and support to CNAR and to camp committees.

Immediately

CNAR & UNHCR

The printing of refugee ID cards is to start once the refugee verification is completed and the printing material is renewed as the previous expired.

Contingency Planning
20) That a joint UNHCR/WFP contingency plan be finalized to include a standby agreement with partners, including the setting up of contingency stocks at strategic locations. Immediately UNHCR & WFP 9 Individual organizational contingency plans have been developed, and a comprehensive inter-agency contingency plan for emergency operations in eastern Chad has been initiated under OCHA coordination.

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Appendix 5: List of Abbreviations/Acronyms

ACF : ADESK : Africare: AN AU : CARE: CCF : CFW : CNAR: COOPI: CORD : CSB: CSSI: DH: DIS: DPKO: ECW: EDP: EPI : EUFOR : FBM : FAO: FCFA : FFW : GAM: GFD: GOC: GOS: GTZ: HC: ICRC: IDP : IGA IMC : INTERSOS: IRC: JAM: JRS : LCA : MCHN : MINURCAT: MOU : MSF: NFI : NGO: OCHA : Action contre la Faim Association pour le Dveloppement Economique et Social de Kobe American NGO Alliance Nationale African Union American NGO Christian Childrens Fund Cash-For-Work National Commission for Assistance to Refugees Cooperazione Internazionale (Italian International Cooperation) Christian Overseas Relief and Development Corn Soya Blend Civil Society Support Initiative (financed by USAID) District Hospital Detachement integres de Securite U.N. Department of Peace Keeping Operations Enhanced Commitments to Women Extended Delivered Point Expanded Programme for Immunization European Union Military Force Food Basket Monitoring Food and Agriculture Organization African Financial Federation Franc Food-For-Work Global Acute Malnutrition General Food Distribution Government of Chad Government of Sudan Gessellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit Humanitarian Coordinator The International Committee of the Red Cross Internally Displaced Persons Income Generating Activity International Medical Corps International SOS (Italian NGO) International Rescue Committee Joint Assessment Mission Jesuit Refugee Service Logistical Capacity Assessment Maternal-Child Health and Nutrition United Nations Mission for the Central African Republic and Chad Memorandum of Understanding Mdecins Sans Frontires (Doctors Without Borders) Non-Food Item Non-Governmental Organization U.N. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs 42

OFDA : PDM: RC : SCF : SECADEV: SGVB : TFC : UFCD : UFDD : UFFD : UN : UNCT : UNFPA : UNHAS : UNHCR : UNICEF: USAID : USD : VAM : WFP: WHO:

Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance Post-Distribution Monitoring U.N. Resident Coordinator Save the Children Federation Secours Catholique pour le Dveloppement Sexual and Gender-Based Violence Therapeutic Feeding Centre Union des Forces pour le Changement et la Dmocratie Union des Forces pour la Dmocratie et le dveloppement Union des Forces Forces Fondamentales pour la Democratie United Nations United Nations Country Team U.N. Fund for Population Affairs United Nations Humanitarian Air Service United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees United Nations Childrens Fund United States Agency for International Development United States Dollar Vulnerabilities Assessment Monitoring World Food Programme World Health Organization

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44

Appendix 6: Maps

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46