RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT

On

Types of Derivatives Traded on NSE and its Impact

Towards partial fulfillment of Master of Business Administration (MBA)
School of Management, Babu Banarasi Das University, Lucknow

Guided by Mrs. Shachi Kacker Mishra

Submitted by Prabhat

Session 2012-2013

School of Management

Babu Banarasi Das University

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Sector I, Dr. Akhilesh Das Nagar, Faizabad Road, Lucknow (U.P.) India

A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T

Without a proper combination of inspection and perspiration, its not easy to achieve anything. There is always a sense of gratitude, which we express to others for the help and the needy services they render during the different phases of our lives. I too would like to do it as I really wish to express my gratitude toward all those who have been helpful to me directly or indirectly during the development of this project. I would like to thank Mrs. Shachi Kacker (Faculty of management, BBDU) who was always there to help and guide me when I needed help. Her perceptive criticism kept me working to make this project more full proof. I am thankful to her for her encouraging and valuable support. Working under her was an extremely knowledgeable and enriching experience for me. I am very thankful to her for all the value addition and enhancement done to me. No words can adequately express my overriding debt of gratitude to my parents whose support helps me in all the way. Above all I shall thank my friends who constantly encouraged and blessed me so as to enable me to do this work successfully.

P R E F A C E

My research project report entitled TYPES OF DERIVATIVES TRADED ON NSE AND ITS IMPACT submitted for the degree of Master of Business Administration, is my original work. I believe that my research report will have been very helpful to the organization for the practical knowledge in the field of Finance.

Place : LUCKNOW Date : 1 May 2013 PRABHAT MISHRA

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

With over 25 million shareholders, India has the third largest investor base in the world after USA and Japan. Over 7500 companies are listed on the Indian stock exchanges (more than the number of companies listed in developed markets of Japan, UK, Germany, France, Australia, Switzerland, Canada and Hong Kong.). The Indian capital market is significant in terms of the degree of development, volume of trading, transparency and its tremendous growth potential. Indias market capitalization was the highest among the emerging markets. Total market capitalization of The Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), which, as on July 31, 1997, was US$ 175 billion has grown by 37.5% percent every twelve months and was over US$ 834 billion as of January, 2007. Bombay Stock Exchanges (BSE), one of the oldest in the world, accounts for the largest number of listed companies transacting their shares on a nationwide online trading system. The two major exchanges namely the National Stock Exchange (NSE) and the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) ranked no. 3 & 5 in the world, calculated by the number of daily transactions done on the exchanges. The Total Turnover of Indian Financial Markets crossed US$ 2256 billion in 2006 An increase of 82% from US $ 1237 billion in 2004 in a short span of 2 years only. Turnover in the Spot and Derivatives segment both in NSE & BSE was higher by 45% into 2006 as compared to 2005. With daily average volume of US $ 9.4 billion, the Sensex has posted excellent returns in the recent years. Currently the market cap of the Sensex as on July 4th, 2009 was Rs 48.4 Lakh Crore with a P/E of more than 20. Derivatives trading in the stock market have been a subject of enthusiasm of research in the field of finance the most desired instruments that allow market participants to manage risk in the modern securities trading are known as derivatives. The derivatives are defined as the future contracts whose value depends upon the underlying assets. If derivatives are introduced in the stock market, the underlying asset may be anything as component of stock market like, stock prices or market indices, interest rates, etc. The

main logic behind derivatives trading is that derivatives reduce the risk by providing an additional channel to invest with lower trading cost and it facilitates the investors to extend their settlement through the future contracts. It provides extra liquidity in the stock market. Derivatives are assets, which derive their values from an underlying asset. These underlying assets are of various categories like Commodities including grains, coffee beans, etc. Precious metals like gold and silver. Foreign exchange rate. Bonds of different types, including medium to long-term negotiable debt securities issued by governments, companies, etc. Short-term debt securities such as T-bills. Over-The-Counter (OTC) money market products such as loans or deposits. Equities For example, a dollar forward is a derivative contract, which gives the buyer a right & an obligation to buy dollars at some future date. The prices of the derivatives are driven by the spot prices of these underlying assets. However, the most important use of derivatives is in transferring market risk, called Hedging, which is a protection against losses resulting from unforeseen price or volatility changes. Thus, derivatives are a very important tool of risk management.

There are various derivative products traded. They are; 1. Forwards 2. Futures 3. Options 4. Swaps

A Forward Contract is a transaction in which the buyer and the seller agree upon a delivery of a specific quality and quantity of asset usually a commodity at a specified future date. The price may be agreed on in advance or in future. A Future contract is a firm contractual agreement between a buyer and seller for a specified as on a fixed date in future. The contract price will vary according to the market place but it is fixed when the trade is made. The contract also has a standard specification so both parties know exactly what is being done. An Options contract confers the right but not the obligation to buy (call option) or sell (put option) a specified underlying instrument or asset at a specified price the Strike or Exercised price up until or an specified future date the Expiry date. The Price is called Premium and is paid by buyer of the option to the seller or writer of the option. A call option gives the holder the right to buy an underlying asset by a certain date for a certain price. The seller is under an obligation to fulfill the contract and is paid a price of this, which is called "the call option premium or call option price". A put option, on the other hand gives the holder the right to sell an underlying asset by a certain date for a certain price. The buyer is under an obligation to fulfill the contract and is paid a price for this, which is called "the put option premium or put option price". Swaps are transactions which obligates the two parties to the contract to exchange a series of cash flows at specified intervals known as payment or settlement dates. They can be regarded as portfolios of forward's contracts. A contract whereby two parties agree to exchange (swap) payments, based on some notional principle amount is called as a SWAP. In case of swap, only the payment flows are exchanged and not the principle amount

You will be glad to know that derivative market in India is the most booming now days. So the person who is ready to take risk and want to gain more should invest in the derivative market. On the other hand RBI has to play an important role in derivative market. Also SEBI must encourage investment in derivative market so that the investors get the benefit out of it. Sorry to say that today even educated persons are not willing to invest in derivative market because they have the fear of high risk.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. TOPICS Introduction..... Company Profile...................... Organization Chart ......................... Objective of the Study........................................................................ Need of the Study....................................................................... Scope of the Project....................................................................... Literature Review........................................................................ Main Topics of Study.................................................................. Data Interpretation......................................................................... Research Methodology. Limitations of Study... Findings & Conclusion.. Recommendations & Suggestions.. Bibliography.... Abbreviations.. PAGE NO. 10 11 22 23 24 25 26 27 57 69 70 71 73 74 75

INTRODUCTION

A Derivative is a financial instrument whose value depends on other, more basic, underlying variables. The variables underlying could be prices of traded securities and stock, prices of gold or copper.

Derivatives have become increasingly important in the field of finance, Options and Futures are traded actively on many exchanges, Forward contracts, Swap and different types of options are regularly traded outside exchanges by financial intuitions, banks and their corporate clients in what are termed as over-the-counter markets in other words, there is no single market place or organized exchanges.

NSE - A NEW IDEOLOGY

GENESIS Capital market reforms in India have outstripped the process of liberalization in most other sectors of the economy. However, the creation of an independent capital market regulator was the initiation of this reform process. After the formation of the Securities Market regulator, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), attention were

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drawn towards the inefficiencies of the bourses and the need was felt for better regulation, discipline and accountability. A Committee recommended the creation of a 2nd stock exchange in Mumbai called the "National Stock Exchange". The Committee suggested the formation of an exchange which would provide investors across the country a single, screen based trading platform, operated through a VSAT network. It was on this recommendation that setting up of NSE as a technology driven exchange was conceptualized. NSE has set up its trading system as a nation-wide, fully automated screen based trading system. It has written for itself the mandate to create a world-class exchange and use it as an instrument of change for the industry as a whole through competitive pressure. NSE was incorporated in 1992 and was given recognition as a stock exchange in April 1993. It started operations in June 1994, with trading on the Wholesale Debt Market Segment. Subsequently it launched the Capital Market Segment in November 1994 as a trading platform for equities and the Futures and Options Segment in June 2000 for various derivative instruments. NSE was set up with the objectives of:

Establishing a nationwide trading facility for all types of securities; Ensuring equal access to investors all over the country through an appropriate
communication network;

Providing a fair, efficient and transparent securities market using electronic

trading system;

Enabling shorter settlement cycles and book entry settlements; and Meeting international benchmarks and standards.
The broad objective for which the exchange was set up has made it to play a leadingrole in enlarging the scope of market reforms in securities market in India. During lastone decade it has been playing the role of a catalytic agent in reforming the markets in terms of market microstructure and in evolving the best market practices keeping in mind the investors. The Exchange is set up on a demutualised model wherein the ownership, management and trading rights are in the hands of three different sets of people. This

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has completely eliminated any conflict of interest. This has helped NSE to aggressively pursue policies and practices within a public interest framework. NSE's nationwide, automated trading system has helped in shifting the trading platform from the trading hall in the premises of the exchange to the computer terminals at the premises of the trading members located at different geographical locations in the country and subsequently to the personal computers in the homes of investors and even to hand held portable devices for the mobile investors. It has been encouraging corporatization of membership in securities market. It has also proved to be instrumental in ushering in scrip less trading and providing settlement guarantee for all trades executed on the Exchange. Settlement risks have also been eliminated with NSE's innovative endeavors in the area of clearing and settlement viz., establishment of the clearing corporation (NSCCL), setting up a settlement guarantee fund (SGF), reduction of settlement cycle, implementing on-line, real-time risk management systems, dematerialization and electronic transfer of securities to name few of them. As a consequence, the market today uses state-of-the-art information technology to provide an efficient and transparent trading, clearing and settlement mechanism. In order to take care of investors interest, it has also created an investors protection fund (IPF), that would help investors who have incurred financial loss due to default of brokers.

