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PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING

Urban and Site Planning


1. Which is not included in the elements of human settlements? a. Man b. Network c. Nature d. Community This is the golden era of urban design in the U.S. characterized with a totally designed system of main circulation arteries, a network of parks, and clusters or focal buildings or building blocks of civic centers. a. New Towns b. Garden City Movement c. Broadacre d. City Beautiful These are centrally located parks with a service radius from 0.8 to 3.0 kilometers designed for both active and passive recreation. a. Neighborhood park b. Municipal park c. Playlot d. Community park Which of the following statements is NOT true? a. A total separation of vehicles and pedestrians is harmful for the development of a lively and active street. b. Increasing competition for the drivers attention has turned roadway signs into swirls of conflicting graphics and verbiage. c. A street has a three-dimensional form which inhibit certain activities and make others possible. d. According to Alberti, if the city is noble and powerful, streets should be designed winding, rather than straight and broad, because this carries the air of greatness and majesty. Responsible in the reconstruction of Paris which imposed a new pattern of broad boulevards and great parks on the previous labyrinth street pattern. a. Le Corbusier b. Sir Barlow c. George Hausmann d. Daniel Burnham Recommended maximum distance of commercial center to residential zones as per HLURB planning standards. a. 1200 meters b. 800 meters c. 1000 meters d. 900 meters What type of street has high velocity and higher volume of traffic flow? a. Collector street b. Main street c. Arterial street d. Corner street An urban ecology process that occurred as early as the late 19th century in England and was attributable among others to the railway system, a mobile middle class and the tendency to establish housing estates/model dwellings was: a. Suburbanization b. Gentrification c. Sprawl

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d. Urbanization What would result in overload storm water when an urban area experiences severe storms? a. Landslide b. Surface water flooding c. Clogged sewer lines d. Erosion 10. A street pattern used in highly mountainous sites following the contours of the topography. a. Cul-de-Sac b. Loops c. Meandering d. Geometric 11. It mandates the protection of selected areas under the direction of the PAMB that is locally constituted and chaired by the DENR. a. Forestry Code b. LGC c. EIA d. NIPAS 12. Promotes the creation and restoration of diverse, walkable, compact, vibrant, mixed-use communities of the same components as conventional development, but assembled in a more integrated fashion, in the form of complete communities. a. Gentrification b. Yuppification c. New Urbanism d. New Town Development 13. A map that shows the spatial allocation of built-up areas categorized as residential, commercial, institutional, parks and open spaces, industrial and others. a. Base map b. General land use map c. Urban land use map d. Topographic map 14. The maximum distance a consumer is willing to travel to avail of a good service beyond which people will look to another center. a. Market area analysis b. Core periphery c. Market range d. Hierarchy of services 15. Major and minor routes of circulation which people use to move about. a. Pathways b. Districts c. Edges d. Landmarks 16. The larger the population of a city, the more likely its economy allows for a. Increased self-sufficiency b. Environmental protection c. Higher demand for indigenous products d. More specialization 17. The sole regulatory body for housing and land use development. It is charged with encouraging greater private sector participation in lowcost housing through liberalization of development standards, simplification of regulations and decentralization of approvals for permits and licenses. a. NHMFC b. UDHA 9. c. HLURB

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d. HUDCC 18. An in-design land use evaluation method for planning areas that retain important natural environmental features. The outcome of the valuation depends to a large extent on expert judgment based on scientific knowledge. a. Market Forecasts b. Carrying Capacity Analysis c. Committed Lands Analysis d. Land Suitability Analysis 19. Parking lots should be located in an area where slope is below ____ otherwise grading is to be done. a. 3% b. 5% c. 7% d. 10% 20. A variable of urban decoration where the environment is to have an understandable simple pattern of signs and clues. a. Rhythm b. Unity c. Harmony d. Balance and symmetry 21. Where can we find the highest level policy statements on environmental protection? a. RA 5454 b. Constitution c. PD 1151 d. LOI 90 22. It is best for linear construction such as roads, paths, and utility trenching. a. Contour Area Method b. Borrow Pit Method/Grid Method c. Average End Area Method d. Grading by Cut 23. The type of street pattern wherein the site is divided into square or rectangular blocks. a. Geometric b. Gridiron c. Linear or ribbon d. Combination 24. What site planning strategies are conductive to minimizing energy costs and adverse impacts of development? a. Minimize site disruption, protect natural drainage ways and other critical natural resources b. Respond to local climatic conditions, and minimize water, fertilizer, and maintenance needs, as well as add significant biomass to the landscape c. Minimize disruption of natural areas, extension of services, and transportation needs d. All of the choices 25. Patrick Geddes coined his team to mean the conglomeration of town aggregates, describing the waves of population to large cities followed by overcrowding and slum formation. a. Broadacre b. Backflow c. Amorphic d. Connurbation 26. It shall refer to a town deliberately planned and built which provides, in addition to houses, employment, shopping, education, recreation, culture and other services normally associated with a city or town. a. Garden City

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b. PUD c. Neighborhood unit d. New Town 27. A plan that has been formulated to check immediate problems of a community on a short-term basis. a. Action-oriented b. Comprehensive planning c. CLUP d. Sectoral planning 28. He wrote the book Image of the City a. Freidman and Douglas b. Ebeneezer Howard c. Kevin Lynch d. Unwin Raymund 29. The elements of the human settlements. a. Nature, man, society, shells, networks b. Nature man, society, networks, hamlet c. Nature, man, community, hamlet, networks d. Nature, man, community, shells, networks 30. Which of the following statements is true? a. Operable windows allow the natural ventilation to reduce the operation period of A/C System during the mild season b. Based on a given climatological-condition, a logical planning-design response is unimportant. c. Fungi rarely thrive in warm humid regions. d. The need and benefits of protecting the natural environment can be considered minor consideration in site selection or planning. 31. Secondary roads include: a. Minor road b. Boulevard c. Avenue d. All of the choices 32. Under the Water Code of the Philippines, the use of banks of rivers, lakes, streams and shores of seas, throughout their entire length must have an easement of _____ in agricultural areas/rural areas where the building of structures of any kind is prohibited. a. 10 meters b. 40 meters c. 20 meters d. 3 meters 33. An overlay method of mapping natural determinants used to determine the suitability of a particular site for prospective land uses. a. Site suitability b. Site analysis c. GIS d. Sieve-mapping 34. Which of the following statements is true? a. An isolated building is surrounded by structures. b. The physical well-being and attitudes of people are directly affected by climate, and these in turn prescribe the planning needs. c. Combining cut-and-fill is considered the most expensive grading methods. d. Monotony is not a common problem for roads using modified grids. 35. A type of restoration technique that preserves the object without direct intervention on its materials; has something to do with preventing or avoiding agents of degradations of the objects fabric, function, form (appearance), intrinsic values and attributes. a. Anastylosis b. Substitution c. Static restoration

