McHolland 1 Joseph McHolland Megan Keaton English 112 12 April 2013 Annotated Bibliography Delbanco, Andrew. College At Risk.

Chronicle Of Higher Education 58.26 (2012): B6. MasterFILE Complete. Web. 25 Mar. 2013. Dr. Andrew H. Delbanco delves into the historical education system giving the reader background on the evolution of the system. This background on the past education system leads up to his points on the modern educational system. Delbanco focuses mainly on whether or not liberal education is effective in higher education. He reaches the points on how financial issues, laws, and new ideals are hindering the liberal education system. One of Delbancos main points is the different forms of education now available to students, how there are so many options limiting options for colleges as well as opening new doors to students. The article really helps the reader see both the historical background of the educational system, which really helps understand the modern educational system. Delbanco uses plenty of evidence to back his words and does recognize that the educational system is failing. Although, Delbanco seems biased given his background as a college professor of twenty plus years, favoring higher education, although the other side is fully presented too. This information in the article can be put to very good use in my paper. The article shows both advantages and disadvantages to college and the liberal educational system, which provides an argument that shows both sides, which is a great source to draw off of. There is a lot of history in the paper. Mentioning that the college leaders and scholars are out of touch with the

McHolland 2 real world, and those who live with it. They are stuck in the world of academia and are not creating educational environments that are beneficial to those who are forced to partake in it in hopes of a flourishing tomorrow. I think this article will help me show the positive sides of a liberal education system, since that is what the US is based on, but also show why on the job training is effective too. As we try to meet those challenges, it would be folly to dismiss as navet or nostalgia an abiding attachment to the college ideal--however much or little it ever conforms to reality. One spring evening, after attending a sermon by the college president that left him troubled and apprehensive, he made the following entry: "Oh that the Lord would show me how to think and how to choose." That sentence, poised somewhere between a wish and a plea, sounds archaic today. But even if the religious note is dissonant to some of us, it seems hard to come up with a better formulation of what a college should strive to be: an aid to reflection, a place and process whereby young people take stock of their talents and passions and begin to sort out their lives in a way that is true to themselves and responsible to others. "Show me how to think and how to choose." One of the difficulties in making the case for liberal education against the rising tide of skepticism is that it is almost impossible to persuade doubters who have not experienced it for themselves. Achieve, Inc. The Future Of The U.S. Workforce: A Survey Of Hiring Practices Across Industries. Achieve Inc (2012): Eric. Web. 25 Mar. 2013. The Achieve organization conducted a survey sent out to a lot of corporations and organizations asking for statistics on hiring practices and job availability throughout their

McHolland 3 organizations. The Achieve organization summarizes the results found throughout the survey. Composed of charts and graphs, the data that they received is shown and then followed by a in depth interpretation of the data. The main findings are that companies are hiring, jobs requiring education are increasing, companies are investing in training for their employees, and although there are now many opportunities for those who do not have higher education, those opportunities are shrinking. The Achieve Organization concludes with displaying which fields of jobs hire whom, with what educational requirement. The article is very credible coming from a well-known organization, The Achieve Organization. The organization summarizes the findings of their survey, showing the readers the conclusions of their studies and the interpretations of the results. The authors interpretations of the information seem non-biased given that it comes from hard evidence, and a respectable organization that is not swayed toward either side of the argument. This article really proves my preconceptions of my topic wrong. While the idea of companies being able to train individuals to do a job without any formal education is compelling, the statistics is showing that in the coming future, the likelihood of this happening is very slim. This article will help me show that on the job training after high school is still around, and a good option for some. Although the article also shows that in the coming era that college education is becoming more of a necessity for most any job, being another article for formal education. All industries are projecting that future jobs will require more skills, education and credentials at all levels, with some variations based on the industry and current levels of education required (4).

McHolland 4 More than 80 percent of respondents say their organizations offer advancement opportunities for low skills workers, mostly lateral or one-step promotions, with more than a third of respondents saying promotion pathways are endless for low skills workers with the right work ethic and attitude (5). More than 80 percent of respondents acknowledge that they hire employees with education credentials above a high school diploma for jobs that as posted require only a high school diploma (5). "What is Registered Apprenticeship?."U.S. Department of Labor. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Mar. 2013. The article is about apprenticeships sponsored by the United States Government. Where from day one, the individuals are given a job where they are earning money, constantly getting increased pay throughout the program, and completing the program with a certificate of competency in the field. There are one thousand plus fields that are offered throughout the program and offer students, starting at age 16, the ability to earn good money, without having to go through a traditional college education. Top occupations being: chef, dental assistant, electrician, fire medic, elevator constructor, carpenter, law enforcement agent, and a few others. The article, sponsored by the United States Government: Department of Labor is an extremely credible, non-biased source. The article is strictly about information relating to apprenticeships, also known as on the job training. The article is compelling to the reader, making the programs seem like an extremely great idea and a great opportunity by showing every single aspect of the programs in a positive light. Questions left with article would be a comprehensive list of all the careers and apprenticeship opportunities that are available and further investigation into the amount of money an individual earns in these careers as compared to careers in earned by a college education.