Ownership and Management of the NSE

NSE is owned by a set of leading financial institutions, banks, insurance companies and other financial intermediaries. It is managed by a team of professional managers and the trading rights are with trading members who offer their services to the investors. The Board of NSE comprises of senior executives from promoter institutions and eminent professionals, without having any representation from trading members. While the Board deals with the broad policy issues, the Executive Committees which include trading members, formed under the Articles of Association and the Rules of NSE for different market segments, set out rules and parameters to manage the day-to-day affairs of the Exchange. The ECs have constituted several committees, like Committee on Trade Related Issues (COTI), Committee on Settlement Issues (COSI) etc., comprising
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mostly of trading members, to receive inputs from the market participants and implement suggestions which are in the best interest of the investors and the market. The day-to-day management of the Exchange is delegated to the Managing Director and CEO who is supported by a team of professional staff. Therefore, though the role of trading members at NSE is to the extent of providing only trading services to the investors, the Exchange involves trading members in the process of consultation and participation in vital inputs towards decision making.

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Market Segments and Products

NSE provides an electronic trading platform for of all types of securities for investors under one roof - Equity, Corporate Debt, Central and State Government Securities, TBills, Commercial Paper, Certificate of Deposits (CDs), Warrants, Mutual Funds units, Exchange Traded Funds, Derivatives like Index Futures, Index Options, Stock Futures, Stock Options, Futures on Interest Rates etc., which makes it one of the few exchanges in the world providing trading facility for all types of securities on a single exchange. The Exchange provides trading in 3 different segments viz.

Wholesale debt market (WDM) Capital market (CM) segment and The futures & options (F&O) segment.
The Wholesale Debt Market segment provides the trading platform for trading of a wide range of debt securities which includes State and Central Government securities, T-Bills, PSU Bonds, Corporate Debentures, CPs, CDs etc. However, along with these financial instruments, NSE has also launched various products (e.g. FIMMDA-NSE MIBID/MIBOR) owing to the market need. A reference rate is said to be an accurate measure of the market price. In the fixed income market, it is the interest rate that the market respects and closely matches. In response to this, NSE started computing and disseminating the NSE Mumbai Inter-bank Bid Rate (MIBID) and NSE Mumbai InterBank Offer Rate (MIBOR). Owing to the robust methodology of computation of these rates and its extensive use, this product has become very popular among the market participants. Keeping in mind the requirements of the banking industry, FIs, MFs, insurance companies, who have substantial investments in sovereign papers, NSE also started the dissemination of its yet another product, the Zero Coupon Yield Curve. This helps in valuation of sovereign securities across all maturities irrespective of its liquidity in the

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market. The increased activity in the government securities market in India and simultaneous emergence of MFs (Gilt MFs) had given rise to the need for a well defined bond index to measure the returns in the bond market. NSE constructed such an index the, NSE Government Securities Index. This index provides a benchmark for portfolio management by various investment managers and gilt funds. The Capital Market segment offers a fully automated screen based trading system, known as the National Exchange for Automated Trading (NEAT) system. This operates on a price/time priority basis and enables members from across the country to trade with enormous ease and efficiency. Various types of securities e.g. equity shares, warrants, debentures etc. are traded on this system. NSE started trading in the equities segment (Capital Market segment) on November 3, 1994 and within a short span of 1 year became the largest exchange in India in terms of volumes transacted. The Equities section provides you with an insight into the equities segment of NSE and also provides real-time quotes and statistics of the equities market. In-depth information regarding listing of securities, trading systems & processes, clearing and settlement, risk management, trading statistics etc are available here. Futures & Options segment of NSE provides trading in derivatives instruments like Index Futures, Index Options, Stock Options, Stock Futures and Futures on interest rates. Though only four years into its operations, the futures and options segment of NSE has made a mark for itself globally. In the Futures and Options segment, trading in Nifty and CNX IT index and 53 single stocks are available. W.e.f. May 27 2005, futures and options would be available on 118 single stocks.

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Technology
Technology has been the backbone of the Exchange. Providing the services to the investing community and the market participants using technology at the cheapest possible cost has been its main thrust. NSE chose to harness technology in creating a new market design. It believes that technology provides the necessary impetus for the organisation to retain its competitive edge and ensure timeliness and satisfaction in customer service. In recognition of the fact that technology will continue to redefine the shape of the securities industry, NSE stresses on innovation and sustained investment in technology to remain ahead of competition. NSE is the first exchange in the world to use satellite communication technology for trading. It uses satellite communication technology to energise participation through about 2,829 VSATs from nearly 345 cities spread all over the country. Its trading system, called National Exchange for Automated Trading (NEAT), is a state of the art client server based application. At the server end all trading information is stored in an in-memory database to achieve minimum response time and maximum system availability for users. It has uptime record of 99.7%. For all trades entered into NEAT system, there is
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uniform response time of less than 1.5 seconds. NSE has been continuously undertaking capacity enhancement measures so as to effectively meet the requirements of increased users and associated trading loads. With recent up gradation of trading hardware, NSE can handle up to 6 million trades per day. NSE has also put in place NIBIS (NSE's Internet Based Information System) for on-line real-time dissemination of trading information over the Internet. As part of its business continuity plan, NSE has established a disaster back-up site at Chennai along with its entire infrastructure, including the satellite earth station and the high speed optical fiber link with its main site at Mumbai. This site at Chennai is a replica of the production environment at Mumbai. The transaction data is backed up on near real time basis from the main site to the disaster back-up site through the 2 mbps high-speed link to keep both the sites all the time synchronized with each other.

Application SystemThe various application systems that NSE uses for its trading as
well clearing and settlement and other operations form the backbone of the Exchange. The application systems used for the day-to-day functioning of the Exchange can be divided into (a) Front end applications (b) Back office applications.

In the front end application system, there are 6 pplications: NEAT CM system takes care of trading of securities in the Capital Market segment that includes equities, debentures/notes as well as retail Gilts. The NEATCM application has a split architecture wherein the split is on thesecurities and users. The application runs on two Stratus systems with Open Strata Link (OSL). The application has been benchmarked to support 15000 users and handle more than 6 million trades daily. This application also provides data feed for processing to some other systems like Index, OPMS through TCP/IP. This is a direct interface with the trading members of the CM segment of the Exchange for entering the orders into the main system. There is a

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two way communication between the NSE main system and the front end terminal of the trading member. NEAT WDM system takes care of trading of securities in the Wholesale Debt Market (WDM) segment that includes Gilts, Corporate Bonds, CPs, T-Bills, etc. This is a direct interface with the trading members of the WDM segment of the Exchange for entering the orders/trades into the main system. There is a two way communication between the NSE main system and the front end terminal of the trading member. NEAT F&O system takes care of trading of securities in the Futures and Options (F&O) segment that includes Futures on Index as well as individual stocks and Options on Index as well as individual stocks. This is a direct interface with the trading members of the F&O segment of the Exchange for entering the orders into the main system. There is a two way communication between the NSE main system and the front end terminal of the trading member. NEAT IPO system is an interface to help the initial public offering of companies which are issuing the stocks to raise capital from the market. This is a direct interface with the trading members who are registered for undertaking order entry on behalf of their clients for IPOs. NSE uses the NEAT IPO system that allows bidding in several issues concurrently. There is a two way communication between the NSE main system and the front end terminal of the trading member. NEAT MF system is an interface with the trading members for order collection of designated mutual funds units. Surveillance system offers the users a facility to comprehensively monitor the trading activity and analyze the trade data online and offline. In the back office, the following important application systems are operative:

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(A) NCSS (Nationwide Clearing and Settlement System) is the clearing and settlement system of the NSCCL for the trades executed in the CM segment of the Exchange. The system has 3 important interfaces OLTL (Online Trade loading) that takes each and every trade executed on real time basis and allocates the same to the clearing members, Depository Interface that connects the depositories for settlement of securities and Clearing Bank Interface that connects the 10 clearing banks for settlement of funds. It also interfaces with the clearing members for all required reports. Through collateral management system it keeps an account of all available collaterals on behalf of all trading/clearing members and integrates the same with the position monitoring of the trading/ clearing members. The system also generates base capital adequacy reports. (B) FOCASS is the clearing and settlement system of the NSCCL for the trades executed in the F&O segment ofthe Exchange. It interfaces with the clearing members for all required reports. Through collateral management system it keeps an account of all available collaterals on behalf of all trading/ clearing members and integrates the same with the position monitoring of the trading/clearing members. The system also generates base capital adequacy reports. (C) OPMS the online position monitoring system that keeps track of all trades executed for a trading member vis--vis its capital adequacy. (D) PRISM is the parallel risk management system for F&O trades using Standard Portfolio Analysis (SPAN). It is a system for comprehensive monitoring and load balancing of an array of parallel processors that provides complete fault tolerance. It provides real time information on initial margin value, mark to market profit or loss, collateral amounts, contract-wise latest prices, contract-wise open interest and limits. The system also tracks online real time client level portfolio, base upfront margining and monitoring. (E) Data warehousing, that is the central repository of all data in CM as well as F&O segment of the Exchange.

