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Upscaling
253
Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
Upscaling
— frequency differences
— sample size differences
— wavelength differences
254
Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
Upscaling
Scale effects
RT
on measured
EMT
velocity
0.15
0.1
0.05
-0.05
-0.1
0 10 20 30 40 50
J.1
Time (µs)
Waves were propagated through periodic media created by
stacking plastic and steel disks. At the top, the effective
layer thickness is large compared with the wavelength; at
the bottom it is small compared with the wavelength. The
waveforms show that both the travel time and
amplitude/frequency depend on the ratio wavelength to layer
thickness. The velocities in the two limits are described
wellby ray theory and effective medium theory, respectively.
Marion et al. (1994)
255
Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
Upscaling
J.2
256
Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
Upscaling
SRT = Si
SRT < SEMT
257
Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
Upscaling
258
Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
Upscaling
approximate recipe
40
Kennet-Frazer
number of disks
60
effective medium
80
α=27
α=20
100
120
ray theory
140
J.3
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32
Upscaling
J.4
Upscaling
261
Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
Upscaling
Velocity Dispersion in
2-D Random Heterogeneous Media
3720
3660
ray theory 1-D
3620
3600
0.1 1 10 100
λ/a J.5
262
Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
Upscaling
L : pathlength
a : spatial correlation length
σ 2T : traveltime variance
σ 2S : slowness variance
263
Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
Upscaling
S = S0 + S ′
(Boyse, 1986)
264
Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
Upscaling
Sandstone
1.1
1.0
Pressure
Extension
Vrb/Vus
0.9
0.8 Shear
0.7
0.6
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
1/Q
Limestone
1.1
1.0
Pressure
Vrb/Vus
0.9
0.8
Shear
Extension
0.7
0.6
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
1/Q
J.6
265
Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
Upscaling
Velocity Dispersion
in Heterogeneous Limestone
x-ray
image
5300
5250
ray theory 3-D
5200
5150
velocity
5100
5050
ray theory 2-D
5000
4950
effective medium
4900
0 0.1 1 10 100
λ/a J.7