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d. Quasi-restoration 36. Radbum represented a dramatic advance in community planning. It introduced the following except one. a. Houses were oriented towards the streets. b. Introduced the concept of the residential superblock. c. Introduced a hierarchy of roadways. d. Deliberately separated pedestrian and vehicular traffic. 37. A survey technique used in moderate to large scale projects involving understanding the genius loci as a key to charting the direction for future development. a. Historical analysis b. Permeability analysis c. Visual survey d. Townscape analysis 38. Places and objects that are associated with an event, achievement, characteristics or modification that present a turning point or stage in Philippine history. a. National monuments b. Cultural properties c. National landmarks d. Shrines 39. The prominent visual feature of a city and seen at great distances. To help define orientation and identify the area. a. Pathways b. Edges c. Landmarks d. Districts 40. Recommended maximum distance of residential area to health facilities as per HLURB planning standards. a. 3 to 4 km b. 4 to 5 km c. 0.5 to 2 km d. 2 to 3 km 41. It combined the advantages of the town by way of access and all the advantages of the country by the way of the environment without any of the disadvantages of either. a. New Urbanism b. New Towns c. Garden Cities d. Neighborhood Unit 42. A clearance issued to a project that is allowed under the provisions of the Zoning Ordinance as well as other standards, rules and regulations on land use. a. Variance b. Zoning clearance c. Locational clearance d. Deed restrictions 43. A special type of bar chart that shows the distribution of a population by age and sex. a. Population projection b. Population density c. Population implosion d. Population pyramid 44. Early pioneer of the concept of nodal region. Promoter of Garden City Movement. a. Lewis Mumford b. Ebeneezer Howard c. UnwinRaymund d. Barry Parker

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45. Refers to all cities regardless of their population density and to municipalities with a population density of at least 500 persons per hectare. a. Highly urbanized city b. Independent city c. Component city d. Urban area 46. Refers to an area with at least 200,000 people and income of P50M or more. a. Metropolitan area b. Highly-urbanized city c. Component city d. Independent component city 47. Conditions of the site are the basis for harmony between the buildings and site. The building and large part of its success depends on its harmonious relation with nature. a. Deference b. Geometric contrast c. Extension d. Accent 48. What is the first university town? a. Vienna b. Paris c. Karlsruhe d. Versailles 49. He is the author of the 10-volume treatise de Arkitektura which relates experience of Roman architecture and town planning. a. Leonardo da Vinci b. Nicoletus c. Vitruvius d. Hipodamus 50. Built the first Garden City Letchworth in 1920. a. UnwinRaymund/Barry Parker b. Lewis Mumford c. Freidman and Douglas d. Abercrombie 51. Acknowledged as the oldest city in the history of settlements a. Babylon b. Eridu c. Constantinopole d. Damascus 52. Acknowledged as the oldest continually inhabited city in the world a. Babylon b. Eridu c. Damascus d. Athens 53. Roman forum designed with formalism a. Freedom Forum b. Triumphal Forum c. Republican Forum d. Imperial Forum 54. The first noted urban planner because of his design of the city of Miletus a. Vitruvius b. Hippodamus c. Damascus d. Paleo

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55. The first city that signified the rise of the church, with the church being an integral part of its urban design a. Rome b. Constantinople c. Madrid d. Versailles 56. Leader of the reform movement during the Industrial Revolution a. Robert Owen b. Ebenezer Howard c. James Oglethorpe d. Soria Y Mata 57. The military towns of Spanish settlements a. Laws of the Indies b. Pueblo c. Presidio d. Missions 58. Acknowledged as the icon of middle class suburbanization during the 1950s a. Projects 1 to 8 b. PhilAm-Life Homes c. Forbes Park d. Quezon City 59. Largest in land area among Metro Manilas cities a. City of Manila b. Caloocan City c. Quezon City d. Muntinlupa City 60. Among Kevin Lynchs elements of the city, these are defined as lateral references that are not coordinate axes a. Paths b. Edges c. Nodes d. Districts 61. Defined as intensive foci from which the observer is traveling a. Paths b. Edges c. Nodes d. Districts 62. Most dominant element for most persons image of the city a. Paths b. Edges c. Nodes d. Districts 63. Responsive environments that focus on details, with a wide vocabulary of visual cues possess a. Legibility b. Variety c. Visual appropriateness d. Personalization 64. The shape of urban cities formed by two corridors of intense development crossing the center a. Radio-centric b. Rectilinear c. Articulated sheet d. Linear 65. Determines current housing needs a. Housing to be replaced b. Housing for new family formation c. Housing for new family formation d. All of the above

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66. Describes the housing shortage or backlog a. Difference between number of acceptable housing & number of families b. Housing for new family formation c. Housing produced minus existing housing d. All of the above 67. Type of urban ecological process in land use planning patterning in cities or communities defined as the entrance of a new population and/or facilities into an occupied area a. Succession b. Concentration c. Invasion d. Decentralization 68. In the increase of urban population, which of the following factors indicates excess of in-migration over out-migration? a. Natural increase b. Concentration c. Net Migration d. Reclassification 69. Factors indicating Net Migration a. Excess of births over deaths b. Excess in young population c. Excess of in-migration over out-migration d. Rural areas having achieved urban status 70. Urban design control that allows builders and developers more space if they provide desirable features such as plazas, arcades, and other open spaces a. Flexible zoning b. Incentive zoning c. Cluster zoning d. Land use planning 71. The largest and simplest function of a city a. Economic b. Government c. Housing d. Transportation 72. Intersections that separate lanes of traffic by use of islands a. Channelization b. Rotaries c. Clover leafs d. Diamonds 73. Basic subdivision design a. Grid iron b. Radial on grid iron c. Curvilinear d. Radial super blocks 74. What major problem brought about the discipline of city planning? a. Physical chaos b. Urban growth c. Land value d. Crime 75. What part of basic data and planning studies in a comprehensive development plan describes the physical setting of the community or region? a. Economic base study b. Land use survey and inventory c. Man-made features d. History and geography