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(F) Listing system, that captures the data of companies which are listed on the Exchange and integrates the same with the trading system for necessary broadcasts, information dissemination. (G) Membership system, hat keeps track of all required details of the Trading Members of the Exchange.

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ORGANIZATION CHART

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OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

To understand the concept of the Derivatives and Derivative Trading. To know different types of Financial Derivatives. To know the role of derivatives trading in India. To analyse the performance of Derivatives Trading since 2001with special reference to Futures & Options.

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NEED OF THE STUDY

The study has been done to know the different types of derivatives and also to know the derivative market in India. This study also covers the recent developments in the derivative market taking into account the trading in past years.

Through this study I came to know the trading done in derivatives and their use in the stock markets.

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SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The project covers the derivatives market and its instruments. It includes the data collected in the recent years and also the market in the derivatives in the recent years. This study extends to the trading of derivatives done in the National Stock Markets.

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LITERATURE REVIEW
The emergence of the market for derivative products, most notably forwards, futures and options, can be traced back to the willingness of risk-averse economic agents to guard themselves against uncertainties arising out of fluctuations in asset prices. By their very nature, the financial markets are marked by a very high degree of volatility. Through the use of derivative products, it is possible to partially or fully transfer price risks by locking-in asset prices. As instruments of risk management, these generally do not influence the fluctuations in the underlying asset prices. However, by locking-in asset prices, derivative products minimize the impact of fluctuations in asset prices on the profitability and cash flow situation of risk-averse investors. Derivative products initially emerged, as hedging devices against fluctuations in commodity prices and commodity-linked derivatives remained the sole form of such products for almost three hundred years. The financial derivatives came into spotlight in post-1970 period due to growing instability in the financial markets. However, since their emergence, these products have become very popular and by 1990s, they accounted for about two-thirds of total transactions in derivative products. In recent years, the market for financial derivatives has grown tremendously both in terms of variety of instruments available, their complexity and also turnover. In the class of equity derivatives, futures and options on stock indices have gained more popularity than on individual stocks, especially among institutional investors, who are major users of index-linked derivatives. Even small investors find these useful due to high correlation of the popular indices with various portfolios and ease of use. The lower costs associated with index derivatives visvis derivative products based on individual securities is another reason for their growing use.

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MAIN TOPICS OF STUDY

1. INTRODUCTION TO DERIVATIVE
The origin of derivatives can be traced back to the need of farmers to protect themselves against fluctuations in the price of their crop. From the time it was sown to the time it was ready for harvest, farmers would face price uncertainty. Through the use of simple derivative products, it was possible for the farmer to partially or fully transfer price risks by locking-in asset prices. These were simple contracts developed to meet the needs of farmers and were basically a means of reducing risk. A farmer who sowed his crop in June faced uncertainty over the price he would receive for his harvest in September. In years of scarcity, he would probably obtain attractive prices. However, during times of oversupply, he would have to dispose off his harvest at a very low price. Clearly this meant that the farmer and his family were exposed to a high risk of price uncertainty. On the other hand, a merchant with an ongoing requirement of grains too would face a price risk that of having to pay exorbitant prices during dearth, although favourable prices could be obtained during periods of oversupply. Under such circumstances, it clearly made sense for the farmer and the merchant to come together and enter into contract whereby the price of the grain to be delivered in September could be decided earlier. What they would then negotiate happened to be futures-type contract, which would enable both parties to eliminate the price risk. In 1848, the Chicago Board Of Trade, or CBOT, was established to bring farmers and merchants together. A group of traders got together and created the to-arrive contract that permitted farmers to lock into price upfront and deliver the grain later. These to-arrive contracts proved useful as a device for hedging and speculation on price charges. These were eventually standardized, and in 1925 the first futures clearing house came into existence.

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Today derivatives contracts exist on variety of commodities such as corn, pepper, cotton, wheat, silver etc. Besides commodities, derivatives contracts also exist on a lot of financial underlying like stocks, interest rate, exchange rate, etc.

2. DERIVATIVE DEFINED
A derivative is a product whose value is derived from the value of one or more underlying variables or assets in a contractual manner. The underlying asset can be equity, forex, commodity or any other asset. In our earlier discussion, we saw that wheat farmers may wish to sell their harvest at a future date to eliminate the risk of change in price by that date. Such a transaction is an example of a derivative. The price of this derivative is driven by the spot price of wheat which is the underlying in this case. The Forwards Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1952, regulates the forward/futures contracts in commodities all over India. As per this the Forward Markets Commission (FMC) continues to have jurisdiction over commodity futures contracts. However when derivatives trading in securities was introduced in 2001, the term security in the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 (SCRA), was amended to include derivative contracts in securities. Consequently, regulation of derivatives came under the purview of Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI). We thus have separate regulatory authorities for securities and commodity derivative markets. Derivatives are securities under the SCRA and hence the trading of derivatives is governed by the regulatory framework under the SCRA. The Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 defines derivative to includeA security derived from a debt instrument, share, loan whether secured or unsecured, risk instrument or contract differences or any other form of security. A contract which derives its value from the prices, or index of prices, of underlying securities.

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3. TYPES OF DERIVATIVES MARKET

Exchange Traded Derivatives

Over The Counter Derivatives

National Stock Exchange

Bombay Stock Exchange

National Commodity & Derivative Exchange

Index Future

Index option

Stock option

Stock future

Types of Derivatives Market

4. TYPES OF DERIVATIVES

Derivatives

Future

Option

Forward

Swaps

Types of Derivatives

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(i)

FORWARD CONTRACTS

A forward contract is an agreement to buy or sell an asset on a specified date for a specified price. One of the parties to the contract assumes a long position and agrees to buy the underlying asset on a certain specified future date for a certain specified price. The other party assumes a short position and agrees to sell the asset on the same date for the same price. Other contract details like delivery date, price and quantity are negotiated bilaterally by the parties to the contract. The forward contracts are n o r m a l l y traded outside the exchanges.

BASIC FEATURES OF FORWARD CONTRACT

They are bilateral contracts and hence exposed to counter-party risk. Each contract is custom designed, and hence is unique in terms of contract size, expiration date and the asset type and quality. The contract price is generally not available in public domain. On the expiration date, the contract has to be settled by delivery of the asset. If the party wishes to reverse the contract, it has to compulsorily go to the same counter-party, which often results in high prices being charged. However forward contracts in certain markets have become very standardized,

as in the case of foreign exchange, thereby reducing transaction costs and increasing transactions volume. This process of standardization reaches its limit in the organized futures market. Forward contracts are often confused with futures contracts. The confusion is primarily because both serve essentially th e same economic functions of allocating risk in the presence of future price uncertainty. However futures are a significant improvement over the forward contracts as they eliminate counterparty risk and offer more liquidity.

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(ii)

FUTURE CONTRACT

In finance, a futures contract is a standardized contract, traded on a futures exchange, to buy or sell a certain underlying instrument at a certain date in the future, at a pre-set price. The future date is called the delivery date or final settlement date. The pre-set price is called the futures price. The price of the underlying asset on the delivery date is called the settlement price. The settlement price, normally, converges towards the futures price on the delivery date. A futures contract gives the holder the right and the obligation to buy or sell, which differs from an options contract, which gives the buyer the right, but not the obligation, and the option writer (seller) the obligation, but not the right. To exit the commitment, the holder of a futures position has to sell his long position or buy back his short position, effectively closing out the futures position and its contract obligations. Futures contracts are exchange traded derivatives. The exchange acts as counterparty on all contracts, sets margin requirements, etc.

BASIC FEATURES OF FUTURE CONTRACT

1. Standardization: Futures contracts ensure their liquidity by being highly standardized, usually by specifying: The underlying. This can be anything from a barrel of sweet crude oil to a short term interest rate. The type of settlement, either cash settlement or physical settlement. The amount and units of the underlying asset per contract. This can be the notional amount of bonds, a fixed number of barrels of oil, units of foreign currency, the notional amount of the deposit over which the short term interest rate is traded, etc. The currency in which the futures contract is quoted.
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The grade of the deliverable. In case of bonds, this specifies which bonds can be delivered. In case of physical commodities, this specifies not only the quality of the underlying goods but also the manner and location of delivery. The delivery month.

The last trading date. Other details such as the tick, the minimum permissible price fluctuation.

