Common Gear Types

LECTURE SEVEN GEARS

Spur Helical Bevel Worm

Common Gear Types

Uncommon Gear Types

Spur Gears
Pinion

Helical gears
HELICAL GEAR has curved teeth at an angle to the shaft. These teeth grip with less noise than straight teeth. A thrust force is produced by the mesh.

SPUR GEARS are used when shafts must rotate in the same plane. The teeth are straight and parallel to the shaft. The pinion is the smaller of a gear pair. All forces are in the gear plane.

Herringbone Gears
HERRINGBONE GEAR has teeth that are V-shaped, like a double helical gear. No thrust force.

Bevel gears
This type of gear is used when the shafts to be turned meet at an angle. Spiral and hypoid bevel gears are used in the automotive industry.
Spiral Bevel Hypoid

Worm Gear

Requirements
Minimise sliding at the gear mesh to minimise wear The speed ratio must be constant through all rotational angles Teeth have to be cut to a special profile (involute profile)

It is a high-wear gear mesh. Replaced by spiral bevel and hypoid gears in most modern machinery.

Frictional Clutch
1
R1 R2

Required Gear Tooth Geometry

O1 r1 1 R1 Two teeth in a mesh Contact Point Rotation centres for the two gears Contact Speed Vc = 1 r1 = 2 r2 Speed Ratio

A frictional clutch satisfies all these conditions. But it has limited torque transmission capacity.

From Geometry r 1 R2 r2 2

1 r2 = 2 r1
r2 = R1 R2

O2

For R1/R2 to stay constant, P should remain fixed.

Conjugate Action Summary

Involute Profile

The same normal velocity at Contact Angular speed ratio is r1/r2 or R1/R2 The point P is called the pitch point. For R1/R2 to stay constant, P should remain fixed In other words, the line of action should cross the line connecting the rotation centres at the same point at every instant and at any possible configuration of the rotating bodies over the entire 360o rotation of either shaft. This is satisfied by an involute profile

An involute profile can be generated by unwrapping string that is wrapped around a cylinder. The trajectory of any point on that string is an involute profile. The perimeter of the cylinder is called the base circle. The "unwrapped string" is called the generating line.

Two Gears in Contact

The involute generated by unwrapping one string from one gear and wrapping it onto another as the gears rotate

Pressure Line (Generating Line)

The Pitch Radius :

rp =

R cos

The line of action, the generating line, or the pressure line are different names for the involute generating string. The pressure angle is the angle between that line and the tangent to the pitch circles.

Gear Tooth Parameters

Spur Gear Mesh

Principal Parameters
Ft D1 Fs D2 GEAR MODULE m = D/N mm m1 = m2

Principal Parameters

N : No of teeth r : Gear radius, mm : Angular speed, rad/s : Pressure Angle, deg

Standard Gear Modules

GEAR MODULE m = D/N Typical Values are
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 25, 32, 40, 50

Standard Gear Modules

P

Conversion M=25.4/P

Standard Gear Modules

Standard Gear Modules

Gear Reduction Ratio

e= Driving Gears Driven Gears
N5
N2 N 3 N2

Gear Reduction Ratio Example Two

N1

The idler cancels out

N4

e=

5 NN N NN = 1 3 4 = 1 3 1 N2 N4 N5 N 2 N5

Hunting Tooth
Are these all good ratios ? Which ones are to be preferred? Why?

Bonus Point
35 Teeth Module = 6 o = 20 3kW 600 RPM C Driven Gear 45T

21:40 31:60

20:40 30:60

90o

B Idler

65T

What is the torque on shaft C ?

Bonus Point
Motor

Contact Forces - Spur gear

rp
Pinion

A 23T 29T 23T 23T 132T 29T 23T 152T

B 132T
Motor Motor

What is the torque on each motor ?

Drum 2m

Fs
Gear
Face Width

Ft Fn rg

Motor

140 t

Ft =

Tp rp

& W

p rp

or

Ft =

Tg rg

& W

g rg

Contact Forces - Helical gears

Fs and Ft are as in spur gears. Axial force is given by
rp
35 Teeth Module = 6 = 20o 3kW 600 RPM A

Bonus Point
C Driven Gear 45T

90

Fa = Ft tan

Fa Ft Fs

B Idler

65T

What is the resultant force on the idler shaft bearings?

How to calculate the speeds ?

The wheels will have the same linear speed at the pitch circle contact points

Drawing Environment

Drawing Environment

Drawing Environment

Drawing Environment

Walter Christie - 1900s

Front wheels

Engine

Friction clutches

Why the Friction Clutches ?

Why do we need a diff?

Speed Differential
The speed differential is only a problem for driven wheels The undriven but steered front wheels will not need a differential The driven unsteered rear wheels will need a differential

Velocity Differential Vdiff = t Ravg

Two slotted discs

Discs rotating at different speeds

Replace lever with a lump of steel

What is a planet gear

Planets rotate around the sun Planets rotate around their own axes of rotation

CST Clutch on Longwall AFC Drives

We can do this with a planet gear ?

A rotates around its axis It also rotates around the axis of B &C

2 3

1 Sun Gear 2 Planet Gear 3 Planet Carrier / Output Shaft 4 Ring Gear / Brake Ring 5 Clutch Pack
4

Open Differential

Bonus Point
Tooth Numbers

Ni=16; Nc=57 Np=12; No=17

Jack the right wheel up and rev the engine up. The diff input is 1500 RPM. What is the left wheel speed ? What is the speed of the freerotating right wheel?