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76. The urban model of growth and development that presents the emergence of self-sufficient sectors a. Concentric zone model b. Sector model c. Multiple nucleic model d. Urban realms model 77. Density control method that regulates the proportions between the built area of the building and the lot area a. Number of occupants per square meter b. Number of occupants per floor c. Floor area ratio d. Floor space index 78. A general term to describe the idea of consciously renewing the outworn areas of towns and cities a. Historic preservation b. Urban renewal c. Adaptive reuse d. Urban gentrification 79. A mixed use community with an average 670 meters distance of a transit stop and commercial core area a. Transit oriented development b. Traditional neighborhood development c. Planned unit development d. New urbanism 80. A group of architects, planners, and urban designers formed to educate citizens worldwide of the benefits of new urbanism a. The Council of New Urbanism b. The Congress for New Urbanism c. The New Urbanism Movement d. The Association of New Urbanists 81. According to the new theory of New Urbanism, neighborhoods must have a discernible center within a five minute of walk of all dwellings, and equivalent to a. 200 to 300 meters b. 300 to 500 meters c. 600 to 700 meters d. Approximately 1 kilometer 82. Minimum width of sidewalks, according to New Urbanism principles a. 1.20 meters b. 2.00 meters c. 2.50 meters d. 3.00 meters 83. Which of the following indicates good site planning a. Maximized land use/space b. Controlled environmental hazards c. Efficient maintenance d. All of the above 84. The document issued by the DENR Secretary certifying that based on the representations of the proponent and the preparers, as reviewed and validated by the EIARC, the project will not pose negative impact to the environment a. ECC b. EIS c. EMP d. EENT

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85. One of the key housing agencies of HUDCC that concentrates on the production aspect of housing a. HLURB b. NHMFC c. NHA d. HIGC 86. One of the funding agencies of Housing, locally known as the Pag-ibig Fund a. GSIS b. SSS c. HDMF d. 143 Fund 87. An urban design control that is used to limit height and building bulk, creates setbacks and open space, and ultimately generate a relatively uniform urban fabric, computed as the ratio of the total floor area and the lot area a. Building Code b. Floor Space index c. Floor Area ratio d. Land Zoning 88. The salient provision of this law requires developers of propsed subdivision project at least 20% of the total subdivision area or total subdivision project cost for socialized housing a. RA 7279 b. RA 9266 c. RA 1432 d. RA 1680 89. The wet and dry market is its main feature with quasi-residential commercial or mixed use development a. Central Business District b. Town Center c. Neighborhood Center d. Minor CBD 90. Refers to the acquisition of land at values based on existing use in advance of actual need to promote planned development and socialized housing programs. a. Land investing b. Land banking c. Land swapping d. Land assembly 91. Refers to the process of land acquisition by exchanging land for another piece of land of equal value, or for shares of stock in a government or quasi-government corporation. a. Land investing b. Land banking c. Land swapping d. Land assembly 92. Refers to the acquisition of lots of varying ownership through purchase or expropriation for the purpose of planned and rational development and socialized housing programs without individual boundary restrictions. a. Land investing b. Land banking c. Land swapping d. Land assembly

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93. Refers to those areas declared as such under existing statutes and pertinent executive issuances. a. Idle lands b. Blighted lands c. Areas for priority development d. Component lands 94. Refers to the areas where the structures are dilapidated, obsolete and unsanitary, tending to depreciate the value of the land and prevent normal development and use of the area. a. Idle lands b. Blighted lands c. Areas for priority development d. Component lands 95. Refers to non-agricultural lands in urban and urbanizable areas on which no improvements, as herein defined, have been made by the owner, as certified by the city, municipality or provincial assessor. a. Idle lands b. Blighted lands c. Areas for priority development d. Component lands 96. A tract or a parcel of land registered under RA 496 which is partitioned primarily for residential purposes into individual lot with or without improvements thereon, and offered to the public for sale, in cash or in installment terms. a. Condominium Project b. Subdivision Project c. Economic and Socialized Housing d. Open Market Housing 97. The entire parcel of real property divided or to be divided primarily for residential purposes into condominium units including all structures thereon. a. Condominium Project b. Subdivision Project c. Economic and Socialized Housing d. Open Market Housing 98. Constructed and financed by the private sector as a business venture and sold at prevailing market prices and interest. a. Condominium Project b. Subdivision Project c. Economic and Socialized Housing d. Open Market Housing 99. Housing project for moderately low income families with lower interest rates and longer amortization periods. a. Condominium Project b. Subdivision Project c. Economic and Socialized Housing d. Open Market Housing 100. As per NSO, what structure is 3 or more units, intended for residential use only, usually consisting of 3 or more housing units? a. Single House b. Duplex c. Multi-Unit Residence d. Medium-Density Residence

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History of Urban Planning


IDEAL SIZE OF A CITY = 10,000 20,000 (by Aristotle) HIPPODAMUS Gridiron Layout City in the form of Grid PIRAEUS, Athens Harbor NEOPOLIS New Town PALEOPOLIS Old Town URBAN DESIGN GREEK Sense of finite Romans Political Power & Organization USE OF SCALE GREEK based on Human Measurements Romans Proportion that would relate to the Parts of the Building Settlements Rectilinear & Circular MODULE GREEK use of House Romans use of Street FORM A Latin word meaning Open Space or Market Place Administrative & Corporate Heart of Rome REPUBLICAN FORUM Roman Forum Designed by Vitruvius Proportion 3:2 (Length to Width) Small Area, 6 acres Architectural Masses, Full of Odd Corners Curia Senate House IMPERAIL FORUM Urban Space Architectural or Urban Masses were made Subordinate to Spaces Composed of Piazas formed by Colonnades Colonnade serve as Transition (Spacious, Open, Sense of Openness) ANCIENT GREECE Acropolis Agora ANCIENT ROME Republican Forum Imperial Forum MEDIEVAL ERA Decline of Rome Urban Settings Military Strongholds, Castles, Monasteries RENAISSANCE ERA Ideal Cities Accomplishments of Early Renaissance Public Works & Civil Improvement of Projects Leon Battista Alberti Foremost, Theoretical Rebuilding the Ferrara 1ST Modern City Palazzo Diamenti Most Famous Structures

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Biaggio Rosetti Earliest Modern Urban Designers Leonardo Da Vinci Sketched a City Straddling River Proposed Movable Houses Anticipated the Greenbelt Concept Satellite Town for Workers REBUILDING LONDON Several Designers : Christopher Waren John Evelyn Robert Hooke Valentine Knight John Gwynn Produced The Plan of London (1716) INDUSTRIAL TOWNS Tony Garnier - French Architect Une Cite Industrielle (1901- 1904) Anticipated the Modern Day Zoning Plan is incredibly Detailed Don Arturo Soria Y Mata La Ciudad Lineal Stalingrad (Planned Linear City) Created Madrids 1st Streetcar & Telephone System THE CONVENTIONISTS & PARK MOVEMENT George Perkins Marsh Founder of Modern Conservation Man & Nature Frederick Law Olmsted Pioneer of American Park System Central Park in New York Cities planned for generations ahead Maintain sufficient breathing space GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT Ebenezer Howard Garden City Concept Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Social Reform Letchworth 1st Garden City SCIENTIFIC APPROACH Connurbation The Wave of the Population Inflow to Large Cities Wave of Backflow CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT Golden Age of Urban Design (Termed the City Beautiful Era) Worlds Fair As a Civic Art As Urban Renewal Operations Civic Centers ( City Hall, Country Courthouse, Library, Museum & Plaza) Public Works ( Bridges, Rivers, Colleges & Universities, Railroads) City as a Whole Daniel Burnham Make No Little Plans, They have no Magic to stir Mans Blood ARCHITECTS IN URBAN PLANNING Eliel Saarinen Le Corbusier