2. Margin: Although the value of a contract at time of trading should be zero, its price constantly fluctuates. This renders the owner liable to adverse changes in value, and creates a credit risk to the exchange, who always acts as counterparty. To minimize this risk, the exchange demands that contract owners post a form of collateral, commonly known as Margin requirements are waived or reduced in some cases for hedgers who have physical ownership of the covered commodity or spread traders who have offsetting contracts balancing the position. Initial Margin: is paid by both buyer and seller. It represents the loss on that contract, as determined by historical price changes, which is not likely to be exceeded on a usual day's trading. It may be 5% or 10% of total contract price. Mark to market Margin: Because a series of adverse price changes may exhaust the initial margin, a further margin, usually called variation or maintenance margin, is required by the exchange. This is calculated by the futures contract, i.e. agreeing on a price at the end of each day, called the "settlement" or mark-to-market price of the contract. To understand the original practice, consider that a futures trader, when taking a position, deposits money with the exchange, called a "margin". This is intended to protect the exchange against loss. At the end of every trading day, the contract is marked to its present market value. If the trader is on the winning side of a deal, his contract has increased in value that day, and the exchange pays this profit into his account. On the other hand, if he is on the losing side, the exchange will debit his account. If he cannot pay, then the margin is used as the collateral from which the loss is paid.

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3. Settlement Settlement is the act of consummating the contract, and can be done in one of two ways, as specified per type of futures contract: Physical delivery - the amount specified of the underlying asset of the contract is delivered by the seller of the contract to the exchange, and by the exchange to the buyers of the contract. In practice, it occurs only on a minority of contracts. Most are cancelled out by purchasing a covering position - that is, buying a contract to cancel out an earlier sale (covering a short), or selling a contract to liquidate an earlier purchase (covering a long). Cash settlement - a cash payment is made based on the underlying reference rate, such as a short term interest rate index such as Euribor, or the closing value of a stock market index. A futures contract might also opt to settle against an index based on trade in a related spot market. Expiry is the time when the final prices of the future are determined. For many equity index and interest rate futures contracts, this happens on the Last Thursday of certain trading month. On this day the t+2 futures contract becomes the t forward contract. PRICING OF FUTURE CONTRACT In a futures contract, for no arbitrage to be possible, the price paid on delivery (the forward price) must be the same as the cost (including interest) of buying and storing the asset. In other words, the rational forward price represents the expected future value of the underlying discounted at the risk free rate. Thus, for a simple, non-dividend paying asset, the value of the future/forward, present value at time to maturity , will be found by discounting the

by the rate of risk-free return .

This relationship may be modified for storage costs, dividends, dividend yields, and convenience yields. Any deviation from this equality allows for arbitrage as follows. In the case where the forward price is higher: 1. The arbitrageur sells the futures contract and buys the underlying today (on the spot market) with borrowed money.

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2. On the delivery date, the arbitrageur hands over the underlying, and receives the agreed forward price. 3. He then repays the lender the borrowed amount plus interest. 4. The difference between the two amounts is the arbitrage profit. In the case where the forward price is lower: 1. The arbitrageur buys the futures contract and sells the underlying today (on the spot market); he invests the proceeds. 2. On the delivery date, he cashes in the matured investment, which has appreciated at the risk free rate. 3. He then receives the underlying and pays the agreed forward price using the matured investment. [If he was short the underlying, he returns it now.] 4. The difference between the two amounts is the arbitrage profit.

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Table 1DISTINCTION BETWEEN FUTURES AND FORWARDS CONTRACTS FEATURE Operational Mechanism FORWARD CONTRACT FUTURE CONTRACT

Traded directly between two Traded on the exchanges. parties (not traded on the exchanges).

Contract Specifications Counter-party risk

Differ from trade to trade.

Contracts are standardized contracts.

Exists.

Exists. However, assumed by the clearing corp., which becomes the counter party to all the trades or unconditionally guarantees their settlement.

Liquidation Profile

Low, as contracts are tailor High, needs of the needs of the parties.

as contracts

are

standardized

made contracts catering to the exchange traded contracts.

Price discovery

Not efficient, as markets are Efficient, as markets are centralized and scattered. all buyers and sellers come to a common platform to discover the price.

Examples

Currency market in India.

Commodities, futures, Index Futures and Individual stock Futures in India.

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(iii) OPTIONS A derivative transaction that gives the option holder the right but not the obligation to buy or sell the underlying asset at a price, called the strike price, during a period or on a specific date in exchange for payment of a premium is known as option. Underlying asset refers to any asset that is traded. The price at which the underlying is traded is called the strike price. There are two types of options i.e., CALL OPTION & PUT OPTION. CALL OPTION: A contract that gives its owner the right but not the obligation to buy an underlying asset-stock or any financial asset, at a specified price on or before a specified date is known as a Call option. The owner makes a profit provided he sells at a higher current price and buys at a lower future price. PUT OPTION: A contract that gives its owner the right but not the obligation to sell an underlying asset-stock or any financial asset, at a specified price on or before a specified date is known as a Put option. The owner makes a profit provided he buys at a lower current price and sells at a higher future price. Hence, no option will be exercised if the future price does not increase. Put and calls are almost always written on equities, although occasionally preference shares, bonds and warrants become the subject of options.

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(iv) SWAPS Swaps are transactions which obligates the two parties to the contract to exchange a series of cash flows at specified intervals known as payment or settlement dates. They can be regarded as portfolios of forward's contracts. A contract whereby two parties agree to exchange (swap) payments, based on some notional principle amount is called as a SWAP. In case of swap, only the payment flows are exchanged and not the principle amount. The two commonly used swaps are: INTEREST RATE SWAPS: Interest rate swaps is an arrangement by which one party agrees to exchange his series of fixed rate interest payments to a party in exchange for his variable rate interest payments. The fixed rate payer takes a short position in the forward contract whereas the floating rate payer takes a long position in the forward contract. CURRENCY SWAPS: Currency swaps is an arrangement in which both the principle amount and the interest on loan in one currency are swapped for the principle and the interest payments on loan in another currency. The parties to the swap contract of currency generally hail from two different countries. This arrangement allows the counter parties to borrow easily and cheaply in their home currencies. Under a currency swap, cash flows to be exchanged are determined at the spot rate at a time when swap is done. Such cash flows are supposed to remain unaffected by subsequent changes in the exchange rates. FINANCIAL SWAP: Financial swaps constitute a funding technique which permit a borrower to access one market and then exchange the liability for another type of liability. It also allows the investors to exchange one type of asset for another type of asset with a preferred income stream.

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OTHER KINDS OF DERIVATIVES

The other kind of derivatives, which are not, much popular are as follows:

BASKETS Baskets options are option on portfolio of underlying asset. Equity Index Options are most popular form of baskets.

LEAPS Normally option contracts are for a period of 1 to 12 months. However, exchange may introduce option contracts with a maturity period of 2-3 years. These long-term option contracts are popularly known as Leaps or Long term Equity Anticipation Securities.

WARRANTS Options generally have lives of up to one year, the majority of options traded on options exchanges having a maximum maturity of nine months. Longer-dated options are called warrants and are generally traded over-the-counter.

SWAPTIONS
Swaptions are options to buy or sell a swap that will become operative at the expiry of the options. Thus a swaption is an option on a forward swap. Rather than have calls and puts, the swaptions market has receiver swaptions and payer swaptions. A receiver swaption is an option to receive fixed and pay floating. A payer swaption is an option to pay fixed and receive floating.

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5. HISTORY OF DERIVATIVES
The history of derivatives is quite colourful and surprisingly a lot longer than most people think. Forward delivery contracts, stating what is to be delivered for a fixed price at a specified place on a specified date, existed in ancient Greece and Rome. Roman emperors entered forward contracts to provide the masses with their supply of Egyptian grain. These contracts were also undertaken between farmers and merchants to eliminate risk arising out of uncertain future prices of grains. Thus, forward contracts have existed for centuries for hedging price risk. The first organized commodity exchange came into existence in the early 1700s in Japan. The first formal commodities exchange, the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT), was formed in 1848 in the US to deal with the problem of credit risk and to provide centralised location to negotiate forward contracts. From forward trading in commodities emerged the commodity futures. The first type of futures contract was called to arrive at. Trading in futures began on the CBOT in the 1860s. In 1865, CBOT listed the first exchange traded derivatives contract, known as the futures contracts. Futures trading grew out of the need for hedging the price risk involved in many commercial operations. The Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME), a spin-off of CBOT, was formed in 1919, though it did exist before in 1874 under the names of Chicago Produce Exchange (CPE) and Chicago Egg and Butter Board (CEBB). The first financial futures to emerge were the currency in 1972 in the US. The first foreign currency futures were traded on May 16, 1972, on International Monetary Market (IMM), a division of CME. The currency futures traded on the IMM are the British Pound, the Canadian Dollar, the Japanese Yen, the Swiss Franc, the German Mark, the Australian Dollar, and the Euro dollar. Currency futures were followed soon by interest rate futures. Interest rate futures contracts were traded for the first time on the CBOT on October 20, 1975. Stock index futures and options emerged in 1982. The first stock index futures contracts were traded on Kansas City Board of Trade on February 24, 1982.The first of the several networks, which offered a trading link between two exchanges, was formed between the Singapore International Monetary Exchange (SIMEX) and the CME on September 7, 1984.
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Options are as old as futures. Their history also dates back to ancient Greece and Rome. Options are very popular with speculators in the tulip craze of seventeenth century Holland. Tulips, the brightly coloured flowers, were a symbol of affluence; owing to a high demand, tulip bulb prices shot up. Dutch growers and dealers traded in tulip bulb options. There was so much speculation that people even mortgaged their homes and businesses. These speculators were wiped out when the tulip craze collapsed in 1637 as there was no mechanism to guarantee the performance of the option terms. The first call and put options were invented by an American financier, Russell Sage, in 1872. These options were traded over the counter. Agricultural commodities options were traded in the nineteenth century in England and the US. Options on shares were available in the US on the over the counter (OTC) market only until 1973 without much knowledge of valuation. A group of firms known as Put and Call brokers and Dealers Association was set up in early 1900s to provide a mechanism for bringing buyers and sellers together. On April 26, 1973, the Chicago Board options Exchange (CBOE) was set up at CBOT for the purpose of trading stock options. It was in 1973 again that black, Merton, and Scholes invented the famous Black-Scholes Option Formula. This model helped in assessing the fair price of an option which led to an increased interest in trading of options. With the options markets becoming increasingly popular, the American Stock Exchange (AMEX) and the Philadelphia Stock Exchange (PHLX) began trading in options in 1975. The market for futures and options grew at a rapid pace in the eighties and nineties. The collapse of the Bretton Woods regime of fixed parties and the introduction of floating rates for currencies in the international financial markets paved the way for development of a number of financial derivatives which served as effective risk management tools to cope with market uncertainties.

