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Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko

Upscaling

Aspects of Spatial Scaling

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Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko

Upscaling

• We need to relate measurements at different scales


Lab—Logs—Crosswell—VSP—Surface Seismic

• How does laboratory rock physics apply to the field ?

— frequency differences
— sample size differences
— wavelength differences

• Seismic velocity depends not just on the rock and


fluid properties, but also on the measurement scale
relative to the geologic scale

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Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko

Upscaling

Scale effects
RT
on measured
EMT
velocity
0.15

0.1

0.05

-0.05

-0.1
0 10 20 30 40 50
J.1
Time (µs)
Waves were propagated through periodic media created by
stacking plastic and steel disks. At the top, the effective
layer thickness is large compared with the wavelength; at
the bottom it is small compared with the wavelength. The
waveforms show that both the travel time and
amplitude/frequency depend on the ratio wavelength to layer
thickness. The velocities in the two limits are described
wellby ray theory and effective medium theory, respectively.
Marion et al. (1994)

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Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko

Upscaling

J.2

Apparent velocity picked from the layered medium


experiment (top) and numerical simulations of the
experiment (bottom).

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Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko

Upscaling

One dimensional scale effects


in layered media
Normal incidence propagation

Effective medium limit (λ >> d):


2
1 1 Si (Backus average)
= =
M EMT Mi ρi
2 ρave
S EMT =
MEMT
2
SEMT = Si2
Ray theory limit (λ << d):

SRT = Si
SRT < SEMT

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Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko

Upscaling

Random arrangement of high and low


impedance layers: a laboratory “VSP”

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Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko

Upscaling

Scale effects in a laboratory simulated VSP


experimental

5% pick (propagator matrix)


20
10% pick (propagator matrix)

20% pick (propagator matrix)

approximate recipe
40
Kennet-Frazer
number of disks

60

effective medium

80

α=27
α=20
100

120

ray theory
140
J.3
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32

propagation times (microseconds)


In a second experiment the plastic and steel disks were
stacked randomly, to create a medium with random plastic
and steel interval thicknesses. Waves were propagated
through the growing stack, to roughly simulate a VSP.
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Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko

Upscaling

Scale Effects on Seismic Velocities


Interval velocities in thinly layered media

J.4

This slide shows the apparent interval velocity in each


plastic interval in the laboratory VSP. The difference
of arrival times picked from the waveforms at the top
and bottom of each plastic interval were divided into
the interval thickness to get the velocity. The bulk
plastic velocity is ~2500 m/s. We see that this ray
theory approach gives nonsense values when the
interval thickness becomes small relative to the
wavelength.
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Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko

Upscaling

Short wavelength and long wavelength synthetic


seismograms for plane wave propagation through
a 2-D random heterogeneous medium with Gaussian
spatial autocorrelation function

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Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko

Upscaling

Velocity Dispersion in
2-D Random Heterogeneous Media

3720

ray theory 3-D


3700

3680 ray theory 2-D


Velocity

3660
ray theory 1-D

3640 effective medium

3620

3600
0.1 1 10 100
λ/a J.5

Comparison of numerical wave propagation in 2-D


heterogeneous medium with a Gaussian spatial
autocorrelation function and ray theory predictions
of Boyse (1986)

262
Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko

Upscaling

Short Wavelength Behavior

The variance of the traveltime fluctuations around


the mean traveltime can be related to the variance
of the slowness fluctuations (Müller et al., 1992)

For plane waves in a heterogeneous medium with


a Gaussian spatial autocorrelation function:
2 2
σ = π Laσ
T S

L : pathlength
a : spatial correlation length
σ 2T : traveltime variance
σ 2S : slowness variance

263
Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko

Upscaling

Short Wavelength Behavior

Ray theory in random media

S = S0 + S ′

difference between ray theory slowness


and mean slowness:
 L2
ΔS = SRT − S0 = −σ   D
S
a

RSS

D = ∫α dζ
0
ζ
R ss : spatial autocorrelation function
a : correlation length
σ 2S : slowness variance
L : pathlength

(Boyse, 1986)

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Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko

Upscaling

Sandstone
1.1

1.0
Pressure

Extension
Vrb/Vus

0.9

0.8 Shear

0.7

0.6
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
1/Q
Limestone
1.1

1.0

Pressure
Vrb/Vus

0.9

0.8
Shear
Extension
0.7

0.6
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
1/Q
J.6

Velocity dispersion versus attenuation for sandstone


and limestone samples (Lucet, 1989)

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Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko

Upscaling

Velocity Dispersion
in Heterogeneous Limestone

x-ray
image

5300

5250
ray theory 3-D
5200

5150
velocity

5100

5050
ray theory 2-D
5000

4950
effective medium
4900
0 0.1 1 10 100
λ/a J.7

Comparison of velocities computed from average


traveltimes in numerical simulations with theoretical
predictions
266

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