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Une Ville Contemporaine Plan Voisin (Neighborhood Plan) Le Plan de Paris Spokesman International Movement Chandigrah, India Designed Entire City Louis Khan Central Philadelphia Kenzo Tange Plan for Tokyo Circulation as a Determinant of Urban Form Frank Lloyd Wright Disappearing City Broadacres every Family on acreland Changed Scheme Full Mile High Skyscraper Constantine Dioxadis Arch Transition Ekistics Grid System for Recording Planning Data & Ordering Planning Process Ekistics Science of Human Settlement

The Concepts of City and Urban Planning


Definitions of the term City and Urban abound and attempts at synthesis appear in the literature every now and then. But none of these definitions can claim to be the official or standard one simply because definitions vary from country to country in the Philippines, for example, the official definition of urban areas as developed by the National Statistics Office (NSO) is as follows: In their entirety, all cities and municipalities have a population density of at least 1,000 persons per square kilometer Poblacion or central districts of municipalities and cities which have a population density of at least 500 persons per square kilometers Poblacion or central districts (not included in 1 and 2) regardless of population size, which have the following: Street pattern, i.e. network of streets in either parallel or right angle; At least six establishments (commercial, manufacturing, recreational, and/or personal services); and Any of the three of the following: A town hall, church or chapel with religious services at least one a month; A public plaza, park or cemetery; A market place, or building where trading activities are carried out at least once a week; A public building like a school, hospital, puericulture and health centers or library. Barangays, having at least 1,000 inhabitants, which meet the conditions set forth in 3 above, and where the occupation of inhabitants is predominantly non-agricultural. The impracticality of adopting a worldwide standard definition has led to the established practice of adopting the particular countrys definition of urban when cross-country comparisons are being made (Pernia 1993,2).

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Nevertheless, the following definition of city or urban by Hartshorn is worth quoting: "A concentration of people with a distinctive way of life employment patterns and lifestyle[with] a high degree of uses and a wide variety of social, economic and political coordinate the use of facilities and resources (Hartshorn in terms of specialized land institutions that 1992,3)

From the above definition a number of operative phrases, which characterize an urban area, can be identified and which find correspondence in the Philippine definition: Concentration of people. Various countries have adopted different minimum population sizes to designate as urban, ranging from a low of 200 as in the cases of Denmark and Sweden, to a high of 30,000 as in Japan (Hartshorn 1992, quoting UN sources). In the Philippines, concentration is expressed (and rightly so) in terms of density, and, to a lesser degree, population size (criteria 1,2 and 4). Distinctive employment patterns. In contrast to rural occupations, urban production activities are dominated by manufacturing and services, or secondary and tertiary sectors. The Philippines census definition reflects this observation by considering a barangay as urban when more than half of total employment, therein is accounted for by non-agricultural activities (criterion 4) Distinctive Lifestyle. Compared to his rural counterpart, the urban dweller exhibits a faster pace of living because he/she operated in an environment that demands more discipline, firmer scheduling, and more precise deadlines. This is the only feature not captured in the NSO definition. Specialized land uses. There is a discernible segregation of residential, industrial, commercial, and institutional uses in urban areas. Segregation and spatial structuring of land uses are achieved in part through the design of the circulation system. Or conversely, the street pattern has evolved from the necessity to link together spatial segregated land-use areas. Wide Variety of institutions. The presence of economic, social, religious, cultural and administrative buildings and institutions are sufficient condition to make an area urban. Under RA 7160 (LGC 1991), the requisites for the creation of a city are: A minimum income of 20 million pesos, and Any of the following: Minimum land area of 10,000 hectares, or A minimum population of 150,000. Local Government Code (1991) further classifies Philippine cities using the same variables of income and population size: Highly urbanized city A population of not less than 200,000 and an income of 50 million pesos Component City a population and income below those of a highly urbanized city Independent City a chartered city with a population and income below those required for a city but whose charter makes it independent from the province.

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OVERBOUNDED CITIES town or cities classified as completely urban may still contain a sizable rural hinterland and a town that is classified as rural does have an urban core or Poblacion. UNDERBOUNDED CITIES when cities or towns overstep their legal boundaries and their built-up areas extend beyond their city limits. True-bound Cities cities whose urban areas fit their legal boundaries. URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND URBANISATION Urban development pertains to the process of occupation and use of land or space for such activities as residential, industrial, commercial, and the like, necessary to carry out the functions of city life. Urbanization. Urban development entails the building and rebuilding of more or less permanent structures over land that is withdrawn or converted from its original use, resulting in the creation of a built environment where people in large numbers tend to move and concentrate themselves. Urban area or urban space is the built environment that is thus adapted as human settlement with a high degree of concentration. Cities or urban areas, which are the product of urban development process, perform at least three main functions: Providing an environment for a peculiar type of human settlements, Providing the locus of, and conditions for faster economic growth, and Facilitating the integration between these two functions. State Intervention derives justification from a number of social, economic and environmental conditions arising from the following: The failure of the market mechanism to provide for social goods and to deal satisfactorily with negative externalities of urban activities. There is inequality in almost every respect and the market tends to reinforce these inequalities. Strong social classes, usually the land owning classes, dominate the weaker classes. Government policies and actions can be grouped under any or a combination of the following functions of the state: As supplier or provider of public or social goods and services; only when: There is an existence of natural monopolies When decreased cost is attained by enlarged scale of production When externalities are created by market transactions When goods provided are pure public goods When merit goods are involved. As regulator or facilitator of the operations of the market; As an arbiter between contending social groups or classes; and As social engineer.

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EVOLUTION AND TRENDS


The Legacy of the past: The ancient world: Fertile Crescent 4000 BC Urban planning @ the development of city-kingdoms at Assyria by the Sumerians The Greeks Athens, the Parthenon The medieval, Renaissance and Baroque Periods The Industrial City-reform movements, the garden city concept The Americas Models of Urban Development in the Philippines:

Prototypes of Urban development:


MODEL I Urban development through influx of Population Squatter Resettlement Insurgency victims Victims of natural calamities Persons displaced by major infrastructure projects Alternatives to resettlement MODEL II Urban Growth through inflow of capital Remittances from OCWs Investment in local tourist potentials Location of major institutions Location of regional government centers MODEL III MODEL IV MODEL V MODEL VI Urban growth through agricultural modernization Urban growth through Industrial location expansions Cities in towns and social equity Issues Metropolitanization

THE NEED FOR PLANNING


Shaping the pattern of growth to achieve a sensible and attractive land-use pattern Avoiding both oppressively dense development or overly scattered and fragmentary development Encouraging a pattern of development that gives residents ready access to recreational, cultural, school, shopping and other facilities Having a street pattern that is convenient to use and through which traffic flows without excessive congestion. An adequate road system with utility facilities. Separating incompatible land uses and activities. Providing a system of pathways so that pedestrian and bicycle traffic is separated from automobile traffic. Providing housing for the lower-income residents Preserving historic buildings and other landmarks

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Implementing street improvements and other changes to help downtown businesses compete successfully with establishments in outlaying areas. Creating conditions that encourage existing industry to remain and expand and new firms to locate within the community. Guide and manage development to minimize environmental damage Improving region wide sewage disposal and water systems Coordinating between the planning efforts of the various municipalities in the region to avoid duplication of capital faculties and interference effects.