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The CBOT and the CME are two largest financial exchanges in the world on which futures contracts are traded. The CBOT now offers 48 futures and option contracts (with the annual volume at more than 211 million in 2001).The CBOE is the largest exchange for trading stock options. The CBOE trades options on the S&P 100 and the S&P 500 stock indices. The Philadelphia Stock Exchange is the premier exchange for trading foreign options. The most traded stock indices include S&P 500, the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the Nasdaq 100, and the Nikkei 225. The US indices and the Nikkei 225 trade almost round the clock. The N225 is also traded on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange.

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6. INDIAN DERIVATIVES MARKET

Starting from a controlled economy, India has moved towards a world where prices fluctuate every day. The introduction of risk management instruments in India gained momentum in the last few years due to liberalisation process and Reserve Bank of Indias (RBI) efforts in creating currency forward market. Derivatives are an integral part of liberalisation process to manage risk. NSE gauging the market requirements initiated the process of setting up derivative markets in India. In July 1999, derivatives trading commenced in India

Table 2. Chronology of instruments 1991 Liberalisation process initiated 14 December 1995 NSE asked SEBI for permission to trade index futures. 18 November 1996 SEBI setup L.C.Gupta Committee to draft a policy framework 11 May 1998 7 July 1999 24 May 2000 25 May 2000 for index futures. L.C.Gupta Committee submitted report. RBI gave permission for OTC forward rate agreements (FRAs) and interest rate swaps. SIMEX chose Nifty for trading futures and options on an Indian index. SEBI gave permission to NSE and BSE to do index futures

trading. 9 June 2000 Trading of BSE Sensex futures commenced at BSE. 12 June 2000 Trading of Nifty futures commenced at NSE. 25 September 2000 Nifty futures trading commenced at SGX. 2 June 2001 Individual Stock Options & Derivatives

(1) Need for derivatives in India today In less than three decades of their coming into vogue, derivatives markets have become the most important markets in the world. Today, derivatives have become part and parcel of the day-to-day life for ordinary people in major part of the world. Until the advent of NSE, the Indian capital market had no access to the latest trading

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methods and was using traditional out-dated methods of trading. There was a huge gap between the investors aspirations of the markets and the available means of trading. The opening of Indian economy has precipitated the process of integration of Indias financial markets with the international financial markets. Introduction of risk management instruments in India has gained momentum in last few years thanks to Reserve Bank of Indias efforts in allowing forward contracts, cross currency options etc. which have developed into a very large market. (2) Myths and realities about derivatives In less than three decades of their coming into vogue, derivatives markets have become the most important markets in the world. Financial derivatives came into the spotlight along with the rise in uncertainty of post-1970, when US announced an end to the Bretton Woods System of fixed exchange rates leading to introduction of currency derivatives followed by other innovations including stock index futures. Today, derivatives have become part and parcel of the day-to-day life for ordinary people in major parts of the world. While this is true for many countries, there are still apprehensions about the introduction of derivatives. There are many myths about derivatives but the realities that are different especially for Exchange traded derivatives, which are well regulated with all the safety mechanisms in place. What are these myths behind derivatives? Derivatives increase speculation and do not serve any economic purpose Indian Market is not ready for derivative trading Disasters prove that derivatives are very risky and highly leveraged instruments. Derivatives are complex and exotic instruments that Indian investors will find difficulty in understanding Is the existing capital market safer than Derivatives?

(i) Derivatives increase speculation and do not serve any economicpurpose: Numerous studies of derivatives activity have led to a broad consensus, both in the private and public sectors that derivatives provide numerous and substantial benefits to the users. Derivatives are a low-cost, effective method for users to hedge and manage their exposures to interest rates, commodity prices or exchange rates. The need for
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derivatives as hedging tool was felt first in the commodities market. Agricultural futures and options helped farmers and processors hedge against commodity price risk. After the fallout of Bretton wood agreement, the financial markets in the world started undergoing radical changes. This period is marked by remarkable innovations in the financial markets such as introduction of floating rates for the currencies, increased trading in variety of derivatives instruments, on-line trading in the capital markets, etc. As the complexity of instruments increased many folds, the accompanying risk factors grew in gigantic proportions. This situation led to development derivatives as effective risk management tools for the market participants.

Looking at the equity market, derivatives allow corporations and institutional investors to effectively manage their portfolios of assets and liabilities through instruments like stock index futures and options. An equity fund, for example, can reduce its exposure to the stock market quickly and at a relatively low cost without selling off part of its equity assets by using stock index futures or index options. By providing investors and issuers with a wider array of tools for managing risks and raising capital, derivatives improve the allocation of credit and the sharing of risk in the global economy, lowering the cost of capital formation and stimulating economic growth. Now that world markets for trade and finance have become more integrated, derivatives have strengthened these important linkages between global markets, increasing market liquidity and efficiency and facilitating the flow of trade and finance.

(ii) Indian Market is not ready for derivative trading Often the argument put forth against derivatives trading is that the Indian capital market is not ready for derivatives trading. Here, we look into the pre-requisites, which are needed for the introduction of derivatives, and how Indian market fares: TABLE 3. PRE-REQUISITES Large market Capitalisation INDIAN SCENARIO India is one of the largest market-capitalised countries in Asia with a market capitalisation of more than Rs.765000 crores.

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High Liquidity underlying

in

the The daily average traded volume in Indian capital market today is around 7500 crores. Which means on an average every month 14% of the countrys Market capitalisation gets traded. These are clear indicators of high liquidity in the underlying. The first clearing corporation guaranteeing trades has become fully functional from July 1996 in the form of National Securities Clearing Corporation (NSCCL). NSCCL is responsible for guaranteeing all open positions on the National Stock Exchange (NSE) for which it does the clearing. National Securities Depositories Limited (NSDL) which started functioning in the year 1997 has revolutionalised the security settlement in our country. In the Institution of SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India) today the Indian capital market enjoys a strong, independent, and innovative legal guardian who is helping the market to evolve to a healthier place for trade practices.

Trade guarantee

A Strong Depository

A Good legal guardian

(3) Comparison of New System with Existing System Many people and brokers in India think that the new system of Futures & Options and banning of Badla is disadvantageous and introduced early, but I feel that this new system is very useful especially to retail investors. It increases the no of options investors for investment. In fact it should have been introduced much before and NSE had approved it but was not active because of politicization in SEBI. The figure 3.3a 3.3d shows how advantages of new system (implemented from June 20001) v/s the old system i.e. before June 2001 New System Vs Existing System for Market Players

Figure 3.3a

Speculators

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Existing Approach
1) Deliver based Trading, margin trading & carry forward transactions. 2) Buy Index Futures hold till expiry.

SYSTEM Peril &Prize

1) Both profit & loss to extent of price change.

New Peril &Prize

Approach

1)Buy &Sell stocks 1)Maximum on delivery basis loss possible 2) Buy Call &Put to premium by paying paid premium

Advantages
Greater Leverage as to pay only the premium. Greater variety of strike price options at a given time.

Figure 3.3b

Arbitrageurs
Existing Approach SYSTEM Peril &Prize Approach New Peril &Prize

1) Buying Stocks in 1) Make money 1) B Group more 1) Risk free one and selling in whichever way promising as still game. another exchange. the Market moves. in weekly settlement forward transactions. 2) Cash &Carry 2) If Future Contract arbitrage continues more or less than Fair price Fair Price = Cash Price + Cost of Carry.

Figure 3.3c

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Hedgers
Existing Approach &Prize SYSTEM Peril &Prize Approach New Peril

1) Difficult to 1) No Leverage offload holding available risk during adverse reward dependant market conditions on market prices as circuit filters limit to curtail losses.

1)Fix price today to buy 1) Additional latter by paying premium. cost is only 2)For Long, buy ATM Put premium. Option. If market goes up, long position benefit else exercise the option. 3)Sell deep OTM call option with underlying shares, earn premium + profit with increase prcie

Advantages
Availability of Leverage Figure 3.3d

Small Investors
Existing Approach &Prize
1) If Bullish buy stocks else sell it.

SYSTEM Peril &Prize

1) Plain Buy/Sell implies unlimited profit/loss.

New Approach Peril

1) Downside remains protected & upside unlimited.