McHolland 5 This is really the first article that I have found that actually endorses apprenticeships/on the job training. This article will allow me to show that college education really is not the only route towards getting a decent middle class salary. Through going on about the application process, the requirements, and talking about the time of the apprenticeship versus a traditional four year college education comparing salaries, I believe this will put together a compelling argument for on the job training. For instance a good example to include would be to look up the salary of a chef graduating from a culinary school, versus having real world training with a professional in the field. Although, this article does prove that a college education is definitely necessary to having a white-collar job. Registered Apprenticeship helps mobilize America's workforce with structured, on-thejob learning in traditional industries such as construction and manufacturing, as well as new emerging industries such as health care, information technology, energy, telecommunications and more. Apprentices earn competitive wages, a paycheck from day one and incremental raises as skill levels increase. In fiscal year 2008, the average hourly wage for a journeyperson who completed an apprenticeship was $23.94, which translates to $49,795 annually. Automotive technician, baker, bricklayer, carpenter, electrician, machinist, maintenance mechanic, operating engineer, painter, roofer, sheet metal worker, structural steel worker computer programmer, computer service mechanic, dairy technologist, dental assistant, electronics technician, environment analyst, fire fighter, horticulturist, insurance claims adjuster, laboratory technician, optical technician, wastewater treatment plant operator, chef, and many others.

McHolland 6 Apprenticeship programs range from 1 year to 6 years, but the majority are 4 years in length For each year of the apprenticeship, the apprentice will receive normally 2,000 hours of on-the-job training and a recommended minimum of 144 hours of related classroom instruction. Tinto, Vincent. Leaving college: rethinking the causes and cures of student attrition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. Print. Tinto has crafted a book that summarizes why enrollment in college as been declining. The Book discusses why students are leaving, not applying to get in, and even more important the ways that colleges can fix this epidemic. The book expands thoroughly on the student exodus and ways that colleges believe will remedy the problem. Tintos main point throughout the book is that students leaving these education institutions are not due to their failure; the students leaving these institutions contribute it to, faculty interaction, and the assimilation into the college lifestyle. The book has a lot of interesting statistics, that are although dated, prove the point that of those students who go to college, over half will not ever earn a degree. Tinto formulates his book into numerous different sections, each section labeled with what he is talking about. His points are well backed, well thought out, and his thesis is very strong. Right from the very beginning the reader knew what he was going to talk about and what direction he was headed in. His points are based on the Emile Durkheim and Arnold van Gennep theories, who are two prominent sociologists, which provide a logical basis for all of his points and arguments. It does leave the reader with the question, due to the date of publishing, 1987, what has he written that has been attempted and either failed or succeeded in getting student attrition down.

McHolland 7 This book, although published in 1987, will be well put to use in my paper. The book can be used both for and against the college education aspect. The book points out what colleges are doing right to keep students enrolled and what they are doing wrong which they could improve on. The fact that the book was published almost twenty years ago will give me a chance to compare what was happening in the 1980s compared to now in my other sources which will allow me to see what has and has not changed in the educational system as a whole. Compared to patterns of departure in largely residential institutions, departure from commuting colleges appears to be influenced less by social events than by strictly academic matters (74). Individual commitments, whether expressed as motivation, drive, or effort, also prove to be centrally related to departure from institutions of higher education (44) Of the nearly 2.8 million students who in 1986 will be entering higher education for the first time, over 1.6 million will leave their first institution without receiving a degree. Of those, approx.. 1.2 will leave higher education all together without ever completing a degree program, two or four year (1). Karmel, Tom, Josie Misko, and Research National Centre for Vocational Education. Apprenticeships and Traineeships In the Downturn. Occasional Paper. National Centre for Vocational Education Research (NCVER)(2009): ERIC. Web. 1 Apr. 2013. The article is about a study done on how the economic downturn in Australia has affected the on the job training/apprenticeship programs. The results that were found were that the downturn has affected apprenticeships more than trainees. Completions are not affected in the least; the issue is the initiations of the apprenticeships. The article goes into talking about the difference in apprenticeships and training programs and how there really isnt a definitive

McHolland 8 boundary between them and the programs would benefit from a clear dividing line. The article then goes into how the programs were reinstated to try and decrease unemployment during the 1980s and how effective these programs have been at curbing that unemployment rates (Karmel 3). The article is another survey/study done by the Australian Government. The article is laden with charts and graphs that depict all the information they have acquired throughout their studies. The information does depict the industries that apprenticeships are in and how each industries trainee programs have been impacted by the downturn. Overall the information displayed shows that the programs have withheld the storm of the turmoil and remains strong. The article depicts each chart/graph, which helps the reader interpret the graphs, removing any of the unclear areas. The article leaves the reader with the question of what are the predicted outcomes of the programs for the future. This article will be of great use in my paper. It shows that these programs are well planned and strong enough to endure any economy. Although they are affected by the economy due to employers being weary to commence these contracts, the information shows that it stays a steady rate. The information will be a great way to show that while college tuition is constantly increasing, apprenticeships are not. While in an economic downturn the majority of families are struggling to get by and that with these apprenticeships it decreases unemployment and gives people paying jobs. While on the other hand, college educations are costly and take years before the individuals reap the benefits of the education. The essence of the apprenticeship is the contract of traininga legal contract between an individual, an employer and a training provider.

McHolland 9 Over a relatively short period the apprenticeship and traineeship model was expanded to cover older people (previously apprentices and trainees had to be younger than 25 years), part-time workers, existing workers and school students(8). Finally, it is worth remembering the genesis of traineeshipthe high levels of unemployment in the 1980s. They were seen as a way of reducing unemployment primarily, rather than a skilling strategy. This may be particularly pertinent to disadvantaged groups for which traineeships may be especially important (23)