THE PLANNING/ POLICY-MAKING/ MANAGEMENT CYCLE


The cycle of activities involved may include the following: Survey and analysis Estimation of current and projected needs Survey of existing situation Analysis of economic and development potentials Evaluation of results of past interventions (feedback) Responses from the public Development of strategies and policies Clarification of goals and objectives Identification of key issues/problems Identification of alternative strategies/policies Analyzing costs and benefit alternatives Identification of the likely consequences of adopting the various alternative courses of action Prioritization of alternatives Selection of alternatives which achieve the optimum balance between goal achievement and resource utilization Implementation Identification of implementing agencies Mobilization of the necessary resources Specification and coordination of activities Specification of programs and projects Preparation of program budgets Specification of terms for implementation Specification of performance measures and targets Supervision of routine operations and maintenance functions Monitoring and evaluation Regular monitoring of performance against targets Ex-post evaluation of performance and impact Feedback of results into previous stages through an effective information system

INSTRUMENT OF URBAN PLANNING & MANAGEMENT


The following could be categorized in terms of function: regulatory mechanisms, fiscal mechanisms (taxation & subsidies), and direct public provision or ownership. They could also be categorized in terms of subject area or elements: land/land use, public services and infrastructure.

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Public ownership of land (including open-market, land acquisition, compulsory acquisition, land nationalization) Legal regulations of private land ownership/tenure. Legal powers to control private use and development of land Legal powers and fiscal penalties to control public nuisances (pollution, etc) Legal control over vehicles and transportation. Government provision of infrastructure Government construction of housing Government construction of other public buildings and facilities. Direct government provision of public services (water, refuse collection, transport, etc) or contracting of these services from other agencies/private sector Regulation of private provision of public services (transport, commercial activities, etc) Taxation of land and land development Recovery of costs of public services from beneficiaries Subsidies for public or private provision of public services.

CHOICES AND CONFLICTS


Major areas of potential conflicts: Between politicians. Politicians/administrators Administrators/professionals Between administrators Between professionals External consultants/internal Between departments Central government/local government Statutory body and voluntary body Donor agency/national government Public authorities/community Within communities.

CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING PERFORMANCE


Improving standard of living has been achieved There is Distribution and equity Environmental sustainability is enforced Fundamental rights, freedoms and personal needs are considered There is Effectiveness and the ability to implement Conflicts and uncertainty are resolved

CAPITAL FACILITIES PLANNING


Capital facilities is the single most powerful tools to shape the communitys development and implement the comprehensive development plan. This includes roads, bridges, schools, parking structures, public buildings water supply, waste disposal facilities, sewer and solid waste systems.

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Strategies:
Making projection and forecasts of population needs and economic conditions Analysing future revenue and expenditure requirements Evaluatiing costs and benefits associated with alternative investments Assessing various fiscal policies and methods of financing capital facitilities

Planning Framework Considerations:


External factors that may influence public programs Total public service needs and demands An inventory of the present capital facilities of the community An evaluation of the present and future plans of various government levels and private enterprises for the provision of public facilities and services.

Forecasting Community Growth and Change


Population projects are the fundamental capital facility requirements Economic projects assists in estimating water and sewage disposal requirements, Land use Studies determines the type of suitability. component in forecasting future traffic flows, etc. development, and land

REVENUE ANALYSIS
Revenue analysis separates sources of revenue into categories like property tax, fees and licenses projected over a number of years.

Evaluation Criteria
Fiscal impacts. Explicit consideration of initial cost of development and subsequent cost for operation, maintenance and repairs of the capital facility. Other fiscal impacts: Changes in revenue. Capital projects may generate new revenues for the locality. Impact on energy requirements. Estimated changes in energy requirements should be included as part of the projects operating and maintenance cost impacts. Legal liability are potential costs of undertaking a project such as for flood damages resulting in the diversion of a natural stream course. Health and safety effects. Data on the estimated number of persons affected and the severity of effect should be provided on: Reductions/increase in traffic accidents Elimination of health hazards arising from sewer problems or poor water quality Long-term health hazards like asbestos in public buildings. Community Economic effects. Economic effects should include the likely impact of the project on: Property values Tax base Employment opportunities

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Personal income Business income Stabilization or revitalization on declining neighborhoods Quality of life and quality of service. Beneficial and adverse effects on the quality of life environmental, aesthetic and social considerations. Although perhaps not resulting in major health problems, the potential for noise, air or water pollution should be taken into account. Increased travel times and other inconvenience to the public should also be evaluated. Disruption and inconvenience. Some projects can involve lengthy disruptions of service and inconvenience to users. Repairs or constructionof bridges, streets, water and sewer lines can involve rerouting of traffic, temporary interruption of services, or even relocate households Distributional effects. Capital projects can deliver financial gains or losses to individuals or firms. Where appropriate, these costs and benefits should be broken down by: age groups, economic status, neighborhood or districts, residential or commercial areas, handicapped persons, etc. Project feasibility. Projects should be evaluated on: Compatibility and compliance with the comprehensive plan Degree of public support for or opposition to the project Implications of project deferral. Impacts to deferring the projects: Costs Beneficiaries Availability of inter-governmental assistance Risk and uncertainty. Cost estimates Effects of the quality of service Inter-jurisdictional relations. Special coordination may be required if the project has significant adverse or beneficial effects on other jurisdictions or agencies that serve the same area. Advantages accruing from other proposals. If two or more projects could be undertaken together at a lower cost than if done separately, the combined effort might rate at a higher priority.

URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING


Transportation planning is a process that has as its goal the determination of needed improvements or new facilities in order to meet transportation needs of a specific region or areas. A comprehensive process encompassing travel demand, facility construction, and comprehensive needs assessment.

Theoretical Foundations of Transportation Planning


Land use. Difference of patterns of land development result in varying demands for transportation: conversely, the type of transportation systems configuration influences the pattern of land development. The urban environment, transportation systems and land use patterns all interact with changes in one produces changes in other parts. Delivery of Goods and Services. Transportation is the result of a derived demand attributable to the need for goods and services in specific places at specific times.