1) Buy Call/Put options based on market outlook 2) Hedge position if holding underlying stock

Advantages
Losses Protected.

4. Exchange-traded vs. OTC derivatives markets

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The OTC derivatives markets have witnessed rather sharp growth over the last few years, which has accompanied the modernization of commercial and investment banking and globalisation of financial activities. The recent developments in information technology have contributed to a great extent to these developments. While both exchange-traded and OTC derivative contracts offer many benefits, the former have rigid structures compared to the latter. It has been widely discussed that the highly leveraged institutions and their OTC derivative positions were the main cause of turbulence in financial markets in 1998. These episodes of turbulence revealed the risks posed to market stability originating in features of OTC derivative instruments and markets. The OTC derivatives markets have the following features compared to exchange-traded derivatives: 1. The management of counter-party (credit) risk is decentralized and located within individual institutions, 2. There are no formal centralized limits on individual positions, leverage, or margining, 3. There are no formal rules for risk and burden-sharing, 4. There are no formal rules or mechanisms for ensuring market stability and integrity, and for safeguarding the collective interests of market participants, and 5. The OTC contracts are generally not regulated by a regulatory authority and the exchanges self-regulatory organization, although they are affected indirectly by national legal systems, banking supervision and market surveillance. Some of the features of OTC derivatives markets embody risks to financial market stability. The following features of OTC derivatives markets can give rise to instability in institutions, markets, and the international financial system: (i) the dynamic nature of gross credit exposures; (ii) information asymmetries; (iii) the effects of OTC derivative activities on available aggregate credit; (iv) the high concentration of OTC derivative

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activities in major institutions; and (v) the central role of OTC derivatives markets in the global financial system. Instability arises when shocks, such as counter-party credit events and sharp movements in asset prices that underlie derivative contracts, occur which significantly alter the perceptions of current and potential future credit exposures. When asset prices change rapidly, the size and configuration of counter-party exposures can become unsustainably large and provoke a rapid unwinding of positions. There has been some progress in addressing these risks and perceptions. However, the progress has been limited in implementing reforms in risk management, including counter-party, liquidity and operational risks, and OTC derivatives markets continue to pose a threat to international financial stability. The problem is more acute as heavy reliance on OTC derivatives creates the possibility of systemic financial events, which fall outside the more formal clearing house structures. Moreover, those who provide OTC derivative products, hedge their risks through the use of exchange traded derivatives. In view of the inherent risks associated with OTC derivatives, and their dependence on exchange traded derivatives, Indian law considers them illegal. 5. Factors contributing to the growth of derivatives: Factors contributing to the explosive growth of derivatives are price volatility, globalisation of the markets, technological developments and advances in the financial theories. A.} PRICE VOLATILITY A price is what one pays to acquire or use something of value. The objects having value maybe commodities, local currency or foreign currencies. The concept of price is clear to almost everybody when we discuss commodities. There is a price to be paid for the purchase of food grain, oil, petrol, metal, etc. the price one pays for use of a unit of another persons money is called interest rate. And the price one pays in ones own currency for a unit of another currency is called as an exchange rate.

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Prices are generally determined by market forces. In a market, consumers have demand and producers or suppliers have supply, and the collective interaction of demand and supply in the market determines the price. These factors are constantly interacting in the market causing changes in the price over a short period of time. Such changes in the price are known as price volatility. This has three factors: the speed of price changes, the frequency of price changes and the magnitude of price changes. The changes in demand and supply influencing factors culminate in market adjustments through price changes. These price changes expose individuals, producing firms and governments to significant risks. The break down of the BRETTON WOODS agreement brought and end to the stabilising role of fixed exchange rates and the gold convertibility of the dollars. The globalisation of the markets and rapid industrialisation of many underdeveloped countries brought a new scale and dimension to the markets. Nations that were poor suddenly became a major source of supply of goods. The Mexican crisis in the south east-Asian currency crisis of 1990s has also brought the price volatility factor on the surface. The advent of telecommunication and data processing bought information very quickly to the markets. Information which would have taken months to impact the market earlier can now be obtained in matter of moments. Even equity holders are exposed to price risk of corporate share fluctuates rapidly. These price volatility risks pushed the use of derivatives like futures and options increasingly as these instruments can be used as hedge to protect against adverse price changes in commodity, foreign exchange, equity shares and bonds. B.} GLOBALISATION OF MARKETS Earlier, managers had to deal with domestic economic concerns; what happened in other part of the world was mostly irrelevant. Now globalisation has increased the size of markets and as greatly enhanced competition .it has benefited consumers who cannot obtain better quality goods at a lower cost. It has also exposed the modern business to significant risks and, in many cases, led to cut profit margins

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In Indian context, south East Asian currencies crisis of 1997 had affected the competitiveness of our products vis--vis depreciated currencies. Export of certain goods from India declined because of this crisis. Steel industry in 1998 suffered its worst set back due to cheap import of steel from south East Asian countries. Suddenly blue chip companies had turned in to red. The fear of china devaluing its currency created instability in Indian exports. Thus, it is evident that globalisation of industrial and financial activities necessitates use of derivatives to guard against future losses. This factor alone has contributed to the growth of derivatives to a significant extent. C.} TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES A significant growth of derivative instruments has been driven by technological breakthrough. Advances in this area include the development of high speed processors, network systems and enhanced method of data entry. Closely related to advances in computer technology are advances in telecommunications. Improvement in communications allow for instantaneous worldwide conferencing, Data transmission by satellite. At the same time there were significant advances in software programmes without which computer and telecommunication advances would be meaningless. These facilitated the more rapid movement of information and consequently its instantaneous impact on market price. Although price sensitivity to market forces is beneficial to the economy as a whole resources are rapidly relocated to more productive use and better rationed overtime the greater price volatility exposes producers and consumers to greater price risk. The effect of this risk can easily destroy a business which is otherwise well managed. Derivatives can help a firm manage the price risk inherent in a market economy. To the extent the technological developments increase volatility, derivatives and risk management products become that much more important. D.} ADVANCES IN FINANCIAL THEORIES Advances in financial theories gave birth to derivatives. Initially forward contracts in its traditional form, was the only hedging tool available. Option pricing models developed by Black and Scholes in 1973 were used to determine prices of call and put options. In

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late 1970s, work of Lewis Edeington extended the early work of Johnson and started the hedging of financial price risks with financial futures. The work of economic theorists gave rise to new products for risk management which led to the growth of derivatives in financial markets. 6. Development of derivatives market in india The first step towards introduction of derivatives trading in India was the promulgation of the Securities Laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 1995, which withdrew the prohibition on options in securities. The market for derivatives, however, did not take off, as there was no regulatory framework to govern trading of derivatives. SEBI set up a 24 member committee under the Chairmanship of Dr.L.C.Gupta on November 18, 1996 to develop appropriate regulatory framework for derivatives trading in India. The committee submitted its report on March 17, 1998 prescribing necessary preconditions for introduction of derivatives trading in India. The committee recommended that derivatives should be declared as securities so that regulatory framework applicable to trading of securities could also govern trading of securities. SEBI also set up a group in June 1998 under the Chairmanship of Prof.J.R.Varma, to recommend measures for risk containment in derivatives market in India. The report, which was submitted in October 1998, worked out the operational details of margining system, methodology for charging initial margins, broker net worth, deposit requirement and realtime monitoring requirements. The Securities Contract Regulation Act (SCRA) was amended in December 1999 to include derivatives within the ambit of securities and the regulatory framework were developed for governing derivatives trading. The act also made it clear that derivatives shall be legal and valid only if such contracts are traded on a recognized stock exchange, thus precluding OTC derivatives. The government also rescinded in March 2000, the three decade old notification, which prohibited forward trading in securities. Derivatives trading commenced in India in June 2000 after SEBI granted the final approval to this effect in May 2001. SEBI permitted the derivative segments of two stock exchanges, NSE and BSE, and their clearing house/corporation to commence trading and settlement in approved derivatives contracts. To begin with, SEBI approved trading in index futures contracts based on S&P CNX Nifty and BSE

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30 (Sense) index. This was followed by approval for trading in options based on these two indexes and options on individual securities. The trading in BSE Sensex options commenced on June 4, 2001 and the trading in options on individual securities commenced in July 2001. Futures contracts on individual stocks were launched in November 2001. The derivatives trading on NSE commenced with S&P CNX Nifty Index futures on June 12, 2000. The trading in index options commenced on June 4, 2001 and trading in options on individual securities commenced on July 2, 2001. Single stock futures were launched on November 9, 2001. The index futures and options contract on NSE are based on S&P CNX Trading and settlement in derivative contracts is done in accordance with the rules, byelaws, and regulations of the respective exchanges and their clearing house/corporation duly approved by SEBI and notified in the official gazette. Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs) are permitted to trade in all Exchange traded derivative products. The following are some observations based on the trading statistics provided in the NSE report on the futures and options (F&O): Single-stock futures continue to account for a sizable proportion of the F&O

segment. It constituted 70 per cent of the total turnover during June 2012. A primary reason attributed to this phenomenon is that traders are comfortable with single-stock futures than equity options, as the former closely resembles the erstwhile badla system. On relative terms, volumes in the index options segment continue to remain

poor. This may be due to the low volatility of the spot index. Typically, options are considered more valuable when the volatility of the underlying (in this case, the index) is high. A related issue is that brokers do not earn high commissions by recommending index options to their clients, because low volatility leads to higher waiting time for round-trips.