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URBAN ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS


Plants, animals, soils, and water are functional elements of the city or suburban landscape, just as in rural forest areas or wild lands. These natural resources perform important services for the urban environment and even provide cost savings to cities. Urban Ecosystem Analysis (UEA) is a process developed by AMERICAN FORESTS for measuring the dollar value of urban ecology. The analysis maps local ecology and estimates the economic value of important ecosystem services such as Storm water runoff reduction, Air pollution reduction and Energy conservation.

Environmental Planning
PHYSICAL PLANNING shall mean the rational use of land for development
purposes. Factors to Study: Land Use Planning Planning Principles Ecological Balance Preservation/Conservation Urban Land Use Planning Physical Infrastructure Development

SOCIAL PLANNING refers to those activities concerned with planning,


development, and management of social services, facilities required by specific population groups, community, town, city, province, region, or nation.

Factors to Study:
Demography Education Housing Health Services Social Welfare Services Protective Services Sports and Recreation

ECONOMIC PLANNING refers to those activities concerned with uplifting


the quality of life and income levels of the population through assessment of advantages from economic activities in either agriculture, industry, tourism, services, etc. Factors to Study: Commerce Industry

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Tourism Agriculture

P. D. 1308: Environmental Planning Practice (March 2, 1977)


ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING refers to activities concerned with the
management and development of land, as well as, the preservation, conservation, and rehabilitation of the human environment.

Scope of Practice:
Development of a community, town, city, or region. Development of a site for a particular need such as housing, education, etc. Land Use and zoning plans for the management and development, preservation, conservation, control, and rehabilitation of the environment. Pre-investment, pre-feasibility, and feasibility studies.

Theories in Urban and Regional Planning


PLANNING DEFINITIONS.
Planning in general is a thinking and social process. Intellectual thought processes (thinking aspect) as well as policies and actions (social aspect) are needed to bridge the gap between what is likely and what is desired. Other specific definitions of planning include: A process for determining appropriate future action through a sequence of choices (Davidoff & Reiner, 1962) A process of preparing a set of decisions for action in the future directed at achieving goals by preferable means (Dron, 1963) An orderly sequence of actions which is designed to achieve a stated goal (Hall, 19??) A sequence of actions which are designed to solve problems in the future (Glasson, 1974) Foresight in formulating and implementing programs and policies (Hudson, 1979)

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PLANNING PROCESS
Whatever the purpose may be, the planning process generally includes a set of activities that remain invariant across different planning philosophies a sort of general format to follow. To illustrate, several examples are presented:

Example 1
Problem Structuring Identification and Evaluation of Alternative Responses Implementation Monitoring and Evaluation From Thomas Saaty, 1985

Example 2
Identification of a Problem Formulation of Goals Identification of Objectives and Targets Determination of Constraints and Opportunities Projection for Future Situation Generation and Evaluation of Alternative Courses of Action Implementation of Preferred Plan Monitoring and Evaluation From John Glasson, 19??

Example 3
Data Description Desires Designs Decision Deed From Britton Harris, 19??

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SYSTEMS PLANNING derived from the science of cybernetics: cybernetics


was identified by Norman Weiner in 1948, an American mathematician and thinker. Concerned with urban and regional systems viewing them as complex interacting systems. The planning or controlling system and the system which it seeks to control. Three leading British exponents of cybernetics-based planning: George Chadwick Alan Wilson Brian McLoughlin

COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING evolved from a physical planning model from the


1920s to 1930s as exemplified by British planner Patrick Geddess S-A-P and Ebenezer Howards Garden City. Ceased to be the universal planning standard by 1970.

GROWTH POLE/CENTER THEORY


Francis Perroux Growth Pole Boudeville (1966) Growth Center Concept of Leading Industries Concept of Propulsive Firms Albert Hirshman Polarization Gunnar Myrdal Backwash and Spread Effects Scale Economies Agglomeration Economies

CENTRAL PLACE THEORY.

By Walter Christaller, 1933. Explains the size and function of settlements and their relationship with their hinterlands. Hierarchy of Services hierarchical arrangement of centers and functions based on service activities from low order to high order services found only in major urban centers. Market Range maximum distance a consumer is willing to travel to avail of a good or service beyond which people will look to another center. Threshold Population minimum population necessary to support a service.

CORE-PERIPHERY.
By John Friedmann. Unbalanced growth results to dualism North and South, growing points and lagging regions. Dualistic economies. Toffler technological apartheid.

DEPENDENCY THEORY.
Development of First World derived from underdevelopment of Third World, neocolonialism. Advocated by Latin American economists and planners like Cesar Furtado.

INDUSTRIAL LOCATION THEORY.

Generally, an economic theory that attempts to incorporate the location factor into the theory of the firm and tries to explain the existing structure of industrial location and changes in that structure. Least Cost Approach. Minimization of total costs (transport and production costs) in site selection. Supply-oriented.

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Market Area Analysis. Optimum location is the site of maximum profit, one that affords greatest access to market and serve greatest demand. Demandoriented. Profit Maximizing Approach. Cost and demand factors of location combined. Cost reducing and revenue increasing.

STAGES OF ECONOMIC GROWTH.

By Walt w. Rostow, 1960. Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto.

The Stages of

A neo-classical theory on economic growth and development. A take-off theory, wherein there are five stages of economic development: 1. Traditional Society basically an agricultural society characterized by low productivity, low technology. Power is concentrated in the hands of the landed elite, and value system is oriented towards fatalism. 2. Preconditions for Take-Off transitional period when a society prepares itself for take-off, new and higher functions due to modern science. Investments are used for social overhead capital and infrastructure. 3. Take-Off development of one or more leading manufacturing sectors. Start of self-sustaining growth. Profits are reinvested. 4. Drive to Maturity the automobile age, modern technology and techniques, growth of urban population, white-collar workers. 5. Age of High Mass Consumption increasing purchasing power of the consumer, service/tertiary sector become dominant. Welfare state.

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS (DOXIADIS) Nature the natural physical environment. Man an individual, Homo Sapiens biological needs (oxygen, nutrition),

sensation and perception (five senses), emotional needs (satisfaction, security, sense of belonging), moral values. Society a group of individuals sharing the same culture, values, norms, mores, and traditions. Shells buildings, the built component housing, hospitals, schools, town halls, commercial establishments, recreational facilities, industrial buildings, etc. Networks links within the settlement and with other settlements, transportation systems, communication systems, water supply systems, power and electrical systems, etc.

HIERARCHY OF SETTLEMENTS
A hamlet, a neighborhood, a small village. A community, a town. A city, an urban area. A metropolis. A conurbation a composition of cities, metropolises, urban areas. A megalopolis merging of two or more metropolises with a population of 10 million or more, a 20th century phenomenon.

CITY vs. URBAN


City as defined by RA 7160, a minimum income of P20 M, at least 10,000 has. In land area or minimum population of 150,000, a political or legal status granted by the government. Highly Urbanized City at least 200,000 people; income of P50M or more. Component City population & income below that of highly urbanized city.

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Independent Component City a chartered city with a population and income below those required for a city but whose charter makes it independent from the province. Urban Area as defined by NSO: in their entirety, all cities and municipalities with a density of at least 1000/sq km; central districts (poblaciones) of municipalities and cities with a density of at least 500/sq km; central districts, regardless of population size, exhibiting a street pattern or street network, at least 6 establishments, a town hall, church or chapel, public plaza, park, cemetery, market; and barangays having at least 1000 people and meeting the previous conditions.

INTERNAL SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF CITIES


CONCENTRIC ZONE THEORY (Monocentric). By E. W. Burgess, a University of Chicago sociologist, in 1925. The city grows in a radial expansion from the center to form a series of concentric zones or circles such as in Chicago. CBD (Core, Loop). Zone of Transition. Homes of Factory Workers. Residential Zone of High Class Apartment Buildings or Single-Family Dwellings. Commuters Zone. The process of invasion and succession explains the successive rings.

SECTOR THEORY.

By Homer Hoyt, an economist, in 1939. Hoyt examined the spatial variations in household rent in 142 American cities. Rent patterns are not in the form of successive circles but appear as sectors. High rent residential sectors are most important in explaining city growth as it pulls the growth of entire city in the same direction, usually outward along transport routes.

MULTIPLE NUCLEI THEORY (Polycentric).


Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in 1945. but several distinct nuclei.

Developed by two geographers Cities tend to grow around not one

The process is historical due to certain highly specialized activities, certain unrelated functions which repel each other, etc.

INVERSE CONCENTRIC ZONE THEORY.

The preceding three theories apply primarily to cities of MDCs, particularly American. Many cities in the LDCs follow somewhat different patterns this is a reversal of the concentric zone pattern. THE IMAGE OF THE CITY. A collective image map or impressions map of a city, a collective picture of what people extract from the physical reality of a city. There are five basic elements which people use to construct their mental image of a city:

Pathways major and minor routes of circulation to move about, the


city has a network of major routes and a neighborhood network of minor routes; a building has several main routes which people use to get to it or from it. An urban highway network is a network of pathways for a whole city.

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Districts A city is composed of component neighborhoods or


districts; its center, uptown, midtown, its in-town residential areas, trainyards, factory areas, suburbs, college campuses, etc. Sometimes they are considerably mixed in character and do not have distinct limits like the midtown in Manhattan.

Edges the termination of a district is its edge.

Some districts have no distinct edges at all but gradually taper off and blend into another district. When two districts are joined at an edge they form a seam. A narrow park may be a joining seam for two urban neighborhoods.

Landmarks the prominent visual features of the city; some are very
large and are seen at great distances; some are very small and can only be seen up close (street clock, a fountain, or a small statue in a park). Landmarks help in orienting people in the city and help identify an area.

Nodes a center of activity; distinguished from a landmark by virtue


of its active function; it is a distinct hub of activity. in New York City is both a landmark and a node. Times Square

These five elements of urban form are sufficient to make a useful visual survey of the form of a city. They are the skeletal elements of city form.

PLANNING ORGANIZATIONS
Regional Planning NEDA National Economic Development Authority NLUC National Land Use Committee RDC Regional Development Council PDC Provincial Development Council PLUC Provincial Land Use Committee Sanggunian Panlalawigan Urban Planning HUDCC Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council HLURB Housing & Land Use Regulatory Board RLUC Regional Land Use Committee M/CDC Municipal/City Development Council BDC Barangay Development Council Sanggunian Panglunsod/Bayan Barangay Council

HLURB (HOUSING AND LAND USE REGULATORY BOARD) the planning,


regulatory and quasi-judicial instrumentality of government for land use development. Town Planning and Zoning Assistance Program Provide technical assistance in CLUP preparation. Identification and zoning of site for socialized housing Ratification of land use plans and zoning ordinances

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Real Estate Management Program


Formulation of design standards and guidelines of subdivisions and condominiums Issuance of Permits and Licenses

Land Use Enforcement Plan


Monitoring of all projects issued permits by LGUs and HLURB DZA supervision Adjudication of complaints PLANNING the key to orderly and rational land development in any local government unit, i.e. a city or municipality.

CLUP (Comprehensive Land Use Plan) prescribes the development pace,


direction and strategies for the optimum use of land resources in a community as well as its role in provincial and national development.

CONCEPTS RELATED TO LAND USE REVERSIBLE USES cases when the inherent features and characteristics of
the land have not been considerably altered or modified such that the soil horizon, landform, and structure remain intact so that the land can be reverted to its former use or original condition.

IRREVERSIBLE USES when land is subject to applications which brought


about changes, alteration or modifications so much so that it preempts the original use or it is physically impossible to restore the land to its previous state or condition.

MULTIPLE LAND USES combining different land uses, whether reversible or


irreversible, in an orderly and desirable pattern because: Land is finite and supply is finite Demand is ever increasing Competition is there Land can indeed have more than one use and uses can be combined in different ways.

COMPATIBLE AND INCOMPATIBLE LAND USES a related concept of multiple


uses of land is the compatibility of uses. Some land uses are innately incompatible while others are completely compatible. Compatible uses can coexist harmoniously and effectively in an orderly management.

HIGHEST AND BEST USE OF THE LAND


The use of land which generates the maximum profit without negative consequences especially on the environment Land should be used in such a manner consistent with its natural qualities to maximize its productivity and also adhere to the principles of sustainable development. Simply put, it is utilizing land in a manner that is beneficial to both man and environment.

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MAPS/MAPPING a graphical representation of a place or particular


phenomena or themes in an area. It is a convenient visual form of spatial data, their distribution and relationships.

MAPS/MAPPING a reduced and simplified model of reality containing


geographic information. It is a graphic depiction of all or part of a geographic realm where the real-world features have been replaced with symbols in their correct spatial location at a reduced scale.