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Put volumes in the index options and equity options segment have increased

since January 2012. The call-put volumes in index options have decreased from 2.86 in January 2012 to 1.32 in June. The fall in call-put volumes ratio suggests that the traders are increasingly becoming pessimistic on the market. Farther month futures contracts are still not actively traded. Trading in equity

options on most stocks for even the next month was non-existent. Daily option price variations suggest that traders use the F&O segment as a less

risky alternative (read substitute) to generate profits from the stock price movements. The fact that the option premiums tail intra-day stock prices is evidence to this. If calls and puts are not looked as just substitutes for spot trading, the intra-day stock price variations should not have a one-to-one impact on the option premiums. The spot foreign exchange market remains the most important segment but

the derivative segment has also grown. In the derivative market foreign exchange swaps account for the largest share of the total turnover of derivatives in India followed by forwards and options. Significant milestones in the development of derivatives market to undertake long have been (i) permission to banks to undertake cross currency term foreign currency swaps that contributed to the derivative transactions subject to certain conditions (1996) (ii) allowing corporates development of the term currency swap market (1997) (iii) allowing dollar rupee options (2003) and (iv) introduction of currency futures (2008). I would like to emphasise that currency swaps allowed companies with ECBs to swap their foreign currency liabilities into rupees. However, since banks could not carry open positions the risk was allowed to be transferred to any other resident corporate. Normally such risks should be taken by corporates who have natural hedge or have potential foreign exchange earnings. But often corporate assume these risks due to interest rate differentials and views on currencies.

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7. BENEFITS OF DERIVATIVES
Derivative markets help investors in many different ways: 1.] RISK MANAGEMENT

Futures and options contract can be used for altering the risk of investing in spot market. For instance, consider an investor who owns an asset. He will always be worried that the price may fall before he can sell the asset. He can protect himself by selling a futures contract, or by buying a Put option. If the spot price falls, the short hedgers will gain in the futures market, as you will see later. This will help offset their losses in the spot market. Similarly, if the spot price falls below the exercise price, the put option can always be exercised. 2.] PRICE DISCOVERY

Price discovery refers to the markets ability to determine true equilibrium prices. Futures prices are believed to contain information about future spot prices and help in disseminating such information. As we have seen, futures markets provide a low cost trading mechanism. Thus information pertaining to supply and demand easily percolates into such markets. Accurate prices are essential for ensuring the correct allocation of resources in a free market economy. Options markets provide information about the volatility or risk of the underlying asset. 3.] OPERATIONAL ADVANTAGES

As opposed to spot markets, derivatives markets involve lower transaction costs. Secondly, they offer greater liquidity. Large spot transactions can often lead to significant price changes. However, futures markets tend to be more liquid than spot markets, because herein you can take large positions by depositing relatively small margins. Consequently, a large position in derivatives markets is relatively easier to take and has less of a price impact as opposed to a transaction of the same magnitude in the
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spot market. Finally, it is easier to take a short position in derivatives markets than it is to sell short in spot markets. 4.] MARKET EFFICIENCY

The availability of derivatives makes markets more efficient; spot, futures and options markets are inextricably linked. Since it is easier and cheaper to trade in derivatives, it is possible to exploit arbitrage opportunities quickly and to keep prices in alignment. Hence these markets help to ensure that prices reflect true values. 5.] EASE OF SPECULATION

Derivative markets provide speculators with a cheaper alternative to engaging in spot transactions. Also, the amount of capital required to take a comparable position is less in this case. This is important because facilitation of speculation is critical for ensuring free and fair markets. Speculators always take calculated risks. A speculator will accept a level of risk only if he is convinced that the associated expected return is commensurate with the risk that he is taking.

The derivative market performs a number of economic functions. The prices of derivatives converge with the prices of the underlying at the expiration of derivative contract. Thus derivatives help in discovery of future as well as current prices. An important incidental benefit that flows from derivatives trading is that it acts as a catalyst for new entrepreneurial activity. Derivatives markets help increase savings and investment in the long run. Transfer of risk enables market participants to expand their volume of activity.

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RESARCH METHODOLOGY
Method of data collection :Secondary sources:It is the data which has already been collected by some one or an organization for some other purpose or research study .The data for study has been collected from various sources: Time: Fifteen Days Statistical Tools Used: Simple tools like bar graphs, tabulation, line diagrams have been used. Books Journals Magazines Internet sources

57

DATA INTERPRETATION
Business Growth in Derivatives segment (NSE)
Table 4 - Index futures Year 2008-09 2007-08 2006-07 2005-06 2004-05 2003-04 2002-03 2001-02 No. of contracts 4116649 156598579 81487424 58537886 21635449 17191668 2126763 1025588

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Figure 4 - Number of contracts per year

160000000 140000000 120000000 100000000 80000000 60000000 40000000 20000000 0 year 2008-09 2007-08 2006-07 2005-06 2004-05 2003-04 2002-03 2001-02

INTERPRETATION: From the data and the bar diagram above, there is high business growth in the derivative segment in India. In the year 2001-02, the number of contracts in Index Future were 1025588 where as a significant increase of 4116679 is observed in the year 2008-09.

Table 5 - No of turnovers Year 2008-09 2007-08 2006-07 2005-06 2004-05 2003-04 2002-03 2001-02 Turnover (Rs. Cr.) 925679.96 3820667.27 2539574 1513755 772147 554446 43952 21483

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Figure 5 - Turnover in Rs. Crores

4000000 3500000 3000000 2500000 2000000 1500000 1000000 500000 0

2008-09 2007-08 2006-07 2005-06 2004-05 2003-04 2002-03 2001-02 year

INTERPRETATION: From the data and above bar chart, there is high turn over in the derivative segment in India. In the year 2001-02 the turnover of index future was 21483 where as a huge increase of 92567996 in the year 2008-09 are observed. Table 6 - STOCK FUTURES Year 2008-09 2007-08 2006-07 2005-06 2004-05 2003-04 2002-03 2001-02 2000-01 No. of contracts 51449737 203587952 104955401 80905493 47043066 32368842 10676843 1957856 -

Figure 6 - Number of contracts per year in stock future

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250000000 200000000 150000000 100000000 50000000 0 year 2008-09 2007-08 2006-07 2005-06 2004-05 2003-04 2002-03 2001-02

INTERPRETATION: From the data and bar diagram above there were no stock futures available but in the year 2001-02, it predominently increased to 1957856. Then there was a huge increase of 20, 35, and 87,952 in the year 2007-08 but there was a steady decline to 51449737 in the year 2008-09.

Table 7 No. of turnovers Year 2008-09 2007-08 2006-07 2005-06 2004-05 2003-04 2002-03 2001-02 2000-01 Figure 7 - Turnover in Rs. Crores Turnover (Rs. Crores) 1093048.26 7548563.23 3830967 2791697 1484056 1305939 286533 51515 -

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8000000 7000000 6000000 5000000 4000000 3000000 2000000 1000000 0 year

2008-09 2007-08 2006-07 2005-06 2004-05 2003-04 2002-03 2001-02 2000-01

INTERPRETATION: From the data and bar chart above, there were no stock futures available in the year 2000-01. There was a steady increase of stock future 51515 in the year 2001-02. but in the year there was a huge increae of 7548563.23 in the year 2007-08 with a considerable decline of 1093048.26 in the year 2008-09. Table 8 - Index Options Year 2008-09 2007-08 2006-07 2005-06 2004-05 2003-04 2002-03 2001-02 2000-01 No. of contracts 24008627 55366038 25157438 12935116 3293558 1732414 442241 175900 -

Figure 8 - Number of contracts per year

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60000000 50000000 40000000 30000000 20000000 10000000 0 year 2008-09 2007-08 2006-07 2005-06 2004-05 2003-04 2002-03 2001-02

Interpretation: From the data and bar chart above, the no of contracts of index option was nil in the year 2000-2001. But there was a predominant increase of 1,75,900 in the year 20012002. In the year 2007-2008 there was a huge increase in the index option contracts to 55366038 and a decline of 24008627 in the year 2008-2009. Table 9 - Turnover per year in Rs. Crores

Year 2008-09 2007-08 2006-07 2005-06 2004-05 2003-04 2002-03 2001-02 2000-01

Turnover (Rs. Crores) 71340.02 1362110.88 791906 338469 121943 52816 9246 3765 -

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Figure 9 - Turnover per year in Rs. Crores 1400000 1200000 1000000 800000 600000 400000 200000 0 year 2008-09 2007-08 2006-07 2005-06 2004-05 2003-04 2002-03 2001-02

Interpretation: From the data and bar chart above, there was no turnover in the year 2000-2001 for Index option. It slowly started increasing in the year 2000-2001 to 3765.But in the year 2007-2008 there was a huge increase of 1362110.088 and a sudden decline to 71340.02 observed in 2008-2009. Table 10 - Stock Options Year 2008-09 2007-08 2006-07 2005-06 2004-05 2003-04 2002-03 2001-02 2000-01 No. of contracts 2546175 9460631 5283310 5240776 5045112 5583071 3523062 1037529 -

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Figure 10 - Number of contracts traded per year in stock option 10000000 9000000 8000000 7000000 6000000 5000000 4000000 3000000 2000000 1000000 0

2008-09 2007-08 2006-07 2005-06 2004-05 2003-04 2002-03 2001-02 year

INTERPRETATION: From the data and bar chart above the no of contracts of stock option in the year 20002001 was nil. But there was a huge increase of 1037529 observed in the year 20012002. It was 9460631 which was the the highest in the year 2007-2008. But a gradual decline of 2546175 in the year 2008-2009.

Table 11 - National turnover in Rs. Crores per year Year 2008-09 2007-08 2006-07 2005-06 2004-05 2003-04 2002-03 2001-02 2000-01 Notional turnover (Rs. crores) 58335.03 359136.55 193795 180253 168836 217207 100131 25163 -

Figure 11 - National turnover in Rs. Crores per year

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400000 350000 300000 250000 200000 150000 100000 50000 0 year 2008-09 2007-08 2006-07 2005-06 2004-05 2003-04 2002-03 2001-02

Interpretation: From the chart and the bar diagram above the stock option turnover in the year 20002001 was nil. There was a slow increase of 25163 in the year 2001-2002. But a phenomenal increase of 359136.55 in the year 2007-2008, and a decline of 58355.03 in the year 2008-2009. Table 12 - OVERALL TRADING Year 2008-09 2007-08 2006-07 2005-06 2004-05 2003-04 2002-03 2001-02 2000-01 No. of contracts 119171008 425013200 216883573 157619271 77017185 56886776 16768909 4196873 90580 Turnover (Rs. cr.) 2648403.30 13090477.75 7356242 4824174 2546982 2130610 439862 101926 2365

Figue 12 - Average daily turnovers in Rs. Crores

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60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 year 2000-2001 2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009

Interpretation: From the data and bar chart above, the overall trading contracts in the year 2000-2001 was 90580 and huge increase of 119171008 in the year 2008-2009. From the data and bar chart above the overall trading turnover in the year 2000-2001 was as low as 2365 but a predominant increase of 2648403.30 observed in the year 2008-2009. Table 13 - Overall trade description under NSE
Index Futures Stock Futures Index Options Stock Options Interest Rate Futures Total T u r n o v e r ( R s . c r . )

Y No. e of a contr r acts

Turnove r (Rs. cr.)

No. of contract s

Turnove r (Rs. cr.)

No. of contrac ts

Notional Turnove r (Rs. cr.)

No. of contract s

Notional Turnove r (Rs. cr.)

No. of cont ract s

Tu rno ver (Rs . cr.)

No. of contracts

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925679.9 2 0 0 4116646 8 9 0 9 6 5144973 7 1093048. 26 240086 27 571340.0 2 2546175 58335.03 0 0.0 0 11917100 8

2 0 0 1565985 7 79 0 8 2 0 0 6 0 7 2 0 0 5 0 6 2 0 0 4 0 5 2 0 0 3 0 4 2 0 0 2 0

3820667. 27

2035879 52

7548563. 23

553660 38

1362110. 88

9460631

359136.5 5

0.0 0

42501320 0

8148742 4

2539574

1049554 01

3830967

251574 38

791906

5283310

193795

21688357 3

5853788 6

1513755

8090549 3

2791697

129351 16

338469

5240776

180253

15761927 1

2163544 9

772147

4704306 6

1484056

329355 8

121943

5045112

168836

77017185

1719166 8

554446

3236884 2

1305939

173241 4

52816

5583071

217207

1078 1

202

56886776

2126763

43952

1067684 3

286533

442241

9246

3523062

100131

16768909

2 6 4 8 4 0 3 . 3 0 1 3 0 9 0 4 7 7 . 7 5 7 3 5 6 2 4 2 4 8 2 4 1 7 4 2 5 4 6 9 8 2 2 1 3 0 6 1 0 4 3 9 8 6 2

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3 2 0 0 1 1025588 0 2 2 0 0 0 90580 0 1

21483

1957856

51515

175900

3765

1037529

25163

4196873

1 0 1 9 2 6 2 3 6 5

2365

90580

Table 13 - Average Daily Turnovers Year 2008-09 2007-08 2006-07 2005-06 2004-05 2003-04 2002-03 2001-02 2000-01 Av. daily turnover (Rs. Crores) 45390.21 52153.30 29543 19220 10167 8388 1752 410 11

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Note: Notional Turnover = (Strike Price + Premium) * Quantity Index Futures, Index Options, Stock Options and Stock Futures were introduced in June 2000, June 2001, July 2001 and November 2001 respectively.

LIMITAITONS OF STUDY
1. LIMITED TIME: The time available to conduct the study was only 15 days. It being a wide topic had a limited time. 2. LIMITED RESOURCES:

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Limited resources are available to collect the information about the commodity trading. 3. VOLATALITY: Share market is so much volatile and it is difficult to forecast any thing about it whether you trade through online or offline. 4. ASPECTS COVERAGE: Some of the major aspects may not be covered in my study.

FINDINGS & CONCLUSION

From the above analysis it can be concluded that: 1. Derivative market is growing very fast in the Indian Economy. The turnover of Derivative Market is increasing year by year in the Indias largest stock exchange NSE. In the case of index future there is a phenomenal increase in the

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number of contracts. But whereas the turnover is declined considerably. In the case of stock future there was a slow increase observed in the number of contracts whereas a decline was also observed in its turnover. In the case of index option there was a huge increase observed both in the number of contracts and turnover. 2. After analyzing data it is clear that the main factors that are driving the growth of Derivative Market are Market improvement in communication facilities as well as long term saving & investment is also possible through entering into Derivative Contract. So these factors encourage the Derivative Market in India. 3. It encourages entrepreneurship in India. It encourages the investor to take more risk & earn more return. So in this way it helps the Indian Economy by developing entrepreneurship. Derivative Market is more regulated & standardized so in this way it provides a more controlled environment. In nutshell, we can say that the rule of High risk & High return apply in Derivatives. If we are able to take more risk then we can earn more profit under Derivatives. 4. Commodity derivatives have a crucial role to play in the price risk management process for the commodities in which it deals. And it can be extremely beneficial in agriculture-dominated economy, like India, as the commodity market also involves agricultural produce. 5. Derivatives like forwards, futures, options, swaps etc are extensively used in the country. However, the commodity derivatives have been utilized in a very limited scale. Only forwards and futures trading are permitted in certain commodity items. 6. RELIANCE is the most active future contracts on individual securities traded with 90090 contracts and RNRL is the next most active futures contracts with 63522 contracts being traded.

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RECOMMENDATIONS & SUGGESTIONS

RBI should play a greater role in supporting derivatives.

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Derivatives market should be developed in order to keep it at par with other derivative markets in the world. Speculation should be discouraged. There must be more derivative instruments aimed at individual investors. SEBI should conduct seminars regarding the use of derivatives to educate individual investors.

After study it is clear that Derivative influence our Indian Economy up to much extent. So, SEBI should take necessary steps for improvement in Derivative Market so that more investors can invest in Derivative market. There is a need of more innovation in Derivative Market because in today scenario even educated people also fear for investing in Derivative Market Because of high risk involved in Derivatives.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books referred : Options Futures, and other Derivatives by John C Hull Derivatives FAQ by Ajay Shah NSEs Certification in Financial Markets: - Derivatives Core module Financial Markets & Services by Gordon & Natarajan Reports: Report of the RBI-SEBI standard technical committee on exchange traded Currency Futures Regulatory Framework for Financial Derivatives in India by Dr.L.C.GUPTA Websites visited: www.nseindia.com www.bseindia.com www.sebi.gov.in www.ncdex.com www.google.com www.derivativesindia.com

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ABBREVIATIONS
A AMEX- America Stock Exchange B BSE- Bombay Stock Exchange BSI- British Standard Institute C CBOE - Chicago Board options Exchange CBOT - Chicago Board of Trade CEBB - Chicago Egg and Butter Board CME - Chicago Mercantile Exchange CNX- Crisil Nse 50 Index CPE - Chicago Produce Exchange CWC- Central Warehousing Corporation D DTSS- Derivative Trading Settlement System F FIIs- Foreign Institutional Investors F & O Future and Options FMC- Forward Markets Commission FRAs- Forward Rate Agreements G GAICL-Gujarat Agro Industries Corporation Limited GSAMB- Gujarat State Agricultural Marketing Board I IMM - International Monetary Market IPSTA- India Pepper & Spice Trade Association M MCX Multi Commodity Exchange

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N NAFED-National Agricultural Co-Operative Marketing Federation Of India NCDEX National Commodities and Derivatives Exchange NIAM- National Institute Of Agricultural Marketing NMSE- National Multi Commodity Exchange NOL- Neptune Overseas Limited NSCCL- National Securities Clearing Corporation NSDL- National Securities Depositories Limited NSE - National Stock Exchange O OTC- Over The Counter P PHLX - Philadelphia Stock Exchange PNB- Punjab National Bank R RBI- Reserve Bank Of India S SC(R) A - Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 SEBI- Securities Exchange Board Of India SGX- Singapore Stock Exchange SIMEX - Singapore International Monetary Exchange V VPN- Virtual Private Network

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