URBAN LAND USE MAP COLOR CODES


Category RESIDENTIAL By dwelling type COMMERCIAL Wholesale, Retail (Gen. Merchandise), Services (Auto Repair, Hotels, etc.) INDUSTRIAL Manufacturing, Fabricating, Assembly, Industries, etc. INSTITUTIONAL Schools, Church, Protective Services, Government Buildings, etc. PARKS/PLAYGROUNDS Golf Courses, Race Tracks, Country Club, etc. INFRASTRUCTURE/ UTILITIES Railroad, Land Transport, Water Transport, Air Transport, etc. BUILT-UP AREAS Cluster of at least 10 structures or if activity occupies sizable land AGRICULTURE Cropland, Riceland, etc. AGRO-INDUSTRIAL Piggery, Poultry FOREST Production Forest, Wildlife, Watershed, National Parks MINING/QUARRYING GRASSLAND/PASTURE SWAMPLAND/MARSHES OTHER LAND USE Cemeteries, Dumpsite, Landfill, Reclamation, Idle Vacant Lots, etc. Color YELLOW RED

VIOLET BLUE GREEN GRAY YELLOW LIGHT GREEN LIGHT VIOLET DARK GREEN BROWN OLIVE GREEN AQUA APPROPRIATE COLORS

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SITE: CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES

(By Kevin Lynch)

Every site is a unique interconnected web of things and activities that imposes limitations and offers possibilities. A site or project/planning area varies in size, location, and characteristics. A site in its own right is a living, changing community of plants and animals. Such a community also has its own interests that should be conserved, preserved or protected. Knowledge of the site is vital in planning especially in mitigating competing or conflicting interests between potential users and existing occupants to avert natural disasters such as severe erosion, water intrusion, flooding, a drop in the water table, etc. The site and its intended purpose are closely interrelated. Understanding the site to define or establish the essential character or nature of the site or the spirit of the place to maintain, to some degree, a continuity of the preexisting conditions within the locale. A sufficient knowledge and understanding of the nature of the site would make the planner much conscious and sensitive to the sites distinct character and closely knit complexity as to be worthy of his interest, concern, and even his affection. Understanding the site has two branches one oriented to the users and the other to the site itself.

SITE INVENTORY and ASSESSMENT


Involves a thorough assessment of the natural environment and the associated physical characteristics of the site and its surroundings. Such factors are found above, below, and on the ground, for they make up the nature of the site. Knowing these factors and their interrelationships enables one to determine site constraints (threats) and potentials (opportunities). Knowledge of constraints and threats can mitigate or minimize potential damage or adverse effects that site development may cause on the ecological and social fabric within the site or within the general vicinity of the site. Knowledge of the potentials and opportunities of the site can clarify, reveal, or enhance the nature of the site as well as the plan or design.

PREPARING A SITE PROFILE.

Site inventory and assessment require the collection of comprehensive and structured sets of data descriptive of the geophysical, biological, and social environment in the site and around the site. A site profile is the outcome of this activity. For planners, site profile provides information on the status and characteristics of the various aspects of the environment which are indicative of the potentials and weaknesses of a particular area.

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TYPES OF SUBDIVISION
Subdivision Project a tract or a parcel of land registered under RA 496 which is partitioned primarily for residential purposes into individual lot with or without improvements thereon, and offered to the public for sale, in cash or in installment terms. Condominium Project the entire parcel of real property divided or to be divided primarily for residential purposes into condominium units including all structures thereon. Economic and Socialized Housing housing project for moderately low income families with lower interest rates and longer amortization periods. Open Market Housing constructed and financed by the private sector as a business venture and sold at prevailing market prices and interest. SHELTER NEEDS CATEGORY New housing units needed to answer the requirements of future generations New units to cover for housing backlog Upgrading need TYPES OF DENSITIES Low Density less than 150 persons per hectare of residential area Medium Density 151 to 250 per ha. High Density more than 250 per ha.

INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS Potable water Power and electricity and adequate power distribution system Access to primary roads and transport facilities A.O. 353: GUDELINES FOR PROTECTION OF AREAS NON-NEGOTIABLE FOR CONVERSION

RA 7279: The Urban Development and Housing Act of 1992


Affordable Cost refers to the most reasonable price of land and shelter based on the needs and financial capability of Program beneficiaries and appropriate financing schemes. Areas For Priority Development refers to those areas declared as such under existing statutes and pertinent executive issuances. Blighted Lands refers to the areas where the structures are dilapidated, obsolete and unsanitary, tending to depreciate the value of the land and prevent normal development and use of the area. Consultation refers to the constitutionally mandated process whereby the public, on their own or through peoples organizations, is provided an opportunity to be heard and to participate in the decision-making process on matters involving the protection and promotion of its legitimate collective interests, which shall include appropriate documentation and feedback mechanisms.

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Idle Lands refers to non-agricultural lands in urban and urbanizable areas on which no improvements, as herein defined, have been made by the owner, as certified by the city, municipality or provincial assessor. Improvements refers to all types of buildings and residential units, walls, fences, structures or constructions of all kinds of a fixed character or which are adhered to the soil but shall not include trees, plants and growing fruits, and other fixtures that are mere superimpositions on the land, and the value of improvements shall not be less than 50% of the assessed value of the property. Joint Venture refers to the commitment or agreement by two or more persons to carry out a specific or single business enterprise for their mutual benefit, for which purpose they combine their funds, land resources, facilities and services. Land Assembly or Consolidation refers to the acquisition of lots of varying ownership through purchase or expropriation for the purpose of planned and rational development and socialized housing programs without individual boundary restrictions. Land Banking refers to the acquisition of land at values based on existing use in advance of actual need to promote planned development and socialized housing programs. Land Swapping refers to the process of land acquisition by exchanging land for another piece of land of equal value, or for shares of stock in a government or quasi-government corporation. Land Use Plan refers to the rational approach of allocating available land resources as equitably as possible among competing user groups and for different functions consistent with the development plan of the area and the Program. On-Site Development refers to the process of upgrading and rehabilitation of blighted and slum urban areas with a view of minimizing displacement of dwellers in said areas, and with provisions as provided thereof. Professional Squatters refers to individuals or groups who occupy lands without the express consent of the landowner and who have sufficient income for legitimate housing. Resettlement Areas refers to areas identified by the appropriate national agency or by the local government unit with respect to areas within its jurisdiction, which shall be used for the relocation of the underprivileged and homeless citizens. Security of Tenure refers to the degree of protection afforded to qualified Program beneficiaries against infringement or unjust, unreasonable and arbitrary eviction or disposition, by virtue of the right of ownership, lease agreement, usufruct and other contractual arrangements.

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Slum Improvement and Resettlement (SIR) Program refers to the program of the National Housing Authority of upgrading and improving blighted squatter areas outside of Metro Manila pursuant to existing statutes and pertinent executive issuances. Small Property Owners refers to those whose only real property consists of residential lands not exceeding 300sqm in highly urbanized areas and 800sqm in other urban areas.

Socialized Housing (same as A.O. 353 Defn)


Squatting Syndicates refers to groups of persons engaged in the business of squatter housing for profit or gain. Underprivileged or Homeless Citizens refers to the beneficiaries of this Act and to individuals or families residing in urban and urbanizable areas whose income falls within the poverty threshold as defined by NEDA and who do not own housing facilities. Urban Areas refers to all cities regardless of their population density and to municipalities with a population density of at least 500 persons per square kilometer. Urbanizable Areas refers to sites and lands which, considering present characteristics and prevailing conditions, display marked and great potential of becoming urban areas within the period of five years. Zonal Improvement Program (ZIP) refers to the program of the NHA of upgrading and improving blighted squatter areas within the cities and municipalities of Metro Manila pursuant to existing statutes and issuances.

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